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Our obsession began a century ago, unfolding in just 160 terrifying minutes, on a supposedly unsinkable ship, as more than 1,500 souls slipped into the icy waters of the North Atlantic. The approaching 100th anniversary of the sinking has merely magnified the Titanic’s fascination. The 882-foot long Titanic steamed from Queenstown, Ireland, on April 11 toward New York, carrying more than 2,200 passengers and crew, more than 130,000 pounds of meat and fish, 1,750 pounds of ice cream, 400 asparagus tongs and only 20 of the 32 lifeboats designed to be on board. The ship ignored more than 30 different ice warnings. At 11:40 p.m. on April 14, The Titanic hit an iceberg and stalled. At 2:20 a.m., it sank.
The so-called 'unsinkable ship' went down in the North Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of Newfoundland, on April 15, 1912, after she collided with an iceberg during her maiden voyage.
The sinking led to the loss of some 1,514 souls - one of the deadliest peacetime maritime disasters in history. Here the Daily Mail presents a cut-away guide to the ship which, in its day, was intended as the last word in maritime luxury. |
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Impressive: The liner has been authentically coloured in Mr Logvynenko's project that he started to commemorate the 100th anniversary of its sinking
Titanic under construction in the gantry (right) to the finished deck
Well-wishers who gathered to wave farewell to The Titanic. The RMS Titanic was one of the most opulent liners to have ever been built and the largest steamship in the world. The luxurious interior of the ship resembled the contemporary style of leading hotels such The Ritz and the dining rooms were decorated with ornate ceilings and plush carpets. The first class cabins resembled rooms from the finest hotels.
Opulence: The luxury of the first class and even second class cabins have been brought to life in Mr Logvynenko's astonishing pictures
Stylish: The Titanic's Cafe Parisien is shown in its original splendour in this coloured photograph where the ivy and ornate ceiling stand out far more than in black and white
Keep fit: Passengers on the luxury liner could enjoy state-of-the-art facilities including a gymnasium (pictured), Turkish bath and telephone
Ornate: Mr Logvnenko chose green and gold decoration to illustrate the opulence of the suites. Tickets for suites would have cost up to £870 in high season (£72,932 today)
Expensive: The Titanic's designers wanted their liner to resemble a fine hotel on water with the highest stands of luxury
Dinner time: The dining room, painted here with white walls and green chairs, was a grand room. Elsewhere, passengers could use a library, visit the barbers or go swimming in the ship's pool. There was also a squash court, Turkish bath and electric bath. A black and white image of the Titanic's Cafe Parisien has also been restored in colour. The table tops of the cafe, that was meant to resemble a sidewalk cafe in Paris, have been coloured in greens, pinks and reds. The awesome scale of the ship's construction is also brought to life in the project.
Whether it is a picture of The Titanic in the gantry at Belfast or after it has set sail from Southampton, the images convey the majesty of the liner before its demise.
Doomed: The Titanic sank on its maiden voyage after crashing into an iceberg and killing 1,517 people
Authentic: Mr Logvynenko used adhered to the known colours of deep navy with the large funnels painted in yellow
Setting sail: The Titanic being launched in 1911 from Belfast before its famous funnels have been built
The Titanic in dry dock. (Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C.)
The 'Unsinkable Ship' setting sail for her fateful maiden voyage a century ago is an image those who waved her off will never forget.
But while the enduring memory of the Titanic is of the famous liner sinking into the North Atlantic, one man captured a rare snapshot of the moment she set off on her one and only journey.
Sailing smoothly through the waves just off Southampton, this 100-year-old photograph shows the doomed boat taking to the icy seas on April 10th, 1912.
It was captured by then 15-year-old Elliot Brown, who used the picturesque scene of his uncle's sea-facing back garden on the Isle of Wight to photograph the giant vessel as it loomed into view off the south coast.
Iconic: A 15-year-old Elliot Brown took this picture of the Titanic as it left Southampton on its first and only voyage
Mr Brown's uncle's house on the Isle of Wight offered spectacular views of ships sailing from Southampton out towards the English Channel, with the teenager using a brownie box camera to immortalise the moment.
When disaster struck and the 882ft Titanic plunged into the North Atlantic Ocean four days after Mr Brown's picture, the teenager knew he had captured an iconic moment, but nonetheless opted to keep his memento safe in the family album.
Respected: Elliot Brown, pictured here as a young man in photographs from the same album as the Titanic picture, maintained an interest in photography but went on to become a GP in Birmingham.
Century-old: The original image taken by Elliot Brown has a fold down the middle next to the caption: 'RMS Titanic - Maiden Voyage'
First and only journey: A route map of the route taken by the Titanic on its doomed maiden voyage
Keeping it in the family: Retired meeting manager Bruce Brown, 77, says he intends to keep his father's momentous 100-year-old Titanic photograph
Pete Boswell, from Warwickshire-based Photo Legacy, who restored the photo, said: 'It has been a fantastic experience and a privelege to work on a picture like this one.
'When people find pictures like this one it is often a journey of discovery, and this image is no different.'
Bruce Brown revealed that he discovered the photo album in his late father's home in Devon in around 1985, but kept hold of it since then and has only recently had it digitally restored.
Momentous: The sinking of the Titanic, immortalised here in the 1997 James Cameron blockbuster, happened 100 years ago this month
Watery tomb: The bow of the Titanic at rest on the bottom of the North Atlantic, about 400 miles southeast of Newfoundland
Dozens of artifacts from the world's most famous ship have emerged since it sank on April 15, 1912.
Numerous events have also taken place in the lead up to the 100th anniversary of its sinking.
The Belfast shipyard where the Titanic was built has been revitalised in time for the landmark date, while an eye-catching, dockside centre opened just weeks before the 100th anniversary of the ship's sinking.
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Titanic search was Cold War cover story for secret mission to find nuclear subs
A mission to find the lost wreck of the Titanic was actually a cover story for inspecting the wrecks of two nuclear submarines, the man who discovered the famous liner has revealed.
Dr Bob Ballard led a team in 1985 that pinpointed the wreckage of the enormous ship 73 years after it sank in the Atlantic. But he almost didn't succeed after his top secret mission to find two Cold War subs left him with just 12 days to find the Titanic.
The United States Navy lost two submarines during the 1960s - the USS Thresher and USS Scorpion - which had more than 200 men on board.
The Titanic leaves Southampton on its maiden voyage in 1912. Dr Ballard found the wreck in 1985
Officials feared at least one of them had been sunk by the USSR. When Dr Ballard approached the Navy for funding to find the Titanic using his robotic submarine craft, they asked him to discover the submarines first.
"I couldn't tell anybody," the oceanographer said.
"There was a lot of pressure on me. It was a secret mission. I felt it was a fair exchange for getting a chance to look for the Titanic."
He added: "We handed the data to the experts. They never told us what they concluded – our job was to collect the data. I can only talk about it now because it has been declassified."
The USS Scorpion was lost in 1968
The USS Thresher (SSN-593) was the lead ship of her class of nuclear-powered attack submarines. She was lost during deep-sea diving tests in 1963 after a high-pressure pipe blew causing the vessel to lose power and implode as it sank.
However, the USS Scorpion disappeared in 1968 amid speculation that it was sunk by Soviet forces.
Dr Ballard mapped both submarine wrecks using his newly developed underwater robot craft. He concluded that the most likely cause of the Scorpion's destruction was being hit by a rogue torpedo it had fired itself.
Investigating the wrecks gave Dr Ballard the idea of finding a trail of debris that would lead him to the Titanic. Both the Thresher and Scorpion had both broken into thousands of pieces.
He criss-crossed the North Atlantic seabed and eventually found a debris trail that led him to the luxury liner's final resting-place.
He found the Titanic split in two but had little time to explore further. It was not until he returned to the site in 1986 that he was able to make a detailed study.
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Workers leaving the shipyard at Queens Road in early 1911. The RMS Titanic can be seen in the background, underneath the Arrol Gantry. #
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The Titanic struggle of those who survived
Disaster: A painting by E D Walker of the Titanic on her maiden voyage
As the 46,000-ton Titanic slipped beneath the waves at 2.20am on April 15,1912, it was the noise of the cries of those left aboard that would haunt the survivors in the lifeboats for the rest of their lives.
One described it as like a gigantic swarm of bees; another, 100,000 people at a Cup Final; a third, the roar of a crowd in a baseball stadium - he could never bear to go to another game.
That last detail is what differentiates Andrew Wilson’s book from the hundreds of others written about the Titanic: though he gives a gripping account of the disaster, his focus is elsewhere and largely hitherto untouched upon.
Survivors' tales: A London newspaper seller carries the news
What happened to the survivors afterwards? How did the cataclysmic event affect their subsequent lives?
J. Bruce Ismay was managing director of the White Star Line, the man responsible for building the Titanic and for vetoing an extra 48 lifeboats for reasons of cost. They would have saved nearly all the 1,500 people who died.
Ismay compounded this by getting into a lifeboat, despite the golden rule of ‘women and children first’, and surviving the sinking.
On board the rescue ship, the Carpathia, he holed up in a private cabin, while other survivors slept on tables and floors. He was shellshocked, sitting on his bunk, staring into space and trembling.
Afterwards, his wife forbade mention of the word Titanic in his presence and he became a virtual recluse, hiring a whole compartment to travel on trains, and was given to chatting to tramps on park benches.
Many survivors exhibited similar symptoms of what would now be recognised as post-traumatic shock disorder.
Unlike Ismay, 17-year-old Jack Thayer was a hero, helping others into lifeboats and refusing a place himself.
As the ship went down, he dived into the icy water. Its temperature was minus 2C and most fatalities were not due to drowning, but hypothermia, which is why the terrible noise was replaced after only a couple of minutes by a ghostly silence.
Survivor: Milvina Dean, pictured in 1998
Jack climbed on to an upturned lifeboat and returned home a national celebrity.
Yet later in life he suffered depression. After his mother (also a survivor - his father perished) died on the anniversary of the sinking and his son was killed in World War II, he slashed his wrists, one of at least ten suicides among survivors.
Plenty of others had mental health problems and some ended up in mental hospitals.
At first, silent screen actress Dorothy Gibson seemed to profit from her survival. Within four weeks of the disaster, her film producer boyfriend Jules Brulatour had released the movie Saved From The Titanic, starring Dorothy in the dress she’d been wearing that night.
It was a worldwide smash hit, yet during filming Dorothy became strangely dissociated, as though replaying the events had brought it all back. She turned her back on her career.
Her subsequent chequered, unhappy life included a spell in a Nazi concentration camp.
Other survivors’ lives were more immediately ruined. Sir Cosmo Duff Gordon and his wife, the upmarket fashion designer Lucile - inventor of the word ‘chic’ - escaped in a lifeboat which had a capacity for 65 people but contained just 12.
Survivors: Some of the Titanic crew who went on to work on other ships
Besides the fact Duff Gordon had saved himself, he suffered disgrace because he paid the seven crewmen rowing the boat £5 each. He claimed it was an act of generosity; some believed he’d paid them to row away from the sinking ship, thus avoiding rescuing others.
Sir Cosmo’s cowardice was compounded by the couple’s first night back ashore when, at a celebratory New York restaurant meal, a champagne-fuelled Lucile talked flippantly about the disaster. Sir Cosmo became a social pariah.
After she separated from him, the shameless Lucile’s fashion business prospered, until her financial recklessness left her broke.
An interesting footnote is the saga of the vomit-stained kimono in which she survived, which was recently the subject of a three-way ownership dispute between two Titanic memorabilia collectors and Lucile’s descendants.
Of the 143 women in first class (£875 a ticket), four died - three because they refused to leave the ship. In third class (£12 a ticket), more than half the women perished.
This social stratification continued even after death. The ship sent out by the White Star Line to search for bodies in the immediate aftermath brought back only first-class passengers. The rest were given on-the-spot burials at sea.
Drowned: John Jacob Astor who went down with the ship, having refused a place on a lifeboat
When the body of John Jacob Astor, one of the world’s richest men, was recovered, he had $2,500 on him consisting of cash, a gold watch, cufflinks and a diamond ring - the equivalent of $57,000 today.
The 48-year-old millionaire died a hero, refusing a lifeboat place, but his will caused a sensation when it was revealed his pregnant 19-year-old wife Madeleine would lose all her inheritance if she remarried. He hadn’t expected to die so soon and leave a widow with a lifetime before her.
After four years as the leading lady of New York society, Madeleine found another husband. The marriage failed and she became embroiled in a long affair with - and eventually married - an Italian boxer, who used her as a punch bag.
She became a social outcast, and her unhappy life ended alone in 1940, quite possibly in suicide, after telling people ‘the Titanic ruined my nerves’.
The tragedy of this wealthy woman mirrors a major theme of this endlessly fascinating, superbly written and researched book. It demonstrates not only how, as the title says, the wreck of the Titanic overshadowed the lives of the 705 survivors of that awful night, but also signalled the ending of the era of immense wealth, opulence and privilege of which the mighty ship was the swansong, and which was soon to be blown apart by World War I.
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View of the stern and rudder of the Titanic in dry dock. (Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C.) #
Did the MOON sink the Titanic? Freak tides caused icebergs to fill shipping lanes 100 years ago
The iceberg that sank the Titanic was sent on its deadly path by the closest approach of the moon to the Earth in 1,400 years, say astronomers.
A once-in-a-lifetime lunar event created an super-high tide on January 12, 1912 - setting loose a deadly fleet of icebergs, three months before Titanic sank on April 14, 1912 with the loss of approximately 1,500 lives.
The tide dislodged icebergs from shallow waters off the coasts of Labrador and Newfoundland, filling shipping lanes with icebergs.
The White Star Liner RMS Titanic, built by Harland & Wolff in Belfast, 4th February 1912, aided by four tugs preparing to leave for Southampton for her maiden voyage to New York on April 10th 1912
Peter McDonald in the ITV series Titanic: A once-in-a-lifetime lunar event created an super-high tide on January 12, 1912 - setting loose a deadly fleet of icebergs, three months before Titanic sank on April 14, 1912 with the loss of approximately 1,500 lives
The ice field in the area the Titanic sank was so thick with icebergs responding rescue ships were forced to slow down.
‘The event January 4 was the closest approach of the Moon to the Earth in more than 1,400 years, and it maximized the Moon’s tide-raising forces on Earth’s oceans. That’s remarkable,’ said Texas State physics faculty member Donald Olson.
The 'once-in-many-lifetimes' event brought together the Moon's closest approach to the Earth for 1,400 years, a near encounter between the Earth and the Sun, and a spring tide.
All these factors contributed to abnormally high sea levels which helped dislodge grounded icebergs and send them into the shipping lanes of the North Atlantic, it is claimed.
Normally, icebergs remain in place and cannot resume moving southward until they’ve melted enough to refloat or a high enough tide frees them.
A single iceberg can become stuck multiple times on its journey southward, a process that can take several years.
Icebergs often 'run aground' around the coasts of Labrador and Newfoundland (pictured). Researchers believe a freak high tide dislodged the deadly iceberg that sank Titanic
One possible path taken by the iceberg that sank Titanic 100 years ago
‘As icebergs travel south, they often drift into shallow water and pause along the coasts of Labrador and Newfoundland. But an extremely high spring tide could refloat them, and the ebb tide would carry them back out into the Labrador Current where the icebergs would resume drifting southward,’ Olson said.
‘That could explain the abundant icebergs in the spring of 1912. We don’t claim to know exactly where the Titanic iceberg was in January 1912 - nobody can know that - but this is a plausible scenario.’
‘Of course, the ultimate cause of the accident was that the ship struck an iceberg. The Titanic failed to slow down, even after having received several wireless messages warning of ice ahead,’ Olson said.
‘They went full speed into a region with icebergs - that’s really what sank the ship, but the lunar connection may explain how an unusually large number of icebergs got into the path of the Titanic.’ |
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The grand staircase on the Titanic.
They were the band who played on as the Titanic began to sink, but their instruments were thought to be long lost at the bottom of the ocean.
Experts now believe, however, they have now discovered the violin belonging to heroic Titanic band master Wallace Hartley.
Tests are taking place to establish whether the violin did belong to Mr Hartley, who perished along with the rest of his eight-man band when the doomed ship went down.
Gallant: Wallace Hartley, pictured front row, fourth from left with violin in the Bridlington Municipal Orchestra, was one of the brave band members who played on as the Titanic sank
The band leader was said to have been found with his violin strapped to his chest after the Titanic sank on April 15, 1912.
But there was no mention of the instrument in records of his effects, and its whereabouts had remained a mystery ever since.
Long-forgotten telegrams reveal bodies of third-class Titanic passengers were tossed overboard so first and second class victims could be taken home and given proper funerals
- The CS Mackay-Bennett was tasked with recovering bodies of Titanic victims
- New telegrams reveal how the ship struggled to cope with the number of bodies
- Third-class corpses were tossed overboard to make room for richer victims
- The telegrams were rescued from a skip and passed down through generations
The bodies of third class passengers from the Titanic were tossed into the sea by rescuers to make room for first and second class victims, new documents have revealed.A collection of telegrams between the Mackay-Bennett, the main body-recovery ship, and the White Star line, the company that operated the Titanic, reveal what the grim clean-up operation was really like.
The messages were sent by telegram between the CS Mackay-Bennett in the North Atlantic and the White Star Line, the British shipping company which owned the Titanic
The telegrams reveal the chilling process of recovering the bodies - which included organising the corpses by their personal effects The Mackay-Bennett's crew were overwhelmed by the number of bodies from the disaster, and only had limited space on their small cable repair ship.It was decided to prioritize first and second class passengers. They were recovered, embalmed and returned to their loved ones. 
Frederick Larnder, Captain of the Mackay-Bennett, struggled with the number of bodiesMeanwhile the bodies of third class passengers were cast into the freezing depths of the North Atlantic.In keeping with maritime tradition crew members were also buried at sea.In total 116 of the 334 recovered bodies were cast off.Captain Frederick Larnder made the decision because his ship was struggling to cope with insufficient space and embalming supplies.The Titanic sets sail from Belfast on way to Southampton
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The RMS Titanic sank in the North Atlantic Ocean on April 15, 1912, after colliding with an iceberg during her maiden voyage from Southampton to New York.
More than 1,500 people died when the ship, which was carrying 2,224 passengers and crew, sank under the command of Captain Edward Smith.
The ship was designed in such a way that it was meant to be 'unsinkable'.
It had an on-board gym, libraries, swimming pool and several restaurants and luxury first class cabins.
But crucially there were not enough lifeboats on board for all the passengers due to out-of-date maritime safety regulations.
On April 14, 1912, four days into the crossing, she hit an iceberg at 11:40pm ship's time.
James Moody was on night watch when the collision happened and took the call from the watchman, asking him 'What do you see?' The man responded: 'Iceberg, dead ahead.'
By 2:20am, with hundreds of people still on board, the ship plunged beneath the waves, taking many, including Moody, with it.
Despite repeated distress calls being sent out and flares launched from the decks, the first rescue ship, the RMS Carpathia, only arrived two hours later, pulling more than 700 people from the water.
Despite repeated distress calls being sent out and flares launched from the decks, the first rescue ship, the RMS Carpathia, only arrived two hours later, pulling more than 700 people from the water.
It was not until 1985 that the wreck of the ship was discovered in two pieces on the ocean floor.
Dead passengers were separated by class according to their clothing or personal possessions.
Captain Larnder's painful instructions are seen in the 181 telegrams which have been uncovered more than 100 years later.
Even the White Star employees on land struggled to cope with the influx. At one point they telegram to say that the office in Nova Scotia has had a 'complete collapse'
One message sent to the Mackay-Bennett from the port of Halifax in Canada, where the bodies were taken, reads: 'Absolutely essential you should bring to port all bodies you can possibly accommodate.'
The Mackay-Bennett then responds: 'A careful record has been made of all papers moneys and valuables found on bodies. Would it not be better to bury all bodies at sea unless specially requested by relatives to preserve them.'
Capt Larnder then messaged: 'Add to my wireless today re burial, we can bring seventy to port if required.'
The telegrams also provide a fascinating glimpse at how a massive logistical effort was coordinated decades before the rise of the internet
Later telegrams show the immense stress White Star Line employees on land were under as they attempted to process the bodies, dozens of which arrived each day.
One reads: '[The Halifax office] has complete collapse tonight. Please instruct New York office cannot undertake any work tomorrow. Must let up on demands for rush replies until we have had little rest.'
Titanic specialist Andrew Aldridge said: 'Very little thought would have been given into giving priority to a wealthy person over a poor one, dead or alive'
The grisly recovery operation ended in May, nearly a month after the Titanic sunk in 1912.
The telegrams were kept by a former employee of the Cunard Line, which merged with the ailing White Star Line in 1934.
They were almost lost forever when they were tossed into a skip, but the employee recovered them and passed them on to his daughter.
Of the 334 bodies recovered from the site of the Titanic's sinking by the Mackay-Bennett, 116 were buried at sea
They then passed to Titanic historian Charles Haas in the 1980s, who had them painstakingly restored.
Mr Haas, 69, from New Jersey, said: 'The collection develops in great detail how difficult the process after the sinking was. They candidly show the immense stress everyone involved was under.
'The Mackay-Bennett was coming across bodies by the dozen.
Titanic was one of three 'Olympic Class' ocean liners built in Belfast. It's sister ship, HMHS Britannic, also sunk during the First World War
'It wasn't a particularly large ship and so the captain had to make difficult decisions when he was faced with bringing 200 or 300 bodies on board.
'His decision appeared to be that when a body was identified as first or second class they would be brought in, otherwise they could be buried at sea.
'Apparently the captain thought that was the best way to handle an overwhelming situation.
The telegrams would likely have been lost to history if a former employee of the Cunard Line hadn't rescued them from a skip
'When the telegrams were sent I imagine it was with every expectation that they would remain private.
Andrew Aldridge, a specialist Titanic auctioneer added: 'We are looking upon these telegrams now in the social structure of 2017.
'The world was a very different place in 1912 when there was this class structure in place and very little thought would have been given into giving priority to a wealthy person over a poor one, dead or alive.'
TITANIC TRAGEDY: HOW MORE THAN 1,500 LOST THEIR LIVES
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Titanic sank 'because steersman took wrong turn'
Account: Second officer Charles H Lightoller did not reveal his full story to inquiries
Family secrets published in a new book have cast fresh light on the remarkable human errors that led to the sinking of the Titanic.
A novelist whose grandfather sailed on the Titanic claims the book reveals the truth behind the sinking of the ship.
Louise Patten said Charles Lightoller, who was Second Officer on board the ship which sank when it hit an iceberg on its maiden voyage in 1912, said an order to steer the ship away from the danger was misunderstood.
She said that at the time, different steering systems were used for steam ships and sailing ships and her grandfather maintained this caused confusion when an order was given to turn the ship to starboard.
Mrs Patten said: 'Crucially, the two steering systems were the complete opposite of one another.
'So a command to turn "hard a-starboard" meant turn the wheel right under one system and left under the other.
'The steersman panicked and the real reason why Titanic hit the iceberg, which has never come to light before, is because he turned the wheel the wrong way.'
The man at the wheel, Quartermaster Robert Hitchins, had made a straightforward error, but what followed was a deliberate decision.
Lady Pattern's book, Good as Gold, reveals that Lightoller, who was not on duty at the time, heard about the fatal mistake at a dramatic final meeting of the four senior officers, which took place in the First Officer’s cabin shortly before Titanic went down.
Mistake: Charles Lightoller, who was Second Officer on board the ship, said an order to steer the ship away from the danger was misunderstood
Lightoller also heard what happened next, after the wrong turn had been made and the ship hit the iceberg. The book reveals Bruce Ismay, chairman of Titanic’s owner, the White Star Line, persuaded the Captain to continue sailing.
For ten minutes, Titanic went 'Slow Ahead' through the sea, which added enormously to the pressure of water flooding through the damaged hull. The instruction lead to the sinking of the Titanic many hours earlier than she otherwise would have done by forcing it up and over the watertight bulkheads.
'Ismay insisted on keeping going, no doubt fearful of losing his investment and damaging his company’s reputation,' said Lady Patten.
'The nearest ship was four hours away. Had she remained at "Stop", it’s probable that Titanic would have floated until help arrived.'
Born in Chorley, Lancashire, Mr Lightoller was in charge of the lifeboats on the ship's port side when it sank.
After surviving the disaster, which killed more than 1,000 people, he continued with a career at sea and commanded one of the little ships that rescued British troops from the beach at Dunkirk. Lightoller, who was the only survivor who knew precisely what had happened at the time of the collision, decided to hide what he knew from an official inquiry into the sinking to protect his employer.
'The inquiry had to be a whitewash. The only person he told the full story to was his beloved wife Sylvia, my grandmother,' Lady Patten said.
Second Officer: Charles Lightoller's typed and annotated unpublished account of the Titanic disaster
'She died when I was sixteen and, though she never told me to keep the knowledge to myself, I didn’t tell anyone.
'My mother insisted that everything remained strictly inside the family: a hero’s reputation was at stake.
'Nearly forty years later, with Granny and my mother long dead, I was plotting my second novel and it struck me that I was the last person alive to know what really happened on the night Titanic sank.
'My grandfather’s extraordinary experiences felt like perfect material for Good As Gold.'
The story of the Titanic, which sank on its way from Southampton to New York, inspired countless books and films including the 1997 version starring Kate Winslet and Leonardo DiCaprio.
Mrs Patten's novel, Good As Gold, tells the story of a wealthy banker branded a coward after escaping the sinking ship.
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In this April 10, 1912 file photo, the luxury liner Titanic departs Southampton, England, on her maiden Atlantic Ocean voyage to New York. (AP Photo, File) # |
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View from S.S. Carpathia of iceberg which supposedly sank the Titanic. (Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C.) #
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Survivors of the sinking of the RMS Titanic approach the RMS Carpathia in this April 15, 1912 photo.
Rowing for their lives: The poignant photographs of the aftermath of the sinking of the Titanic
Astonishing unseen photographs of the aftermath of the Titanic disaster have emerged after 99 years.
The black and white pictures show an iceberg at the site of the tragedy - and may even be the one that sunk the luxury liner.
Another image shows two lifeboats packed full of survivors rowing for safety following the 1912 disaster in which 1,517 people died.
Survivors from the Titanic are pictured here rowing towards rescue ship the Carpathia in what appear to be relatively calm seas
Danger ahead: Taken from a rescue vessel, this photograph shows an iceberg in the distance - perhaps even the one that sank the luxury liner
The archive of letters and photographs are owned by the family of survivors John and Nelle Snyder, who were returning from their honeymoon when the tragedy struck. The pair are pictured here in the clothes they escaped in
The remarkable archive includes a survivor's letter containing a moving first hand account of the sinking, which tells how the rows of portholes 'disappeared one by one'.
It was written by first class passenger John Snyder who was returning to America on the doomed liner with his new bride Nelle from their honeymoon.
He described how they were woken following the 'bump' and that he owed his life to his wife who made him see what was going on even though he wanted to go back to bed.
He explained how they were almost the first people in the life boat because others thought it safer to stay on the 'big boat'.
The archive of photos and letters have remained in the Snyder family all this time but have now emerged for sale at auction.
The incredible photos were taken from the deck of the Carpathia, the first ship that arrived at the disaster scene and picked up survivors on the morning of April 15, 1912.
Another rescue ship - the SS Californian - can been seen in the background after she finally arrived at the scene having at first ignored the Titanic's distress rockets.
There is also a picture of the Snyders shortly after they reached land and they are still wearing the clothes they were rescued in.
A press report at the time suggested that before the Titanic sank someone on deck shouted 'put in the brides and grooms first' and that was why the Snyders were saved.
But in his letter to his father dated April 24 Mr Snyder makes no mention of it, but his account reveals the confusion.
Rescue: The SS California is pictured at the scene, having initially ignored the Titanic's distress rockets
THE 'UNSINKABLE' SHIP WHICH SANK IN 3 HOURS
Dubbed the 'unsinkable' ship, the Titanic famously struck an iceberg and sank in under three hours on April 15, 1912. Of the 2,224 on board, 1,517 passengers and crew perished.
It lay unseen on the ocean floor for decades, until 1985, when an American-French expedition identified its final resting place 329 miles south-east of Newfoundland.
The wreck, which was split into two sections 2,000ft apart, has now been the focus of research by scientists and historians for 25 years.
He wrote: 'I can only tell you that I have a mighty fine wife and she is the one you must thank - besides our Lord - for my being able to write this letter.
'If it hadn't been for Nelle I am sure that I never would be here now. She is the one that urged me to get up when I wanted to go back to bed.
'We were both asleep when the boat hit. I don't know whether the bump woke me up or I woke when Nelle spoke to me.
'At any rate she made me get up and go out to the companionway to see what was going on - I went out three times before deciding to get up and get dressed.
'When we reached the top deck only a few people were about and we all were told to go down and put on some life belts - we did it, thinking it was only a precaution.
'When we got back on the top deck again we saw they were getting the life boats ready - as soon as they were ready they told the people to get into them.
'Nearly every body stepped back from in front of us and as a result we were almost the very first people placed in the life boat.
Doomed: The 'unsinkable' Titanic setting sail from Southampton in 1912
'Only a very few people were on deck at that time and they thought it much safer to stay on the big boat than to try the life boat.
'When we had moved some distance away from the Titanic we realised - by looking at the bow seeing the different rows of port holes getting less and less from three rows - then two rows and finally the bow went under - that the finest boat in the world was doomed - we hit between 11.40 and 11.50 and the Titanic sunk at 2.22 in the morning.'
The items are being sold by Philip Weiss auctions in New York and are expected to fetch over £50,000.
Mr Weiss said: 'The initial items came from John and Nelle Snyder who were saved and over the years the family has added to the archive.
'There are some remarkable letters and photographs that have always been with the family and never been to market before.
'There is a photograph showing the couple still wearing the clothes they had on when they were saved.
Watery grave: The bow of the Titanic at rest on the bottom of the North Atlantic, about 400 miles south east of Newfoundland
'There are photos of survivors rowing to safety and there are several photographs of the Californian which arrived to help.
'The pictures appear to have been taken from the Carpathia, which picked up the couple.
'One picture includes an iceberg - it could even be the one that sunk the Titanic.
'There is also letter written by Mr Snyder just four days before the sinking and in it he thanks a tobacconist for his cigars that he is smoking.
'I don't think he ever sent it because it was still with him.
'Another letter that has never been seen describes the sinking and it tells how both were asleep when the ship struck the iceberg.
'There is also a letter from Mr Snyder's father that describes the worry that the family had and how news filtered back to them.'
Mr Snyder was aged 24 at the time of the sinking and his wife Nelle was 23 and they had boarded the Titanic at Southampton.
Mr Snyder died in 1959 aged 71 from a heart attack on a golf course. He and Nelle lived in Minneapolis where he ran a automotive firm.
Nelle died in 1983 age 94 and the couple had three children.
The auction takes place on October 21.
RARE DECK PLANS TO GO UNDER THE HAMMER
Isadore Straus: The elderly couple drowned side by side in the disaster after Ida refused a place on a lifeboat to remain with her husband
A rare Titanic deck plan owned by an elderly couple in first class who died when the doomed liner sank is set to sell at auction £50,000
Ida and Isidore Straus drowned side by side after Mrs Straus refused a place on a lifeboat to remain with her husband - a scene iconically depicted in the 1997 Titanic film.
The deck plans were only handed out to the 324 first class passengers when they arrived on the ship in Southampton on April 10, 1912.
It is believed only three of them from the ship exist today, with two in private collections and this one now on the open market. Witness accounts stated the plan's owners sat on deckchairs and held hands until they were washed into the sea as the Titanic sank.
In the Hollywood blockbuster, starring Kate Winslet and Leonardo DiCaprio, artistic licence was used to show the devoted couple cuddling up together on their bed. In the emotive scene, Mr Straus gives his wife a kiss on the cheek while their stateroom floods.
The plan was in the possession of the Straus' maid Ellen Bird who survived the disaster in which 1,495 people were lost. She kept hold of the 41x29in document for the rest of her life and it has now been put up for auction by the current private owner.
Despite its age and fragile condition the delicate piece of tissue paper has remained in one piece over the last 99 years. It has been given a pre-sale estimate of between £40,000 to £50,000.
Andrew Aldridge, of auctioneers Henry Aldridge and Son of Devizes, Wilts, which is selling the plan said: 'This represents the zenith of collectables pertaining to Titanic.
'Isadore Straus was one of the wealthiest people on the ship and original material relating to his and his party's time on board Titanic is practically non-existant.
Staterooms on decks C and D demonstrate the difference between the standards of room
'To have something directly related to Straus which was on the ship is a collector's dream.
'The Straus' were barely featured in the 1997 movie apart from the very brief but very iconic shot of them lying in bed side by side just as the ship begins to sink.
'Looking at the condition of the deck plan, it must have been stored in a book and kept somewhere dark and out of sunlight.'
The deck plan, that folds down to a booklet, is headed 'White Star Line, Southampton-Cherbourg-New York Service, First Class Accommodation.'
The reverse shows the layout of the top five decks that made up the first class accommodation and facilities like the restaurants, swimming baths, gymnasium and squash courts.
Each room is numbered in red ink and the plan is incredibly detailed, marking out the beds, wash basins and wardrobes inside.
Different class: The pictures on the left of decks A and B show the opulence in which some stayed compared with those in the lower classes on decks C and D
There is still pencilled notations made by Miss Bird who marked with a cross her suit of C97 which was next door to the suite occupied by John Farthing -Mr Straus' man servant who died in the disaster.
Miss Bird's room was directly opposite the Straus' lavish stateroom numbered C55-57 which had its own bedroom and separate sitting room.
The plan also includes several printed photos of some of the onboard facilities as well as a list of them and directions and instructions for the passengers.
Mr Straus, 63, was a wealthy businessman who owned the Macey's department store in New York.
He and his family were returning to America on Titanic following a holiday in Europe.
Their 15-year-old granddaughter Beatrice holidayed with them but stayed on in Germany. After the 45,000 ton liner struck an iceberg at 11.40pm on April 14, in the north Atlantic many first class passengers were helped into lifeboats.
At first Mrs Straus, 63, joined Mrs Bird in lifeboat eight before getting out to be with her husband, reportedly saying: 'We have lived together for many years. Where you go, I go.'
Her body was never recovered unlike that of her husband. His last listed effects included black silk socks, gold watch, silver flask and £40 in notes. Miss Bird, who was from Old Buckingham, Norfolk, died in Rhose Island in 1949 aged 68. The auction takes place in Devizes on Saturday, October 29
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'It sounded like locusts on a midsummer night': Titanic survivor reveals the horrifying cries of the luxury liner’s dying victims
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He added: 'The British were much more aware of the social norms at the time. They would have been more likely to stand in a queue and wait their turn for boarding the lifeboats than Americans.'
The Titanic begins to sink after striking an iceberg in this scene from the 1980 film 'Raise the Titanic'
He also suggested that as most U.S. citizens lived further from the sea, they were less familiar with maritime protocol than Britons, such as the women-andchildrenfirst rule.
The Swiss and Australian researchers spent more than a year sifting through data on the Titanic's passengers and crew to find out which factors influenced the odds of survival.
They found that while the British made up 53 per cent of those on board, proportionately fewer of them than expected were among the 706 survivors.
The Americans, who made up a fifth of those on board, were 15 per cent more likely to survive than the British. The Irish and the Swedes also fared better.
The great ship's lifeboats are loaded up with desperate passengers. New research suggest many Britons died because they would not force themseves to the front of the queue
These findings held true even when cabin class and age were taken into account.
Professor Frey said: 'We expected that the English passengers would have been more able to survive, because the ship was British built, the company was British and the crew was British.
'We thought that if the passengers had close relationships with the crew, that would be very important in getting to the lifeboats.
'But it turned out the English had around an 11 per cent lower chance of being saved compared with all the other nationalities.' The professor added that, contrary to his expectations, people remember their manners even in times of crisis.
Titanic on her ill-fated maiden voyage: The sinking resulted in 1,517 deaths
He said: 'We really thought we'd be able to show that when it's a matter of life and death, the cultural norms disappear and the survival of the fittest comes into play.'
Fellow researcher David Savage, of the Queensland University of Technology in Australia, said: 'Overall, the results indicate a strong support that social norms and altruism do matter.'
The study also revealed, unsurprisingly, that women and children had a greater chance of survival.
Women were up to 54 per cent more likely to have escaped the tragedy than men, and those aged under 15 were 32 per cent more likely to have lived than the over-50s.
A Titanic lifeboat, just before the passengers were taken off by rescuers
First- class passengers, whose berths were close to the lifeboat deck, were up to 45 per cent less likely to have perished than those in third class.
The researchers said: 'Preferential treatment, a higher level of power, better access to information about imminent danger, persons of power and decision makers such as leading crew members may have led to a higher probability of being able to get better access to lifeboats.
'Similarly, it seems that crew members used their information advantage and better access to resources, such as lifeboats, to generate a higher probability of surviving.'
Michael McCaughan, author of The Birth of the Titanic, said: 'There might be an element of truth in the idea of the British standing aside and saying "after you".
There certainly would have been a sense of panic but the prevailing ethos would have been women and children first.'
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This is an undated photo showing the bow of the Titanic at rest on the bottom of the North Atlantic, about 400 miles southeast of Newfoundland. (AP Photo/Ralph White) #
For almost three-quarters of a century its location at the bottom of the ocean was a maritime mystery.
Even when explorers found the wreck of the Titanic in 1985, they struggled to understand exactly what happened on that terrible night she sank.
Now researchers have come up with the clearest picture yet of the huge debris field at the bottom of the North Atlantic.
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New detail: Researchers have pieced together what is believed to be the first comprehensive map of the entire 3-by-5-mile Titanic debris field. This image shows the main body of the vessel
Mapping: This image shows debris surrounding the stern of the Titanic on the bottom of the North Atlantic Ocean. An expedition team used sonar imaging and more than 100,000 photos taken from underwater robots to create the map
Extraordinary: The large bow and stern sections which rest about half a mile apart from each other can be seen here. They separated when the ship split apart as it began to sink
SONAR IMAGING REVEALS THE HIDDEN WORLD OF TITANIC
The extraordinary new map revealing the Titanic disaster debris field was created by using sonar imaging and more than 100,000 photos taken from underwater robots.
Sonar uses sound to detect objects which are under the surface of water.
The team would have emitted sound pulses, listened for echoes and then converted these echoes into digital images.
This allows them to 'see' the debris of the Titanic through the murky depths of the North Atlantic.
Parks Stephenson, a Titanic historian, highlighted how the sonar helped the team. 'With the sonar map, it's like suddenly the entire room lit up and you can go from room to room with a magnifying glass and document it.'
The expedition team ran two independently self-controlled robots known as autonomous underwater vehicles along the ocean bottom day and night.
The torpedo-shaped AUVs surveyed the site with side-scan sonar and took high-resolution photos.
The photos were stitched together on a computer to provide a detailed photo mosaic of the debris.
They used two robot vehicles to scan the ocean bottom day and night with sonar cameras, moving at 3mph back and forth in a grid pattern.
They then stitched together the 130,000 high-resolution photos on a computer to provide a detailed mosaic of the wreck.
The American team hope the results will provide clues about how the superliner broke apart after hitting an iceberg, killing more than 1,500 people on its maiden voyage.
Marks on the ocean bottom suggest the stern rotated like a helicopter blade as the ship sank, smashing into the sea floor two and a half miles down at considerable speed, grinding the hull deep into the silt.
The bow, on the other hand, plunged straight down and landed relatively gently.
'When you look at the sonar map, you can see exactly what happened,' said Paul-Henry Nargeolet, one of the expedition's leaders.
It is well known that the two halves settled almost half a mile apart.
But previous maps of the floor around the main wreckage were incomplete. Titanic historian Parks Stephenson said that studying the site with old maps was 'like trying to navigate a dark room with a weak flashlight'.
'But with the sonar map, it's like suddenly the entire room lit up and you can go from room to room with a magnifying glass and document it,' he said.
'Nothing like this has ever been done for the Titanic site.'
The items mapped out include a huge tangle of the remains of a deckhouse, a large chunk of the side of the ship and a hatch cover that blew off the bow section as it sank to the bottom.
Other items include five of the ship's huge boilers, a revolving door and even a lightning rod from a mast.
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Researchers: Kirk Wolfinger, top left, Rushmore DeNooyer, and Tony Bacon are ready to put the final touches on a History Channel documentary about the mapping of the 3-by-5-mile debris field
Luxury: The Parisian cafe on board the ship
Route: The Titanic, which set sail from Southampton, England, sunk before it reached its final destination of New York
THE TITANIC REVISITED: HISTORY CHANNEL EXPLORES THE WRECKAGE
Full details of the new findings will be revealed by the History Channel in a two-hour documentary on April 15, exactly 100 years after the Titanic sank.
By examining the debris, investigators can now answer questions like how the ship broke apart, how it went down and whether there was a fatal flaw in the design, he said.
The layout of the wreck site and where the pieces landed provide new clues on exactly what happened. Computer simulations will re-enact the sinking in reverse, bringing the wreckage debris back to the surface and reassembled.
Some of those questions will be answered on the show, said Dirk Hoogstra, a senior vice president at History. He declined to say ahead of the show what new theories are being put forth on the sinking.
'We've got this vision of the entire wreck that no one has ever seen before,' he said. 'Because we have, we're going to be able to reconstruct exactly how the wreck happened. It's groundbreaking, jaw-dropping stuff.'
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A computer generated image of the Titanic wreckage
Taken underwater during the expedition that aims to reveal what happened structurally to the ship
- The RMS Titanic, which sank in 1912 on its maiden voyage, has been brought back to life in full-colour images
- Thomas Schmid, of 3D History, has allowed people to see the ship in a new light with his photo project
- The project has taken black and white images from the iconic ship and turned them into colourful photos
- The Titanic struck an iceberg on its maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City and sank in April 1912
The RMS Titanic was one of the most opulent liners ever built and the largest steamship in the world - and now it has been brought back to life in amazing full-colour images.
The unique project has taken black and white images from the iconic ship and turned them into colourful photos.
Interest in the ill-fated liner, which struck an iceberg on its maiden voyage from Southampton, England, to New York City and sank on April 15, 1912, has barely dwindled over the years.
Now, a century after 1,503 people were killed when the ship went down, Thomas Schmid of 3D History has allowed people to see the ship in a new light with his colourised images.
The RMS Titanic is pictured at Southampton Dock before departing on its maiden voyage. The photo shows eight lifeboats along the starboard-side of the boat deck and four lifeboats near the bridge wheel house. The ship had 20 lifeboats in total but they could only accommodate 1,178 people, despite the fact that there were approximately 2,224 on board
The original black and white photo of Titanic before she departed form Southampton is pictured here. The ship was capable of carrying 64 lifeboats but designers chose not to include them all, meaning lives were lost needlessly
Construction of the Titanic took place at Harland and Wolff shipyards in Belfast from 1911. It took three years to build and 3,000,000 rivets were used in the construction of the hull, a mix of iron and steel
A total of 1,517 people died when the Titanic (its engine room pictured above) hit an iceberg. When she was launched, Titanic was the largest moving object built to date. Her power came from a combination of two reciprocating steam engines used to drive the port and starboard wing propellers, and a low-pressure steam turbine to drive the centre propeller
The First Class gym: Thomas McCawley, the Titanic's fitness instructor, demonstrates a brand new rowing machine to Frank Browne. First-class passengers had the use of the gymnasium which included dumbbells and rowing machines, as well as a mechanical horse and mechanical camel
The luxurious interior of the ship resembled the contemporary style of leading hotels such as The Ritz and the dining rooms were decorated with ornate ceilings and plush carpets
Schmid's coloured-images show the lounges with plush pink carpets, floral-decorated lounge chairs and curtains that match the floor. The gold trimming on the ceiling, walls and pillars adds a luxurious touch
The Cafe Parisien was on the starboard side of the ship and was was connected to the À la Carte Restaurant, with which it shared a menu and servers. The cafe - only available to first class passengers - was most popular among younger passengers
In colored images of the cafe, its wicker tables feature pink and blue tops, while the chairs are an off-white color. The cafe, which could accomodate up to 69 passengers, was decorated with ivy-covered trellises and other climing plants
The Titanic had two main staircases - one used by second-class passengers, and the Grand Staircase, pictured above, used by first-class passengers. The staircase, which rose through six decks, was between the first and second funnels of the boat. Irish company Harland and Wolff decorated the staircase with oak paneling and gilded balustrades, and a glass dome was put on top for a majestic finishing touch
The Titanic had several dining rooms for the various classes aboard the ship. Pictured above, is the third-class dining saloon, which was enameled white and brightened by side lights. The dining room featured long tables that could seat up to ten people in specially designed chairs
While the third-class passengers ate simple meals, their meals were plentiful. Their last meal aboard the boat - dinner on Sunday April 14, featured rice soup, fresh bread, biscuits, roast beef with gravy, corn and boiled potatoes
The Titanic's first-class accommodation held up to 735 passengers, and featured single-room cabins as well as multi-room suites
The first-class rooms, like the one decorated with Dutch-style furniture above, were located across five decks. Also among the first-class wing were several single-bed standard cabins used by servants and staff
The Titanic sets sail from Belfast on way to Southampton
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DISASTER IN THE ATLANTIC: HOW MORE THAN 1,500 LOST THEIR LIVES WHEN THE TITANIC SUNK
The RMS Titanic sank in the North Atlantic Ocean on April 15, 1912, after colliding with an iceberg during her maiden voyage from Southampton to New York.
More than 1,500 people died when the ship, which was carrying 2,224 passengers and crew, sank under the command of Captain Edward Smith.
Some of the wealthiest people in the world were on board, including property tycoon John Jacob Astor IV, great grandson of John Jacob Astor, founder of the Waldorf Astoria Hotel.
Millionaire Benjamin Guggenheim, heir to his family's mining business, also perished, along with Isidor Straus, the German-born co-owner of Macy's department store.
The ship was the largest afloat at the time and was designed in such a way that it was meant to be 'unsinkable'.
It had an on-board gym, libraries, swimming pool and several restaurants and luxury first class cabins.
There were not enough lifeboats on board for all the passengers due to out-of-date maritime safety regulations.
After leaving Southampton on April 10, 1912, Titanic called at Cherbourg in France and Queenstown in Ireland before heading to New York.
On April 14, 1912, four days into the crossing, she hit an iceberg at 11:40pm ship's time.
James Moody was on night watch when the collision happened and took the call from the watchman, asking him 'What do you see?' The man responded: 'Iceberg, dead ahead.'
By 2.20am, with hundreds of people still on board, the ship plunged beneath the waves, taking many, including Moody, with it.
Despite repeated distress calls being sent out and flares launched from the decks, the first rescue ship, the RMS Carpathia, arrived nearly two hours later, pulling more than 700 people from the water.
It was not until 1985 that the wreck of the ship was discovered in two pieces on the ocean floor.
The expensive first-class staterooms, like the one pictured above, were decorated in period styles, including styles ranging from the periods of Louis XVI, Louis XV, Georgian and Queen Anne
Some of the first-class suites had more than one bed, and a door connecting the room to another room in the cabin. It is believed these rooms could be used for children aboard the ship with their parents
First Class suites were decorated in period styles, and came equipped with telephones, heaters and steward call bells. Many first-class cabins had doors connecting their rooms to other rooms so they could walk directly from one room to another without going into the hallway
The first-class suites did, however, come with a price. Tickets for suites would have cost up to £870 in high season (£72,932 today). The Titanic's designers wanted their liner to resemble a fine hotel on water with the highest stands of luxury
Only the wealthy could afford to travel first class on the ship, but luckily for them, children and pets could come aboard at half price. Second and third-class passengers took much smaller cabins on the ship, often with bunk beds and sharing bathrooms and toilets
Outside of the ship's cabins (one pictured above), passengers could take part in several activities, including using a library, visit the barbers or go swimming in the ship's pool. There was also a squash court, Turkish bath and electric bath
For first class passengers who were less active, there were plenty of lounge rooms to spend time in, and an orchestra performed in various rooms throughout the day
Second-class passengers were able to play shuffleboard, ring toss and board games while on the ship. For third-class passengers, however, activities were much less sparse, but they had a deck available where they could meet, chat and play games
The Titanic sets sail from Belfast on way to Southampton
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THE 'UNSINKABLE' TITANIC - BY THE NUMBERS
Construction timeline: 1909-1912
Cost: $7.5million (£1.5million)
Maiden voyage: April 10, 1912
Passengers: 2,223
Crew: 885
Length: 882ft 9in
Height: 174ft
Lifeboat capacity: 1,178
Decks: 9
Maximum speed: 24 knots
Construction company: Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast
Titanic is pictured at the Harland & Wolff dockyard in Belfast. The ship cost $7,500,000 (£1.5 million) to build, and it took a staggering 20 horses to transport the main anchor
Harland & Woff built more than 70 vessels for the White Star Line, including the Titanic (pictured above) and other liners including the Olympic and Britannic
The luxurious Titanic was one of three Olympic-class vessels built for White Star Line between 1908 and 1914. Hundreds of people lined up to see the liner head off on its first - and only - voyage
The Titanic, Olympic and Britannic were built in response to thee threat posed by the Cunard Line's elegant liners, the Lusitania and Mauretania. The concept of the three ships was made over a dinner between White Star Line chairman Bruce Ismay and Harland and Wolff chairman William Pirrie in 1907
The Titanic and Olympic were docked together in Belfast Harbour before the Titanic headed out for its voyage in April 1912
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