tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37368526416904438952024-03-18T21:44:35.162-07:00CHRONICLES OF OUR GENERATIONStudy history and learn one thing; he who thinks he can cheat a moral God in a moral universe is a moral imbecile. It simply cannot be done. Evil carries the seeds of its own destruction within it. The universe is not built for the success of lies. They break themselves upon the moral facts of the universe. The Lord reigneth - whether that reign is acknowledged or not. Every wrong breaks itself upon the fact of God.....AMOR PATRIAEUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger1530125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3736852641690443895.post-16312267804784950302024-02-20T14:53:00.000-08:002024-02-22T09:34:09.685-08:00<div class="separator"><br /></div><br />
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span><div><span style="background-color: black;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></div><div><span><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></span></span></div><div><span><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></span></span></div><div><span><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2391" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/6SFWNQ5M6Y4" width="2875" youtube-src-id="6SFWNQ5M6Y4"></iframe></b></span></span></span></div><div><span><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></span></span></div><div><span><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">A BOY’S MEMORIES OF MANILA</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2281" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/TTqbKsAmC38" width="2746" youtube-src-id="TTqbKsAmC38"></iframe></span></div><span><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><b><br /></b></span></span></span></div><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 999px;"> <tbody>
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<img height="386" src="http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4029/4277575106_fe8399ecab.jpg" width="579" /><br /><br /><strong><img alt="" height="768" src="http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3231/2396177266_3d9fff0596_z.jpg" width="576" /><br /></strong><br /><br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Manila Chinatown</span></b></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;">Prior to the arrival of the Spaniards in 1571, trade between ethnic Filipino Malays and Chinese traders was already established in pre-colonial Manila. Manila's Chinatown is one of the oldest in Asia, established sometime in the late 17th century. It is home to many ethnic Chinese who left the Chinese mainland for a home in the Philippines. Binondo is a stone's throw away from the District of Intramuros, which was the Philippine's administrative capital under Spanish rule. The district was within the range of Intramuros' canons to quell any uprising the Chinese could have started. Binondo became a center of commerce during the American colonial era of the Philippines, since the Chinese were known to be experts in trading and finance. Banks, department stores, restaurants, insurance companies, nearly all giant commercial establishments were built in Binondo, the most prominent of which are located in the Escolta Avenue, though these are somewhat out of vogue and dilapidated today. World War II destroyed much of Binondo's commercial establishments. After the war, most companies relocated to Makati, the current central business district of Metro Manila.</b></div></span></td> <td valign="top" width="333"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB57guxbXmoSwkrDSJHPYjo7-05wPP9XUI3OiCkgRn0IqmRecHpdKfXF2LN9CEg7AGr6d1RQ4Lv1qM0JFtSjnHGe-NUr3gHkqo5eUxNjTXehN2qXlTcXGcxJ5ff8Raw_fyRon4YVR9l7fl/s1600/ANIMATION+Manila.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><img border="0" data-original-height="930" data-original-width="1024" height="1646" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB57guxbXmoSwkrDSJHPYjo7-05wPP9XUI3OiCkgRn0IqmRecHpdKfXF2LN9CEg7AGr6d1RQ4Lv1qM0JFtSjnHGe-NUr3gHkqo5eUxNjTXehN2qXlTcXGcxJ5ff8Raw_fyRon4YVR9l7fl/w1812-h1646/ANIMATION+Manila.gif" width="1812" /></b></span></a><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><img height="1213" src="http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4135/4864598571_7c87543255_b.jpg" width="1816" /><img height="1212" src="http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2725/4038025819_23421b1a52_b.jpg" width="1817" /><img height="1268" src="http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7132/7020482853_98bcccbf3a_b.jpg" width="1690" /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b></div><img height="2077" src="http://farm2.staticflickr.com/1238/845217345_502ff83208.jpg" style="display: block; float: none; font-weight: 700; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;" width="1383" /><b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span>Taal Volcano Left Photo</span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><b><br /></b></span><span><b><span><br /></span> <br /> <br /></b></span><img height="1152" src="http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4110/4989468410_cd7976fa52.jpg" width="1730" /><span><b><br /> <br /><span> The Jones Bridge, initially named as the Puente Grande and later known as Puente de España, crosses the Pasig River and connects the districts of the Binondo, Chinatown and Escolta areas with the center of downtown Manila. This bridge is considered to be the oldest in all of the Philippines.</span><br /></b></span></span><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="499">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></td> <td valign="top" width="499"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1883" src="http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2365/2456251961_30513857e8_z.jpg?zz=1" width="1457" /><br />
<span><span><strong><img alt="photo" height="881" src="http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2157/1725500182_6ef7bc90b2_z.jpg?zz=1" width="1454" /><br /><br /></strong></span></span><span><b>calesa terminal. Kalesa (sometimes called a karitela) is a horse-driven carriage used in the Philippines. The word predates the Spanish conquest and descends ultimately from an Old Church Slavonic word meaning "wheels." This was one of the modes of transportation introduced in the Philippines in the 18th century. <br /></b></span><br /><br /><span><img height="960" src="http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4083/4989127921_9b04f4bb0f.jpg" width="1441" /></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Manila Yacht Club, Roxas Boulevard across the Blvd. was our old quarters at the Manila Naval Station (MNS)</span></h3>
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<strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span>My early recollection of the Legislative, Post office and the fortification near the Pasig River deserved some mention. Along these walls of Fort Santiago were a lot of Cogon grass that we use to clean and cut back in the mid 1950 as a civic duty and as a project for my cub scout den, designated then as Pack Number 1. During </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"><span>World War II</span></a><span>, Fort Santiago was captured by the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Imperial_Army"><span>Japanese Imperial Army</span></a><span>, and used its prisons and dungeons including the storage cells and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder_magazine"><span>gunpowder magazines</span></a><span> for hundreds of prisoners who were killed near the end of the war.</span></span></strong></div>
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</tbody></table><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><br /><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/PMA_gusali.JPG"><img alt="File:PMA gusali.JPG" height="794" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/PMA_gusali.JPG/576px-PMA_gusali.JPG" width="763" /></a><br /><strong><span><br /><span>Philippine Military Academy, Fort del Pilar, Baguio City.</span></span></strong><span><strong><span><strong><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 511px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="499"><h5 align="justify"><span><span>PMA was modeled after the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy"><span>United States Military Academy</span></a><span> with officers from the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Scouts"><span>Philippine Scouts</span></a><span> and regular</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"><span>United States Army</span></a><span><span><span> as instructors and members of the general staff.</span></span></span> <span>With the outbreak of World War II, training was disrupted at the PMA with Classes 1942 and 1943 being graduated prematurely and assigned to combat units in Bataan and other parts of the country. Many of these young officers perished in the war.</span> <span>After the war, the Academy was reopened on May 5, 1947, at Camp Henry T. Allen in Baguio City. But due to its increasing need for larger grounds, it was soon moved to its present location at Fort Gen Gregorio H Del Pilar, Loakan, some ten kilometers from downtown Baguio. During the 1960s, as a need for more well-rounded individuals was found to be desirable, socio-humanistic courses were added to the school's curriculum.</span> </span></h5></td></tr></tbody></table></strong></span></strong><span>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">In the old days the walls were used as security and protection. Threats of invasion by Chinese, Japanese, Dutch and Portuguese pirates prompted the construction of defenses consisting of high stones walls, bulwarks and moats. The walls stretch to 4.5 kilometers in length, enclosing a pentagonal area aprrox. 64 hectares. The area consisted of residences, churches, palaces, schools and govt. buildings. Entry was made possible through gates w/ drawbridges, which were closed before midnite and opened at the break of dawn.<br /></b></span><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 599px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="299"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img height="2269" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrgr0w4Dywe4WdmHWhSCy1Ir7uUhwTFB4mw9CJuItJEnhyphenhyphenmpwrYGGDT9NoTShGMIov5auHJYGomDD1Bpcz4BBH9GDuoGji2TvAEIsncPoORzZw0_22GQ1pWLVnfgHmA-ooi-w68xe_Baee/w1560-h2269/IMG_7658.JPG" width="1560" /></span></td><td valign="top" width="299"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><h3><img alt="photo" height="1165" src="http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2794/4316282103_593e7f33fc_z.jpg" width="779" /></h3> <br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjouEs5ewwSTxmAzYAsZQOl1JYeFkxHxWFPdtYdodRXk_F3yd_RmzjpUsCV5_PmAajMLVzHOsuqJtqLLdZSxrPE5GiboSmCF2f0X2UTaGos3cGyKnJjLnirCE1IvSy6BP3Z0VtIsWabTqtR/s1600/ANIMATION+Mama+2.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="937" height="1705" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjouEs5ewwSTxmAzYAsZQOl1JYeFkxHxWFPdtYdodRXk_F3yd_RmzjpUsCV5_PmAajMLVzHOsuqJtqLLdZSxrPE5GiboSmCF2f0X2UTaGos3cGyKnJjLnirCE1IvSy6BP3Z0VtIsWabTqtR/w1561-h1705/ANIMATION+Mama+2.gif" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="1561" /></a></div></span></td></tr>
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<span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span>Del Pilar Shrine Ma</span>rcelo H. Del Pilar Shrine in Bulakan, Bulacan.</span></span></h3>
<h3><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> Gen. Gregorio Del Pilar Shrine</span></span></h3>
</td> <td valign="top" width="499"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1937" src="http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5266/5630185187_986f5695ac_b.jpg" width="2418" /> <br /><span><strong><br />View from Old Intramuros prior to reconstruction, towards the Post Office Building and Santa Cruz Bridge from the ruins of Recolectos Church 1950s. Notice the grass and vegetation along the walls that we in our young days have to cut and clean.<br /><br /></strong></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">My grand uncle General Gregorio del Pilar monument THE BOY GENERAL, HERO OF THE PHILIPPINE AMERICAN WAR</span></h3><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-large;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2492" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/XeFTbLafk9E" width="2997" youtube-src-id="XeFTbLafk9E"></iframe></span></div><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-large;"><br /><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
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color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"></div></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2552" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/RgtEUr_n9vM" width="3068" youtube-src-id="RgtEUr_n9vM"></iframe></div><br /><span><br /><br /></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">When the National Defense Act was approved on December 21, 1935, the Philippine Constabulary Academy was renamed Philippine Military Academy and was permitted to grant its graduates Bachelor of Science degrees after completion of their four-year curriculum.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl3cRRK4PF24hU1YGTBy08AwBxB4QXass-JgPauB_GIwZ7OuhwBvR-tsu-a8THxygQmIItsrOYjK45tLk-eDtozdolZ9DwbZuZKAKgwBeu6CM-C1OdTWSgLYg1R_qli5W-8NLdqU6c2FGIgp9sX-r7B2kdSe-QG4b7IlB-x2365sj4lSa--2gIMLnVRA/s1600/Grade%207%20graduation%20IMG_7660.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="789" data-original-width="1600" height="1378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl3cRRK4PF24hU1YGTBy08AwBxB4QXass-JgPauB_GIwZ7OuhwBvR-tsu-a8THxygQmIItsrOYjK45tLk-eDtozdolZ9DwbZuZKAKgwBeu6CM-C1OdTWSgLYg1R_qli5W-8NLdqU6c2FGIgp9sX-r7B2kdSe-QG4b7IlB-x2365sj4lSa--2gIMLnVRA/w2793-h1378/Grade%207%20graduation%20IMG_7660.JPG" width="2793" /></span></a></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><b><br /></b></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /> </span><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">My early socialization with non relatives of my age started within the elementary School from Grade 1 to 7. It was 1950, 5 years after the war, when I started schooling. The limited amount of classroom space was clearly evident then for the newly established Parochial School. It did not bother me about the location, maybe of my innocence about the specter of death, as we have our class inside the catacombs at the basement of Espirito Santo Church. I can recall the names of my favorite girl classmates, just like yesterday. To me, they seem to be much nicer, more intelligent than what I feel about the boys. My early perceptions of the bullies in the class, that they were probably motivated by competition for attention, and reminder of who rules among the boys. Those who feel superior though, was never given any quarter, as I have that early sense of justice given to the underdog. So it follows in the years, how many scraps I have to go thru. This is the same all through High School. It is also a lesson to know about myself, as my motivation to study depends on who my teacher was. The more attractive she was the more studious I became.</strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">What I remember about Espiritu Santo Parochial School: it was formally established in 1947 by Rev. Fr. William J. Duschak, SVD, former Vicar Apostolic of Calapan, Oriental Mindoro. Initially, classes were held in the parish hall. Due to the unprecedented increase in student enrolment, the high school department, the Annex 1 and the Annex II buildings were constructed in succession. The following years, Fr. Antonio Albrecht, SVD, the Holy Spirit Sisters and the Secular Clergy efficiently administered the operation of the school. In 1973, the Religious Missionaries of St. Dominic took over its management.</strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Our song…… E.S.P.S. all praise to thee Glad the song we raise to thee. Down the years we’ll love thy name. Thy renown we’ll all acclaim. Thy love and truth will ever be Stars to guide our loyalty A light to shine . . . . on life’s high sea Alma Mater ESPS. Sons and daughters sing to thee, Worthy gifts we bring to thee. Hearts we give thee loyal truth To those rare gifts we owe to you.</strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPSvGljeVjQp7jgiDvAO2Oau65xbS_cxx89fx4ToeBA0KItUZ108i5Hv_S0MhysrsXOE3WrH5D1IxobKdt2QkcWvG2sE2dUYyb_MOOIqUyoWWPhJvqE4mqdVv7StYy4n5Ayd_mevjMJx0q/s1600/Class%25252061%252520-%2525201.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="910" data-original-width="1600" height="1839" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPSvGljeVjQp7jgiDvAO2Oau65xbS_cxx89fx4ToeBA0KItUZ108i5Hv_S0MhysrsXOE3WrH5D1IxobKdt2QkcWvG2sE2dUYyb_MOOIqUyoWWPhJvqE4mqdVv7StYy4n5Ayd_mevjMJx0q/w3238-h1839/Class%25252061%252520-%2525201.jpg" width="3238" /></a></div><br style="text-align: left;" /><span><br style="text-align: left;" /><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>1960: I became aware of my heritage in my junior year at UP Prep and began preparation for my appointment as a cadet of the PMA at Fort Del Pilar. This was a period in my teen years that I remember fondly, memories in my High School, of the hectic days, dashing thru the corridors catching my schedule of classes at Rizal Hall. I recall my bag loaded with books, eager, wide eyed, and quick to learn the tenets of math, the arts and sciences. I remember past friends and stormy situations that most teenagers weathered through. As in life surviving the unspoken pecking order among bigger classmates and the so called in crowd was the rule. That lone wolf streak that kept me apart, which peers seemed to see as a weakness was a measure of heritage that set me off from the current teenage precepts of the day. Later, being a late bloomer, when of age and after further studies, scholarships for a Masters in Civil Enginering at a California State U, having ever spurred curiosity, whetted my appetite for a life of adventure, of soldiering and foreign lands. </b></span></span></span></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 511px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="499"><h5><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img height="371" src="http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3619/3401326974_3c25b6fb9f_b.jpg" width="1561" /></span></h5>
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Quezon Memorial Circle<br />Elliptical Road<br />Quezon City, Manila</span></h3>
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Dr. Jose Rizal Memorial</span></h3>
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Paco Park and Cemetery<br />Paco, Manila</span></h3>
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Andres Bonifacio EDSA cor. Rizal Avenue<br />Caloocan, Manila</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Andres Bonifacio's monument in Caloocan City, Andrés Bonifacio was one of the chief leaders of the revolution of the Philippines against Spanish colonial rule. The 1896 Philippine Revolution was the first revolution in Asia against European colonial rule.</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Dugo sa Magdalena. Kinalugmukan ng duguang katawan ni Emilio Jacinto sa simbahan ng Magdalena, Laguna</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Mabini monument.This is Apolinario Mabini's monument located at the plaza fronting the city hall. Mabini, tagged as the "Sublime Paralytic", is a son of Tanauan. </span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong><span>In my days we just call this place as Luneta. Manila is the site of the country's premiere park, </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizal_Park"><strong><span>Rizal Park</span></strong></a><strong><span>, which was erected for the country's national hero, </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal"><strong><span>José Rizal</span></strong></a><strong><span>. Besides having parks and green areas, Manila is the home to several plazas, such as the Plaza Balagtas and </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_Miranda"><strong><span>Plaza Miranda</span></strong></a><strong><span>, the site of the</span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Plaza_Miranda_bombing"><strong><span>1971 politics-related bombings</span></strong></a><strong><span>. Within Manila lies notable parks and green areas, such as the </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Center_of_the_Philippines"><strong><span>Cultural Center of the Philippines</span></strong></a><strong><span>, the Rajah Sulayman Park, Manila Boardwalk, Liwasang Bonifacio, </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehan_Garden"><strong><span>Mehan Garden</span></strong></a><strong><span>, </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paco_Park"><strong><span>Paco Park</span></strong></a><strong><span>, Remedios Circle, the </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Zoological_and_Botanical_Garden"><strong><span>Manila Zoological and Botanical Garden</span></strong></a><strong><span>, Pandacan Linear Park, and the Malacañang Garden.</span></strong></span> </span></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">National Press Club</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Legaspi Urdaneta Monument right photo</span></h3>
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<span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span>Intramuros – Manila This was the place where as a child, I watched young men in fatigues with rifles. Later in college, I would be here, ROTC drills right there at the back of San Ignacio Church ....beside Ateneo ....on the Western side of Sta Luci</span>a</span></span></h3><div><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span>Rojas Civilian Shipyard -1956-photo Located on Sangley Point Navy Base, in background, looking across Canacao Bay is the Philippine Navy Base</span><img height="1221" src="http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5240/5902028740_9ef952a8d5_b.jpg" width="1696" /></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>In anticipation of hostilities with Spain, then </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy"><span><strong>Assistant Secretary of the Navy</strong></span></a><span><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt"><span><strong>Theodore Roosevelt</strong></span></a><span><strong> ordered the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Asiatic_Fleet"><span><strong>U.S. Asiatic Fleet</strong></span></a><span><strong>, under the command of </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_(USN)"><span><strong>Commodore</strong></span></a><span><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Dewey"><span><strong>George Dewey</strong></span></a><span><strong> aboard the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Olympia_(C-6)"><span><span><span><strong>USS <i>Olympia</i></strong></span></span></span></a><span><strong>, to proceed to the British Crown Colony of </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"><span><strong>Hong Kong</strong></span></a><span><strong>. There he was to make preparations to move on the Spanish Fleet in the Philippines, believed to be anchored at </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subic_Bay"><span><strong>Subic Bay</strong></span></a><span><strong>. After war with Spain had broken out following the explosion of the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Maine_(ACR-1)"><span><span><span><strong>USS <i>Maine</i></strong></span></span></span></a><span><strong> in </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana"><span><strong>Havana</strong></span></a><span><strong>, Dewey proceeded to the Philippines and arrived at Subic Bay just before sunset on April 30, 1898. However, Spanish naval authorities had determined that their position there was undefendable and had moved the fleet to </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Bay"><span><strong>Manila Bay</strong></span></a><span><strong>.</strong></span> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>Under cover of darkness, Dewey proceeded to Manila Bay, arriving just off </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corregidor"><span><strong>Corregidor</strong></span></a><span><strong> after 11 <small>PM</small>. The ships stealthily moved past the south side of the island fortress, through Boca Grande, and into Manila Bay.</strong></span> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>Shortly after midnight they had nearly passed unnoticed when soot in the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_McCulloch"><span><strong>USS McCulloch</strong></span></a><span><strong>'s </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokestack"><span><strong>smokestack</strong></span></a><span><strong> caught fire, revealing the squadron's position. Spanish batteries on the south shore near Punta Restinga and on </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Fraile_Island"><span><strong>El Fraile Island</strong></span></a><span><strong> opened fire on the shadowy ships. A few rounds were fired in response by the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Raleigh_(C-8)"><span><span><span><strong>USS <i>Raleigh</i></strong></span></span></span></a><span><strong>. One shell scored a direct hit on El Fraile battery. The Spanish guns then fell silent after firing only three rounds. However, the big guns on Corregidor remained silent. Although concerned that his presence had been revealed, Dewey proceeded slowly eastward toward Manila.</strong></span> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>Dawn was beginning to break on the morning of May 1 as the squadron arrived at Manila. At first, however, lookouts posted high on the American ships could not locate the enemy fleet. Then, off to the right, they spotted a number of white buildings on the narrow strip of land known as Sangley Point, and beyond them a line of dark gray objects on the water. A hard turn to starboard brought the American squadron to bear on the Spanish fleet. The Spanish ships were anchored in an arch stretching eastward and southward from the mouth of </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%B1acao_Bay"><span><strong>Cañacao Bay</strong></span></a><span><strong> near the tip of Sangley Point. As they approached, the column of American ships, with Olympia at the head of the line followed by</strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Baltimore_(C-3)"><i><span><strong>Baltimore</strong></span></i></a><span><strong>, Raleigh, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Petrel_(PG-2)"><i><span><strong>Petrel</strong></span></i></a><span><strong>, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Concord_(PG-3)"><i><span><strong>Concord</strong></span></i></a><span><strong>, and </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Boston_(1884)"><i><span><strong>Boston</strong></span></i></a><span><strong>, gradually turned to starboard, bringing their port guns to bear on the Spanish fleet. Dewey turned to Captain Charles V. Gridley, commanding officer of Olympia, and said, "You may fire when ready, Gridley." At 5:41 <small>AM</small>, the squadron opened fire. The </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay"><span><strong>Battle of Manila Bay</strong></span></a><span><strong> had begun.</strong></span> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>The firing became incessant, the white smoke of gunfire becoming so thick that it was difficult to gauge accuracy or effectiveness. Although trapped in the narrow confines of Cañacao Bay, the Spanish fleet managed to maintain a heavy barrage of return fire.</strong></span> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>However, most of the Spanish gunfire fell short of its mark. After making five passes in front of the enemy fleet, Dewey withdrew at 7:35 <small>AM</small> to investigate reports that he was low on ammunition. He passed the word that the men should take advantage of the break to eat </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakfast"><span><strong>breakfast</strong></span></a><span><strong>. One gunner, eager to return to action, yelled out, "For God's sake, Captain. Don't let us stop now! To hell with breakfast!"</strong></span> </span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Just after 11:00 <small>AM</small>, after determining that the report of low ammunition was in error and that his ships had suffered little or no battle damage, Dewey re-engaged the enemy. However, this time he met very little resistance. As the smoke cleared, the devastation inflicted by American guns became clearly evident. With the exception of a few gunboats, the Spanish fleet had been totally annihilated. More than 300 Spanish sailors had been killed or wounded. The lone American casualty was due to heatstroke. By 12:30 <small>PM</small>, the Spanish colors over the arsenal at Sangley Point were replaced by a white flag. The Battle of Manila Bay was over. The following day, the naval facilities at Cavite and Sangley Point were officially taken over by U.S. Naval Expeditionary Forces under the command of Commodore George Dewey.</strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZrJ9XtEMZ4JFqoJ8JCl-NlIcVnDsoANCjyGOUk0sgxPaSbGlcWBz6fT0XvQACjrSP5RJJdypFSTYwQfEtbV89sLT5C5eRqyHySNmxPu_teKQEbBXSGBiULysFe2XRnX3q39pzWJrCJ17SGLp4wU0lL7PQm6l2oXuwlZ93_TrypczK9Rd7vlmjnifbtwyl/s720/IMG_1310.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="720" height="1068" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZrJ9XtEMZ4JFqoJ8JCl-NlIcVnDsoANCjyGOUk0sgxPaSbGlcWBz6fT0XvQACjrSP5RJJdypFSTYwQfEtbV89sLT5C5eRqyHySNmxPu_teKQEbBXSGBiULysFe2XRnX3q39pzWJrCJ17SGLp4wU0lL7PQm6l2oXuwlZ93_TrypczK9Rd7vlmjnifbtwyl/w1587-h1068/IMG_1310.JPG" width="1587" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJdV_IH8WPaPOo_A43xFG0oexiNXBzdmRlRPwwONHoQFlSOaSuMw2SjXzWlZ2pl6dqQ6zFix2NU8d7HV27CZompNaCdtfLuO7dxQOF7OQpLBIQzxTif1G06fVTNdSAqkQIZmjDpn1YNfSFDW6I4mfkomRQxurmKQKmz-IFNacUYOrSOXoSJM2lXm8cckQo/s2048/IMG_1321.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="1192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJdV_IH8WPaPOo_A43xFG0oexiNXBzdmRlRPwwONHoQFlSOaSuMw2SjXzWlZ2pl6dqQ6zFix2NU8d7HV27CZompNaCdtfLuO7dxQOF7OQpLBIQzxTif1G06fVTNdSAqkQIZmjDpn1YNfSFDW6I4mfkomRQxurmKQKmz-IFNacUYOrSOXoSJM2lXm8cckQo/w1590-h1192/IMG_1321.JPG" width="1590" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjlQDHD1cyjyI_3tRbD7xIBUr0E_I51ZkSuhMEdDJwIPSCwmLhKfcYTi2hlWJtz0wZhNEKGq4AP-UFqqvQGzEuWaU-7guneYDMYSgdcI4liNPJkColPSZ2-12ycxySk7_F00iOdZgtSo9zoRtAF7aa1Daf9gqCANEodOEaMCFNr2uxoSZT70d4FjPmL-md/s2048/IMG_1324.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="1196" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjlQDHD1cyjyI_3tRbD7xIBUr0E_I51ZkSuhMEdDJwIPSCwmLhKfcYTi2hlWJtz0wZhNEKGq4AP-UFqqvQGzEuWaU-7guneYDMYSgdcI4liNPJkColPSZ2-12ycxySk7_F00iOdZgtSo9zoRtAF7aa1Daf9gqCANEodOEaMCFNr2uxoSZT70d4FjPmL-md/w1595-h1196/IMG_1324.JPG" width="1595" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJI0ACsiTTQlcpioLeQBvn1VlzaqkjgIqyBQ95E7BOIqTZkfB0xpD22qxs2BITe_grVY30PRqOsbJr33tDrcsezWVAMJjuj8Q3-vGrjYeRinVgWLQ0ZgUZ13wgHf5oYZyTFow3GReefUVxr63yaaoBtG-SKB3BBpGKs7X2r5bWK6p_P3iubimsIzFadD30/s2048/IMG_1315.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="1204" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJI0ACsiTTQlcpioLeQBvn1VlzaqkjgIqyBQ95E7BOIqTZkfB0xpD22qxs2BITe_grVY30PRqOsbJr33tDrcsezWVAMJjuj8Q3-vGrjYeRinVgWLQ0ZgUZ13wgHf5oYZyTFow3GReefUVxr63yaaoBtG-SKB3BBpGKs7X2r5bWK6p_P3iubimsIzFadD30/w1605-h1204/IMG_1315.JPG" width="1605" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><br /><strong><br /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>Early in December 1970, it was officially announced that U.S. Naval Station Sangley Point would be closed. On July 1, 1971, Sangley Point changed status from active to inactive in preparation for the turnover of the facility to the government of the Philippines. The Sangley Point Closure Detail was activated under the command of an Officer-In-Charge, CAPT Waldo Atkins, with a 95-man, 7-officer contingent.</strong></span> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>In the extremely compressed 60-day period of deactivation, in excess of 350 items of automotive and construction equipment were transferred; more than 400 industrial buildings and government quarters were stripped of furnishings; installed equipment was disconnected and readied for shipment, and all buildings were secured.</strong></span> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>Approximately 300,000 pounds of materials and supplies were prepared for turnover to the government of the Philippines, including 375 buildings, 77 structures and 60 utilities systems and improvements. In connection with the relocation of equipment and materials to other bases, 49 stilt housing units were relocated to Subic Bay by a detachment of </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabee_(US_Navy)"><span><strong>Seabees</strong></span></a><span><strong>. On-the-job-training sessions were conducted for Philippine naval personnel to ensure the safe and proper operation of all base industrial facilities.</strong></span> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>On September 1, 1971, the base was officially turned over to the government of the Philippines, ending 73 years as a U.S. Naval facility. It is currently used as a facility of the</strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Navy"><span><strong>Philippine Navy</strong></span></a><span><strong> and the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Air_Force"><span><strong>Philippine Air Force</strong></span></a><span><strong>. William J. Mitzel and his wife Barbara were the last US personnel to occupy quarters on the installation. Mr. Mitzel was responsible for the final turn over and lived on the installation with his wife, when the turn over was completed.</strong></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span>Sangley Point</span> </span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">NAVAL STATION SANGLEY POINT, Republic of the Philippines Lcpl. Kenneth Pollard assigned to Fleet Anti-Terrorism Security Team Pacific (FAST), teaches sailors and marines martial arts techniques during a professional development exchange with the Armed Forces of the Philippines. FAST is embarked on board the U.S. 7th Fleet command ship USS Blue Ridge (LCC 19), which is in Manila, Republic of the Philippines for a port visit, and on it's spring patrol of the Asia-Pacific.(US Navy photo by Mass Communications Specialist 1st Class Greg Mitchell/Released)</span></h3>
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<a href="http://www.panoramio.com/photo/3908446"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Sangley Tower</strong></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span>Fort San Antonio Abad in Malate, Manila, Philippines, from the south looking northwest. </span><span><span><span><strong>Fort Abad is of significant historical importance and a Philippine national treasure. It is strange that so few know about it. It is great that it survives today in good condition and is being protected. It has so much history behind it. The British invasion of Manila in 1762 took this fort first then the American invasion in 1898 did the same. It is located behind the Metropolitan Museum of Manila on Roxas Boulevard. This was the site of the old Manila Naval Station our old military quarters, across the Cultural Center of Imelda.</strong></span></span></span></span></h3><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Sangley Point Papa became CO of this base in the 1970.</span></h3><h3><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img height="520" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-XWaa0j3OQIw/TMSc5wdYyBI/AAAAAAAAoe8/vclSC1aqIjg/w694-h520/IMG_3365.JPG" width="694" /></span></h3>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>Return of Sangley Point to the Republic of the Philippines</strong></span> <br />
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<strong><span>A </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O2U_Corsair"><strong><span>O2U</span></strong></a><strong><span> floatplane flies over the Cavite Navy Yard, circa 1930. The seaplane tender </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Jason_(AC-12)"><i><strong><span>Jason</span></strong></i></a><strong><span> is docked at the yard, directly below the plane. Sangley Point is in the background.</span></strong> <br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><span>Going Home</span></strong> </span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>A Japanese air raid on 10 December 1941 leaves the Cavite Navy Yard in flames.</strong></span><br />
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<span><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">I remember my father on the bridge of RPS 1133, like the ship on the right. I was a pre school kid then, looking at a young Lt. taking his ship out to the open seas, out of Manila Bay. 1960: I became aware of my heritage in my junior year at UP Prep and began preparation for my appointment as a cadet at the PMA at Fort Del Pilar. This was a period in my teen years that I remember fondly, memories in my High School, of the hectic days, dashing thru the corridors catching my schedule of classes at Rizal Hall. I recall my bag loaded with books, eager, wide eyed, and quick to learn the tenets of math, the arts and sciences.</strong></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">I remember past friends and stormy situations that most teenagers weathered through. As in life surviving the unspoken pecking order among bigger classmates and the so called in crowd was the rule. That lone wolf streak that kept me apart, which peers seemed to see as a weakness was a measure of heritage that set me off from the current teenage precepts of the day. Classmates underestimated me a poor kid, just a son of a sailor, short in stature and have not reached the growth expected of my age. My inner strength was formed this way. My full attention was now focused to strive, improve myself and the planned transfer of the whole family to the USA by advanced education. Later in full bloom, when of age and after further studies and scholarships, having ever spurred curiosity, whetted my appetite for a life of adventure, of soldiering and foreign lands.</strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="920" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii5OJjPVB2uCxHCjSB89paAEOdtiJQ0XIhZnvc0W3X48TiHBLUa0Bm8viOdi-NTUROreOgoGkR6G7yTku_pZ0YdIaYxcB_nnT1qKs9f1_9UNRtin-ZlNrbOQg1MEQvO9ONj1jc8NzPmj5Y/w1593-h920/8594218982005_275013982005fr000924l.jpg" width="1593" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Dewey Blvd: The jetty potruding out to Manila Bay is the future Cultural Center, on the other side of Dewey is the Manila Naval Station (MNS) where we lived from 1965 to 1966. the headquarters of the Philippine Navy was relegated to a small block of land south of the Manila Yacht Club. The original plan was to reclaim the site of the cultural center(CC) to replace the location of the MNS by the Central Bank together with the Gold Reserve of the Philippines. The Marcoses, made this sinister evil plan to transport easily 400 tons of gold to navy ships across the street, also saw this valuable real state and confiscated the plan for her project the now this monstrousity Cultural Center. The yacht club remained, the Navy base (MNS) was transferred to Fort Bonifacio.</strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Fort San Antonio Abad Malate; Manila</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Fort San Antonio Abad • Manila</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Looking across Manila Bay on top of the wall of Fort San Antonio Abad in Malate, Philippines.This picture shows how close Manila Bay was to the Fort prior to the Cultural Center. Right breakwater MNS</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The old Navy base inside Manila Naval Station at Dewey Blvd. adjacent to the Manila Yacht Club. The Manila Cultural Center foreground/below</span></h3>
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</span><span><strong><span>Papa and his various duty assignments in the 60's who left our midst Feb. 2010. Early in his career as a naval officer, seldom we see him for a decade as he was out to the Southern seas in Mindanao fighting the banditry and secession movements of the muslims. He will go on to higher positions, to take command of his own ship, then a number of ships as a task force commander, then Chief of Staff of the Philippine Coast Guard, a professor in academia at the National Defense College of the Philippines, Dean at the Command and General Staff College, a base commander at the Manila Naval Station and Cavite Naval Base at Sangley Pt. But what I remember most was him on the bridge of RPS 1133, and I a pre school kid, looking at a young Lt. taking his ship out to the open</span><span> seas, </span></strong></span></span><strong style="color: #e69138; font-family: times;">out of Manila Bay.</strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="photo" height="1262" src="http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8443/7857139592_670aabeb1b_z.jpg" width="1894" /></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
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<strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Ramparts of Fort San Antonio Abad where the old HQ of MNS was an addendum perched on top. The old building is gone but the fort remains in its original grandeur.</span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div align="justify"><strong><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1510" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/WojVoivHHXY" width="1816" youtube-src-id="WojVoivHHXY"></iframe></span></div></strong></div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Naval_Station_Sangley_Point_aerial2_c1964.jpg"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="File:Naval Station Sangley Point aerial2 c1964.jpg" height="793" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Naval_Station_Sangley_Point_aerial2_c1964.jpg/800px-Naval_Station_Sangley_Point_aerial2_c1964.jpg" width="1197" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span><span>Sangley Point <strong>My father became the CO of Sangley Point Cavite Naval Base in the 70’s.</strong></span></span></span><span>1960-photo</span></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span>Ayuntamiento Building, Intramuros, Manila</span><img height="1169" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-2GJ5qmOpn_o/TO05uErWKdI/AAAAAAAAsqE/9LG4KQhXvOE/w1224-h1169/pict0158.jpg" width="1224" /></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><span>Papa in the 60's as Commanding Officer(CO) MNS, extreme left Cdr. Oscar L. Tempongko</span></strong> </span></div><div align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div align="justify"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFgc-CmT-B1Tc-UV1Jr0ogcRUPE77i0B6wXw7W_fZ4m6bkFBQcA3ubgr_amz_zsawUzQqAGl_uYzW35FuM_Jxr2bHVHpPibl7TU_-6KaQsqHmJi4cl-aFiu5ttVpnTAvnUIYKoVNF1uVl8JJ2ti1I1bUSoAsEtHzVUzFTH5KsF6tRoAFRDemSYfMjtLq56/s2529/PICT0240.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2529" data-original-width="1762" height="1695" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFgc-CmT-B1Tc-UV1Jr0ogcRUPE77i0B6wXw7W_fZ4m6bkFBQcA3ubgr_amz_zsawUzQqAGl_uYzW35FuM_Jxr2bHVHpPibl7TU_-6KaQsqHmJi4cl-aFiu5ttVpnTAvnUIYKoVNF1uVl8JJ2ti1I1bUSoAsEtHzVUzFTH5KsF6tRoAFRDemSYfMjtLq56/w1181-h1695/PICT0240.JPG" width="1181" /></span></a></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><span><br /></span></span></div>
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<tr> <td valign="top" width="333"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="807" src="http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5280/5900574895_29952d0a23.jpg" width="1037" /></strong></span></td> <td valign="top" width="333"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="977" src="http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3619/3569404863_b9b97c677d.jpg" width="1303" /><br /><span><br />MNS nowJose V. Andrada Naval Station Manila, Philippines.</span></strong></span></td> <td valign="top" width="333"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/bren/5902028740/"><span><strong><img alt="Fort San Antonio Abad" height="873" src="http://farm6.static.flickr.com/5240/5902028740_9ef952a8d5.jpg" width="1213" /></strong></span></a><span><strong> </strong></span> <br />
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">FORT SAN ANTONIO ABAD</strong></span></div><div align="center"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7010/6451829809_a7ea60da46_b.jpg" /></strong></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Manila Bay is a natural harbour which serves the Port of Manila (on Luzon), in the Philippines. The bay is considered to be one of the best natural harbours in Southeast Asia and one of the finest in the world. Strategically located around the capital city of the Philippines, Manila Bay simplified commerce and trade between the Philippines and its neighbouring countries, becoming the gateway for socio - economic development even before Spanish occupation. With an area of 1,994 km 2 (769.9 sq mi), and a coastline of 190 km ( 118.1 mi ), Manila Bay is situated in the western part of Luzon and is bounded by Cavite and Metro Manila on the east, Bulacan and Pampanga on the north, and Bataan on the west and northwest. Manila Bay drains about 17,000 km 2 ( 6,563.7 sq mi ) of watershed area, with the Pampanga River contributing about 49% of the freshwater influx. With an average depth of 17 m ( 55.8 ft ), it is estimated to have a total volume of 28.9 billion cubic meters ( 28.9 cubic km ). Entrance to the bay is 19 km ( 11.8 mi ) wide and expands to a width of 48 km (29.8 mi). However, width of the bay varies from 22 km ( 13.7 mi ) at its mouth and expanding to 60 km (37.3 mi) at its widest point.<br />The islands of Corregidor and Caballo divides the entrance into two channels, about two miles ( 3.2 km ) towards the North and 6.5 miles (10.5 km) wide on the South side. Mariveles, in the province of Bataan, is an anchorage just inside the northern entrance and Sangley Point is the former location of Cavite Naval Base. On either side of the bay are volcanic peaks topped with tropical foliage: 40 km to the north is the Bataan Peninsula and to the south is the province of Cavite.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Anchor at Fort San Antonio Abad</span></h3>
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<span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Wall of Fort San Antonio Abad</span></span></h3><div><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><br /><span><br /></span></span></div>
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</span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="333"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="333"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="333"><h5><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></h5></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td valign="top" width="333"></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td valign="top" width="333"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> <br /></span><h3><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></h3></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="333"><div align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="photo" height="997" src="http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8179/8073239829_e2d2bfd800.jpg" width="1432" /></span></div><h3 align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Defense Secretary Ramon Magsaysay overseeing the capture of William Pomeroy, an American ideologist and leader of the </span></h3><h3 align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Nueva Ecija Huk Propaganda Corps. Prior to assuming the presidency, RM was Defense Secretary in Pres. Elpidio Quirino’s Cabinet. </span></h3><h3 align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">For more information on the capture of William Pomeroy</span></h3><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://malacanang.gov.ph/presidents/third-republic/diosdado-macapagal/"><img alt="Atty. Diosdado Macapagal raises the Philippine flag at Turtle Islands.<br />The caption reads:<br /><br />Atty. Macapagal got his first break as a public figure in 1948 when Vice President Quirino, then concurrently Secretary of Foreign Affairs, appointed him as Assistant Chief of its Law Division and assigned him to negotiate the return of the administration of the Turtle Islands from the United Kingdom to the Philippines. He succeeded and [Vice President] Quirino gave him the privilege of raising the Philippine flag over the islands. <br />- From Nipa Hut to Presidential Palace by Diosdado Macapagal<br />" height="1807" src="http://25.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_maw980UQkV1qifq8yo1_500.jpg" width="1432" /></a><br /> <br /></span><h3 align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Atty. Diosdado Macapagal raises the Philippine flag at Turtle Islands</span></h3><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Atty. Macapagal got his first break as a public figure in 1948 when </strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Vice President Quirino, then concurrently Secretary of Foreign </strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>Affairs, appointed </strong></span><strong style="text-align: left;">him as Assistant Chief of its Law Division and</strong></span></div><div align="justify"><strong style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> assigned him to negotiate the return of the administration of the </span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Turtle Islands from the United Kingdom to the Philippines. </span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">He succeeded and [Vice President] Quirino gave him the privilege</span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> of raising the Philippine flag over the islands.</span></strong></div><div align="justify"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"></span></span></div><h3 align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></h3><h3 align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="Review at Fort William McKinley Manila Philippines" height="907" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEiUjKzMHQNfYB8o91D-_qxdsQXx72Gy-4sCSX5fTkIHAK_N_1YUYIsAxFNx2LUNQ33mfJcGTLqjfl2iNEC0jf-a_WSqeW3yQxHIPFRNvVbdlMOWSW02xkwPm_axFa0N1SVYUFWrPr_6xAZ_h1leqERk4lG2h50=w1418-h907" style="font-weight: 400; text-align: -webkit-center;" title="Review at Fort William McKinley Manila Philippines" width="1418" /></span></h3><h3 align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Ruins at Corregidor</span></h3><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img height="958" src="http://farm1.staticflickr.com/111/364442083_91e4232e69.jpg" width="1439" /></span><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Ferry Dock</span></strong></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><br /><span><br /></span></span></td><td valign="top" width="333"><div align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>I remember this building pretty well. When I was a child, my mother and I would collect the salary from the cashier’s office, while my father was away on missions. Then later on, lived across Roxas Blvd. when father was the CO of the Manila Naval Station. Above is the Philippine Navy headquarter building in </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Manila"><span><strong>Metro Manila</strong></span></a><span><strong>. This was also the venue of my High School graduation ball at the officer’s club in 1961.</strong></span></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1124" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/TTqbKsAmC38" width="1352" youtube-src-id="TTqbKsAmC38"></iframe></span></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:08e90851-a591-4c11-9b25-805b89640da2" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="3c547718-9eb7-4853-a757-5095494b95b9" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/e51_JnHF-V8&hl=en" style="background-color: black;" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" height="2018" src="http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3402/3276622272_0d00edcc8d_z.jpg?zz=1" width="1343" /></strong></span></div><h3 align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Hospital Jabidah Grafitti. There is another story of Corregidor that is much less well known. Back in 1968, there was a slaughter of muslim Filipino soldiers training on the island by then Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos which became known as the Jabidah Massacre. To make a long story short for my American friends think of it in these terms: It's as If President Kennedy during the Bay of Pigs had killed all the Cubans he trained to invade Cuba because they changed their minds and refused to go through with it. Having a large force of disgruntled, well trained and armed revolutionaries on Corregidor, Marcos decided to have them liquidated. On 18 March 1968, all these specially trained soldiers meant to invade the Malaysian island of Sabah were murdered at Kindley Airfield. As the story is told from the Corregidor guide, these soldiers that were killed apparently wrote their names on the walls of the hospital in the days preceding their deaths.</span></h3><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><span><br /></span></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="333"><div align="justify"></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:6ee0eba8-a73e-4310-90da-534893f9d39a" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="9f120ab5-c48a-4e10-ac31-1d4418b420de" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/XfBrY5kpFHU&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div><span><strong></strong></span><br /></span><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">I missed this early morning and late afternoon call to the</strong></span></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">colors at (MNS), this bugle call melody is used to accompany the raising of the Flag (the national colors). It's used when no band is available to render honors. "When it's played on military bases, all uniformed personnel are required to come to attention and present a salute, either to the flag, or in the direction of the music if the flag is not visible"</strong></span></td></tr></tbody></table>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Across the entrance to Manila Bay are several islands, the largest of which is Corregidor, located three kilometres from Bataan and, along with the island of Caballo, separates the mouth of the bay into the North and South Channels. In the south channel is El Fraile Island and outside the entrance, and to the south, is Carabao Island. El Fraile, a rocky island some four acres ( 1.6 ha ) in area, supports the massive concrete and steel ruins of Fort Drum, an island fortress constructed by the United States Army to defend the southern entrance of the bay. To the immediate north and south are additional harbors, on which both local and international ports are situated. Large number of ships at the North and South harbors facilitate maritime activities in the bay. Being smaller of the two harbors, the North Harbor is used for inter-island shipping while the South Harbor is used for large ocean-going vessels.<br />Manila Bay was connected to Laguna Lake ( or Laguna de Bai) about 3,000 years ago. Recurring episodic uplifts along the West Marikina Valley Fault caused the two to break up. Interaction between Manila Bay and Laguna Lake occurs only through Pasig River.<br />The bay was the setting for the Battle of Manila Bay in 1898 in which American troops led by Commodore George Dewey, seized the area. Significantly, this battle showcased the United States' naval strength when all major Spanish ships were destroyed and captured. With its proud historic past and the place brimming with marine life, Manila Bay became the ocean portal to its epicentre for government, economy and industry. Seven years later during the Russo-Japanese War at the close of the Battle of Tsushima in 1905, three surviving Russian protected cruisers, the Aurora, Zhemchug, and Oleg, managed to make port in then-United States-controlled Manila for repairs. But because the US was a neutral power, the trio of warships and their crews remained interned by the U.S. until the war officially ended in September that year. In World War II, Corregidor Island was annexed by Japanese forces fighting from this bay once again in 1942. Even earlier various other battles were fought from this naval base including the La Naval de Manila in 1646, which finally put a stop gate to the Dutch trials to seize the Philippines</strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img height="998" src="http://farm1.staticflickr.com/126/364444639_683856bac6_b.jpg" width="1501" /></span></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Defense Secretary Ramon Magsaysay overseeing the capture of William Pomeroy, an American ideologist and leader of the </span></h3><h3 align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Nueva Ecija Huk Propaganda Corps. Prior to assuming the presidency, RM was Defense Secretary in Pres. Elpidio Quirino’s Cabinet. </span></h3><h3 align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">For more information on the capture of William Pomeroy</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://malacanang.gov.ph/presidents/third-republic/diosdado-macapagal/"><img alt="Atty. Diosdado Macapagal raises the Philippine flag at Turtle Islands.<br />The caption reads:<br /><br />Atty. Macapagal got his first break as a public figure in 1948 when Vice President Quirino, then concurrently Secretary of Foreign Affairs, appointed him as Assistant Chief of its Law Division and assigned him to negotiate the return of the administration of the Turtle Islands from the United Kingdom to the Philippines. He succeeded and [Vice President] Quirino gave him the privilege of raising the Philippine flag over the islands. <br />- From Nipa Hut to Presidential Palace by Diosdado Macapagal<br />" height="1518" src="http://25.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_maw980UQkV1qifq8yo1_500.jpg" width="1203" /></a> <br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Atty. Diosdado Macapagal raises the Philippine flag at Turtle Islands</span></h3>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Atty. Macapagal got his first break as a public figure in 1948 when </strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Vice President Quirino, then concurrently Secretary of Foreign </strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>Affairs, appointed </strong></span><strong style="text-align: left;">him as Assistant Chief of its Law Division and</strong></span></div><div align="justify"><strong style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> assigned him to negotiate the return of the administration of the </span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Turtle Islands from the United Kingdom to the Philippines. </span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">He succeeded and [Vice President] Quirino gave him the privilege</span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> of raising the Philippine flag over the islands.</span></strong></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Ruins at Corregidor</span></h3>
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<strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Ferry Dock</span></strong></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>I remember this building pretty well. When I was a child, my mother and I would collect the salary from the cashier’s office, while my father was away on missions. Then later on, lived across Roxas Blvd. when father was the CO of the Manila Naval Station. Above is the Philippine Navy headquarter building in </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Manila"><span><strong>Metro Manila</strong></span></a><span><strong>. This was also the venue of my High School graduation ball at the officer’s club in 1961.</strong></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Hospital Jabidah Grafitti. There is another story of Corregidor that is much less well known. Back in 1968, there was a slaughter of muslim Filipino soldiers training on the island by then Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos which became known as the Jabidah Massacre. To make a long story short for my American friends think of it in these terms: It's as If President Kennedy during the Bay of Pigs had killed all the Cubans he trained to invade Cuba because they changed their minds and refused to go through with it. Having a large force of disgruntled, well trained and armed revolutionaries on Corregidor, Marcos decided to have them liquidated. On 18 March 1968, all these specially trained soldiers meant to invade the Malaysian island of Sabah were murdered at Kindley Airfield. As the story is told from the Corregidor guide, these soldiers that were killed apparently wrote their names on the walls of the hospital in the days preceding their deaths. </span></h3><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1094" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/c3kpiwQjR6g" width="1317" youtube-src-id="c3kpiwQjR6g"></iframe></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><span><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">I missed this early morning and late afternoon call to the </strong></span></div>
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">colors at (MNS), this bugle call melody is used to accompany the raising of the Flag (the national colors). It's used when no band is available to render honors. "When it's played on military bases, all uniformed personnel are required to come to attention and present a salute, either to the flag, or in the direction of the music if the flag is not visible".</strong></span></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>When </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"><span><strong>World War II</strong></span></a><span><strong> began, the Philippines had no significant naval forces after the United States withdrew the Asiatic Fleet following the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor"><span><strong>Attack on Pearl Harbor</strong></span></a><span><strong> by the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy"><span><strong>Imperial Japanese Navy</strong></span></a><span><strong>. The The Philippines had to rely on its OSP with headquarters located at Muelle Del Codo, Port Area, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila"><span><strong>Manila</strong></span></a><span><strong> which composed of a high-speed </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I._Thornycroft_%26_Company"><span><strong>Thorneycroft</strong></span></a><span><strong> Coast Motor Boat (CMB) 55-foot (17 m) and 65-foot (20 m) PT boats, to repel Japanese attacks from the sea.During the course of the war, surviving personnel of the Offshore Patrol conducted guerilla hit-and-run attacks against the occupying Japanese forces.</strong></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span>Corregidor on the horizon. Between December 24, 1941 and February 19, 1942, Corregidor became the temporary location for the Government of the Philippines. On December 30, 1941, outside the Malinta Tunnel, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon"><span>Manuel L. Quezon</span></a><span> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a"><span>Sergio Osmeña</span></a><span> were inaugurated respectively as President and Vice-President of the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_Commonwealth"><span>Philippines Commonwealth</span></a><span> for a second term.</span></span></h3><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The Tail of Corregidor Island with Hooker's Point at the farthest end</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Church at the Campo Santo de La Loma. Today it is All Saints' Day. Filipinos observe this day by visiting their dead relatives in cemeteries and memorial parks and columbariums, go to church and light candles in commemoration of this day</span></h3><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2365" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/I4chrkLF6XM" width="2844" youtube-src-id="I4chrkLF6XM"></iframe></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">La Loma Cemetery, memorable for its vegetation and semi rural setting that attracts the youth for adventure specially at twilight and even at pitch dark on a moonless night. Every year in the last week of October, Filipinos take a Roman Catholic inspired holiday to remember the dead. Cemeteries all over the country come alive during these days, as relatives of the dead spruce up the graves of their ancestors.</strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2213" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/rbkQk_1OV9Y" width="2661" youtube-src-id="rbkQk_1OV9Y"></iframe></div></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="499"></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="333"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><br />
<strong><span>Japanese Sentry Tower - Camp O</span><span>'Donnell, Capas, Tarlac<br /><br /></span></strong><strong><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1339" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/v1mQT1u_45I" width="1610" youtube-src-id="v1mQT1u_45I"></iframe><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: 400;"><br /><img height="2474" src="http://farm7.staticflickr.com/6110/6353279629_61dc4c8d36_b.jpg" width="1605" /> <br /></span><div align="center" style="font-weight: 400;"><span><span><strong>Camp O'Donnel (Capas Tarlac). the American sector of the war memorial.</strong></span></span></div><span style="font-weight: 400;"><img alt="photo" height="1062" src="http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4060/4655520623_f665d3f395_z.jpg" width="1595" /><br /></span><h3><span>Bataan Death March Box Car</span></h3><div align="justify" style="font-weight: 400;"><b><span><span>In </span><a href="http://www.batch2006.com/visit_san-fernando_death-march.htm"><span>San Fernando</span></a><span> the POW’s where loaded on the trains bound for </span><a href="http://www.batch2006.com/visit_capas_death_march.htm"><span>Capas</span></a><span>, </span><a href="http://www.batch2006.com/visit_tarlac.htm"><span>Tarlac</span></a><span>, The Boxcars normally carried 50 persons, but the Japanese packed them up 100 to 115 Prisoners. At each stop, The Boxcars were open to give the Prisoners fresh Air. The POW’s got off the train at </span><a href="http://www.batch2006.com/visit_capas_death_march.htm"><span>Capas</span></a><span> and marched the final kilometer to Camp O” Donnell.</span></span></b></div><div align="justify" style="font-weight: 400;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1339" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/SVgadfr6rcA" width="1611" youtube-src-id="SVgadfr6rcA"></iframe></div></strong></span></td> <td valign="top" width="333"></td> <td valign="top" width="333"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="photo" height="1595" src="http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3630/3366726077_440c92b6f3_z.jpg?zz=1" width="1064" /> <br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Libingan ng mga bayani. Fort Bonifacio.</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Camp O'Donnel (Capas, Tarlac) </span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Camp O'Donnel (Capas, Tarlac)Established in 1940 as a USAFFE training camp, Camp O’Donnel became known as the Capas Concentration Camp where some 60,500 survivors of the Bataan Death March were incarcerated. Around 30,000 of these prisoners-of-war were dead by 1942. Camp O'Donnell was the final stop of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataan_Death_March">Bataan Death March</a> and was used as an internment camp for Filipino and American <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoners_of_war">prisoners of war</a>. Around 20,000 Filipinos and 1,600 Americans died at Camp O'Donnell.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_O'Donnell#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> Filipino and American soldiers were said to have been beheaded in front of open graves. It was liberated by the US Army and Philippine Commonwealth Army on 30 January 1945.The remains of the dead were started to be moved to the Libingan ng mga Bayani and United States Military Cemetery in Fort Bonifacio in 1946.</span></h3><h3 align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1492" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/LcDzTaBTbE0" width="1797" youtube-src-id="LcDzTaBTbE0"></iframe></div><br /></span></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span>Reconstructed hut and guard tower </span><a href="http://twitter.com/?status=Reconstructed%20hut%20and%20guard%20tower%20-%20http%3A//panoramio.com/photo/800508"></a></span></h3>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Although La Loma was not a haunted Cemetery, to my belief, there was a time I got stranded after an afternoon play with a classmate. It became a different setting when darkness fell, I felt so alone and just walked fast to get away from the surrounding concrete fence of La Loma. </strong></span></div>
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<strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">I have been there in 1953 to 1957 and many stories of the ghost of recent burials and internments were circulating around. The image of a young Japanese artillery officer with a close beard haunted the outside graves. Walking in short pants with his samurai sword slung at his side wearing his soldier’s tunic, or seen sitting alone smoking. The description is aptly backed, by the presence of canons, field pieces in the cemetery. He just walks up to visitors and usually asks for a light. Many startled mourners say he will attend a funeral and walk up at the end of services tap you on the shoulder ask for a light. Simply it has been said that, you turn and he's not there. </span></strong></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Camp O'Donnel (Capas Tarlac). the American sector of the war memorial.</span></h5>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><span>The Cement Cross</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><span>In wishing to honor our comrades who died so far away from home the battling bastards of </span></strong><a href="http://www.batch2006.com/visit_bataan_death-march.htm"><strong><span>Bataan Death March</span></strong></a><strong><span> commissioned the construction of this Replica of the “Cement Cross” in the hope that all those who may pass by to view this memorial will remember the many young Americans who gave their lives in defense of their country and of the Philippines.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">In June of 1942 the Japanese authorities at the American side of the Prisoner of war enclosure at Camp O” Donnell, two kilometers north of this site presented the prisoners with some Cement. The American Prisoners decided to build a Cement Cross to honor the memory of their dead comrades. Completed later that month. The cross remained hidden amidst tall grass until was discovered by returning American Forces in 1945. Left where it originally stood unknown to most and battered by the elements. The cross was again forgotten. Rediscovered by Bataan Veterans visiting the area in 1961. The cross became the historical symbol of the American Prisoner of war enclosure and its dead. When American military presence ended in the Philippines in 1992. The cross was brought to the National Historic Site Andersonville, Georgia, USA. Where it is now kept and displayed. This Replica stand as a reminder of America’s unprepared ness before the outbreak of World War II.</span></strong></div>
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Libingan ng mga BAYANI</span></h3>
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<span><strong><span><span></span>Coast Guard At Port Area Manila left photo, La loma Cemetery next above, Libingan ng mga Bayani (heroes cemetery) Fort Bonifacio close to where we live at the Navy Village, Fort William McKinley then (Fort Bonifacio)</span><span> </span></strong></span> <br />
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">It was the final stage of the tragic death march and a concentration camp with an open field which served as the dumping grave site of Filipino and American soldiers who died with debilitating diseases. It has witnessed the endless sufferings of the sick and the neglected only to die, then dropped in mass with three and half feet depth and those who survived the darkest moments of their lives, they narrated with tears clouding their eyes, the traumatic experiences encountered during their detention, as they gasped with depression and sadness and said CAMP O” Donnell, that was.</strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2050" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/gZsxpgNwxYc" width="2466" youtube-src-id="gZsxpgNwxYc"></iframe></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><br /><strong><br /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>Escolta 1953-Insular Life bldg in the background</strong></span> </span></div><div align="center"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></span></div><div align="center"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2417" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/gMo4jdMtQwQ" width="2907" youtube-src-id="gMo4jdMtQwQ"></iframe></div><br /><strong><br /></strong></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Remnants of Daniel Burnham's stamp in Manila - the old Dewey Blvd. - now Roxas Blvd. Driving through the boulevard feels like driving through Chicago's Lake Shore Drive ... This picture of the boulevard feels like it was taken from a highrise on Chicago's Lake Shore Drive near Goethe and Inner Drive. The US Embassy is situated along this boulevard around the area of the lights jutting into the bay.</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Remnants of Daniel Burnham's stamp in Manila - the old Dewey Blvd. - now Roxas Blvd. Driving through the boulevard feels like driving through Chicago's Lake Shore Drive ... Actually Burnham designed plans for Manila (1905) before he designed Chicago (1909). Parts of the design, based on the City Beautiful movement were implemented - like this boulevard along Manila Bay. He also designed Baguio City, the summer capital of the Philippines, situated up in the mountains of Northern Philippines.</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>The place where the parish church of Espiritu Santo stands now was an old cemetery, officially closed by the Sanitary authorities already in 1913 due to the growing population in the vicinity. (There was a tree that served as an improvised belfry; on its branch hanged a bell. The two young seminarians studying at CTS, Juan Tugadi and Tomas Pacano, used to climb it to ring the bell. The two later became SVD priests.)</strong></span> </span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">In January 1926, Archbishop Michael O.Doherty of Manila blessed the place where a church dedicated to the Holy Spirit was soon to rise. His Excellency gave a substantial donation for the construction of the church in the amount of P20,000.00. In 1928 our SVD missionaries started the construction of a church building. When Fr. William Finnemann was consecrated Auxiliary Bishop of Manila in 1929, Fr. Philip Beck took over as parish priest in December of 1931 - to him fell the burden of continuing the construction of the church. A crypt which contained 444 niches was built underneath the altar. The niches were sold to local residents and the proceeds used for the completion of the church. After much sacrifice and support from generous benefactors, parishioners and friends, the church was finally finished. It was blessed on the occasion of the parish fiesta on May 14, 1932 by Bishop William Finnemann himself - the first parish priest of Espiritu Santo Church.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">February 9, 1946, the Capuchins obtained the official authorization from the government to restore the church of Lourdes in Intramuros. An official letter indicating the approval of the church and its condition, a plan of the church building was approved and signed on February 17, 1946. However, the Capuchins decided to build a beautiful and wide church in Quezon City, Retiro St. because Intramuros was a deserted place, abandoned by people and nobody’s land. The property of Intramuros where the Church of Lourdes and the Central House was sold to support the building of the new church at Quezon City.<br />Feast Day of Our Lady of Lourdes 1946 (Sta. Teresita Parish)</strong></span></div>
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Altar at Our Lady of Lourdes retiro , Q.C</span></h3><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">
<span><span><span><b>One cannot mention the devotion to Our Lady of Lourdes</b> <strong>in the Philippines without citing the people behind the devotion. It was a layman Don Regino Garcia who ordered the Filipino sculptor Manuel Flores to make a statue of Our Lady of Lourdes, which was placed at the side altar of the church of the Capuchins</strong> in <strong>1892. </strong></span></span></span><br />
<span><strong>March of the same year, the capuchins with the help of Fr. Mc Carthy, an Augustinian priest, brought the image of Lourdes to the University of Santo Tomas. During Palm Sunday of the same year, the image of saints are covered with veils by the Dominicans including the image of Lourdes and handed it over to the Capuchins and carried it to the chapel of Santa Teresita for the celebration of Flores de Mayo. <br />
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">It was during the Novena at Our Lady of Lourdes when the Japanese ordered all residents of Intramuros to go out of their houses and gather together at the four (4) main places of Intramuros: the Hollywood Theater, the San Agustin Church, the San Francisco Church and the Cathedral. Our Virgin of Lourdes and all the most necessary things were transferred from to altar to the receiving room of the convent of San Agustin Church. On February 11, the Feast of the Virgin of Lourdes, the capuchins and devotees appealed to the Japanese for permission to say 3 masses in the sacristy. The permit was granted, allowing 3 Superiors celebrating 3 masses for the feast: Franciscans, Augustinians and the Capuchins. How was the image of Lourdes was saved during the war?</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Many people especially the devotees of Lourdes cried out to the capuchins to see the beautiful Virgin of Lourdes wondering how it was saved. According to history, when the capuchin brothers abandoned the church of Lourdes, Intramuros and the central house, they carried with them the image of Lourdes. Some days later, the Capuchin Custos, ,Fr. Florencio of Lezaun, gathered all religious articles: chalices, ciboriums, monstrances, relics and the treasure of the Virgin of Lourdes: crowns, rosaries and jewels. All together they put in iron box at the bank of D. Raimundo Salonga in Binondo. For the refuge of the Capuchin brothers, they were ordered by their superior to go to San Agustin and placed the images of Lourdes in the wide sacristy of the church. They continued on the daily novena exercises together with the religious of other orders and devotees including Doña Martina Azucena who was miraculously cured in 1896 before the image of Our Lady of Lourdes.<br />On February 23 of the same year, the image of Lourdes was abandoned in the sacristy of St. Augustine. Men young and old and the religious were horribly massacred by the Japanese sometime between January 5-19. Around 3500 women and children and all other refugees of St. Augustine were ordered to abandon the building.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Lourdes Church FacadeOL of Lourdes Fiesta 2010, OL of Lourdes Shrine, Amoranto Ave., Q.C., Philippines</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Portal to Old San Lazaro Hospital RuinsShrine of St. Lazarus, Avenida Rizal cor. Tayuman, Manila, Philippines</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">San Beda Church (Manila) A Swedish architect, George Asp, designed the church that was completed in 1925. Fr. Peter Celestine Gusi (OSB) later added the side chapels and galleries between 1947 and 1958</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">San Beda Church (Manila)The church is reknowned for its paintings that were done by Fr. Lesmes Lopez (OSB) and Bro. Salvador Alberich (OSB) from 1930 until 1939.</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>Right Photo</strong> </span><span><strong>San Beda Church (Manila) A closer view of the main altar.</strong></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Old San Lazaro Hospital Ruins. Shrine of St. Lazarus, Avenida Rizal cor. Tayuman, Manila. </span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span>The <b>Manila Jai Alai Building</b> was a building designed by American architect </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welton_Becket"><span>Welton Becket</span></a><span> that functioned as a building for which </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jai_alai"><span>jai alai</span></a><span> games were held.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Jai_Alai_Building#cite_note-Ellerbe-1">[1]</a></sup> It was built in the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streamline_Moderne"><span>Streamline Moderne</span></a><span> style in 1940 and survived the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)"><span>Battle of Manila</span></a><span>.<sup> </sup>It was considered one of finest </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco"><span>Art Deco</span></a><span> buildings in Asia. It was demolished on 2000 upon the orders of the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Manila"><span>Mayor of Manila</span></a><span> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lito_Atienza"><span>Lito Atienza</span></a><span> amidst protests, to make way for the Manila </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_of_Justice"><span>Hall of Justice</span></a><span>, which was never built</span></span></h3>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Summer of 1950 sparked the beginning of the Korean War. As a police action the United Nations sent 16 member nations to uphold peace and democracy in South Korea. One of these countries was the Philippines who arrived in September of 1950. Very little is known about the Philippines' participation in the Korean War, let alone the soldiers who fought for democracy. These are their memories, the memories of the Forgotten.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Jai Alai structure on Taft Avenue, photo at the right and below.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Old San Lazaro Hospital Ruins Shrine of St. Lazarus, Avenida Rizal cor. Tayuman, Manila</span></h3>
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<strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img height="812" src="http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3603/3597149041_288042578d.jpg" width="1222" /></span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><img alt="photo" height="898" src="http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3176/2347804571_e70bec1754.jpg" width="1219" /></span></strong></span></h3><h3 align="justify"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span></span></span></h3><h3 align="justify"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;">Paco Park ( Manila). <strong>Visita Iglesia during vacation in the Philippines. </strong><strong>Paco Park's Chapel of San Pancratius is where the remains of Spanish colonial Governor General Ramon Solano was interred. The park was originally designed by Nicolas Ruiz as a cementery of the Spanish colonial elite. It was built in the later years of the 1700s making it one of the oldest, if not the oldest, cementery in the Philippines. The GOMBURZA martys- Fr. Mariano Gomez, Fr. Jacinto Zamora, and Fr. Jose Burgos- were buried here after their execution in 1872. Twenty-four years later in 1896, the executed Dr. Jose Rizal was also secretly buried in the cemnetery. His remains were later exhumed in 1912 and moved to what his now his grand monument at the Luneta. Interment in the cementery was probihited in 1912 and most of the remains of those who were buried were moved out. The cementery became a national park in 1966.</strong></span></span></span></span></h3>
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<span><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Paco Park, Manila. <strong>A cross now marks the burial site of the GOMBURZA martys inside the park.</strong></span></span></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Paco Park (Manila) Dr. Jose Rizal was secretly buried in the park after his execution. His remains were later exhumed and interred beneath the Rizal Monument at the Luneta.</span></h3>
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<span><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">San Juan, Metro Manila. <strong>Unique to the San Juan church is the massive buttress walls covering its facade. Butress walls are usually the side walls in the case of most Philippine colonial churches.</strong></span></span></span></h3>
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<span><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><img height="793" src="http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2053/2344411253_0e98187f53.jpg" width="1212" /></strong> </span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">San Juan, Metro Manila. <strong>The Dominicans built the first parochial buildings in 1602 that were razed during the 1639 Chinese revolt. These were rebuilt in 1641, burned down during the British invasion of 1763, and rebuilt again in 1774. The city of San Juan is unofficially the "Town of Philippine Presidents" having had 5 Filipino presidents as residents namely Diosdado Macapagal and his unpopular daughter Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, Ferdinand Marcos, Joseph Estrada, and Elpidio Quirino.</strong></span></span></span></h3>
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<span><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">San Miguel, Manila. <strong>The Jesuits probably built the first parochial structures during their administration of the San Miguel ecclesiastical district in 1603 until 1768. The Franciscans took over the mission in 1777 and in 1835, Fr. Esteban Mena (OFM) was reported to have started building a church. Fr. Francisco Febres (OFM) made repairs and improvements after the 1852 earthquake. The church was destroyed during the 1880 earthquake and rebuilt by Fr. Emilio Gago (OFM) in 1886. It was rebuilt IN 1913 through the patronage of the Roxas clan and was sedignated by Msgr. Michael O’Doherty as a Pro-cathedral of the Archdiocese of Manila after it was inaugurated in 1913.</strong></span></span></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Paco Church, Manila. The Franciscans built the first parochial buildings of light materials in 1580 that was probably rebuilt with stronger materials in 1599 by Fr. Juan de Garrovillas (OFM). This was burned down during the Chinese uprising of 1603, rebuilt, burned down again by the invading British in 1762, and replaced with a temporary structure in 1791. Fr. Joaquin Segui (OFM) who built a stone convent in 1793 probably built another church. A new stone church was started to be built by Fr. Bernardo dela Concepcion (OFM) in 1809 while Fr. Miguel Richar (OFM) added a bell tower in 1839. The church was probably damaged during the 1852 earthquake, repaired, then destroyed during another earthquake in 1880. Fr. Gilberto Martin started rebuilding the church in 1881 that was partly destroyed by a typhoon in 1892 before being completed 1896. This was razed during the Filipino-American War and, in 1909, a temporary church was built beside the ruins of the old one by the Belgian missionary Fr. Raymundo Esquinet of the Congregatio Immaculatie Cordis Mariae (CICM). The present church was started to be built by Fr. Godofredo Aldenhuijsen (CICM) in 1931 based on the proposal of Fr. Jose Billie (CICM). It was damaged during World War II and repaired in 1948.</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">San Lazaro Leisure Park Race Track</span></h3>
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San Lazaro Leisure Park Race</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>The Jesuits built the first </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"><span><strong>Roman Catholic Church</strong></span></a><span><strong> in the area where the present Santa Cruz Parish stands on June 20, 1619. The Jesuits enshrined the image of the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_The_Pillar"><span><strong>Our Lady of The Pillar</strong></span></a><span><strong> in 1643 to serve the pre-dominantly </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinese"><span><strong>Chinese</strong></span></a><span><strong> residents in the area. The image drew a lot of devotees and a popular </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult"><span><strong>cult</strong></span></a><span><span><span><strong> grew around it. </strong><strong>On June 24, 1784, the King of </strong></span></span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"><span><strong>Spain</strong></span></a><span><strong> gave the deeds to about 2 km² of land that was part of the Hacienda de Mayhaligue to the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Lazaro_Hospital&action=edit&redlink=1"><span><strong>San Lazaro Hospital</strong></span></a><span><strong> which served as a caring home for </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepers"><span><strong>lepers</strong></span></a><span><span><span><strong> in Manila at that time. </strong><strong>At the Santa Cruz Parish, a small park was built that linked the area into the headquarters of the Spanish </strong></span></span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry"><span><strong>cavalry</strong></span></a><span><span><span><strong>, the building that once was the College of San Ildefonso, operated by the Jesuits. The district in the Spanish times also had a slaughter house and a meat market and up north was the Chinese cemetery. </strong><strong>The </strong></span></span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan"><span><strong>Franciscan</strong></span></a><span><strong> fathers were given the responsibility to care for the lepers of the city and specifically the San Lazaro Hospital. A </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fr._Felix_Huertas&action=edit&redlink=1"><span><strong>Fr. Felix Huertas</strong></span></a><span><strong> developed San Lazaro into a refuge for the afflicted and it became a famous home for those afflicted in the north side of the Pasig River.</strong></span> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Sta._Cruz_Church_Manila.jpg"><span><strong><img alt="File:Sta. Cruz Church Manila.jpg" height="2312" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Sta._Cruz_Church_Manila.jpg/404px-Sta._Cruz_Church_Manila.jpg" width="1558" /></strong></span></a> </span></div><div align="justify"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1403" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/l6jYfHSZzZQ" width="1688" youtube-src-id="l6jYfHSZzZQ"></iframe></span></div></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">My first car a 1947 Lincoln 76H Sedan with it's 292c.i. 2BBL 125 H.P. Flat Head V-12, 3 Speed Manual Transmission, Stock Rear Axle & Gear Ratio. The<strong> video above is the same as my first car. Like any boys yearning to have his wheels and freedom, I learned to drive at the age of 14 barely reaching the gas pedal and my head above the dashboard. Later I bought the car from my father at the measly sum of 100 pesos.</strong></span></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1401" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/fQqgWqmXbYk" width="1686" youtube-src-id="fQqgWqmXbYk"></iframe></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The Philippine General Hospital located on Taft Avenue beside my High School at Padre Faura was a public hospital but regardless was fortified by the Japanese in violation of the Geneva Convention. Inside there were many Filipino patients and several thousand Filipino refugees that were seeking what they thought would be safe shelter. On the roof on both ends there were large white circles with large red crosses. From Feb. 14 to Feb. 17, 1945 the Americans shelled the area. Some of the shells hit the buildings and many innocent Filipinos were injured and many lives were lost. Notice that the right end of the building was hit with an exploding shell. And notice a hole through the roof on the left end of the building in the white circle area close to the red cross where a shell hit but did not explode. </strong></span></div>
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<strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Tutuban Railroad Station<br />The construction of a railway line traversing the island of Luzon was initiated according to a plan submitted by Don Eduardo Lopez Navarro, then head of the Public Works Office. The line stretches from Tondo, Manila to Dagupan, Pangasinan. On July 31, 1887, the cornerstone of the Tutuban Station was laid by General Emilio Terrero, marking the start of the railroad track.</span></strong></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span><span><strong>When the PNR began its operations on November 24, 1892, Tutuban Station became a place of business. It opened its doors to businessmen coming from different parts of Manila. Commerce played a large role in awareness about Tutuban, and it served as an important trading complex due to its very strategic location in Divisoria. Produce coming in by bulk from several provinces are unloaded in the station, and then distributed to retailers awaiting at the station.</strong> </span></span></span> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span><span><strong>The etymology for the name “Tutuban” was believed to have come from the sounds made by the locomotives stationed in the area. However, the word actually comes from “tuba,” the name of the local alcoholic drink made from coconuts, since previously Tutuban was the center of production of this beverage. Natives referred to the place as Tubaan ... meaning a place where the "tuba" (native alchoholic beaverage) came from.</strong> </span></span></span> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span><span><strong>Tutuban Station is also famous for being the birthplace of the revolutionary Andres Bonifacio. In commemoration, a monument stands in the current mall's plaza.</strong> </span></span></span> </span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1102" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/eap0oA46HPM" width="1326" youtube-src-id="eap0oA46HPM"></iframe></div><br /><strong><br /></strong></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><strong>Tanay Lighthouse</strong></span></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1293" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/dXIyMS61B68" width="1556" youtube-src-id="dXIyMS61B68"></iframe></div><br /><strong><br /></strong></span></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1047" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/bLgrq_mNfP8" width="1260" youtube-src-id="bLgrq_mNfP8"></iframe></div><br /><strong><br /></strong></span></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Rizal Hall, University of the Philippines, September 1950. A photo album on the UP Carillon Tower before and after restoration (and with new bells)by the UP Alumni Association in time for the 2008 Centennial of the University of the Philippines.</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The Volcano Taal is one of the Philippines' active volcanoes and has also been regarded as one of the smallest in the world. It's situated in the middle of Lake Taal in Batangas. Perhaps what makes this volcano unique is that a lake has also formed in its main crater, so you can say there's a lake within a lake.</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Left Photo. Mayon Volcano, also known as Mount Mayon, is an active stratovolcano in the province of Albay, in the Bicol Region, on the island of Luzon, in the Philippines.It has a perfect cone shape; It was named after a legendary folk Daragang magayon. It was among the 7 wonders of nature in the Philippines.</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span>Jones Bridge, Probably one of the most romantic bridges in the Philippines because of the stories it can tell about Manila as it crosses towards enchanting Chinatown and the once legendary business district. Built in honor of the American politician that passed a bill trying to grant independence to the Philippines during the 1920's.</span><strong>……………</strong></span></h3><h3>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">University of Sto. Tomas is the oldest school in the Philippines. It was founded in 1611 and prides itself to be even older than Harvard.</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Plaza Moraga</span></h3>
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<br /></span></td> <td valign="top" width="499"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong><img height="1131" src="http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4151/4967937714_d017bfb514_b.jpg" width="1705" /><br />This is the town of my birth. Long before the coming of Spaniards, Tanay was already settled by early Indonesian and Malay voyagers. Artifacts dug up attest to the existence of these early settlements. Not long after the conquest and subjugation of Manila and the surrounding lake areas by Salcedo in 1571,</strong></span> <span><strong><span>Franciscan missionaries arrived to Christianize the inhabitants of what is now the Morong-Pililla area. From Morongan, the priest administered Tanay and other chapel villages and ranches.<img height="1156" src="http://farm1.staticflickr.com/140/398582018_a120f46e43_b.jpg" width="1725" /></span><br /><span>Pila and adjacent towns along the shores of Laguna de Bay are considered by archaeologists as one of the oldest settlements in the Philippines. The community is one of three such concentrations of population known archaeologically to have been in place before A.D. 1000. Archaeologists recovered in Pinagbayanan potteries and artifacts that indicate considerable settlement in the area during the Late Tang Dynasty (900 A.D.). Archaeologists also recovered ancient horse bones ending the debate on whether the Spaniards brought them or not. The scientists were able to uncover Philippines’ oldest crematorium in the same area. It is worthwhile to note that the oldest Philippine document, the 900 A.D. Laguna Copperplate Inscription, mentioned Pila twice.<br /><br /></span></strong><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFTZrreVh2-kFLdp7mUgGxzpbzvyGxLKTvaBYRXzo8fsmwdh01t2F7vXemWdMewIkhhLsWKXtAmcjXZp2u0uz3EDBPgleXz7w4j-feT7eCwWs6KwKVcckrppguXz7I6FoVuD3BM9EQoOJIzTnwBZ1QeSmap1TSbsf1h3QAcke1wq0qbwzHINcp8uulJJyI/s2484/PICT0260.JPG" style="font-weight: 700; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1619" data-original-width="2484" height="1095" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFTZrreVh2-kFLdp7mUgGxzpbzvyGxLKTvaBYRXzo8fsmwdh01t2F7vXemWdMewIkhhLsWKXtAmcjXZp2u0uz3EDBPgleXz7w4j-feT7eCwWs6KwKVcckrppguXz7I6FoVuD3BM9EQoOJIzTnwBZ1QeSmap1TSbsf1h3QAcke1wq0qbwzHINcp8uulJJyI/w1675-h1095/PICT0260.JPG" width="1675" /></a><strong><span><br /><br />AT PILA LAGUNA<br /><br /></span></strong><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim6FRVXK4a5e4ceA6Dw8wnX-E4wBtqg47HBIuiBbSPICN_gZMU4anPEKo7yGC7EnPHHBKx1iW125GKcsgrQg2FVVHrMotnVjcWMv1JmuRRaJz724W-Xoj8XHrXTqQwb1A2lWfPB6jLcmiDFuWiIvV8spbWyxjFuDE17GKnZNbAC3EtIGfgFUmOwIOQXCcN/s2417/PICT0241.JPG" style="font-weight: 700; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2417" data-original-width="1716" height="2433" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim6FRVXK4a5e4ceA6Dw8wnX-E4wBtqg47HBIuiBbSPICN_gZMU4anPEKo7yGC7EnPHHBKx1iW125GKcsgrQg2FVVHrMotnVjcWMv1JmuRRaJz724W-Xoj8XHrXTqQwb1A2lWfPB6jLcmiDFuWiIvV8spbWyxjFuDE17GKnZNbAC3EtIGfgFUmOwIOQXCcN/w1726-h2433/PICT0241.JPG" width="1726" /></a><strong><span><br /><br /></span></strong><strong><span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /></strong></span></span></td></tr>
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<tr> <td valign="top" width="333"><div align="center"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Farewell, dear Fatherland, clime of the sun caress'd<br />Pearl of the Orient seas, our Eden lost!,<br />Gladly now I go to give thee this faded life's best,<br />And were it brighter, fresher, or more blest<br />Still would I give it thee, nor count the cost.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">On the field of battle, 'mid the frenzy of fight,<br />Others have given their lives, without doubt or heed;<br />The place matters not-cypress or laurel or lily white,<br />Scaffold or open plain, combat or martyrdom's plight,<br />T is ever the same, to serve our home and country's need.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">I die just when I see the dawn break,<br />Through the gloom of night, to herald the day;<br />And if color is lacking my blood thou shalt take,<br />Pour'd out at need for thy dear sake<br />To dye with its crimson the waking ray.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">My dreams, when life first opened to me,<br />My dreams, when the hopes of youth beat high,<br />Were to see thy lov'd face, O gem of the Orient sea<br />From gloom and grief, from care and sorrow free;<br />No blush on thy brow, no tear in thine eye.</strong></span></div>
<div align="center"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Dream of my life, my living and burning desire,<br />All hail ! cries the soul that is now to take flight;<br />All hail ! And sweet it is for thee to expire ;<br />To die for thy sake, that thou mayst aspire;<br />And sleep in thy bosom eternity's long night.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">If over my grave some day thou seest grow,<br />In the grassy sod, a humble flower,<br />Draw it to thy lips and kiss my soul so,<br />While I may feel on my brow in the cold tomb below<br />The touch of thy tenderness, thy breath's warm power.</strong></span></div>
<div align="center"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Let the moon beam over me soft and serene,<br />Let the dawn shed over me its radiant flashes,<br />Let the wind with sad lament over me keen ;<br /></strong></span></div><div align="center"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">And if on my cross a bird should be seen,<br />Let it trill there its hymn of peace to my ashes.<br /><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Let the sun draw the vapors up to the sky,<br />And heavenward in purity bear my tardy protest<br />Let some kind soul o 'er my untimely fate sigh,<br />And in the still evening a prayer be lifted on high<br />From thee, 0 my country, that in God I may rest.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Pray for all those that hapless have died,<br />For all who have suffered the unmeasur'd pain;<br />For our mothers that bitterly their woes have cried,<br />For widows and orphans, for captives by torture tried<br /><strong style="text-align: left;">And then for thyself that redemption thou mayst gain.</strong></strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">And when the dark night wraps the graveyard around<br />With only the dead in their vigil to see<br />Break not my repose or the mystery profound<br />And perchance thou mayst hear a sad hymn resound<br /><strong style="text-align: left;">'T is I, O my country, raising a song unto thee.</strong></strong></span></div>
<div align="center"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">And even my grave is remembered no more<br />Unmark'd by never a cross nor a stone<br />Let the plow sweep through it, the spade turn it o'er<br /><strong style="text-align: left;">That my ashes may carpet earthly floor,</strong></strong></span></div><div align="center"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Before into nothingness at last they are blown.</strong></span></div>
<div align="center"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Then will oblivion bring to me no care<br />As over thy vales and plains I sweep;<br />Throbbing and cleansed in thy space and air<br /><strong style="text-align: left;">With color and light, with song and lament I fare,</strong></strong></span></div><div align="center"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Ever repeating the faith that I keep.</strong></span></div>
<div align="center"><strong style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="center"><strong style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="center"><strong style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">My Fatherland ador'd, that sadness to my sorrow lends</span></strong></div><div align="center"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Beloved Filipinas, hear now my last good-by!<br /><strong style="text-align: left;">I give thee all: parents and kindred and friends</strong></strong></span></div><div align="center"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">For I go where no slave before the oppressor bends,<br /><strong style="text-align: left;">Where faith can never kill, and God reigns e'er on high!</strong></strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Farewell to you all, from my soul torn away,<br />Friends of my childhood in the home dispossessed !<br />Give thanks that I rest from the wearisome day !<br />Farewell to thee, too, sweet friend that lightened my way;<br />Beloved creatures all, farewell! In death there is rest !</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Rizal Park, Ermita. At the centre of it all is the 1913 bronze Rizal's monument situated a few metres away from the marker indicating the actual execution site. An honor guard is on duty 24 hours a day. Behind the monument, the original Spanish version of the poem "Mi Ultimo Adios" is engraved, along with translations in other languages. Rizal wrote this poem while imprisoned in his cell in Fort Santiago from November 3, 1896 to December 29, 1896. Many national dedication days are held in front of the Rizal monument. It is also where foreign leaders attend wreath-laying ceremonies during state visits.<br />Located on the monument is the statue of the national hero, but also his remains. On September 28, 1901, the United States Philippine Commission approved Act No. 243, which would erect a monument in Luneta to commemorate the memory of Jose Rizal, Philippine patriot, writer and poet. The committee formed by the act held an international design competition between 1905–1907 and invited sculptors from Europe and the United States to submit entries with an estimated cost of 100,000 peso’s using local materials.</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong><span>Monte de Piedad Building in Sta. Cruz. </span></strong><strong><span><div align="justify">
<img alt="photo" height="1202" src="http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3328/3294747018_a0baa35055.jpg" width="998" /></div><div align="justify"><span><strong><span><br /></span></strong></span></div>One of the older buildings in the Sta. Cruz area is the quite inconspicuous building of Monte de Piedad. It is just beside the Filipino Chinese Friendship arch at the end of Ongpin Street in Sta. Cruz district. Monte de Piedad is considered as the Philippines first savings bank having been established in 1882. The bank was established to cater to the financial needs of the poor. What’s more, the Catholic Church of the Philippines had strong ties to this bank, in fact the chairman of the board is usually the Archbishop of Manila.</span></strong></span> </span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Taken from Fort Santaigo, Fort Santiago is a citadel first built by Spanish conquistador, Miguel López de Legazpi for the new established city of Manila in the Philippines. The defence fortress is part of the structures of the walled city of Manila called Intramuros ( within the walls ). The fort is one of the most important historical sites in Manila. Several lives were lost in its prisons during the Spanish Colonial Period and World War II. José Rizal, the Philippines' national hero, was imprisoned here before his execution in 1896. The Rizal Shrine museum displays memorabilia of the hero in their collection and the fort features, embedded onto the ground in bronze, his footsteps representing his final walk from his cell to the location of the actual execution. The fort was named after Saint James the Great ( Santiago in Spanish ), the patron saint of Spain, whose relief adorns the facade of the front gate. It is located at the mouth of the Pasig River and served as the premier defence fortress of the Spanish Government during their rule of the country. It became a main fort for the spice trade to the Americas and Europe for 333 years. The Manila Galleon trade to Acapulco, Mexico began from the Fuerza de Santiago.<br /><a href="http://www.boardinggate101.com/2013/05/fort-santiago-citadel-of-manila.html"><img height="469" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-l5HrTPvPlPY/UZpbz6XF6wI/AAAAAAAAaV0/PWOiY3ZDwqU/s1600/Fort%2BSantiago%2Bmoat.jpg" width="625" /></a></strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The fort has a perimeter of 2,030 feet ( 620 m ), and it is of a nearly triangular form. The south front, which looks toward the city, is a curtain with a terreplein, flanked by two demi-bastions - the Bastion of San Fernando, on the riverside, and the Bastion of San Miguel, by the bay side. A moat connected with the river separates the fort from the city. Near the beginning of the north face, instead of a bastion, a cavalier called Santa Barbara was built with three faces of batteries, one looking seaward over the anchorage place, one facing the entrance, and the third looking upon the river. The latter is united with a tower of the same height as the walls, through which there is a descent to the water battery placed on a semicircular platform, thus completing the triangular form of the fort.<br />The 22-foot ( 6.7 m ) high walls, with a thickness of eight feet ( 2.4 m ) are pierced for the necessary communications. The front gateway facade measures 40 feet ( 12 m ) high being in the south wall and facing the city. The communication with the river and the sea was by an obscure postern gate - the Postigo de la Nuestra Señora del Soledad ( Postern of Our Lady of Solitude ). Inside the fort were guard stations, together with the barracks of the troops of the garrison and quarters of the warden and his subalterns. </strong></span></div>
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Ferry, Pasig river.Makati, Manila,</span></h5>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Also inside the fort were various storehouses, a chapel, the powder magazine, the sentry towers, the cisterns, etc. The location of Fort Santiago was once the site of a palisaded fort, armed with bronze guns, of Rajah Sulaiman, a Muslim chieftain of pre-Hispanic Manila. It was destroyed by maestre de campo ( master-of-camp ) Martin de Goiti who, on arriving in 1570 from Cebu, fought several battles with the Islamic natives. The Spaniards started building Fort Santiago ( Fuerza de Santiago ) after the establishment of the city of Manila under Spanish rule on June 24, 1571, and made Manila the capital of the newly colonized country.<br />The first fort was a structure of palm logs and earth. Most of it was destroyed when the city was invaded by Chinese pirates led by Limahong. Martin de Goiti was killed during the siege. After a fierce conflict, the Spaniards under the leadership of Juan de Salcedo, eventually drove the pirates out to Pangasinan province to the north, and eventually out of the country. The construction of Fort Santiago with hard stone, together with the original fortified walls of Intramuros, began in 1590 and finished in 1593 during the reign of Gomez Perez Dasmariñas. The stones used were volcanic tuff quarried from Guadalupe ( now Gualupe Viejo in Makati ). The fort as Dasmariñas left it consisted of a castellated structure without towers, trapezoidal in trace, its straight grey front projecting into the river mouth. Arches supported an open gun platform above, named the battery of Santa Barbara, the patron saint of all good artillerymen. These arches formed casemates which afforded a lower tier of fire through embrasures. Curtain walls of simplest character, without counter forts or interior buttresses, extended the flanks to a fourth front facing the city.</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Manila</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Some fruit in baskets.</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span><span>Atis fruit <strong>Annona squamosa (also called sugar-apple, or sweetsop) is a species of Annona native to the tropical Americas and widely grown in El Salvador, India, Pakistan and the Philippines. Its exact native range is unknown due to extensive cultivation, but thought to be in the Caribbean; the species was described from Jamaica.</strong></span></span></span> <img height="1850" src="http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2800/4456497121_cb4e8575ed_b.jpg" width="1239" /></span></h3>
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<strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Tanay San Ildefonso Church</span></strong></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">travel - breathtaking 3 (tanay, rizal)</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">travel - breathtaking 2 (tanay, rizal)</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span>Plaza Sta Cruz. Prior to the arrival of the Spanish </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistadors"><span>conquistadors</span></a><span> to the Philippine Islands, the district of Santa Cruz was partly a marshland, patches of greeneries, orchards and partly rice fields. A Spanish expedition in 1581 claimed the territory and awarded to the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesus"><span>Society of Jesus</span></a><span> or more commonly called the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuits"><span>Jesuits</span></a></span></h3><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1531" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/YuC0_OCey5w" width="1843" youtube-src-id="YuC0_OCey5w"></iframe></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span><span><span><span><img alt="photo" height="1296" src="http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2526/3777049253_38b5d8699f_z.jpg" width="1953" /></span><br /><strong><span><br />Manila Cathedral</span></strong></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Regina Building. This building is one of the few American Era buildings that remained along Calle Escolta. Regina bldg. right photo.</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Roman Santos Building</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>The Heritage Bells, the bigger one cast in 1832, the other one fifty years later, were once used to signal the start and end of classes at the Ateneo de Manila campuses in Intramuros and Padre Faura St.</strong></span> <span><strong>During my High School days, the basket ball court at Ateneo was always our venue, most probably due to the trees which shaded the court. The Padre Faura campus continued to house the professional schools until 1976. Fr. Francisco Araneta, S.J. was appointed as the Ateneo de Manila's first Filipino Rector in 1958.<sup> </sup>In 1959, its centennial year, the Ateneo became university.</strong></span></span></div>
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<strong><span>The Escolta I remember</span></strong><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span>Plaza Moraga. I remember passing this way before ... I just could not determine if this is the foot of the the Jones Bridge.</span> </span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Jeepney Surplus US jeep converted into a mini-bus, painted fancy, seats 10 plus driver. Five cents to ride from suburbs to downtown Manila</span></h5>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Houseboats on the Pasig amid Nila plants. Hence the name, Manila is part of the Pacific Ring of Fire and is jostled regularly by earthquakes.</span></h5>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Escolta</span></h3><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Manila Harbor, and Intramuros, Philippines, late 1950s or early 1960s. Notice that this photo was taken before much rebuilding in Intramuros and there is lots of empty land showing just how much of the city was cleared after WWII.</span></h3><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><img height="2019" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0S1ot06EvyGmxknjGNpJ7X-DxiIWJW_-EsQsn31E2byq8uF_zLzHUY4MCVHv1B8aDiU_YaQwrY4MmRdT0jiwEJtBqCF1P1rLMXx7s7k6BhH4VC7K0VgvW3qs__dk_FGgNDKDPcl156Jf9/w2913-h2019/IMG_3374.JPG" width="2913" /></span></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><br /><strong style="text-align: -webkit-center;">Papa as a young Ensign on training attached to the US Navy</strong></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Customs Building, Port Area, Manila</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Port Area Manila</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Which ever way ...Different kinds of transportation to bring in and bring out people to and from the island of Cebu in the Philippines.</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Coast Guard Port Area Manila</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">End of Day Sun just about to disappear from the horizon. The ship on the foreground is the PMI training ship.</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span>Luzon, </span><span><strong>Sagada is nestled in a valley at the upper end of the Malitep tributary of the Chico River some one and a half kilometers above sea level in the central Cordillera; enveloped between the main Cordillera Ranges and the Ilocos Range. Mt. Data in the south and Mt. Kalawitan in the southeast pierce the horizon. Mt. Polis, Bessang and Mt. Tirad in the east, and Mt. Sisipitan in the north mark the Mountain Province - Abra boundary.</strong></span></span></h3><h3><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: times;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="805" src="http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5180/5518227783_cf2420447e.jpg" width="1138" /></strong></span></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Kalinga-Apayao Province</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The Banaue Rice Terraces (Tagalog: Hagdan-hagdang Palayan ng Banawe) are 2000-year old terraces that were carved into the mountains of Ifugao in the Philippines by ancestors of the indigenous people. The Rice Terraces are commonly referred to by Filipinos as the "Eighth Wonder of the World". It is commonly thought that the terraces were built with minimal equipment, largely by hand. The terraces are located approximately 1500 meters (5000 ft) above sea level and cover 10,360 square kilometers (about 4000 square miles) of mountainside. They are fed by an ancient irrigation system from the rainforests above the terraces. It is said that if the steps are put end to end it would encircle half the globe.</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>Contrary to popular belief, the Banaue Rice Terraces are not part of the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras UNESCO inscription but are declared a National Cultural Treasure as the Ifugao Rice Terraces. Ancient sprawling man-made structures from 2,000 to 6,000 years old, other terraces are found in the provinces of Kalinga, Apayao, Benguet, Mountain Province and Ifugao. But only those in Batad, Bangaan, Mayoyao, Hungduan and Nagacadan, all in Ifugao, are inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site</strong>.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">battery grudds Corregidor</span></h3>
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<span><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="1619" src="http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5018/5456706200_59ff89b95d_b.jpg" width="2449" />Eisenhower visit. I was there observing the motorcade as a sophomore at <u>U.P. Prep. </u>Luneta below. This was the Luneta I remember ... I was in my 2nd year High School at the University when "Ike" visited the Philippines. ... of course Ike used to live here before the 2nd WW when Philippines was a Commonwealth of the United States and was aid to the Field Marshal ...now President of the USA.</strong></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Funeral practices and burial customs in the Philippines encompass a wide range of personal, cultural, and traditional beliefs and practices which Filipinos observe in relation to bereavement, dying, honoring, respecting, interring, and remembering their departed loved ones, relatives, and friends. Sources of the various practices include religious teachings, vestiges of colonialism, and regional variations on these.</strong></span></h3>
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">In the past and in present times, Filipinos believe in the afterlife and give attention to respecting and paying homage to dead people. Wakes are generally held from 3 to 7 days. Provincial wakes are usually held in the home, while city dwellers typically display their dead at a funeral home. Apart from spreading the news about someone’s death verbally, obituaries are also published in newspapers. Although the majority of the Filipino people are Christians, they have retained superstitious beliefs concerning death.</strong></span></td> <td valign="top" width="333"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong><img src="http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5093/5518586180_49600af36c_n.jpg" /></strong></span> <br />
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Hanging coffins are coffins which have been placed on cliffs. They can be found in various locations, including China and the Philippines. In China, they are known as Xuanguan which also means "hanging coffin".<img src="http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5092/5518543774_fbb899ce85_n.jpg" /></strong></span></h3>
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Kalinga (Tagalog pronunciation: [kɐˈliŋɐ]) is a landlocked province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Its capital is Tabuk and borders Mountain Province to the south, Abra to the west, Isabela to the east, Cagayan to the northeast, and Apayao to the north. <img src="http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5253/5518941122_0599a24c6a_n.jpg" /></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span>BanaueLuzon Kalinga-Apayao Provinc </span><span>Kalinga (Tagalog pronunciation: [kɐˈliŋɐ]) is a landlocked province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Its capital is Tabuk and borders Mountain Province to the south, Abra to the west, Isabela to the east, Cagayan to the northeast, and Apayao to the north. Prior to 1995, Kalinga and Apayao used to be a single province named Kalinga-Apayao, until an ethnic/tribal war prompted separation</span></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span>Ifugao kids Ang mga Igorot ay isang grupong etniko sa Pilipinas. Matatagpuan sila sa Cordillera, sa isla ng Luzon, sa hilaga ng bansa. Mayroong anim na lalawigan sa Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR): ang Abra, Apayao, Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga, at Mountain Province. Nag-iisang lungsod sa CAR ang lungsod ng Baguio. May anim na etnolinggwistikong grupo sa parte ng mga pook na tinitirhan ng mga Igorot: ang Bontoc, Ibaloi, Ifugao, Isneg (o Apayao), Kalinga, at Kankanaey. </span><span>Ang mga Igorot ay kilala sa kanilang pagiging masipag, matatag, at tapat sa kanilang pinagmulan. Mga ugaling hindi basta basta hinahayaang makuha ng iba ang kanilang mga namana o nakuhang mga kayamanan.</span></span></h3>
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Mahalaga sa kanila ang lupa, sapagkat ito ang pangunahing ikinabubuhay nila. Ang isang patunay nito ang Hagdan-hagdang Palayan ng Banawe na matatagpuan sa isang tribu sa Ifugao.</strong></span></td> <td valign="top" width="487"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><img height="918" src="http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5253/5518315753_ae420c7269.jpg" width="1376" /></span> <br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span>The walk from the road down to the village and back up takes no longer than 1 ½ hours. Much of the walk is through rice fields, so take shelter from sun and rain. The village has become an historic sight, with many traditional houses still standing. Souvenir shops have been set up by the locals and some provide coffee, cold drinks (even beer) and shelter from the rain. We chose hot coffees and were entertained by Conchita at her outdoor tables. We found her conversation so interesting and informative that we stayed for more coffee and finally a beer. I bought one of the excellent knives manufactured by a local blacksmith. He uses steel from old car springs and mounts the pieces in a wooden sheath, bound with rattan, as is the knife handle.</span></span></div></span></h3><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
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battery crockett</span></h3>
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<span><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">1945-2005-escolta</span></strong></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Manila Quezon Bridge</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><span>Pre-Hispanic period</span></b> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><span>Before the first arrival of Europeans on Luzon island, the island was part of the Majapahit empire around the 14th century, according to the epic eulogy poem Nagarakretagama which described its conquest by Mahārāja Hayam Wuruk. The region was invaded around 1485 by Sultan Bolkiah and became a part of the Sultanate of Brunei. The site of Intramuros then became a part of the Islamic Kingdom of Maynila ruled by various Datus, Rajas and the Sultan.</span> </strong> </span></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>Construction of the defensive walls was started by the Spaniards in the late 16th century to protect the city from foreign invasions. The 0.67-square-kilometre (0.26 sq mi) walled city was originally located along the shores of the Manila Bay, south of the entrance to Pasig River. The reclamations during the early 20th-century obscured the walls from the bay. Guarding the old city is Fort Santiago, its citadel located at the mouth of the river. </strong></span><span><strong>Intramuros was heavily damaged during the battle to recapture the city from the Japanese Imperial Army during the Second World War. Reconstruction of the walls was started in 1951 when Intramuros was declared a National Historical Monument, which is continued to this day by the Intramuros Administration</strong></span></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; text-align: start;"><strong style="background-color: black; text-align: -webkit-center;">Angeles del Pilar Samson……..1919-1994</strong></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"><div style="text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjouEs5ewwSTxmAzYAsZQOl1JYeFkxHxWFPdtYdodRXk_F3yd_RmzjpUsCV5_PmAajMLVzHOsuqJtqLLdZSxrPE5GiboSmCF2f0X2UTaGos3cGyKnJjLnirCE1IvSy6BP3Z0VtIsWabTqtR/s1600/ANIMATION+Mama+2.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="937" height="1735" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjouEs5ewwSTxmAzYAsZQOl1JYeFkxHxWFPdtYdodRXk_F3yd_RmzjpUsCV5_PmAajMLVzHOsuqJtqLLdZSxrPE5GiboSmCF2f0X2UTaGos3cGyKnJjLnirCE1IvSy6BP3Z0VtIsWabTqtR/w1587-h1735/ANIMATION+Mama+2.gif" width="1587" /></a></div><div align="center" style="background-color: black;"><span><strong><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center" style="background-color: black;"><span><strong><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center" style="background-color: black;"><span><strong><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center" style="background-color: black;"><span><strong><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center" style="background-color: black;"><span><strong><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center" style="background-color: black;"><span><strong><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center" style="background-color: black;"><span><strong><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center" style="background-color: black;"><span><strong><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center" style="background-color: black;"><span><strong><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center" style="background-color: black;"><span><strong><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center" style="background-color: black;"><span><strong><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center" style="background-color: black;"><span><strong><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center" style="background-color: black;"><span><strong><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center" style="background-color: black;"><span><strong><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center" style="background-color: black;"><span><strong><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center" style="background-color: black;"><span><strong><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center" style="background-color: black;"><span><strong><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center" style="background-color: black;"><span><strong><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center" style="background-color: black;"><br /><span><span><b><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"></a></span><br /><br /><span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"></a></span><br /><br /><br /></b></span></span></div><div align="center"><span><span><b><br /><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><b>I have always regarded my mother as the most patient, gentle and beautiful person in my life. She was my model during my search for my future wife who will be NO LESS THAN MY MOTHER. As a little child I loved her most of all, now that I am old, my love for her has grown beyond this world. I terribly miss her presence and tender care.</b></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><b><div align="left" style="color: #bbbbbb; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-weight: 400;">1</div><br style="color: #bbbbbb; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; text-align: start;" /><br style="color: #bbbbbb; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; text-align: start;" /><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="color: #bbbbbb; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; width: 999px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="334"><img height="1069" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEhYESyMsIpuATx1Gk6Nuj9wriOroZkp5IyNFF3UWL6X9WPuYXwp-8w3JCCn3g5M1e1Ue6LiNGe-1NvFnJOLEg3j1e8WBtmAOxDClVXIZS3RAEUfgiae39X2_lAOEXpIHFUYIeAvc9XJ2mgCyLRJXz1Hrg_UqqkEqoiPMvuCY3c=s0-d" width="1603" /></td></tr></tbody></table></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1327" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/g2ZXR6UPe28" width="1597" youtube-src-id="g2ZXR6UPe28"></iframe></div><br /><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div></b></span></span></div></span></span></div></td> <td valign="top" width="332"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1634" src="http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8049/8134839862_37dfa24848_b.jpg" width="1088" /><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Intramuros - Manila Hotel</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>Intramuros is the oldest district and historic core of Manila, the capital of the Philippines. Known as the Walled City, the original fortified city of Manila was the seat of the Spanish government during the Spanish colonial period. The walled part of Manila was called intramuros, which is Latin for "within the walls"; districts beyond the walls were referred as the extramuros of Manila, meaning "outside the walls"</strong></span> </span></div>
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<span><strong>The Manila Hotel which opened in 1912 and extensively remodeled in the 1970s is a Philippine landmark, home to high society and to political intrigue, and often a scene of historic events.</strong></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>1898- Judge William Howard Taft issued of the first decrees of the Second Philippine Commission, to create an urban plan for the Manila. Architect and city planner Daniel Hudson Burnham drafted a wide and long tree-lined boulevard that would begin at the park and at the spit’s end of the bay, a boulevard that would be dominated on one end by a hotel.</strong></span> </span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">1908- William Parsons was appointed to continue where Burnham left off. He supervised the design and construction of Manila Hotel and was completed four years later. Soon, a magnificent, white, green-tile-roofed California Missionary-styled edifice emerged housing 149 spacious and high-ceilinged rooms. Since then, it is a hotel that commands the best westward view of Manila’s fabled sunset, the fortress of Corregidor, the poignant ruins of the medieval fortress that was Intramuros, and the palm-lined promenades of Luneta Park.</strong></span></div><div align="left"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1983" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrgr0w4Dywe4WdmHWhSCy1Ir7uUhwTFB4mw9CJuItJEnhyphenhyphenmpwrYGGDT9NoTShGMIov5auHJYGomDD1Bpcz4BBH9GDuoGji2TvAEIsncPoORzZw0_22GQ1pWLVnfgHmA-ooi-w68xe_Baee/w1362-h1983/IMG_7658.JPG" width="1362" /></span></div>
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<img height="1821" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-wfXnVnsJOSQ/UMFd7XnPz5I/AAAAAAACJ58/lBQiJbP09dc/w1365-h1821/IMG_7684.JPG" width="1365" /></span></td> <td valign="top" width="333"><div align="left">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">1</strong></span></div>
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<div align="left"></div><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="683"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;">In my late seventies, I begin to see the value of childhood memories, as a legacy worth sharing it to my family and that I, hopefully, will not be forgotten when I leave this physical world. </b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">My consciousness started on a bright November day in 1946 at the age of two. I experienced my new relation with my sister Aleta newly arrived from the hospital the night before. On this early morning, while waking from deep sleep in the bedroom, I saw my mother and the new born baby. I stood up watched my sister take my place as the new “baby” supposed with the jealousy of a child wondering what his new status is. </span><span style="font-weight: bold;">At a distance I could see my mother's pretty face nourishing my little sister, as I ran toward her. I can only imagine her smiling face filled with assurance to know how I felt, tinge with a fear of rivalry, little legs running toward her.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-weight: bold;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">
Right photo, was taken one month before Aleta was born, bottom photo further down taken at graduation from Grade 7, March 17, 1957.</span></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><span><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 411px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="110"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 12px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="10"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 462px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="299"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 462px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="111"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 12px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="10"><div><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-weight: 400;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitWzkskNoHNJ4BaM6kM4VWFH66FyDq2pWH01DiK0V75Swr8d2o3eJoHQj4lpj6iFeo3184mp3GwoqbIG7fQNJWYnMvA042ewEV4vNVO4ny6taaCzI335CS4CuFd8Sq3dkDX7dNi1TIZyNosHea-HfH3BUPQ73hz4_WGmB9fIKigOjTT_yVnp5v6U_ZkBQ6/s2970/Class%252061%2520-%25201.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2970" data-original-width="2583" height="1200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitWzkskNoHNJ4BaM6kM4VWFH66FyDq2pWH01DiK0V75Swr8d2o3eJoHQj4lpj6iFeo3184mp3GwoqbIG7fQNJWYnMvA042ewEV4vNVO4ny6taaCzI335CS4CuFd8Sq3dkDX7dNi1TIZyNosHea-HfH3BUPQ73hz4_WGmB9fIKigOjTT_yVnp5v6U_ZkBQ6/w1040-h1200/Class%252061%2520-%25201.jpg" width="1040" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-weight: 400;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-weight: 400;"><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467366938644018" style="font-weight: 700;"><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="836" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/wdXGIwoWCV0" width="1006" youtube-src-id="wdXGIwoWCV0"></iframe></div></span></a></div><span><div style="font-weight: 400;"><span><span><br /></span></span></div><p class="p5" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px 0px 27px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"></p><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>O mother-my-love, if you’ll give me your hand,</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>And go where I ask you to wander,</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>I will lead you away to a beautiful land,–</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>The Dreamland that’s waiting out yonder.</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>We’ll walk in a sweet posie-garden out there,</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>Where moonlight and starlight are streaming,</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>And the flowers and the birds are filling the air</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>With the fragrance and music of dreaming.</b></span></span></div><p></p><p class="p5" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px 0px 27px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"></p><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>There’ll be no little tired-out boy to undress,</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>No questions or cares to perplex you,</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>There’ll be no little bruises or bumps to caress,</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>Nor patching of stockings to vex you;</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>For I’ll rock you away on a silver-dew stream</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>And sing you asleep when you’re weary,</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>And no one shall know of our beautiful dream</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>But you and your own little dearie.</b></span></span></div><p></p><p class="p5" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px 0px 27px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"></p><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>And when I am tired I’ll nestle my head</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>In the bosom that’s soothed me so often,</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>And the wide-awake stars shall sing, in my stead,</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>A song which our dreaming shall soften.</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>So, Mother-my-Love, let me take your dear hand,</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>And away through the starlight we’ll wander,–</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>Away through the mist to the beautiful land,–</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>The Dreamland that’s waiting out yonder......</b><b>EF</b></span></div><p></p><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></div></span></span></div><div style="font-weight: 400;"><span><span><div style="font-weight: 700;"><span><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 411px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="110"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; 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font-weight: 400; max-height: 100vh; max-width: 100%; object-fit: contain;" width="1045" /></span></div><div><br /></div></b><b style="text-align: start;"><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span>MY ARTS TEACHER MS Viduya_Marita</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="873" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/-yI3bOKIZKk" width="1051" youtube-src-id="-yI3bOKIZKk"></iframe></div><br /></span></div></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="874" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/6tA1P5VwXR4" width="1048" youtube-src-id="6tA1P5VwXR4"></iframe></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><span><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="864" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/SPexRiQbsNE" width="1038" youtube-src-id="SPexRiQbsNE"></iframe></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span><span><br /><img alt="No photo description available." class="x1bwycvy x193iq5w x4fas0m x19kjcj4" data-visualcompletion="media-vc-image" height="731" referrerpolicy="origin-when-cross-origin" src="https://scontent-iad3-2.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.18169-9/427975_236287033124512_594827921_n.jpg?_nc_cat=103&ccb=1-7&_nc_sid=cdbe9c&_nc_ohc=pWGmgMwWU8AAX8aMAwX&_nc_ht=scontent-iad3-2.xx&oh=00_AfCVofmSgsHdwH7X2yWSUf6VQnf5gSBryCRXiphB85BZ6Q&oe=64A9B07A" style="border: 0px; max-height: 100vh; max-width: 100%; object-fit: contain;" width="1142" /><br /></span><b><span><span><br />MY SCIENCE TEACHER MISS JULLIETA</span> <span>DAYAP</span></span></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span><b><span><span><br /></span></span></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span><b><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="875" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/nS5i1v4B0kI" width="1051" youtube-src-id="nS5i1v4B0kI"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="873" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Oi3q4iagZfI" width="1050" youtube-src-id="Oi3q4iagZfI"></iframe></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 337px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="335"><span><span><b><span><br /></span></b></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 462px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="349"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="370"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="370"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></span></div></span></span></div><div style="font-weight: 400;"><span><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="font-weight: 400;"><span><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="font-weight: 400;"><span><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="font-weight: 400; text-align: left;"><span><b><br /></b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="110"><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 12px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="10"><span><strong><span><br /></span></strong><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMXq3vx5D1dxKOdmKlNl8wcas5GMmh6oZFhhUfjdPsOKpFVpwK1i6S5P0dqlQaAVOS5QoRKRo0rLkjA7nzxa-K9q-rGpiIB3nbWBKWq0pslOei1Su5hQp6cBI6UE58DnkNDWc3Agbht-kvNor3FcnKRL8DtcHTpRLkYKO9kQk6J5oFNVF1tSqWfx-JUWLQ/s940/PICT0030-ANIMATION.gif" style="font-weight: 700; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="940" height="913" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMXq3vx5D1dxKOdmKlNl8wcas5GMmh6oZFhhUfjdPsOKpFVpwK1i6S5P0dqlQaAVOS5QoRKRo0rLkjA7nzxa-K9q-rGpiIB3nbWBKWq0pslOei1Su5hQp6cBI6UE58DnkNDWc3Agbht-kvNor3FcnKRL8DtcHTpRLkYKO9kQk6J5oFNVF1tSqWfx-JUWLQ/w1192-h913/PICT0030-ANIMATION.gif" width="1192" /></a></span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>In 1960: I became aware of my heritage in my junior year at UP Prep and began preparation for my appointment as a cadet at PMA in Fort Del Pilar. This was a period in my teen years that I remember fondly, memories in my High School, of the hectic days, dashing thru the corridors catching my schedule of classes at Rizal Hall. I recall my bag loaded with books, eager, wide eyed, and quick to learn the tenets of math, the arts and sciences. I remember past friends and stormy situations that most teenagers weathered through. As in life surviving the unspoken pecking order among bigger classmates and the so called in crowd was the rule. That lone wolf streak that kept me apart, which peers seemed to see as a weakness was a measure of heritage that set me off from the current teenage precepts of the day. Later, when of age and after further studies, having ever spurred curiosity, whetted my appetite for a life of adventure, of soldiering and foreign lands. </b><strong><span><span><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467336206027778"><span> </span> </a><br /><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467336206027778"><span></span></a><br /><br /></span><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467366938644018"><span><span> TO MOM WITH ALL MY LOVE AND PRAYERS</span></span></a><br /></span></strong></span><strong><span><br /><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467366938644018"><span><span><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1034" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/nj84GVBfCfE" width="1243" youtube-src-id="nj84GVBfCfE"></iframe></div></span></a></span></strong></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><strong><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1030" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/osg2QuP0W1o" width="1240" youtube-src-id="osg2QuP0W1o"></iframe></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1031" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/BiyHMC_g8vY" width="1240" youtube-src-id="BiyHMC_g8vY"></iframe></div><br /></strong><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><strong><br /><br /></strong><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1030" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/D9jKYDv7NG8" width="1237" youtube-src-id="D9jKYDv7NG8"></iframe></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1038" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/tEImCJWI_ak" width="1249" youtube-src-id="tEImCJWI_ak"></iframe></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1033" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/TEVGLXVhhns" width="1243" youtube-src-id="TEVGLXVhhns"></iframe></div><br /><br /><br /><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1030" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/zmJSulwNazk" width="1240" youtube-src-id="zmJSulwNazk"></iframe><br /><br /><br /><br /><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1033" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/qsvTtp-n_a0" width="1240" youtube-src-id="qsvTtp-n_a0"></iframe><br /><br /><br /><br /><b><span><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1035" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/eZPYyYe24i4" width="1243" youtube-src-id="eZPYyYe24i4"></iframe></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1047" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/qJFrAvemWmQ" width="1258" youtube-src-id="qJFrAvemWmQ"></iframe></div><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></div><span><div style="text-align: center;"><span><b><span>TO ALL MY LADY PROFESSORS ND A SPECIAL MENTION TO </span></b><b style="text-align: justify;"><span>Mr RUBIO</span></b><b><span> ONLY</span></b></span></div></span><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1037" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/WTCryF1J54Y" width="1249" youtube-src-id="WTCryF1J54Y"></iframe><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 462px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="111"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 12px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="10"><strong><div><br /></div><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467399477717538" style="text-decoration-line: none;"></a></strong></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></span></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div>
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<div></div></div></div></span></td><td valign="top" width="315"></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="499"><div align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1145" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/L6i5fTie20E" width="1378" youtube-src-id="L6i5fTie20E"></iframe></div><br /><b><br /><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1151" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/NdgEcfMuCTg" width="1384" youtube-src-id="NdgEcfMuCTg"></iframe></b></span></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><b style="background-color: black; text-align: left;"><br /></b></b></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><b style="background-color: black; text-align: left;">I graduated right in front of this building with class 1966 ChE and Carlos P. Romulo as guest speaker. The Institute is a reputable source of architects, engineers, and science graduates and constantly produces top notchers in the architectural and engineering fields. Photo below of the American Cemetery at the old Fort Bonifacio, where we lived close by.</b></b></span></div>
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</div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg0v_50tawvKroE22Sb0itcUn7Cb2g0IRCPVhEdOzrEgyXDj0Rr5EtOn1QYX2Mdgr54g02JzfCmZqZYW4evRf0cectqRd_mVf99jOv7Gx2pRdcqmvBn-pCpeUVdQcwD3RDhAY40iKvHVhN_7PPbfvFo_p9Kqm77s651r6klYN1fnAb9FOBt5pFJy_ECC4/s1956/PICT0588.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1956" data-original-width="1468" height="2232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg0v_50tawvKroE22Sb0itcUn7Cb2g0IRCPVhEdOzrEgyXDj0Rr5EtOn1QYX2Mdgr54g02JzfCmZqZYW4evRf0cectqRd_mVf99jOv7Gx2pRdcqmvBn-pCpeUVdQcwD3RDhAY40iKvHVhN_7PPbfvFo_p9Kqm77s651r6klYN1fnAb9FOBt5pFJy_ECC4/w1674-h2232/PICT0588.JPG" width="1674" /></a></div><br />In 1951, the Mapúa family acquired a piece of land from the La Corporación Fransicana where the present Intramuros Campus stands. The campus opened at 1956 while the building construction were completed in 1963. All college programs were transferred from the Doroteo José campus to the Intramuros Campus in 1973. During my stay, the Institute consistently dominated the top 10 and even the top 20 slots in most licensure exams for architecture and engineering, year after year. It also consistently achieved the highest passing rates in the board exams among other competing schools in architecture and the various fields of engineering. The check marks represent the graduates who passed their BOARD EXAM. </b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGT771GKXBr7bjfWaAEunbC20zFu-Z-yL8H8QEXFNq5P4T_8w5oL29EM8fX5KrGfw5gcrp_SlpWW2YEtPa-W9qug2cQNwkGV-Rxi2gTKBLSIUD5Ef7D8hKrmhWU5Tb4vQlzVA031ZELUHxKQiaVExjEAqRlFmLUxrHA3-RmNTNnIi5Mlq5ef7VpXc0aKuy/s200/ring.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="179" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGT771GKXBr7bjfWaAEunbC20zFu-Z-yL8H8QEXFNq5P4T_8w5oL29EM8fX5KrGfw5gcrp_SlpWW2YEtPa-W9qug2cQNwkGV-Rxi2gTKBLSIUD5Ef7D8hKrmhWU5Tb4vQlzVA031ZELUHxKQiaVExjEAqRlFmLUxrHA3-RmNTNnIi5Mlq5ef7VpXc0aKuy/s1600/ring.jpg" width="179" /></a></div><br /><br /></span></td></tr>
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<tr> <td valign="top" width="333"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://davidgwoodward.com/manila-american-cemetery.jpg" /></span></td> <td valign="top" width="333"></td> <td valign="top" width="333"></td></tr>
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<tr> <td valign="top" width="499"><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><img alt="" height="640" src="http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5145/5804150129_31e3e2fffa_z.jpg" width="531" /></span> <br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Chapel Sculpture Facade of the 60-ft tall chapel of the American Cemetery in Fort Bonifacio, Taguig City. The sculpture represents, from bottom to top, the young American warrior symbolized by St George, fighting his enemy, the dragon, in the jungle. Above them are the ideals for which he fought: Liberty, Justice, Country. Columbia, with the child symbolizing the future, stands at the zenith. Information sourced from the Manila American Cemetery and Memorial pamphlet.</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3520/5808410947_06f35f6da1.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">High Noon at the Batttlefield</span></h3>
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<span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>Right hemicycle of the Manila American Cemetery, viewed from the entrance of the left hemicycle. The gap between the gray pebbles is the path to the memorial's chapel. For more information, please see</strong></span> </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="" height="640" src="http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5236/5809078884_51d9c48914_z.jpg" width="523" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">In Memoriam</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2674/5804040155_18fe3466d1.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Opposites</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span><strong>Shot at the Manila American Cemetery. The brownish smooth hardness of the limestone tablets against the dark, disordered patterns of the tree's foliage. Order and disorder. Life. Gone, and the living. </strong></span></span> </span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2552/5803875815_674930b7a4.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
<h3 align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></h3><h3 align="justify">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Wall of the Missing. Continuing with the B&W project. Shot at the Manila American Cemetery in Fort Bonifacio, Taguig City. As the sun gently sinks, the shadows slowly draws across the names of the missing valiant - exactly 36,286 American and Filipino servicemen are recorded in these limestone tablets.</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong><img alt="photo" height="813" src="http://farm1.staticflickr.com/209/499033727_a27aaf8960_z.jpg" width="529" /></strong></span> <br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Manila American Cemetery and Memorial</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>Manila American Cemetery and Memorial is located in Fort Bonifacio, Taguig City in Metro Manila, Philippines.</strong></span> <br />
<span><strong><img alt="photo" height="786" src="http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3567/3554963965_d3300bfbe6_z.jpg" width="523" /></strong></span> <br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Manila American Cemetery and Memorial</span></h3><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong><img src="http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2110/2535819928_a8bab6fae0.jpg" /> </strong></span> <br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Nave Chapel of Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal, Philippine Women's University, Manila, Philippines </span></h3>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2475/4038115221_94419a4d28.jpg" /><br />
<span><strong>Pasig River viewed from old Ayala Bridge</strong></span><br />
<span><strong><img src="http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8428/7722896662_65bb05ddd2.jpg" /> </strong></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Puerta de Isabel Gate through the old Spanish Wall, Intramuros, Manila</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7133/7857133156_48ef1c0d4f.jpg" /> <br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Puerta Postigo del Palacio Gate, Intramuros, Manila, Philippines</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="photo" height="777" src="http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4060/4330731381_7d95c8a599_z.jpg?zz=1" width="517" /> <br />
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<img src="http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2686/4038824666_6a130fd8c4.jpg" /><span><strong></strong></span><br />
<span><strong>The awesome interior of old Binondo Church ( Basilica of San Lorenzo Ruiz ) .... the patroness of this historic Dominican Church is the Nuestra Senora Del Rosario .</strong></span><br />
<img src="http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2533/4038862092_0c16f27b08.jpg" /><br />
<span><strong>In College, I worked in this building with an export import company.</strong></span><br />
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<br /></span></td> <td valign="top" width="499"><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Manila_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial.jpg" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="File:Manila American Cemetery and Memorial.jpg" height="593" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Manila_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial.jpg" width="750" /></a><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/American_Memorial_Cemetery_Manila_graves.jpg" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="File:American Memorial Cemetery Manila graves.jpg" height="600" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/American_Memorial_Cemetery_Manila_graves.jpg/800px-American_Memorial_Cemetery_Manila_graves.jpg" width="800" /></a><span style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3520/5808410947_06f35f6da1_b.jpg" /></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><img height="2119" src="http://farm1.staticflickr.com/87/241430055_545ca2280f_b.jpg" width="2825" /></span><br /><br /><span><strong style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><span>The cemetery, 152 acres (62 ha) or 615,000 square metres in area, is located on a prominent plateau, visible at a distance from the east, south and west. With a total of 17,206 graves, it is the largest cemetery in the Pacific for U.S. personnel killed during </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><strong><span>World War II</span></strong></a><strong style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><span>, and also holds war dead from the Philippines and other allied nations. Many of the personnel whose remains are interred or represented were killed in </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea" style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><strong><span>New Guinea</span></strong></a><strong style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><span>, or during the </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Philippines_(1941-42)" style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Battle of the Philippines (1941-42)</span></strong></a><strong style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="background-color: black;"> or the Allied recapture of the islands. The headstones are made of marble which are aligned in eleven plots forming a generally circular pattern, set among masses of a wide variety of tropical trees and shrubbery.</span><br /><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">PROPERTY IN FRANCE FOR SALE BY OWNER FOR $200,000</span></b></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div style="background-color: black; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><span><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong><span><br /></span></strong></span></span></span></span></div><div style="background-color: black; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><span><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong><span><br /></span></strong></span></span></span></span></div><div style="background-color: black; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><span><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong><span><br /></span></strong></span></span></span></span></div><div style="background-color: black; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><span><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong><span><br /></span></strong></span></span></span></span></div><div style="background-color: black; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><span><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR8IeYRTcZD6niBHKH9cxGqPxwOCiefqZxRiV80xQtDwtpnlcIi51IwqAZ_i1qbh2lqKe3j9VAjFfSeP38nROGXjdS7WZsIjaAPqq_9i_xTIAauL2tEMg6uN42q5mAUusBOZ0F7Rv5dg26GRD3YCxXPMi_hgSTGAUEybv_aQAfR-xKwhxoZ6s-xvc65Q5N/s508/68159616-ANIMATION%20Montaigut%20proper.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="330" data-original-width="508" height="2024" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR8IeYRTcZD6niBHKH9cxGqPxwOCiefqZxRiV80xQtDwtpnlcIi51IwqAZ_i1qbh2lqKe3j9VAjFfSeP38nROGXjdS7WZsIjaAPqq_9i_xTIAauL2tEMg6uN42q5mAUusBOZ0F7Rv5dg26GRD3YCxXPMi_hgSTGAUEybv_aQAfR-xKwhxoZ6s-xvc65Q5N/w3119-h2024/68159616-ANIMATION%20Montaigut%20proper.gif" width="3119" /></a></div><div><br /></div></strong></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><br /></span><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEHfho4xnMVwOxSOjtyNtpb1EAafBqaRQU5BUBz8KP8vAsu8IPAcQBWr2kab5GYZqzduQkJRniH4QioQkd7RwIwVEtruYSwm-V6v4skdD8-gA1B5LOj6WHfTklaaPZw4uNI2-FcG5PvrUCUC439fGlS9SYoi6_tEl6iEdTmvsc5Ad4rccRZC_AF-3pVF-1/s1024/The%20Transformation%20of%20the%20Garage%2010-16-2016%206-59-34%20AM%203264x2448-ANIMATION%20(1).gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="2291" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEHfho4xnMVwOxSOjtyNtpb1EAafBqaRQU5BUBz8KP8vAsu8IPAcQBWr2kab5GYZqzduQkJRniH4QioQkd7RwIwVEtruYSwm-V6v4skdD8-gA1B5LOj6WHfTklaaPZw4uNI2-FcG5PvrUCUC439fGlS9SYoi6_tEl6iEdTmvsc5Ad4rccRZC_AF-3pVF-1/w3054-h2291/The%20Transformation%20of%20the%20Garage%2010-16-2016%206-59-34%20AM%203264x2448-ANIMATION%20(1).gif" width="3054" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b style="background-color: black;">Renovattion of the house cost more than $ 120,000 ie. new roof $25,000, Brick Floors in family room $36,000 , reinforoced dumgeons and new wood in living floor, arch dungeons floor and spiral stairs $23,000, Finishing up like double pane windows, doors, utilities, $37,000, landscaping concrete work, $12,000 etc. Then antique furnitures, linen included. Living area of 2009 sq. feet, 3 bath and 3 bdr. Click here to see the full album of the house<a href="https://photos.google.com/share/AF1QipNdMT91LxeIK2PQagK76kbfII2IlZ8WdyNjd-LqP9g0vN0zhXqIMd4Bxksx-w02VA?key=OHdfcW1JV3M2bkc5SV9HVU1jOTdCSHIxNXlHMjln">FROM A MEDIEVAL HOME</a> </b></div></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjncFg1dfcWxe4fjlR0V-Mr1_Ix4N95-idMIJm9Lthj7sb3c_B-e084AANu4a81ijKB_HnuqXIG6M8WIr5CK4k9HA7Mtfk8q3ShwwPEQ0KvaLLHY6DQIFr4IJ5SfH4QFmvOrRYzjfTTw3mvA4836_x4nDYoOcbKV4NjpTdFiazvbdSa7HFAw4hMh6B2mCj9/s1024/IMG_0144-ANIMATION.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><img border="0" data-original-height="771" data-original-width="1024" height="2307" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjncFg1dfcWxe4fjlR0V-Mr1_Ix4N95-idMIJm9Lthj7sb3c_B-e084AANu4a81ijKB_HnuqXIG6M8WIr5CK4k9HA7Mtfk8q3ShwwPEQ0KvaLLHY6DQIFr4IJ5SfH4QFmvOrRYzjfTTw3mvA4836_x4nDYoOcbKV4NjpTdFiazvbdSa7HFAw4hMh6B2mCj9/w3063-h2307/IMG_0144-ANIMATION.gif" width="3063" /></a></div></strong></span></span></span><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"> <tbody>
<tr> <td valign="top" width="584"><div align="justify"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">As a child, I dream about traveling around the world especially in Europe and living there for for some months abd acquring their culture and language, I would need a house or a home base equidistant to the capitals of Europe. This dream was fulfilled later on above, in my retired years. However, I am done with traveling and will sell this house for a measely sum of $200,000 together with the antique fornitures, see <a href="https://photos.app.goo.gl/3zUBnCRJh2uCCnKq6">Inside the house</a></span></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><br /></strong></span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 1235px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="499"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><img height="919" src="http://photos.wikimapia.org/p/00/00/55/23/29_big.jpg" width="1225" /><br /><strong>This is the only restaurant that can compete with Auntie Auroring’s pancit mami</strong></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div align="justify"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
</td> <td valign="top" width="414"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /><br /><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="333"><img alt="photo" height="640" src="http://farm1.staticflickr.com/119/316469802_7b143c20c1_z.jpg" width="480" /><br /><span><strong><br /><span style="color: #e69138;">Makati ... the facade of Sanctuario De San Antonio Church in Forbes Park ( Makati, Rizal ). My parish church at Fort Bonifacio back in the 1960s</span><br /><br /></strong></span></td><td valign="top" width="333"><span><img alt="photo" height="640" src="http://farm1.staticflickr.com/109/316465310_4d700b5c5a_z.jpg" width="480" /><span><strong>San Beda College The facade of the Chapel of Our Lady of Montserrat ( San Beda College ) ( Mendiola Street, Manila )...... the primary institution of the Benedictine Order in the Philippines</strong></span></span></td><td valign="top" width="333"><span><span><img alt="photo" height="640" src="http://farm1.staticflickr.com/95/242788440_ecca20a006_z.jpg" width="480" /></span><br /></span><h3><span>Altar at Sanctuario de San Antonio, Forbes Park</span></h3></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="499"><span><span><b><img src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-EjEo95ikVIA/TMpVTT9pzpI/AAAAAAAApoM/q1DX0Yh2Rz8/s912/313815982005_24509982005fr000911l.jpg" /></b></span></span></td><td valign="top" width="499"><span><img height="805" src="http://farm1.staticflickr.com/110/293362909_0f18999b29.jpg" width="620" /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span><br /></span></div><span><br /></span><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="683"><div align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong><span>1960: Pasig River still alive then, now heavy polluted and black in color. The Pasig River was a clear, flowing body of water that served as the center of commerce in Spanish colonial Manila. Stretching 27 kilometers, it connects Laguna Lake to Manila Bay and was the major source of water and livelihood of the many communities along its banks. People washed clothes in the shallower waters and fisher folks’ daily catch were always bountiful. The passenger boats that plied the river from the nearby province of Laguna to Manila and back served as the primary means of transportation. Today’s generation, however, has no recollection of the Pasig River in its heyday. Sunset at Manila Bay where the Pasig River</span><span> <span>empties.</span></span></strong></span><span> </span></span></div><span><span><span><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:c4f6906b-6b96-47a7-84c0-a2e8586f725b" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="58f831da-7d8f-47f2-911b-3a4b03c545b0" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/k19rDndamuM&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></span></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></div><span></span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><img height="870" src="http://farm1.staticflickr.com/149/348997794_51aadb2f2f_z.jpg?zz=1" width="1307" /></b></span></td></tr>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span>The Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas, The Catholic University of the Philippines (colloquially UST or "Ustê". Filipino: Unibersidad ng Santo Tomas), is a private Roman Catholic university run by the Order of Preachers in Manila. Founded on April 28, 1611 by archbishop of Manila Miguel de Benavides, it has the oldest extant university charter in the Philippines and in Asia. and is one of the world's largest Catholic universities in terms of enrollment found on one campus. UST is also the largest university in the city of Manila. Almost all the MD’s of the family graduated from UST.</span> </b></span></div>
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Centro Escolar University, Manila, </span></h3>
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st joseph's college<img alt="" height="361" src="http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7148/6776854195_aa9b658315_z.jpg" width="640" /></span></h3>
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FEU - </span></h3>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Typical corner cafe and street vendor up front.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">My parents married in this church in 1942. The Roman Catholic Church of San Ildefonso, in its eyes, a marriage is forged by God. The Church states that what God joins together, humans cannot sunder. I was also baptized in this church by Father Price, the parish priest on September 10, 1944.</strong></span></div>
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<strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Tanay San Ildefonso Church</span></strong></td></tr>
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Bomod-ok Falls. Sagada, Mt. Province, Philippines</span></h3>
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Curvy Road over Mt. Province</span></h3><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">
Sagada, Mt. Province <br /><img height="1592" src="http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2024/2242875963_7afd5f3441.jpg" width="1060" /><br />
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Taal Volcano</span></h3>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span>Pasay City, Roxas Blvd. at Aristocrat (Barbecue Plaza)</span> <br />
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Plaza Miranda-Quiapo 1950's-1970's Metro Manila</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Quezon Blvd.- Quiapo1950's-1970's Metro Manila,</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Rizal Theater-Makati 1950's-1970's Metro Manila, Philippines</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Palm Sunday</span></h3>
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<strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Benediction every Monday afternoon. Our ritual at Espirito Santo Parochial School</span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2398" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Iy2AWGsaBm0" width="2889" youtube-src-id="Iy2AWGsaBm0"></iframe></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Before I left for the US we visited Tagaytay for the last time. From the ridge, a magnificent view of Taal can be seen, and Taal lake as the picture above can be accessible by car from the main road.</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Taal volcano as seen from Picnic Grove on a cloudy day. </span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span>Taal Volcano is a complex volcano. Historical eruptions are concentrated on Volcano Island, an island near the middle of Lake Taal. The lake partially fills Taal Caldera, which was formed by powerful prehistoric eruptions between 140,000 to 5,380 BP. Viewed from Tagaytay Ridge, Taal Volcano and Lake presents one of the most picturesque and attractive views in the Philippines. It is located about 50 km ( 31 miles ) south of the capital of the country, the city of Manila.<br />The volcano had several violent eruptions in the past causing loss of life in the island and the populated areas surrounding the lake, with the death toll estimated at around 5,000 to 6,000. Because of its proximity to populated areas and its eruptive history, the volcano was designated a Decade Volcano, worthy of close study to prevent future natural disasters. It is one of the active volcanoes in the Philippines and part of the Pacific ring of fire.<br />Taal Volcano and Lake are wholly located in the province of Batangas. The northern half of Volcano Island falls under the jurisdiction of the lake shore town of Talisay, and the southern half to San Nicolas. The other towns that encircle Taal Lake include Tanauan, Talisay, Laurel, Agoncillo, Santa Teresita, Alitagtag, Cuenca, Lipa, Balete and Mataas na Kahoy.</span><img height="522" src="http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2243/1883586172_7222bff305_z.jpg" width="696" /></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Main Gate, Intramuros</span></h3>
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span><span><span>The site of Intramuros was originally a large Malayan-Islamic settlement named "Maynilad", ruled by three chieftains Rajah Sulayman, Lakan Dula and Rajah Matanda. The name came from "may nilad", "nilad" being a water plant whose star-shaped flowers clustered in abundance along the low-lying riverbanks. The strategic location of Maynilad, being on the Pasig River and the Manila Bay, made it an ideal location for indigenous Tagalog tribes to trade with other Asian civilizations, including Chinese and Islamic merchants who had come from China, Borneo and Indonesia. Maynilad was also the seat of power for native chiefs who ruled the area before Europeans first arrived in Luzon. </span></span></span> <br />
<span><span><span>In 1564, conquistadors led by Miguel López de Legazpi sailed from New Spain (Mexico) and arrived on the island of Cebu in February 13, 1565. There they established the first Spanish colony in the archipelago. Having heard of rich resources of Manila by local natives, López de Legazpi dispatched two of his Lieutenant-commanders, Martín de Goiti and Juan de Salcedo to explore the northern regions of the Visayas. </span></span></span> <br />
<span><span><span>In 1570, the Spaniards arrived in the island of Luzon. After quarrels had erupted between the Islamic natives and the Spaniards; Goiti and López de Legazpi's soldiers waged war on the people, before they were able to take control and establish a permanent settlement in the area. In 1571 after the natives were defeated in battle, López de Legazpi made a peace pact with Rajah Sulayman, Rajah Lakandula and Rajah Matanda; who, in return, handed over Manila to the Spaniards. </span></span></span> <br />
<span><span><span>Citing the rich resources and location of Manila; López de Legazpi declared the area as the new capital of the Spanish colony in the Philippines on June 24, 1571. The King of Spain, delighted at the new conquest achieved by López de Legazpi and his men, awarded the city a coat of arms and declaring it Ciudad Insigne y Siempre Leal ("Distinguished and ever loyal city"). </span></span></span> <br />
<span><span><span>The planning of the city of Manila was commenced by López de Legazpi who had become the first Governor general on the islands. He established forts, roads, churches and schools. The plans for Intramuros were based on King Philip II's Royal Ordinance issued on July 3, 1573 in San Lorenzo, Spain. It's design was based upon a medieval castle structure and covered 64 hectares of land, surrounded by 8 metre thick stones and high walls that rise 22 metres. </span></span></span> <br />
<span><span><span>Intramuros was completed in 1606 and it served as the center of political, military and religious power of the Spaniards during the time that the Philippines was a colony of Spain. Inside Intramuros; there are several Roman Catholic churches, like the Manila Cathedral and the San Agustin Church, convents and church-run schools, such as the Universidad de Santo Tomás, the Colegio de San Juan de Letran and the Ateneo Municipal de Manila, which were usually being run by religious orders such as the Dominicans, Augustinians, Franciscans and Jesuits. The Governor's Palace, the official residence of the Spanish Viceroyalties to the Philippines was originally in Intramuros before it was officially moved to Malacañang Palace and Fort Santiago. Only Spaniards and Mestizos were allowed to take part on political issues and take residence inside the walled city, Christian natives and Chinese were also allowed inside, but Spanish officials prevented them living there. The vast majority of the natives and Chinese residents lived outside the walled city. </span></span></span> <br />
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<span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">This is the view looking from Life Theater across Quezon Boulevard. I used to watch movies at this theater in the 50's<img height="653" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg41dFdohN37vbOjGGX3RyRJkAJyyI6P20pGYaknzByex23ft3yT7PcFXWUGlBmoGZDolwP9rr0Yqj6goRNP2Cv3KUTRJ9qJyk7kOfAocKFzInLdf3-qt4L_NkuKg1lSvViYpMOloEvyfiH/w872-h653/IMG_3208.JPG" width="872" /></span></span></h3>
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<span><span><span>1950’s Children Parties with cousins<img height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3x9u63mm90pzbkPdEZ4rwW5See0-5OvNC-IIxvjYPD0urLsChsG8PdrxxpQyiwIvizRliAQKbtM-JX_f1nUlpn8EoDfGoJMeO8F5ZANM1KM2Bkn7gnW6ejaVwFuS4uABBmxlWP9oF0sg/s640/ESPS.jpg" width="640" /></span></span></span><br />
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<span>Sangley Point Air Base </span><span>. My father became the CO of Sangley Point Cavite Naval Base in the 70’s.</span> <br />
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<span>I would be remiss if I do not mention my favorite swimming hole in Tanay, Daranak Falls. Remembering fondly, cherishing memories of early summer vacations spent at this place. This 14-meter high falls is truly a refreshing site. A short walk over the top of Daranak are smaller, cascading streams known as Batlag Falls. It is located at Bgy. Tandang Kutyo in the town of Tanay. The place has been transformed into a public park/resort operated by the government. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Aurora Blvd.-Cubao1950's-1970's Metro Manila,</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Old Capitol Movie Theater </span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Capitol Theatre Art Deco in Escolta, Manila. Capitol used to be one of the finest movie houses in the Philippines until the 1960s.</span></h3>
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<span><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">A smile shines thru. The Philippine Santa Cruzan celebration is held each month of May. It highlights a religious procession participated in by beautiful ladies, among them a "Reyna Elena." They depict the historic search of the Holy Cross by Queen Helena and her son Constantine the Great. Typical corner cafe and street vendor up front</span></span></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Manila hemp arriving in cart loads at a Manila warehouse</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Carabao cart hauling lumber the old energy efficient Filipino way, Manila</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Ayuntamiento Building, Intramuros, Manila</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Rizal Hall, University of the Philippines</span></h5>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Independent Philippines and the Third Republic (1946-1972). In April 1946, elections were held. Despite the fact that the Democratic Alliance won the election, they were not allowed to take their seats under the pretext that force had been used to manipulate the elections. The United States withdrew its sovereignty over the Philippines on July 4, 1946, as scheduled.<br />Manuel Roxas (Liberal Party), having been inaugurated as President as scheduled, on July 4, 1946 before the granting of independence, strengthened political and economic ties with the United States in the controversial Philippine-US Trade Act, In Mar., 1947, the Philippines and the United States signed a military assistance pact (since renewed) which allowed the US to participate equally in the exploitation of the country's natural resources—and rented sites for 23 military bases to the US for 99 years (a later agreement reduced the period to 25 years beginning 1967). These bases would later be used to launch operations in the areas of Korea, China, Vietnam, and Indonesia.<br />During the Roxas administration, a general amnesty was granted for those who had worked together with the Japanese while at the same time the Huks were declared illegal. His administration ended prematurely when he died of heart attack April 15, 1948 while at the US Air Force Base in Pampanga.<br />Vice President Elpidio Quirino (Liberal Party, henceforth referred to as LP) was sworn in as President after the death of Roxas in April 1948. He ran for election in November 1949 against Jose P. Laurel (Nacionalista Party, henceforth referred to as NP) and won his own four-year term.<br />During this time, the CIA under the leadership of Lt. Col. Edward G. Lansdale was engaged in paramilitary and psychological warfare operations with the goal to hold back the Huk Movement. Among the measures which were undertaken were psyops-campaigns which demoralized the superstition of many Filipinos and acts of violence by government soldiers which were disguised as Huks. By 1950, the U.S. had provided the Philippine military with supplies and equipment worth $200 million dollars.<br />The huge task of reconstructing the war-torn country was complicated by the activities in central Luzon of the Communist-dominated Hukbalahap guerrillas (Huks), who resorted to terror and violence in their efforts to attain land reform and gain political power. They were finally brought under control (1954) after a dynamic attack introduced by the minister of national defense, Ramón Magsaysay. By that time Magsaysay was president of the country, having defeated Quirino in Nov., 1953. His campaign was massively supported by the CIA, both financially and through practical help in discrediting his political enemies. He had promised sweeping economic changes, and he did make progress in land reform, opening new settlements outside crowded Luzon Island. His death in an airplane crash in Mar., 1957, was a serious blow to national morale. Vice President Carlos P. García succeeded him and won a full term as president in the elections of Nov., 1957.<br />In foreign affairs, the Philippines preserved a firm anti-Communist policy and joined the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization in 1954. There were difficulties with the United States over American military installations in the islands, and, in spite of formal recognition (1956) of full Philippine sovereignty over these bases, tensions increased until some of the bases were dismantled (1959) and the 99-year lease period was reduced. The United States rejected Philippine financial claims and projected trade revisions. <br />Philippine opposition to García on issues of government corruption and anti-Americanism led, in June, 1959, to the union of the Liberal and Progressive parties, led by Vice President Diosdado Macapagal, the Liberal party leader, who succeeded García as president in the 1961 elections. Macapagal’s administration was marked by efforts to combat the mounting rise that had plagued the republic since its birth; by attempted alliances with neighboring countries; and by a territorial argument with Britain over North Borneo (later Sabah), which Macapagal claimed had been leased and not sold to the British North Borneo Company in 1878.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>Inside the walls of Intramuros, The location of MIT.One of the seven Gates. The construction of Intramuros started in 1571 by Miguel Lopez de Legaspi, a Spaniard. The walled city covers an area of about 160 acres. Intramuros was a fortress city with walls 6 metres high and a commanding 3 kilometres in length, it is no wonder it was impenetrable. Only the Spanish elite and Mestizos (mixed race) were permitted to live inside Intramuros, where at night the city gates were locked down. </strong></span> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">intramuros, manila cathedral</span></h3>
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<span><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The natives and Chinese were not permitted to live inside the walled fortress and were resigned to live outside the great walls of Intramuros. Intramuros was designed with 51 blocks within the vast walls, the only access in or out of Intramuros was via seven fortified gates. A moat around the walled city was added in 1603. Spread throughout the 51 blocks of the city were 12 churches, hospitals, domestic accommodation, military barracks, Governors Palace and schools. </strong></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"><span><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span><span><strong>My Church in the town of my birth:Tanay, Built in 1778, the church was named after the Archbishop Ildefonso of Toledo, Spain, who was consecrated during the year 657 AD; revered for his spiritual vitality and deep writings contained in “ The Book of the Virginity of Maria”. Behind the heavy stone edifice decorated with Hispanic, archetype windows and stone sculpture of its saint, are legends that found its way to this generation. Tradition has it that an image of the Lady of the Immaculate Conception, was found among the belongings of our fleeing forefathers on the onset of the Spanish Invasion in 1573; the same image found among the remnants from the fire that gutted the first church in 1620- a lone survivor! During the Chinese Uprising in 1639, Father Geronimo de Frias hid it in the fields but was later on found by the Chinese rebel who tried to destroy the image, instead to themselves befell violent death.</strong></span></span></span><span><b><span><br /></span> <br /><span> Cross at Bukal, in Tanay </span><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /><span> This was always sang to me by my grandmother. Presented in this video are the vintage photographs of the following colonial and historical religious edifices:</span><br /><span>1. La Loma Church - formerly Caloocan, now Manila</span><br /><span>2. Sto Domingo Church- Intramuros (destroyed by the Americans during world war II)</span><br /><span>3. Paco Catholic Cemetery - Paco </span><br /><span>4. Tondo Church -Tondo</span><br /><span>5. San Sebastian Church -Manila</span><br /><span>6. Binondo Church - Binondo</span><br /><span>7. San Juan Church - San Juan</span><br /><span>8. Sta. Cruz Church - Manila</span><br /><span>9. Manila Cathedral - Intramuros</span><br /><span>10. Poong Nazareno Church - Quiapo </span><br /><span> Television was introduced in the Philippines in 1953 with the opening of DZAQ-TV Channel 3 of Alto Broadcasting System in Manila. The station was owned by Antonio Quirino, the brother of the incumbent Philippine president, who was set to run for re-election the following year. The station operated on a four hour-a-day schedule (6 - 10 p.m.) and telecast only over a 50-mile radius. This television station was later bought by the Chronicle Broadcasting Network which started operating radio stations in 1956. CBN was owned by the Lopezes who were into various business concerns. The acquisition signalled the birth of ABS-CBN Broadcasting Network, now considered one of the major broadcasting companies not only in the Philippines but also in Asia. The Lopezes also owned The Manila Chronicle, a leading daily at that time. ABS-CBN therefore became not only the first radio-TV network in the Philippines but also the first cross-media entity owned by a family --- a situation which remains until today. Subsequently, the Lopez group added a second station, DZXL-TV 9. By 1960, a third station was in operation, DZBB-TV Channel 7 or Republic Broadcasting System, owned by Bob Stewart, a long-time American resident in the Philippines , who also started with radio in 1950. The first provincial television stations were established in 1968 in Cebu, Bacolod, and Dagupan by ABS-CBN. The network is supplemented by 20 radio stations located nationwide. </span><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /><span> Economic constraints during these early years of television forced a dependence on imported programs from three U.S. networks – ABC, CBS, and NBC. Importing programs was cheaper than producing them locally. In addition, canned programs appeared to be more popular among local audiences, even though initiatives were made in educational programming. </span><br /><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div> The commercial thrust of Philippine broadcasting has made it unique among other East Asian countries, where the electronic media are controlled and operated by the government. While this free enterprise environment made local broadcasting globally competitive, the same environment made it difficult to produce and broadcast public service and "development" oriented programs. </span><br /><span> Philippine television's early dependence on US programs may be partly responsible for "colonial mentality" that has continued to afflict Filipinos during the past several generations. The commercial orientation of TV also engendered a "that’s entertainment" mentality in both the advertisers and the general public.</span></b></span></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><b> <br /></b><br /></span> <br /></span></div>
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<span><strong>Supreme Court Building C/ Padre Faura<br />Ermita, Manila, next above photo was class ‘61 UP Prep</strong></span><br />
<span><strong>Building at the right is Rizal Hall, the location of my University of the Philippines Prep High School. <br /><br /><br /><br />Photo of Rizal Hall below was taken in 1950.</strong></span></span></td> <td valign="top" width="333"></td> <td valign="top" width="333"></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The Pasig River (called Ilog Pasig in Filipino) is a river that connects Laguna de Bay (via the Napindan Channel) into Manila Bay. </span></h3><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span>An Old House on Tayabas Street</span> </span></h3>
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<span><span><strong>QUIAPO CHURCH<img src="http://farm1.staticflickr.com/57/180177076_b598a0b52e_z.jpg?zz=1" /></strong> </span></span></span></div>
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Tanay plaza</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The Philippine Santa Cruzan celebration is held each month of May. It highlights a religious procession participated in by beautiful ladies, among them a "Reyna Elena." They depict the historic search of the Holy Cross by Queen Helena and her son Constantine the Great.</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Calle M.H. Del Pilar Nuestra Señora de los Remedios Church C/ M.H. Del Pilar<br />Malate, Manila</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Plaza MorionesPlaza Moriones C/ Santa Clara, Fort Santiago<br />Intramuros, Manila</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Hanging bridge at the Sierra Madre Inn</span></h3>
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<span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">into the woods </span></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Fishing is a major industry in my home town. Of course it would make sense since we live by a lake. Laguna Lake is spanish for Lake Lake.</span></h3>
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<tr> <td valign="top" width="333"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>Early 1960:I remember the old beautiful architectural lines of the Manila Hotel, not the new monstrous addition as it is now. it reinforces the fact that much of the loss of the quality of life in the metropolis owes to crass commercialism, slapdash development, and the regulated chaos that makes up for urban planning in the otherwise overly regulated and bureaucratized regime in the Philippines. I reflect the times in High School when we trek on to this site from Padre Faura, Rizal Hall to the US Embassy Canteen to buy our ice cream cone for 10 centavos. Pleasant memories too of my first exposure to teen age westerners on one to one basis in this Hotel at pool side parties. This song jogs the memory lane.</strong></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span>US Embassy Compound, near Rizal Park, Manila, as seen from the Filipinas Hotel. Port of Manila in background. I reflect the times in High School when we trek on to this site from Padre Faura, Rizal Hall to the US Embassy Canteen to buy our ice cream cone for 10 centavos.</span> </span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Tanay, Rizal<img alt="" height="0" src="http://geo.yahoo.com/f?s=792600099&t=3e7d346c885210294d25514b71c70772&r=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fdavedeluria%2F133503052%2Fsizes%2Fl%2F&fl_ev=0&lang=en&intl=us" width="0" /></span></h3>
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<strong><span>Below photo of Sarmiento building on Ayala Ave. Then after, is Roxas Boulevard at twilight. Beyond is the breakwater protecting the harbor basin of the Navy and the Manila Yacht Club. This was the seaside Avenue at the MNS where we lived, the attraction was the sunset across Manila Bay which I took for granted. This truly beautiful sight served a fitting backdrop for the many hundreds of families and lovers who still flock there each evening to enjoy the cool breeze and precious moments together. The garish artificial illuminations of Luneta take over at dusk, but it surely pale in comparison to the grandeur of the setting sun, nature’s own design for Roxas Boulevard, as the sun slowly descends behind the Bataan peninsula.</span> </strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span><br /></span></strong></div>
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<strong><span><span>Ayala Ave Makati: Sarmiento Bldg. (Curvilinear windows) where I used to work at Procter and Gamble PMC on your middle right.<br /></span><br /><br /></span></strong><strong><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1649" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/M2ThjKSIRgo" width="1984" youtube-src-id="M2ThjKSIRgo"></iframe></div><br /><span><br /></span></strong><br /><br /><br /><br /></span></td> <td valign="top" width="124"></td> <td valign="top" width="124"></td> <td valign="top" width="124"></td></tr>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Sarmiento Bldg, Makati, where I worked at Procter & Gamble; </strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div>
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<span><strong>ARISTOCRAT. The closest restaurant to our place at MNS. 432 San Andres St. cor. Roxas Blvd., Malate</strong></span> </span></td> <td valign="top" width="199"><div align="justify">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="1" height="225" src="http://ikaunangpahina.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/110.jpg?w=450" title="1" width="435" /><img alt="Manila, 1956 3" src="http://ikaunangpahina.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/manila-1956-3.jpg?w=450" title="Manila, 1956 3" /></span></div>
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<span><span><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Top, movie houses, City Hall, </span></strong></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Right Photo Bagiuo, th<strong>e terraces and the Lost highway bontoc-mainit (mountain province). A mountain trail in the Cordillera, Philippines.</strong> </strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><span>Rizal Avenue the street was named after Rizal, it was referred to as Calle Dulumbayan. I watched movies at the Ideal, State, Dalisay and Avenue Theaters. Later on ... the Universal Theater and Odeon and Galaxy. And Scala, Apollo, Alegria and Opera House.</span><span><span style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img src="http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5280/5900574895_29952d0a23_n.jpg" style="display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></span></span></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>In the twilight of age all things seem strange and phantasmal, <br /> As between daylight and dark ghost-like the landscape </strong></span><strong><span>My heart goes back to wander there, <br />And among the dreams of the days that were, <br /> I find my lost youth again. <br /> And the strange and beautiful song, </span></strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"> The groves are repeating it still: <br /> "A boy's will is the wind's will, <br />And the thoughts of youth are long, long thoughts."<br />I should not be withheld but that some day <br />into their vastness I should steal away, <br />Fearless of ever finding open land, <br />or highway where the slow wheel pours the sand...RF</strong></span></div>
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</div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript" src="//ra.revolvermaps.com/0/0/6.js?i=00bo1v8as3p&m=0&s=341&c=ff0000&cr1=ffffff&f=arial&l=0&bv=80" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3736852641690443895.post-50603837599310704172024-02-20T14:28:00.000-08:002024-02-20T14:28:16.505-08:00<br />
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The Miner's Sunday<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig5.jpg">2</a>. A Sunday's Amusements<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig7.jpg">3</a>. A Daily Pleasure<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig8.jpg">4</a>. Occupation for Rainy Days<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig9.jpg">5</a>. The Mountain Expressman<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig10.jpg">6</a>. Residence and Farm of A. P. Chapman<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig11.jpg">7</a>. "The Expressman Has Arrived"<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig12.jpg">8</a>. Lodgings About 1855<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig13.jpg">9</a>. Residence and Ranch of H. H. Kennedy, Goodyear's Bar, Sierra County, California<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig15.jpg">10</a>. Hidden Treasure Mine, Sunny South, Placer County, California<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig16.jpg">11</a>. Forty-Stamp Gold Mill<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig17.jpg">12</a>. Cross-Section Forty-Stamp Gold Mill<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig17.jpg">13</a>. Batea For Gold Mill<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig18.jpg">14</a>. Battery Frame<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig23.jpg">15</a>. Schematic View, Malakoff Diggings, Ca. 1880<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig24.jpg">16</a>. English (Rudyard) Dam<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig25.jpg">17</a>. Omega Mine, Washington Ridge<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig28.jpg">18</a>. Truckee Hotel<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig29.jpg">19</a>. Bear Valley Mill, Towle Brothers, Dutch Flat<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig30.jpg">20</a>. Kearsarge Mill, Towle Brothers, Dutch Flat<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig31.jpg">21</a>. M. L. Marsh Ox-Teams and Barns<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig32.jpg">22</a>. M. L. Marsh Sawmill<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig33.jpg">23</a>. Gold Lake Ranger Station, Ca. 1922<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig34.jpg">24</a>. Sierra Valley Ranger Station, 1915<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig36.jpg">25</a>. Logging Engine<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig37.jpg">26</a>. Steam Donkey<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig38.jpg">27</a>. Steam Donkey Yarding, Ca. 1900<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig39.jpg">28</a>. Railroad Logging Engine, Cars; Loader in Background<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig45.jpg">29</a>. Auburn Ski Club C.C.C. Camp<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig46.jpg">30</a>. Sattley C.C.C. Camp<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig47.jpg">31</a>. Temporary Logging Structure<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig48.jpg">32</a>. Fir Camp, Forest Hill; 1924. Fire Fighter's Payday <br /><br />MAPS <br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig1.jpg">1</a>. Tahoe National Forest<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig2.jpg">2</a>. Ancient and Modern River System<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig3.jpg">3</a>. Main Routes to the Gold Fields<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig6.jpg">4</a>. Yuba Basin Mining Water Supply, 1850-53<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig14.jpg">5</a>. Location of Gold Districts<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig19.jpg">6</a>. Geologic Map of Sierra City and Johnsville Districts, Plumas Counties<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig20.jpg">7</a>. Meadow Lake Mining District<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig21.jpg">8</a>. North Bloomfield Area, Ca. 1875<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig22.jpg">9</a>. Yuba Basin Hydraulic Mining Ditch System 1854-1884<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig26.jpg">10</a>. Routes Across the Tahoe National Forest<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig27.jpg">11</a>. Stagecoach Routes, 1902<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig35.jpg">12</a>. Truckee Basin Logging Railroads (1868-1930)<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig40.jpg">13</a>. Geologic Map of Alleghany District, Sierra County<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig41.jpg">14</a>. P.G.& E. Facilities in the Yuba Basin, 1911<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig42.jpg">15</a>. Tahoe National Forest - Cattle - 1915<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig43.jpg">16</a>. Tahoe National Forest - Sheep - 1915<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig44.jpg">17</a>. Tahoe National Forest - Grazing, 1939 <br /><br /> <br /><br />Nevada County GenWeb<br />Biography of Martin Luther Marsh<br /><br /> <br /><br />Marsh Mill is a historical town worth more than the asking price of $ 999,999. Includes a spring fed lake and 167 acres of rolling forested terrain. A plateau if you consider the hills surrounding the town. <br /><br /> <img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEjlUrDjFIaP7Jea2XUc05RpvX76_JK6sRRvKFhR6PgsDgx-kwQyC0JfPfYcgMu-Wu4OScO3cVpADe5TD-gjjhMph6VrKVezTHtSJfeqIexT7oCH3ri7iNXNR1wDETXEt9XR0hdQ3y8rm_ArGO5zglXTzg=" /> <br /><br />Martin Luther Marsh and his brother Daniel photocopied from the 1895 Pictorial History of Nevada County. <br /><br />The Marsh brothers were very prominent lumbermen in Nevada County. They partnered with A.B. Gregory in the 1860's to run the Old Pioneer Sawmill. It had been founded in the 1850’s on Little Deer Creek and encompassed the land now bounded by Nimrod, Nile and Clay Streets. <br /><br /><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEjL2DsR7Uxf69-muBXPbjuTC9nWO_xDu3NDz0Uysr4MwvwG7REzCPAr-byspcS0gOLOgKzsFZ3fqiNfs0ZLndCuHyg6wkAQIDIfspwbFfRzGV6BREiS_8VRCL8f9wGi5XDywX-BlcryGnQTpvu1h3k=" /> <br /><br />The above map is a detail from the 1871 Birdseye View of Nevada City which appears below. <br /><br /><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEiiAE5L1QpOyEIHqi5BGfT_u63lvL8L-xahV4D4Fh6VHvKjhItmiPwkx4oejx9cjXe10aNV4eTAYp_MKVEj83hWZtAeH0SMfmW-bUdmh-SlmGP6vbAEQWnX1U4QiK6ax5psdQgoQz90krl9lzMScZLB=" /> <br /><br />Early newspapers mention a steam saw mill on Little Deer Creek owned by a “Russell and Hirst” in 1854 and owned by “Marsh, Palmer and Perry” in 1861. The sawmill and lumber operation of M.L. Marsh and A.B. Gregory on Nimrod Street in 1859 is shown on page 107 in the 1895 Pictorial History of Nevada County. (Marsh later removed his sawmill to another location on Boulder Street.) The 1864 Nevada County Assessor's roll shows the property as the Old Pioneer Sawmill of “A.B. Gregory.” Early tax assessments show stockpiles of lumber and 'working’ cattle on the property. <br /><br />Martin Luther Marsh and his large family resided in the historic Marsh-Christie house on Boulder Street. He died 14 December 1911. His brother Daniel died 26 July 1921. <br /><br /><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEjCN0auOxYQSCEiJkDlwt8BaA3QvVPd0oayOuEaFUFOjZX0F9MsBg8kP1nGyY64zUqznrh8XRpWdMCCKEEDezKCwD4qqnOkZzQ7Skrbd-qWgIFfNWcTkpElXVtV-6v30b-eja-Bv2ikDQysf4biKCc=" /> <br /><br /> <br /><br />Judah had ignored the Truckee Route early on, leaning more toward a southern route near Tahoe, etc. I gather that his Doctor pal in Dutch Flat had much to do with the decision being made in favor of the Truckee Route, but then today I find something else! ... <br /><br />Caleb Greenwood, the scout for the Stevens Party in 1844, found a way to bypass the upper Truckee Canyon in 1845. Known as the Dog Valley Section of the Truckee River Route of The California Emigrant Trail. From 1845 on it became THE route, basically a horseshoe detour from what is now Verdi, Nevada, to what is now Donner Lake, California. The Dog Valley Road would be nothing more than a part of the TRR until about 1852. <br /><br />The northern mines of California, specifically the Yuba River country, and particularly the North and Middle Forks, were worked at early as June of 1848. Roads from Marysville and Sacramento had been established to the settlements of Camptonville, North San Juan, and Nevada (City), by 1849. Pack trails of course connected these settlements to the diggings on the North and Middle Forks of the Yuba. By 1852, the trails from Camptonville and North San Juan had been developed into passable wagon roads. They would meet and become one roughly three miles east of Forest (City). It would continue as one road through to what is now Verdi, Nevada. Jackson and Henness had built a road to their ranch, and Dr. Webber had built a road to his lake and hotel, so connecting the roads was an obvious thing to do. Emigrants traveling over the TRR by 1852, would branch off the TRR near what is now Stampede Valley (Dog Valley Road), and instead of heading south and west to Donner, would head west and a little north. I have numerous diary excerpts to verify this. <br /><br />Diaries note that most went emigrants to Downieville, and a couple note that some companies went "south and west from Jackson's Ranch to Nevada City". (Not to be confused the Nevada City section of the Truckee River Route). ... That little jag to Nevada (City) is vital to the Judah connection. <br /><br />In 1859, after gold was discovered in the Comstock, two different companies were formed to push freight and people to and from Virginia City, Nevada. The first was the "Truckee Turnpike Company". Organized<br />in Marysville, the road actually began in North San Juan, as connecting roads from there and Camptonville already existed. The TTC was actually two roads, the NSJ road and the Camptonville Road. Current "topo" maps show the Camptonville route as the Henness Pass Road, but in truth the NSJ road was more heavily used. In reality, they are "bifurcations" as they joined as one just east of Forest (City). <br /><br />The second company started in Nevada (City), and was known as the "Heness Pass Turnpike Company". The two roads of the TTC that became one after Forest (City), and the HPTC, all became one at Jackson Meadows, now the site of the Jackson Reservoir. From that point on, the road was known as "The Henness Pass Road", and the companies involved worked as one, under the name HPTC, through to Virginia City, Nevada. <br /><br />Of interest to you initially would be the site of "Marsh Mill". This site sits directly on the HPTC route between Graniteville, (Eureka), and the site of Bowman House. Marsh Mill was of course owned and operated by Charles Marsh! <br /><br />In 1864, yet another road connected into the Henness Pass Road system. Known officially as the Pacific Turnpike, it was also known as "Culbertson's Road". This road ran from Dutch Flat east to Bear Valley,<br />then due north to Bowman House, where it connected to the HPTC road to Jackson Meadows, etc. <br /><br />From a business viewpoint, let us look at Charles Marsh. His place sat roughly four miles west of Bowman House, directly on the HPTC road. The Pacific Turnpike intersected the HPTC Road at Bowman House. The Pacific Turnpike, A/K/A Culbertson's Road, was "owned" by yet another company, "The Nevada City Turnpike Company". The NCTC was basically the route of California #20, a heavily-used emigrant road in the 1850's. Both road connected at Bear Valley. <br /><br />This is complicated, so please bear with me. <br /><br />The Dutch Flat Tahoe Wagon Road, also started at Dutch Flat. Is that a coincidence? <br /><br />...On the surface it appears that Judah and political as well as business allies were attempting to control wagon routes long before the existence of rail! <br /><br />My point to all of this is that I have found newspaper accounts from the 1850's and 1860's of Marsh and Judah on the Henness Pass Road. It was a prime candidate, per the accounts, for rail. Marsh's interest should be obvious. Considering where rail was laid, and further considering the position of Charles Marsh in the grand scheme, what happened? I will send you the accounts of what I have if you are not aware of them. <br /><br />... I was recruited to act as a scout, guide and mule skinner/teamster for the official California 150th celebration. The Missouri crew was short-handed when they reached Fernley, Nevada, and as I know the old wagon roads, I was drafted on the spot. Two weeks later, we arrived in Sacramento. We had four wagons, all Conestoga's almost thirty feet each in length. The wagons were built by Morris Carter using Smithsonian plans, right down to the brakes; being nothing more than a rope across the box to hook a<br />bootheel into, etc. <br /><br />The mules did not like the few times we hit pavement, once in Reno and once near Truckee. In Truckee, some motorist honked a number of times, and the mules of course "went south". The result was two runaway teams, one of course was mine! We all survived the mishap, two-leggers and four-leggers alike, but we had to layover below Donner Summit to do some wagon repair, shrink wheels, replace a broken tongue, etc. I had been thrown from the wagon during the mishap and had more than a few bruises." <br /><br /><br /><br />ILLUSTRATIONS AND PHOTOGRAPHS<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><img src="https://us-mg204.mail.yahoo.com/ya/download?mid=2%5f0%5f0%5f1%5f37419441%5fAFd3w0MABXXdVR3JygVTSG0Wn7U&m=YaDownload&pid=2.2&fid=Inbox&inline=1&appid=yahoomail" /> <br /><img src="https://us-mg204.mail.yahoo.com/ya/download?mid=2%5f0%5f0%5f1%5f37419441%5fAFd3w0MABXXdVR3JygVTSG0Wn7U&m=YaDownload&pid=2.3&fid=Inbox&inline=1&appid=yahoomail" /> <br /><img src="https://us-mg204.mail.yahoo.com/ya/download?mid=2%5f0%5f0%5f1%5f37419441%5fAFd3w0MABXXdVR3JygVTSG0Wn7U&m=YaDownload&pid=2.4&fid=Inbox&inline=1&appid=yahoomail" /> <br /><img src="https://us-mg204.mail.yahoo.com/ya/download?mid=2%5f0%5f0%5f1%5f37419441%5fAFd3w0MABXXdVR3JygVTSG0Wn7U&m=YaDownload&pid=2.5&fid=Inbox&inline=1&appid=yahoomail" /> <br /><img src="https://us-mg204.mail.yahoo.com/ya/download?mid=2%5f0%5f0%5f1%5f37419441%5fAFd3w0MABXXdVR3JygVTSG0Wn7U&m=YaDownload&pid=2.6&fid=Inbox&inline=1&appid=yahoomail" /> <br /><img src="https://us-mg204.mail.yahoo.com/ya/download?mid=2%5f0%5f0%5f1%5f37419441%5fAFd3w0MABXXdVR3JygVTSG0Wn7U&m=YaDownload&pid=2.7&fid=Inbox&inline=1&appid=yahoomail" /> <br /><img src="https://us-mg204.mail.yahoo.com/ya/download?mid=2%5f0%5f0%5f1%5f37419441%5fAFd3w0MABXXdVR3JygVTSG0Wn7U&m=YaDownload&pid=2.8&fid=Inbox&inline=1&appid=yahoomail" /> <br /><img src="https://us-mg204.mail.yahoo.com/ya/download?mid=2%5f0%5f0%5f1%5f37419441%5fAFd3w0MABXXdVR3JygVTSG0Wn7U&m=YaDownload&pid=2.9&fid=Inbox&inline=1&appid=yahoomail" /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih3bb1OcQYI1d6tSHz8CKYQtdNEAub7t4WOKI2rfWi57OW2KMcssh6AQzIUURUgNNBL9I6vg34nKT9bq8RCj1jpeMZ7pMUzj0Ixenv9c-IkXxAcxLun0qxM7LnUh1j2qBJdAkBsikFm-Zx/s1600/IMG_0214.JPG" /> <br />The Southern 70 acres version of El Capitan. Massive rock formation, hidden granite cliff on the left side covered by the trees<br /><img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-QwKbVghA4xw/VR4nIpAB0RI/AAAAAAADZvE/yN8R-dxSbL4/s1600/IMG_0165.JPG" /><br /> <br /><img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-kmk1dufJFC8/VR4nLaqGZKI/AAAAAAADZvU/clbnXKcJbvk/s1600/IMG_0167.JPG" /><br /><br /><br /><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSkb7vPvP1W5h-CgNef2ptizvYJhGT6nbAo4vY5Y-vAlbOGX095YWpKhLMiDlTDAw9OnrUD2alCRAKRNOQZsPOqPQupgSlC8-ZyJz5dNm6G61-gA2k-R-LvGYkIDsRhLRwJeFU70Oi9GDj/s1600/IMG_0170.JPG" /><br /><br /><br /><img src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-R8d1gXiGXv4/VR4nS0gNzaI/AAAAAAADZwE/LYOgOSInv38/s1600/IMG_0173.JPG" /><br /><br /><br /><img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-dL7bpd-Wf2s/VR4nVfu6IiI/AAAAAAADZwU/OL_CxVTy6SU/s1600/IMG_0175.JPG" /><br /><br /><br /><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRS15aMekHzvFb1i8UartpiTYl9vwGO06MTDzYYy7GBBckSq_AqwqC4D5vvzHUlTbDFgrg2O6z5II9L_6etfjC0fLgnmtzkB3KzfbGJ2byWmnKWHX7c4FV00JTB5vLEk6jn-i8EWg5QfdO/s1600/IMG_0176.JPG" /><br />Marsh Mill Road<br /><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIZJlq01NUqw6hwwWanuKOdII5IO3W0nh3rzphZfkpR3yySLqLsZAaue7kkX8tU0SKB3OJXAMFIiU7Auf-C_xkl98oFKus7OVurcwdDQSOldNeaEKtU7rj-knpAd5HytISdyvgW90rkwAe/s1600/IMG_0177.JPG" /></b></span></span><br />
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<span><span><b>Along Marsh Mill Road</b></span></span><br />
<span><span><b><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCU7rk1fRzb8E_bUKqmWpgML9iOUbAjtfKHjdibbhK28nrNa2wgeAd8YSWm8jaqTh4x4UlCQlNEF9vdXxnjMYhkWBJL-g_Ch4fEULgSghO8Ms4Qo6ylGwtOxOXa-qVjuZwQ28lx2SoEVlj/s1600/IMG_0179.JPG" /><br /><br /><br /><img src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-4phtesfv1F4/VR4ngU7Hp7I/AAAAAAADZw8/qahnY2109ZE/s1600/IMG_0180.JPG" /><br />Entrance to R/W Middleton Rd<br /><img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-SmbB5QRubJ0/VSstcn3gvEI/AAAAAAADaBU/SYrL1EZ5Pko/s1600/2015-04-02.jpg" /><br /><br /><br /> <br /> <br />Entire ghost town of Marsh Mill <br /><br />http:// </b></span></span><br />
<b><img src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-dmBNulb2gZk/R2rmSLs5oAI/AAAAAAAAApA/Ci_EJ3sg12g/s1600/mill16.jpg" /></b><br />
<span><span><b><br />When the warm sun, that brings<br />Seed-time and harvest, has returned again,<br />'T is sweet to visit the still wood, where springs<br /> The first flower of the plain.<br /> I love the season well,<br />When forest glades are teeming with bright forms,<br />Nor dark and many-folded clouds foretell<br /> The coming-on of storms.<br /> From the earth's loosened mould<br />The sapling draws its sustenance, and thrives;<br />Though stricken to the heart with winter's cold,<br /> The drooping tree revives.<br /> The softly-warbled song<br />Comes from the pleasant woods, and colored wings<br />Glance quick in the bright sun, that moves along<br /> The forest openings. <br /><br /><img src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-hpnl2LedCbo/R2rmVbs5oBI/AAAAAAAAApI/n39zmowAvL4/s1600/mill17.jpg" /> <br /><br /> <br /><br />When the bright sunset fills<br />The silver woods with light, the green slope throws<br />Its shadows in the hollows of the hills,<br /> And wide the upland glows.<br /> And when the eve is born,<br />In the blue lake the sky, o'er-reaching far,<br />Is hollowed out and the moon dips her horn,<br /> And twinkles many a star.<br /> Inverted in the tide<br />Stand the gray rocks, and trembling shadows throw,<br />And the fair trees look over, side by side,<br /> And see themselves below.<br /> Sweet April! many a thought<br />Is wedded unto thee, as hearts are wed;<br />Nor shall they fail, till, to its autumn brought,<br /> Life's golden fruit is shed. <br /><br /> <br /><br /><img src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-UKwQMoa0-oc/TGrtEJdxC3I/AAAAAAAAEGM/TX9B2P9Fo0A/s1600/mill8.jpg" /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /><img src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-3TkYterg6t8/TGrvBSSdYrI/AAAAAAAAEGc/7yw4TRBTi30/s1600/mill11.jpg" /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /><img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-WtgQ4mInQrg/THJL4NWXcdI/AAAAAAAAEMQ/5uRaFkei5T0/s1600/mill8.jpg" /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /><img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-qwuTLNlTkFA/R2rmKrs5n-I/AAAAAAAAEGs/fUGJLYdvZaw/s1600/mill14.jpg" /> <br /><br />Whose woods these are I think I know. <br /><br />His house is in the village, though; <br /><br />He will not see me stopping here <br /><br />To watch his woods fill up with snow. <br /><br /> <br /><br />My little horse must think it queer <br /><br />To stop without a farmhouse near <br /><br />Between the woods and frozen lake <br /><br />The darkest evening of the year. <br /><br /> <br /><br />He gives his harness bells a shake <br /><br />To ask if there is some mistake. <br /><br />The only other sounds the sweep <br /><br />Of easy wind and downy flake. <br /><br /> <br /><br />The woods are lovely, dark, and deep, <br /><br />But I have promises to keep, <br /><br />And miles to go before I sleep, <br /><br />And miles to go before I sleep <br /><br /><img src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-C4mJR4TW4W8/R2rCOLs5n2I/AAAAAAAAD8U/Du8mo-KBotA/s1600/mill6.jpg" /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /><img src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-DN-KdeswLX4/R2rCMLs5nzI/AAAAAAAAD78/9zswHg3lxIc/s1600/mill3.jpg" /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /><img src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-jF-jHjiwDag/R2rCKLs5nwI/AAAAAAAAD7s/Moi5UFqXjBA/s1600/mill.jpg" /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /><img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-BgxAQNqLZkQ/R2rCKrs5nxI/AAAAAAAAD7w/5xLiCTCBl08/s1600/mill1.jpg" /></b></span></span><br />
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<span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">PROPERTY IN FRANCE FOR SALE BY OWNER</span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong><span><br /><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEHfho4xnMVwOxSOjtyNtpb1EAafBqaRQU5BUBz8KP8vAsu8IPAcQBWr2kab5GYZqzduQkJRniH4QioQkd7RwIwVEtruYSwm-V6v4skdD8-gA1B5LOj6WHfTklaaPZw4uNI2-FcG5PvrUCUC439fGlS9SYoi6_tEl6iEdTmvsc5Ad4rccRZC_AF-3pVF-1/s1024/The%20Transformation%20of%20the%20Garage%2010-16-2016%206-59-34%20AM%203264x2448-ANIMATION%20(1).gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="2291" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEHfho4xnMVwOxSOjtyNtpb1EAafBqaRQU5BUBz8KP8vAsu8IPAcQBWr2kab5GYZqzduQkJRniH4QioQkd7RwIwVEtruYSwm-V6v4skdD8-gA1B5LOj6WHfTklaaPZw4uNI2-FcG5PvrUCUC439fGlS9SYoi6_tEl6iEdTmvsc5Ad4rccRZC_AF-3pVF-1/w3054-h2291/The%20Transformation%20of%20the%20Garage%2010-16-2016%206-59-34%20AM%203264x2448-ANIMATION%20(1).gif" width="3054" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjncFg1dfcWxe4fjlR0V-Mr1_Ix4N95-idMIJm9Lthj7sb3c_B-e084AANu4a81ijKB_HnuqXIG6M8WIr5CK4k9HA7Mtfk8q3ShwwPEQ0KvaLLHY6DQIFr4IJ5SfH4QFmvOrRYzjfTTw3mvA4836_x4nDYoOcbKV4NjpTdFiazvbdSa7HFAw4hMh6B2mCj9/s1024/IMG_0144-ANIMATION.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><img border="0" data-original-height="771" data-original-width="1024" height="2307" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjncFg1dfcWxe4fjlR0V-Mr1_Ix4N95-idMIJm9Lthj7sb3c_B-e084AANu4a81ijKB_HnuqXIG6M8WIr5CK4k9HA7Mtfk8q3ShwwPEQ0KvaLLHY6DQIFr4IJ5SfH4QFmvOrRYzjfTTw3mvA4836_x4nDYoOcbKV4NjpTdFiazvbdSa7HFAw4hMh6B2mCj9/w3063-h2307/IMG_0144-ANIMATION.gif" width="3063" /></a></div></strong></span></span></span><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="584"><div align="justify"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">As a child, I dream about traveling around the world especially in Europe and living there for for some months abd acquring their culture and language, I would need a house or a home base equidistant to the capitals of Europe. This dream was fulfilled later on above, in my retired years. However, I am done with traveling and will sell this house for a measely sum of $200,000 together with the antique fornitures, see <a href="https://photos.app.goo.gl/3zUBnCRJh2uCCnKq6">Inside the house</a></span></strong></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><br /></strong></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /> <br /> <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> </b></span></span> </div>
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<!--Blogger automated replacement: "https://images-blogger-opensocial.googleusercontent.com/gadgets/proxy?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cagenweb.com%2Fnevada%2Fbios%2Fsawmill.jpg&container=blogger&gadget=a&rewriteMime=image%2F*" with "https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEjL2DsR7Uxf69-muBXPbjuTC9nWO_xDu3NDz0Uysr4MwvwG7REzCPAr-byspcS0gOLOgKzsFZ3fqiNfs0ZLndCuHyg6wkAQIDIfspwbFfRzGV6BREiS_8VRCL8f9wGi5XDywX-BlcryGnQTpvu1h3k="--><!--Blogger automated replacement: "https://images-blogger-opensocial.googleusercontent.com/gadgets/proxy?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cagenweb.com%2Fnevada%2Fbios%2FBirdseye.jpg&container=blogger&gadget=a&rewriteMime=image%2F*" with "https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEiiAE5L1QpOyEIHqi5BGfT_u63lvL8L-xahV4D4Fh6VHvKjhItmiPwkx4oejx9cjXe10aNV4eTAYp_MKVEj83hWZtAeH0SMfmW-bUdmh-SlmGP6vbAEQWnX1U4QiK6ax5psdQgoQz90krl9lzMScZLB="--><!--Blogger automated replacement: "https://images-blogger-opensocial.googleusercontent.com/gadgets/proxy?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cagenweb.com%2Fnevada%2Fbios%2FMarshBros.jpg&container=blogger&gadget=a&rewriteMime=image%2F*" with "https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEjlUrDjFIaP7Jea2XUc05RpvX76_JK6sRRvKFhR6PgsDgx-kwQyC0JfPfYcgMu-Wu4OScO3cVpADe5TD-gjjhMph6VrKVezTHtSJfeqIexT7oCH3ri7iNXNR1wDETXEt9XR0hdQ3y8rm_ArGO5zglXTzg="--><!--Blogger automated replacement: "https://images-blogger-opensocial.googleusercontent.com/gadgets/proxy?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cagenweb.com%2Fnevada%2Fbios%2FMLMarsh.jpg&container=blogger&gadget=a&rewriteMime=image%2F*" with "https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEjCN0auOxYQSCEiJkDlwt8BaA3QvVPd0oayOuEaFUFOjZX0F9MsBg8kP1nGyY64zUqznrh8XRpWdMCCKEEDezKCwD4qqnOkZzQ7Skrbd-qWgIFfNWcTkpElXVtV-6v30b-eja-Bv2ikDQysf4biKCc="--><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript" src="//ra.revolvermaps.com/0/0/6.js?i=00bo1v8as3p&m=0&s=341&c=ff0000&cr1=ffffff&f=arial&l=0&bv=80" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3736852641690443895.post-69907884558409412292023-11-15T20:07:00.000-08:002023-11-15T20:07:07.819-08:00<p> </p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: black;">China warship attacked a Philippine warship that was trespassing in the waters of China's Huangyan Island. The China warship fired warning shots at the Philippine warship, but the Philippine warship continued to advance. The Chinese warship then fired a missile at the Philippine warship, sinking it.The Philippine government has condemned the attack, calling it an act of aggression.</span></b></span></div><p><br /></p><p><b style="color: #e69138; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">China has deployed 200,000 troops to the Spratly Islands</span></b></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2383" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/khlWByuP3ZY" width="2867" youtube-src-id="khlWByuP3ZY"></iframe></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="color: #e69138;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The China has deployed 200,000 troops to the Spratly Islands in a move to repel a combined US force that has been assembled in the region.The Chinese deployment comes as the US has been increasing its military presence in the South China Sea in recent months, in a show of support for its allies and partners in the region who are also claiming sovereignty over parts of the Spratly Islands.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="color: #e69138;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #e69138; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2378" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/4405AjEAgOQ" width="2863" youtube-src-id="4405AjEAgOQ"></iframe></div></b><b><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br />The China warship attacked a Philippine warship that was trespassing in the waters of China's Huangyan Island. The China warship fired warning shots at the Philippine warship, but the Philippine warship continued to advance. The Chinese warship then fired a missile at the Philippine warship, sinking it.The Philippine government has condemned the attack, calling it an act of aggression.</span></h1></span></b></div><p><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2382" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/D-TaGkW7cg8" width="2865" youtube-src-id="D-TaGkW7cg8"></iframe></p><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></h1><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;">Five Russian warships fired anti-ship missiles at three US aircraft carriers in the Mediterranean Sea. The US aircraft carriers USS Gerald R Ford, USS George Bush, and USS Harry S. Truman were operating in the Mediterranean Sea as part of a NATO exercise when they were attacked. The Russian warships fired a total of 16 anti-ship missiles, of which 12 were intercepted by US missile defense systems. However, four missiles managed to hit the US aircraft carriers, causing significant damage.</div><div style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2715" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/tc3ZNDciBCM" width="3266" youtube-src-id="tc3ZNDciBCM"></iframe></div></span><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><br /></span></h1><b><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: transparent;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Five Russian warships intercepted a US aircraft carrier strike group in the Mediterranean Sea, in what the US Navy described as an "unsafe and unprofessional" maneuver. The incident occurred in international waters, about 60 miles south of Crete. The Russian warships included a guided missile cruiser, two destroyers, and two frigates.</span></b></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: transparent;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div></span></b><div><b><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><div class="separator" style="background-color: transparent; clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2716" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/xBY5veWGBd8" width="3268" youtube-src-id="xBY5veWGBd8"></iframe></div></b></span></b><h1 class="ArticleHeader-headline" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 54px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.037; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; width: 960px;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span></h1><h1 class="ArticleHeader-headline" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 54px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.037; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; width: 960px;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">Russia relishes divisions between China and the U.S., pouring cold water on Xi-Biden talks</span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>There was more than a hint of schadenfreude in the Russian media this week, ahead of the meeting between Chinese President Xi Jinping and his counterpart Joe Biden in the U.S. on Wednesday.<br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>Russian media have already characterized the APEC summit in San Francisco as a poorly-attended event.<br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>Russian newspapers barely mentioned the Xi-Biden meeting, while state-run news agencies focused on policy tensions between the U.S. and China.<br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>Russia holds China in high esteem, and Beijing is one of its few remaining powerful allies.</b></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><img height="1577" src="https://image.cnbcfm.com/api/v1/image/107334002-1700034904393-gettyimages-1563674190-RUS_President_Putin_Holds_Press_Conference_At_The_End_Of_The_RussiaAfrica_Summit.jpeg?v=1700041975&w=929&h=523&vtcrop=y" width="2801" /><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>Russian President Vladimir Putin speaks during his press conference at the Konstantin Palace on July 29, 2023 in Saint Petersburg, Russia.</b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>There was more than a hint of schadenfreude in the Russian state media ahead of the meeting between Chinese President Xi Jinping and his U.S. counterpart Joe Biden in San Francisco on Wednesday, with Russia accentuating the geopolitical gulf between the two superpowers.</b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>Russia will be watching the talks closely, given its alliance with China, and any signs of a rapprochement between Beijing and Washington is likely to earn a frosty response from Moscow.</b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>Russian media have already reveled in pouring cold water on the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit where Xi and Biden are due to meet Wednesday. A reporter for Russia’s state-run RIA Novosti news agency on Tuesday reported that a plenary meeting of the APEC summit chaired by U.S. Trade Representative Katherine Tai took place “in a half-empty hall.”</b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>“Despite the presence of most of the meeting participants at the table, including the representative of the Russian Federation, some of the chairs with signs remained empty. Dozens of chairs are also empty for event guests,” <a href="https://ria.ru/20231114/ates-1909465501.html">the news agency said</a>, according to a Google translation.</b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>With more than a hint of glee, RIA Novosti contrasted its image of a half-empty conference hall with the U.S. Trade Representative Tai emphasizing to delegates “how important this event is for the United States.”</b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>Most world leaders and high-profile guests at the APEC summit are not due to attend the event until Wednesday, while lower-ranking ministerial meetings have already been held in the last few days.</b></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><img height="1851" src="https://image.cnbcfm.com/api/v1/image/107334010-1700036243879-gettyimages-1782799779-APEC_SAN_FRANCISCO.jpeg?v=1700036293&w=929&h=523&vtcrop=y" width="3289" /><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>Xi Jinping, China’s president, right, arrives at San Francisco International Airport (SFO) on the sidelines of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit in San Francisco, California, US, on Tuesday, Nov. 14, 2023. Xi arrived in San Francisco for a high-stakes meeting with his American counterpart Joe Biden on Tuesday, as the Chinese leader’s first trip to the US in six years drew crowds of protesters and supporters onto the city’s heavily policed streets. Photographer: David Paul Morris/Bloomberg via Getty Images<br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>Bloomberg | Bloomberg | Getty Images</b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>Although arguably one of the biggest events to take place at the summit — Biden and Xi’s encounter on Wednesday will be the first face-to-face meeting between the leaders in a year — it is being played down, with the main aim of talks being to reduce tensions and conflicting interests across a range of global issues.</b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>These include significantly different positions over Russia and the war in Ukraine, the latest conflict in the Middle East and other areas of tension and rivalry in the geopolitical and economic arena, with a focus on the Asia-Pacific region.<br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>Russia keen to stress differences</b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>Russian news agencies were keen to emphasize those differences and the gulf between the superpowers ahead of the Xi-Biden meeting, as well as focusing on what China and Russia see as Western hegemony and attempts by the U.S. to maintain its dominance in global affairs.</b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>They were also keen to focus on competing pro-Palestinian and pro-Israel protests taking place in the U.S. as the summit geared up for the arrival of dozens of world leaders and hundreds of CEOs from the 21 member economies in the Pacific Rim. Russian President Vladimir Putin was not invited due to U.S. sanctions so Deputy Prime Minister Alexei Overchuk is representing Russia at the summit.</b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>The Kremlin gave a muted comment on the forthcoming talks between Xi and Biden with Kremlin Press Secretary Dmitry Peskov saying the meeting is not on the Kremlin’s agenda but that it planned to monitor it.</b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>“The two countries, in fact, are building bilateral relations. This is their right, so this is not a topic that is widely on our agenda,” he said at a briefing, <a href="https://www.interfax.ru/russia/930597">state news agency Interfax reported.</a></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>“But, of course, each such meeting — after all, of the two largest economies in the world — is important for everyone, so one way or another, we will monitor the messages that will accompany this meeting,” he added.</b></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><img height="1576" src="https://image.cnbcfm.com/api/v1/image/107334004-1700035134489-gettyimages-1782804436-776062545_apec-protests_KKN.jpeg?v=1700035541&w=929&h=523&vtcrop=y" width="2800" /><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA - NOVEMBER 14: Supporters of Palestine march to the city’s iconic Merchant Exchange Club where U.S. President Joe Biden and Vice President Kamala Harris were attending a fundraiser November, 14, 2023 in San Francisco, California. Nearby, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), drawing dozens of world leaders and hundreds of CEOs from 21 member economies in the Pacific Rim, is being held through November 17. Biden and Chinese President Xi Jinping are scheduled to meet. (Photo by Kent Nishimura/Getty Images)<br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>Kent Nishimura | Getty Images News | Getty Images</b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>State news agency Tass <a href="https://tass.ru/mezhdunarodnaya-panorama/19283515">noted</a> Tuesday in a Google-translated report that the APEC summit had kicked off “against the backdrop of protests,” and that while “the normalization of political and economic relations and the situation around Taiwan” could be discussed, Washington and Beijing “place different emphasis on the agenda of the upcoming negotiations, and expectations of their results.”</b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>Other points of contention aside from tensions over<a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2023/09/23/taiwan-raises-concerns-about-situation-getting-out-of-hand-with-china-drills.html"> Taiwan</a> include <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2023/10/16/us-tackles-loopholes-in-curbs-on-ai-chip-exports-to-china.html">U.S. export controls and investment restrictions</a> on Chinese tech and matters of national security after <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2023/02/03/china-tells-us-to-remain-cool-headed-over-suspected-spy-balloon.html">the suspected “spy balloon” incident</a>, the agency noted.<br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>Read more</b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2023/11/14/us-china-relations-are-now-more-about-crisis-prevention.html" style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>U.S.-China relations are now more about crisis prevention</b></span></a><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>A range of Russian newspapers including <a href="https://www.kommersant.ru/">Kommersant</a>, <a href="https://iz.ru/">Izvestia</a>, <a href="https://aif.ru/">Argumenty i Fakty</a>, <a href="https://www.ng.ru/">Nezavisimaya Gazeta</a> and <a href="https://www.kp.ru/">Komsomolskaya Pravda</a> did not feature any news on the APEC summit or Xi-Biden talks. A lone mainstream media voice, the business newspaper Vedomosti, <a href="https://www.vedomosti.ru/politics/articles/2023/11/15/1005842-dzho-baiden-i-si-tszinpin-vstretyatsya-v-ssha?from=newsline">featured an article</a> summarizing niche areas where there could be specific agreements, such as efforts to combat the illegal trade in fentanyl and the restoration of military communication channels.</b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>Russia has an interest in playing down any rapprochement between the U.S. and China and will view improvements in the relationship with concern. China is one of Russia’s few remaining powerful allies, with Beijing refusing to condemn Moscow’s invasion of Ukraine.</b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>Putin and Xi have met numerous times in recent years — Xi said last month that he had met with Putin “42 times in the past 10 years” — with the most recent engagement taking place in October, when Putin travelled to Beijing for an economic summit.</b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>Russia and China are aligned in their distrust of the Western world, which they see as trying to impose a U.S.-led international order, and in opposing Western sanctions and what they see as economic coercion.</b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>While tensions continue in the background, the lines of communication remain open, however. APEC, to which the U.S., China and Russia belong, promotes free trade throughout the Asia-Pacific region, <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/apec-summit-declaration-idUSL4N32F05F">and the group pledged at its last summit to promote and uphold a rules-based multilateral trading system</a>.</b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>Nonetheless, Beijing is believed to feel a deep-seated uneasiness over the economic disruption caused by Russia’s ongoing war with Ukraine. Last month, Xi said Beijing would not engage in “ideological confrontation, geopolitical games or bloc confrontation,” in an apparent reference to the West. Analysts believe both the U.S. and China have an interest in improving ties after a prolonged period of tension.</b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>“The world’s two most powerful countries neither like nor trust each other. and their relationship is structurally deteriorating as we move into a new phase of “de-risked” globalization, but both countries are also geopolitical adults, preferring stability to chaos and accordingly unwilling to get too close to rogue states,” Ian Bremmer, president and founder of Eurasia Group, said in emailed comments Monday.</b></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>With the amount of lethal aid that the US is delivering to Ukraine to help defend themselves against the ongoing Russian invasion, it’s logical to ask: Could the US conquer Russia on its own? To answer that, we need to take a closer look at both countries' militaries, compare their strengths and weaknesses and get clear on who is the bravest and the baddest armed force out there.</b></span></span></h1></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><div class="separator" style="background-color: transparent; clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2717" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/DkKIoXMmuMA" width="3267" youtube-src-id="DkKIoXMmuMA"></iframe></div></b></span></b><div class="article-detail --bg-white" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; padding: 55px 0px; text-align: start;"><div class="wrap" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 1260px; padding-left: 30px; padding-right: 30px; position: relative;"><article class="detail" id="rev-more-wrapper" style="margin: auto; max-width: 896px; min-height: 375px; position: relative;"><div class="detail__content" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(150, 150, 150, 0.25); margin-bottom: 31px; padding-bottom: 46px;"><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 2em; text-align: left;"></p><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b><b><br /></b><b><img height="1796" src="https://nationalinterest.org/sites/default/files/styles/hero-320w/public/main_images/Carrier_28.jpg?itok=775aULeB" width="2874" /><br /></b><b><br /></b><b>Could America Beat China and Russia in a Two-Front War?</b></span></h1><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Here's What You Need to Know: The United States can still fight and win two major wars at the same time, or at least come near enough to winning that neither Russia nor China would see much hope in the gamble. The United States can do this because it continues to maintain the world’s most formidable military, and because it stands at the head of an extremely powerful military alliance.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />The United States discarded its oft-misunderstood “two war” doctrine, intended as a template for providing the means to fight two regional wars simultaneously, late last decade. Designed to deter North Korea from launching a war while the United States was involved in fighting against Iran or Iraq (or vice versa,) the idea helped give form to the Department of Defense’s procurement, logistical and basing strategies in the post–Cold War, when the United States no longer needed to face down the Soviet threat. The United States backed away from the doctrine because of changes in the international system, including the rising power of China and the proliferation of highly effective terrorist networks.<br /><br /><br />But what if the United States had to fight two wars today, <a href="http://nationalinterest.org/feature/when-collapsing-paranoid-north-korea-turns-nukes-15201">and not against states like North Korea</a> and <a href="http://nationalinterest.org/feature/irans-unstoppable-march-toward-dominance-16182">Iran</a>? What if China and Russia sufficiently coordinated with one another to engage in simultaneous hostilities in the Pacific and in Europe?<br /><br />Political Coordination<br /><br /><br />Could Beijing and Moscow <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2016/08/23/does-the-united-states-face-a-new-tripartite-pact/?utm_term=.2d5027513279">coordinate a pair of crises</a> that would drive two separate U.S. military responses? Maybe, but probably not. Each country has its own goals, and works on its own timeline. More likely, one of the two would opportunistically take advantage of an existing crisis to further its regional claims. For example, Moscow might well decide to push the Baltic States if<a href="http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/report-china-could-make-big-move-the-south-china-starting-17350"> the United States became involved in a major skirmish in the South China Sea</a>.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />In any case, the war would start on the initiative of either Moscow or Beijing. The United States enjoys the benefits of the status quo in both areas, and generally (at least where great powers are concerned) prefers to use diplomatic and economic means to pursue its political ends. While the U.S. might create the conditions for war, Russia or China would pull the trigger.<br /><br />Flexibility: <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />On the upside, only some of the requirements for fighting in Europe and the Pacific overlap. As was the case in World War II, the U.S. Army would bear the brunt of defending Europe, while the Navy would concentrate on the Pacific. The U.S. Air Force (USAF) would play a supporting role in both theaters.<br /><br />Russia lacks the ability to fight NATO in the North Atlantic, and probably has no political interest in trying. This means that while the United States and its NATO allies can allocate some resources to threatening Russia’s maritime space (and providing insurance against a Russian naval sortie,) <a href="http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/hell-cometh-earth-us-china-war-really-possible-15404">the U.S. Navy (USN) can concentrate its forces in the Pacific</a>. Depending on the length of the conflict and the degree of warning provided, the United States could transport considerable U.S. Army assets to Europe to assist with any serious fighting.<br /><br />The bulk of American carriers, submarines and surface vessels would concentrate in the Pacific and the Indian Oceans, <a href="http://nationalinterest.org/feature/kicking-down-the-door-ohio-class-subs-vs-chinas-a2-ad-15664">fighting directly against China’s A2/AD system and sitting astride China’s maritime transit lanes</a>. Long range aviation, including stealth bombers and similar assets, would operate in both theaters as needed.<br /><br />The U.S. military would be under strong pressure to deliver decisive victory in at least one theater as quickly as possible. This might push the United States to lean heavily in one direction with air, space and cyber assets, hoping to achieve a strategic and political victory that would allow the remainder of its weight to shift to the other theater. Given the strength of U.S. allies in Europe, the United States might initially focus on the conflict in the Pacific.<br /><br />Alliance Structure: <br /><br />U.S. alliance structure in the Pacific differs dramatically from that of Europe. Notwithstanding concern over the commitment of specific U.S. allies in Europe, the United States has no reason to fight Russia apart from maintaining the integrity of the NATO alliance. If the United States fights, then Germany, France, Poland and the United Kingdom will follow. In most conventional scenarios, even the European allies alone would give NATO a tremendous medium term advantage over the Russians; Russia might take parts of the Baltics, but it would suffer heavily under NATO airpower, and likely couldn’t hold stolen territory for long. In this context, the USN and USAF would largely play support and coordinative roles, giving the NATO allies the advantage they needed to soundly defeat the Russians. The U.S. nuclear force would provide insurance against a Russian decision to employ tactical or strategic nuclear weapons.<br /><br />The United States faces more difficult problems in the Pacific. Japan or India might have an interest in the South China Sea, but this hardly guarantees their participation in a war (or even the degree of benevolence of their neutrality.) The alliance structure of any given conflict would depend on the particulars of that conflict; any of the Philippines, Vietnam, South Korea, Japan or Taiwan could become China’s primary target. The rest, U.S. pressure aside, might well prefer to sit on the sidelines. This would put extra pressure on the United States to establish dominance in the Western Pacific with its own assets.<br /><br />Parting Shots: <br /><br />The United States can still fight and win two major wars at the same time, or at least come near enough to winning that neither Russia nor China would see much hope in the gamble. The United States can do this because it continues to maintain the world’s most formidable military, and because it stands at the head of an extremely powerful military alliance. Moreover, Russia and China conveniently pose very different military problems, allowing the United States to allocate some of its assets to one, and the rest to the other.<br /><br /></b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>However, it bears emphasis that <a href="http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/russias-military-back-9181">this situation will not last forever</a>. The United States cannot maintain this level of dominance indefinitely, and in the long-term will have to choose its commitments carefully. At the same time, the United States has created an international order that benefits many of the most powerful and prosperous countries in the world; it can count on their support, for a while</b><b><span><b><span><span style="font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 0.2px;">.</span></span></b></span></b></div></span><p></p></div></article></div></div></div><b><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: transparent;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2708" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/zgq0dcnYbyo" width="3259" youtube-src-id="zgq0dcnYbyo"></iframe></div></b></div></span></b><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><br /></span><b>What you're Looking at here is the unfinished China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, a project that was initially Introduced with an astounding budget of $60 billion. Similarly, Kenya launched a railway project with a budget of $3.2 billion, which also remains incomplete. Similar High-Cost Megaprojects have been launched all around the world with one thing in common. They are either unfinished or completely abandoned. But what was the purpose of these billion-dollar projects? And Why do these countries Invest Billions of dollars in such ambitious projects in the first place?</b><span style="font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></span></h1><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: transparent;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript" src="//ra.revolvermaps.com/0/0/6.js?i=00bo1v8as3p&m=0&s=341&c=ff0000&cr1=ffffff&f=arial&l=0&bv=80" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3736852641690443895.post-13378272257129946962023-10-12T12:13:00.010-07:002024-01-28T01:24:44.618-08:00<p> </p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 950px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="950"><h6 align="left"><a href="http://www.facebook.com/UPPrep"><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="7">University of the Philippines Prep High School</font></a><font color="#ff8000" size="6"> </font></h6></td></tr></tbody></table><p><img height="1083" src="http://farm6.static.flickr.com/5160/5869673467_486e7b0170_b.jpg" width="1619" /><img alt="" height="0" src="http://geo.yahoo.com/f?s=792600099&t=69fbea623c8ce8b102b50a10351fd312&r=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2F24688313%40N04%2F5869673467%2F&fl_ev=0&lang=en&intl=us" width="0" /></p><p><br /></p><p><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2450" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/LlVwcBTXwmo" width="2946" youtube-src-id="LlVwcBTXwmo"></iframe></p></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>THE SONGS AND MEMORIES OF MY HIGH SCHOOL YEARS UPDATE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES</b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>This is my High School group pictures: Founding of our beloved University of the Philippines IN 1908</b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The University of the Philippines was established in 1908 as the American University of the Philippines by an act of the First Philippine Legislature Act No. 1870, otherwise known as the University Charter, specified the function of the University, which is to provide advanced instruction in literature, philosophy, the sciences, and arts, and to give professional and technical training.UP Prep was a unique high school created in 1954, when the UP Board of Regents authorized then UP President Vidal Tan to open a first class high school in Manila. The school’s high standard curriculum was designed for secondary school graduates with the aptitudes and intellectual talents for university level education. The faculty was carefully selected for these advanced subjects. Only by passing a battery of rigorous examinations could a student get in, and once accepted, he or she had to hurdle to pass each of the four tough years of the highest standard of education ever given to high school students in the Philippines before one could graduate. In 1973, after graduating 20 classes — comprised altogether of 1500 graduates — UP Prep was merged with UP High School to later become what is now known as UP Integrated High School.</b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSLkexbNs216Cb_q3_EkQRKlbU_j7hyphenhyphenQJvAzJ9wyblD5XMQdokMJBNRV1KLuAX53SMttYmsFBwolu6i4tJs-YptGKgNqN31iO3fWChXYgdxEKjfxOOmnfwt8dWYluTl0zRZMFG0RhfPJuT/s1600/DSCF4034.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="986" data-original-width="1600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSLkexbNs216Cb_q3_EkQRKlbU_j7hyphenhyphenQJvAzJ9wyblD5XMQdokMJBNRV1KLuAX53SMttYmsFBwolu6i4tJs-YptGKgNqN31iO3fWChXYgdxEKjfxOOmnfwt8dWYluTl0zRZMFG0RhfPJuT/s1600/DSCF4034.jpg" /></b></span></a></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b>For me, U.P. Prep High, was another passage to adulthood. I was exposed early to student politics and activism, when a strike by college seniors closed classes in 1957 and sent us home for a week during my yearling year. I was puzzled why the strike, but it was a transition of presidency of the University, and there was no sitting president. </b></span></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b>Later, I learned more about classmates from the best among the best, chosen from different walks of life. You apply yourself to a diverse bunch of kids, invariably they were not from the same parish, like back in the elementary. My little world expanded by the distant location (two jeepney rides) to Padre Faura. Fascination in the field of Sciences and Mathematics from Liberal mentors instead of Religion gave me a glimpse of my future career. Disallowed text by the catholic church, accessed freely in High School, and devoured voraciously, led to the knowledge of my heritage, and our true history. My sensibility changed and it became more acute in the unequal treatment of less influential classmates by superiors. </b></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSCiO6dv7JAysvQ2t5QQqmH7Jo0f7gMme1X6iGhG7N_Vtkkju2OaLrNqciaqlhduqnB3d9_Lgznti4fcbmZtTVaDqP9dPV7ngsLoWEDSEVTVjvaJDPuk-Ae9GLM9GTdjknDRoWqyuwcind/s1600/UP_mla_oblation.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="1043" data-original-width="1600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSCiO6dv7JAysvQ2t5QQqmH7Jo0f7gMme1X6iGhG7N_Vtkkju2OaLrNqciaqlhduqnB3d9_Lgznti4fcbmZtTVaDqP9dPV7ngsLoWEDSEVTVjvaJDPuk-Ae9GLM9GTdjknDRoWqyuwcind/s1600/UP_mla_oblation.jpg" /></b></span></a></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>RIZAL HALL: My High School: UP Prep was a unique high school created in 1954, when the UP Board of Regents authorized then UP President Vidal Tan to open a first class high school in Manila. The school’s high standard curriculum was designed for secondary school graduates with the aptitudes and intellectual talents for university level education. The faculty was carefully selected for these advanced subjects. Only by passing a battery of rigorous examinations could a student get in, and once accepted, he or she had to hurdle to pass each of the four tough years of the highest standard of education ever given to high school students in the Philippines before one could graduate. In 1973, after graduating 20 classes — comprised altogether of 1500 graduates — UP Prep was merged with UP High School to later become what is now known as UP Integrated High School.</b></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: times, times new roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><br /><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: times, times new roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: times, times new roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: times, times new roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGp4knA5UvGqYWsCh9vhVv-ju9GUwu28vqlXRyyjUued-3wpW5FhL5sjKUl6Hw2F-XYyjfpVv7OBAEyNoHIq-NgoKqe_7O7Mg0RjFRkXzT6lUzF9oY3HysmXabeKG9b_336IE8kkaWIPQs/s1600/UPCampus.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="983" data-original-width="1600" height="1804" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGp4knA5UvGqYWsCh9vhVv-ju9GUwu28vqlXRyyjUued-3wpW5FhL5sjKUl6Hw2F-XYyjfpVv7OBAEyNoHIq-NgoKqe_7O7Mg0RjFRkXzT6lUzF9oY3HysmXabeKG9b_336IE8kkaWIPQs/w2937-h1804/UPCampus.jpg" width="2937" /></b></span></a></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b>Our UP Diliman Campus early 1960</b></span></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b>In 1939, the Board of Regents acquired a 493-hectare land in the Diliman District of the newly established Quezon City. Construction began on the area on the same year. The development of the area was then stalled by World War II, with invading Japanese troops occupying some of the buildings built. By 1942, the university was forced to close down some of its colleges, with only the Colleges of Medicine, Engineering, and Pharmacy maintaining their operations.</b></span></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b>When the war ended in 1945, the buildings intended to be the homes of the College of Law and the College of Liberal Arts were left with extensive damages. The university administration led by UP President Bienvenido Gonzales sought a grant worth P13 million from the US-Philippines War Damage Commission to restore the damaged facilities and to construct new ones so that the transfer of the university from Manila to Diliman could be pushed through. Through a symbolic ceremony of transferring the Oblation from Manila to Diliman, the whole university's administration was relocated to the new campus. New buildings were constructed in response to the creation of more academic degrees.</b></span></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"></span></b></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b>Organization of the newly established institutes and the reformulation of programs followed with the establishment of programs such as the General Education Program, a delegated roster of core courses required to be taken by all students at the undergraduate level. Under the presidency of UP President Vicente Sinco, a University College was made to address the need of a much-organized college structure. The College of Arts and Sciences was created to offer major subjects in the natural sciences, social sciences and humanities.</b></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Thank you Cap and Helen for hosting our little mini once again. Thank you for the sumptuous meal, the take home goodies and excellent company. Thank you Alex and Marissa for the wonderful gifts, excellent company and the delightful music. Marissa, our twins were especially enamoured with your piano renditions. We missed you Augie and Violet. Hope nothing serious caused you not to show up. We really had a most enjoyable evening. Salamat RC & Dudi</b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9t4FQg1Ke4JN2SD6QgZVcjLQMLgWbx620tEL9DCXY8zoVaUr565Ob1g3EVfu6x9rDIqsH6qGg1Ih5bJnSVovqq670wOJlSB-27olEjw0VLq9NDODfC0HbH8hprtVcoHNzpaAk3z9-lUiy/s1600/oblation.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="1277" data-original-width="1600" height="2210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9t4FQg1Ke4JN2SD6QgZVcjLQMLgWbx620tEL9DCXY8zoVaUr565Ob1g3EVfu6x9rDIqsH6qGg1Ih5bJnSVovqq670wOJlSB-27olEjw0VLq9NDODfC0HbH8hprtVcoHNzpaAk3z9-lUiy/w2771-h2210/oblation.jpg" width="2771" /></b></span></a></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>A poignant oblation photo. My interpretation of my last look and parting with "UPPHS". "Paalam" Prep High.</b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>My political ideology agrees with the student activism during the Marcos administration. This is one reason why I left the Philippines, long before Martial Law. UP Diliman became the bastion of activism in the 1960s and 1970s, with various tumultuous events eventually contributing to the declaration of Martial Law in 1972. In this period, UP Diliman became a center of dissent towards the Marcos' administration. The year 1971 marked an important event in the Philippine history when the entire Diliman campus was declared the Diliman Commune, and became free from government control. Students and faculty members took over the campus in response to increasing military presence and the increase of oil prices. The students established full control of the campus for a month, barricading the streets with chairs and tables.</b></span></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: times, times new roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: times, times new roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2320" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/KD_1Z8iUDho" width="2791" youtube-src-id="KD_1Z8iUDho"></iframe></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><br /></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: black; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><span style="color: #e69138;">Don't Cry For Me Pilipinas</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: black; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b></div><br /><div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">A Country, A Race, A Nation </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Hosts to heroes long since departed, </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Mark the revolutions. </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The governments, who left dry tokens </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Of their sojourn there </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">On the pearl of the Orient Seas, </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Any broad alarm of the hastening doom </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Is lost in the gloom of crimes against its people. </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">But today, the Country cries out to us, clearly, forcefully, </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Come, you may stand upon my </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Side and face your distant destiny, </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">But seek no haven in my shadow. </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">I will give you no retiring place up here. </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">You, created only a little lower than </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The guardians, have crouched too long in </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The bruising darkness, </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"></span></b></div><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"></span></b><br /><div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Have lain too long, Face down in feudal ignorance. </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Your minds spelling rancor </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Armed for slaughter. </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The country cries out today, you may stand by me, </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">But don't hide behind false constitution. </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Across the hall of nations, </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">A poor people cries for justice, </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Come rest here by my side.................ASC </b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1762" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/nsaQwcjRkAk" width="2122" youtube-src-id="nsaQwcjRkAk"></iframe></div><br /><b style="background-color: black;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1776" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/6SFWNQ5M6Y4" width="2136" youtube-src-id="6SFWNQ5M6Y4"></iframe></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: times, times new roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: times, times new roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: times, times new roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black; text-align: left;">Marissa playing America the Beautiful, The Theme from the American Civil War, O'Sheanandoah, Ang Bayan Ko</b></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></div></span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;">As she plays these melodic patriotic songs, I begin to reminisce, my stay at Rizal Hall. I have passed nearly 80 years of my life, but I still have vivid memories of the halls, and classrooms at the University of the Philippines in Manila. I can not deny my deep feeling of warmth to this great school. Among the colleges that I have attended in the Philippines and in the USA during my academic life, my particular fondness is always with the University of the Philippines. I and like every alumni of the U. P. Preparatory High School should be so proud of this University and the rich traditions that it represents…ASC</b></div></span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></div></span></span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></div></span></span></div><h2><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 921px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="549"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Reaching my destination in San Francisco, my dreams of more liberation of my ideology and thoughts were fulfilled. But we wanted more, to see life without violence, unlike the country I left. We wanted media that contained truth. Some of us risked our lives to find out what the government was doing and let the underground press know. We wanted to talk about things in print that we were not allowed to discuss in our culture of origin. We wanted to live without stupid, arbitrary rules, either for ourselves or for our children. Some of our children, as adults today, say they wish we had been more protective of them, or offered more structure.It was a moment in history when a mushroom explosion of consciousness began altering the life force. Through that explosion, we broke down the prison walls of "intellect as the ultimate". We focused on the heart, and by doing so, reopened our cookie jar of possibilities·politically, socially, sexually and spiritually. The effects of that explosion have permeated our culture. We, as a generation, have a responsibility to see that the 60's are remembered in the context in which they unfolded."</b></span></span><br /><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></h2><h2><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 927px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="395"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></td><td valign="top" width="530"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img closure_uid_w6hozh="1012" height="2617" pageoffsetid="_off_0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSH4FAYZi55R73wukR8x55-kRqtblwJzAWdyI1Fi156nQVu6tNR7kiS_z7DHuaizorO7XpG1QFV4i_jfZqxADqHIs153nvraEAiJJ8gMZGoCw4yY0A06hGIlD2xAbuNNoXz3P-bgMlq87G/w2665-h2617/cable3.jpg" style="left: 242px; top: 4px;" width="2665" /><span class="gphoto-photocaption-caption"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><br /><br /><span class="gphoto-photocaption-caption"><span class="gphoto-photocaption-caption"></span></span></span></span></b></span></span><br /><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span><b>Looking up Powell St. from Market St. The canteen at Woolworth on your right, served me well at lunch. During my job search, the hills of San Francisco was a hindrance. I think my overdeveloped legs were the outcome of the constant walking in SF. The Filipino community has grown remarkably since World War II and has spread to all areas of the city, especially the South of Market area. The affluent Castro district (technically Eureka Valley near Twin Peaks) has attracted gays and lesbians from throughout the country, becoming perhaps the most famous gay neighbourhood in the world. Its streets are adorned with elegantly restored Victorian homes and landmarks highlighting significant dates in the struggle for gay rights. It is said that no local politician can win an election without the gay community's vote.<br />Dropping down California St. Fabled hills, were the scourge of the handicap, nowhere in any city but San Francisco, where wheel chairs are absent...my own observation. I remember there were so many people coming in for the Peace March, we wondered around listening to the sounds of the bands warming up at the Union Square. The guitars faded in and out like the morning fog that drifted in and out on the breeze off the bay. Again, there was the thick smell of incense and marijuana, but there was something else in the atmosphere as well: the air was glowing electric with excitement and anticipation. Everyone felt that we were about to be part of something really big.</b></span></span><br /></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span class="gphoto-photocaption-caption"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img height="2202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyZLPtj_M4sxEPgtj5RMG1A9FEgyTlx7dZK10lmuZ2evxTpPqY0pxDwpB0k64xtfbPeGFXrycFA3kbR6rhse3iMdJicxan5S9UMgMb-qXWK1o4HSEPWm8ylagLSx83uCskfQqj9ZiwV6o_/w2616-h2202/cable5.jpg" width="2616" /></b></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 798px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="377"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:95b49b36-e705-44dc-91f4-8ac40a6fe940" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="0fec3273-7dfe-44b1-8eb8-bd281ab7abd1" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/ryF9p-nqsWw&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></b></span></div></div></div></td><td valign="top" width="419"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:799e1f61-6723-4673-b8ce-82a978c6c058" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="1542c2af-434e-408b-8de7-207b2994706a" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/b_-x2_hXC2g&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></b></span></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="background-color: black;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><img closure_uid_jsfjb7="3706" height="1812" pageoffsetid="_off_0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ792OZdu1HlXyASnYrdU5131BGCgmXpzJyz8Tuvt7fzD7YLmgqLzhjFq_0YBfLV2myhDBIzPJZzv3nBaZXIqatIwmEpMQnkbd4P3GUfgmTFxGRQymgVpijnU2tAZhBTd8v8HZcf9zx1Ut/w2897-h1812/Custodio%20Heirloom1.jpg" style="left: 98px; top: 6px;" width="2897" /></b></div></span><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange;"><b><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">The girls of St. Theresa, the innocence of the young ladies above, untouched by the sixties youth revolution remained in my mind. Why someday, one of them will be my partner in life.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2124" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/uJK4r1p9d90" width="2553" youtube-src-id="uJK4r1p9d90"></iframe></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: orange; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1547" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/_iY1x0rYO7eE/TMpDCfUMMZI/AAAAAAAApgo/5EB2QvFlEvU/w2792-h1547/Beatles.jpg" width="2792" /></span></div></b></span></span></h2><h2><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 800px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="800"><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">So much legend has been woven around the Sixties that it is very hard to see them for what they were, especially the ideas that sparked the Youth Revolution. It was a time when it was really something to be young.' I should mention that many of us whose youth had been pinched by post-war austerity did our best to have another one by joining the party.Sex, drugs and rock & roll are the staple ingredients of the legendary Permissive Society</strong></span></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">"That sense of freedom had a place and I don't think you can blame the Sixties for what we are like nowadays. "I think that is an excuse for the way things are now and you can't make excuses."Some things may have got out of hand, but it was a time when people became more liberated."It is not true to say it was a time of hedonism. It is excessive to say that."We were obvioulsy involved in photography and we had some innovative people working for us and we had ideas. The Sixties had a lot to offer."</strong></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: start;"><br /></div><div class="gphoto-photocaption" style="text-align: start;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 916px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="533"><img height="1760" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfvJJVZ_4Zdx-PvvzZO9r1ulrAMNWzoWwFUkPUT3euZ5eRnjLllezkmnNtt0-dKP7NKbcskfdDHFo5dT2UkIJmztTJa5osLSDt9Uhdd4sPA9UWmj9qLEF3EaaVL91arvQ0etlJn86xdCD_/w1310-h1760/Marissa%20Sweet16.jpg" width="1310" /><img height="1762" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Flh5.googleusercontent.com%2FNtjGFJ0HGFbBtZydQc_pXHPpJNBnMV8LEBT9_QeQNH6se1F1fmMEoLNwUCD1EmzY3IwOClFns1ET2NL1-SKKdzy-W2fW6S4z2N85JQZvidIN2_MuAQewJEXvgtU1CEYu&t=1653150911&ymreqid=d6f481e4-bb44-030f-1cc2-fc0005018700&sig=JsEOYrmRGuXaJKWdxpPoJQ--~D" width="1304" /><span><br /><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><br /><br />Muse APO DELTA 1966 ST. THERESA GRADUATED 1967 BSBA SUMMA CUM LAUDE</span></b></span></span><br /></span><div align="justify"><span class="gphoto-photocaption-caption"><strong><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;">Dewey Blvd below: The jetty potruding to Manila Bay is the future Cultural Center, on the other side of Dewey is the Manila Naval Station (MNS) where we lived from 1965 to 1966. the headquarte<wbr></wbr>rs of the Philippine Navy was relegated to a small block of land south of the Manila Yacht Club. The original plan was to reclaim the site of the cultural center(CC) to replace the location of the MNS by the Central Bank. Imelda Marcos, saw this valuable real state and confiscate<wbr></wbr>d the plan for her project the now CC. The yacht club remained, the Navy base (MNS) was transferre<wbr></wbr>d to Fort Bonifacio. BELOW: GRADUATION CEREMONIES BLESSING OF THE RINGS</span></span></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span class="gphoto-photocaption-caption"><strong><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span class="gphoto-photocaption-caption"><strong><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtTI1p0RgvV_Qz8F-BMcA4jCJfrg1oM1CDTeb207qkVgqh3vStoTSPIVtQjLy-Eek9G0C7ttF_UBOpbRELKdIMO2Zef45n49a8M32RvDGNnLsaqxoNW1GlULXEfJj_AnqlDOrAUIeUh7E29IplgV2-Lf1-6vwBM3gu_1r_26r9GzlZGCfSJH9bK04b0qqO/s3297/PICT0084-1.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1943" data-original-width="3297" height="1722" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtTI1p0RgvV_Qz8F-BMcA4jCJfrg1oM1CDTeb207qkVgqh3vStoTSPIVtQjLy-Eek9G0C7ttF_UBOpbRELKdIMO2Zef45n49a8M32RvDGNnLsaqxoNW1GlULXEfJj_AnqlDOrAUIeUh7E29IplgV2-Lf1-6vwBM3gu_1r_26r9GzlZGCfSJH9bK04b0qqO/w2914-h1722/PICT0084-1.JPG" width="2914" /></a></div><br /><span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><br /></div><div align="justify"><span class="gphoto-photocaption-caption"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTWINxxNzpGgGraxplgQMan-Z859CaGLhI6QckW1laSVNDFNYC_2xYEqjE42amnHKciUN2JJDsBJppG4ptM2wuKxRm0Rne1_EwYH7blMv0Ht9IIf7YYYbZaya_qQyXTYF8PibcSiTC4Am4/s1600/IMG_1458_2.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="2199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTWINxxNzpGgGraxplgQMan-Z859CaGLhI6QckW1laSVNDFNYC_2xYEqjE42amnHKciUN2JJDsBJppG4ptM2wuKxRm0Rne1_EwYH7blMv0Ht9IIf7YYYbZaya_qQyXTYF8PibcSiTC4Am4/w2935-h2199/IMG_1458_2.jpeg" width="2935" /></b></span></a></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: times, times new roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b>FOJAS, MONTALBAN, CORPUS, ACEVEDO, RC</b></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheiUOhpOnib-9jj8n-TdPufJri3vChi18J8WLeIBr257n0STBDtvqWeZicpXMUdpjx53dNxpc0uRVqB1RTjzFR9JTjJUO4Pre-2yuyp60TmfjWwV3L62x6uEIng3AHWwLyc1zsty8BTf7T/s1600/DSCN2166.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="557" data-original-width="799" height="2042" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheiUOhpOnib-9jj8n-TdPufJri3vChi18J8WLeIBr257n0STBDtvqWeZicpXMUdpjx53dNxpc0uRVqB1RTjzFR9JTjJUO4Pre-2yuyp60TmfjWwV3L62x6uEIng3AHWwLyc1zsty8BTf7T/w2931-h2042/DSCN2166.jpg" width="2931" /></b></span></a></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">VALENZUELA, MANALAC, ATOT TAN, DE GUZMAN, C PASCUAL, VIUS, FOJAS, BUENAVENTURA</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb0M5Xx2yLTpau62tYfQsCLsCr2vCMzLHerpg56TQuCEH5noMdp_2smDgapZO6bks-VoDIYnUlaBmHJQEnTxf-l5yDuDC6EEFTPAwkeqwAD2JBMMH8RB5XlO0SV93Lr6lIQJ5bVeKP7ig8/s1600/DSCN2180.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="493" data-original-width="800" height="1807" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb0M5Xx2yLTpau62tYfQsCLsCr2vCMzLHerpg56TQuCEH5noMdp_2smDgapZO6bks-VoDIYnUlaBmHJQEnTxf-l5yDuDC6EEFTPAwkeqwAD2JBMMH8RB5XlO0SV93Lr6lIQJ5bVeKP7ig8/w2931-h1807/DSCN2180.jpg" width="2931" /></b></span></a></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-RjT9C9iCJj5f_jeFY8mpATEMjTkIoUPg1270C3jMMGlubmdEviopTUwTIAgpMwPOwNOA571RvC7qZ2pijKFnfnPmjgKYbS5LyIn3NylePWeJwxiInYpmkfh8WMTdyUkFu0_oS0V4btBW/s1600/photo%252B20.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="597" data-original-width="799" height="2191" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-RjT9C9iCJj5f_jeFY8mpATEMjTkIoUPg1270C3jMMGlubmdEviopTUwTIAgpMwPOwNOA571RvC7qZ2pijKFnfnPmjgKYbS5LyIn3NylePWeJwxiInYpmkfh8WMTdyUkFu0_oS0V4btBW/w2933-h2191/photo%252B20.jpg" width="2933" /></b></span></a></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>NEL MENDOZA, HEDY SAGUIL, EVA FAROLAN</b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2312" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/sSlLNSWAXpo" width="2781" youtube-src-id="sSlLNSWAXpo"></iframe></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2493" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/IjBzPMfQ3n0" width="3001" youtube-src-id="IjBzPMfQ3n0"></iframe></div><br /><b><br /></b></span></div></b></span></div></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></td><td valign="top" width="381"><span style="background-color: black;"></span><br /><br /><br /><div style="font-family: "times new roman", "new york", times, serif; font-size: 16px;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div class="ydp7d3c0968yiv8487838585ydp32b99760signature" style="font-family: "times new roman", "new york", times, serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><span style="background-color: black;"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:da2ea1a2-a697-47f5-81c3-a287aab6cc18" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="546a8358-206c-4db9-829f-416f16e7a48a" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b></b></span></span></div></div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b></b></span></span><br /><br /><br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong></strong></span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2321" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/6AicG_iHAkA" width="2791" youtube-src-id="6AicG_iHAkA"></iframe></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></h2><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJxUumD8VfQaV4NXMeRDsmu6Sy9xVHgPmggcKngwD4da5Z6VfmSW2Y20gtwj0mZEhspEdcLkG_U6Ndroiear_7kl5v93Q135qqoJ8f0zyq1IubAI2zlPbx9ervhRt7MHJHoxsb248uRyOg/s1600/pol%252Cnilda%252Cdodie%252Cbabe.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="1064" data-original-width="1600" height="1399" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJxUumD8VfQaV4NXMeRDsmu6Sy9xVHgPmggcKngwD4da5Z6VfmSW2Y20gtwj0mZEhspEdcLkG_U6Ndroiear_7kl5v93Q135qqoJ8f0zyq1IubAI2zlPbx9ervhRt7MHJHoxsb248uRyOg/w2104-h1399/pol%252Cnilda%252Cdodie%252Cbabe.JPG" width="2104" /></b></span></a></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>University of the Philippines Prep Class'61....sitting from left Doddie, M.D.,PhD, Nilda, Assoc.Principal Scientist</b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>standing...Babes, Paul,ret.</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXUlLz_byhOWA1NqrfKZg-IsBsnpaBBuUyOAdUnyinzi1cqIsZFqB-bNhi8osWCq9e3AWU8gSfXx5Q9taye39mWUwqcapt-sP8TB9K8WdS4n0O0aH_8RNWuDqp9nzebkrcXECOi00vrWzB/s1600/DSC01220+NILDA.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="1614" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXUlLz_byhOWA1NqrfKZg-IsBsnpaBBuUyOAdUnyinzi1cqIsZFqB-bNhi8osWCq9e3AWU8gSfXx5Q9taye39mWUwqcapt-sP8TB9K8WdS4n0O0aH_8RNWuDqp9nzebkrcXECOi00vrWzB/w2153-h1614/DSC01220+NILDA.JPG" width="2153" /></b></span></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;">Don't know if you remember me. Nilda Fulgencio. I enjoy reading your e-mails and I couldn't help but feel the longing you feel for </b><b style="background-color: black;">our country while singning the song. You see I have not gone home since 1972. Anyway, I have suddenly been reading more about you</b></div><b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;">from the MIT CHECHEM website and this. Keep communicating and regards to you and the family</b></div></b></span></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Nilds.</b></span></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><p><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2BFkdZGiJ9GzcmeQNNOgyt0-qEd9CCexLUTl8KLCftXr8ncgzhBNO4K7bVOP9p5_UeoWEcIAD6UcZhw-NxJtQHHTQf7u97qpgbKc00GNaq7UIXGLLSYTiVADdE2BhxdEdM5rPD5lOueUh/s1600/DSC01225+HERBOSA.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="1606" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2BFkdZGiJ9GzcmeQNNOgyt0-qEd9CCexLUTl8KLCftXr8ncgzhBNO4K7bVOP9p5_UeoWEcIAD6UcZhw-NxJtQHHTQf7u97qpgbKc00GNaq7UIXGLLSYTiVADdE2BhxdEdM5rPD5lOueUh/w2141-h1606/DSC01225+HERBOSA.JPG" width="2141" /></b></span></a></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>RENE HERBOSA</b></span><br /><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2401" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/JKLHQTShAoc" width="2889" youtube-src-id="JKLHQTShAoc"></iframe></div></div><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><br /><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><br /></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold;">After lunch, you can buy santol or hilaw na mangga con bagoong at the driveway entrance to Rizal Hall. That's where I first saw Nora Borja, then third year, and crush ng bayan. The late Eulogio Tablante, Babe Acevedo's brother in law( elder brother ni Eva) was the James Dean of UP Prep. The Fourth year gangs were Cronvar and Dixie; Noel Alejo, Oyen Alejo, Rudy Gumba, Jun Gregorio, Rene Santiago+, Nides Belgado, Cesar Ledda, Taddy Palma, Silvino Guzman, and Ed Coronel were Cronvar. Jojo Binay, Angel Reano, Vic Guiang, Rey Aguilar, and others whose names I can't recall at the moment were Dixie.</span></div><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span></span><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #26282a; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #26282a; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtKjqIGTEiY9C5KBclC6C5YxCYUqJmLm3GReWjp8wV7JQxQPExk3ksJIk_fqUcZ99qNl4x15ZI3T-jTUlPPFZn591L9OuYpTo5cnIZFuOZucL6lKT49W55mHxFmiR6hOAe79ZeDYZyXAjF/s1600/DSC01250IVASELO.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtKjqIGTEiY9C5KBclC6C5YxCYUqJmLm3GReWjp8wV7JQxQPExk3ksJIk_fqUcZ99qNl4x15ZI3T-jTUlPPFZn591L9OuYpTo5cnIZFuOZucL6lKT49W55mHxFmiR6hOAe79ZeDYZyXAjF/s1600/DSC01250IVASELO.JPG" /></b></span></a></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>RIP NESTOR RIVADELO</b></span></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkacB9n8opekKADGnHIU-XPcjhGjAZlvmdykEQfUBDR07pcwgSR0D49fSkmSdkbbx1c9bN4ilONtDweuHPPxPKhdqE_yhGQqk6jBg9pnBAh2GTThMYtqLOs8ZZ-PUe-xrT0ipY1zjbulJ8/s1600/UP50reunion.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="711" data-original-width="1600" height="1867" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkacB9n8opekKADGnHIU-XPcjhGjAZlvmdykEQfUBDR07pcwgSR0D49fSkmSdkbbx1c9bN4ilONtDweuHPPxPKhdqE_yhGQqk6jBg9pnBAh2GTThMYtqLOs8ZZ-PUe-xrT0ipY1zjbulJ8/w4202-h1867/UP50reunion.JPG" width="4202" /></b></span></a></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgccjZwFcObzol042Ub_cOis8YWKlEK6xa5Bo8RMCRVZsRv4gS25d2rRebBtDpan7hGGfSpQlxTsNQ2H816l5XOKT3RXzkEdXuipT13TLcs_XhV9QUpr8B-ccjlir9_b6j3H-HisVolTWJl/s1600/DSC01300.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="2106" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgccjZwFcObzol042Ub_cOis8YWKlEK6xa5Bo8RMCRVZsRv4gS25d2rRebBtDpan7hGGfSpQlxTsNQ2H816l5XOKT3RXzkEdXuipT13TLcs_XhV9QUpr8B-ccjlir9_b6j3H-HisVolTWJl/w2809-h2106/DSC01300.JPG" width="2809" /></b></span></a></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">CESAR PASCUAL, PASCUAL VERON CRUZ</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAg0iYAlZS4qjMNE4ab0pZYECeOaaarjeLauQExbI88M3U56nFgM_CFWX_9E9ZUS9JUUPbW2L1uPQqTnbwKmfZGh36jIIx3fUbNshWuAKe40katRUH3YvZEqMAp-f5GvKVv9PUUuiMr2w9/s1600/DSC01301.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="1987" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAg0iYAlZS4qjMNE4ab0pZYECeOaaarjeLauQExbI88M3U56nFgM_CFWX_9E9ZUS9JUUPbW2L1uPQqTnbwKmfZGh36jIIx3fUbNshWuAKe40katRUH3YvZEqMAp-f5GvKVv9PUUuiMr2w9/w2649-h1987/DSC01301.JPG" width="2649" /></b></span></a></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">E. ACEVEDO, AMADO SANTOS, WIFE JOSIE SANTOS</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXy-bBcSad0mE1g5E6wiOXvIllr_B-DeJEWgXnL-pOHMt0WhyTIn1r1Jb1Te8I1umaDKVohFPXfaM0Ewiz2vtNZ6Qj26nYY7QDxCXx8HsyCAyLPB4sHWrVGI_H2admi8BoWC98B12Kxpr1/s1600/DSC01308.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXy-bBcSad0mE1g5E6wiOXvIllr_B-DeJEWgXnL-pOHMt0WhyTIn1r1Jb1Te8I1umaDKVohFPXfaM0Ewiz2vtNZ6Qj26nYY7QDxCXx8HsyCAyLPB4sHWrVGI_H2admi8BoWC98B12Kxpr1/s1600/DSC01308.JPG" /></b></span></a></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">CARMELO MADRID</b></span><br /><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="text-align: left;">Carmelo is not a relative, not even a distant one, </span><span style="text-align: left;">although he shares my Madrid relatives' wry sense of </span><span style="text-align: left;">humor. To wit: While walking down Escolta Carmelo </span><span style="text-align: left;">blurted that the man we just passed by was a </span><span style="text-align: left;">hypocrite. When I asked how he knew. He said the man </span><span style="text-align: left;">snarled when he tried to "hipo" his car! Also, he </span><span style="text-align: left;">figured the man walking ahead of us at Padre Faura was</span><br style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;" /><span style="text-align: left;">good at short hand. Kasi daw maigsi yong kanang kamay!</span><span style="text-align: left;">I am sure the Korean Airline crew he fies with are </span><span style="text-align: left;">getting a dose of the Madrid humor!</span><br style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;" /><br style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;" /><span style="text-align: left;">Summer is a slow period for getting piano gigs, like </span><span style="text-align: left;">once a month instead of the every other weekend during </span><span style="text-align: left;">the fall and winter. My latest was at a cocktail </span><span style="text-align: left;">hosted by the president of a local bank at his </span><span style="text-align: left;">Chapaqua mansion, two blocks away from the Clintons. </span><span style="text-align: left;">My eyes bulged when they showed me the piano - it was </span><span style="text-align: left;">an 1890 Bosendorfer! Maski Chopstick maganda ang </span><span style="text-align: left;">tunog sa Bosendorfer. </span><br style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;" /><br style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;" /><span style="text-align: left;">Am sure you are enjoying retirement, like most of our </span><span style="text-align: left;">batchmates who opted for the same thing!</span><br style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;" /><br style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;" /><span style="text-align: left;">Doddie</span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivi1VIVTU10JSLcnmVisFizjdm3xLJ052oVigXll8an-k8eJDatGMASqIH9aHF0Hb4PZadI-zP17_J6rJNf_7MCcqcJfUCuIZ9raktXt8kErEr4NGgEU9fTZDYFzzqugpFEFCcOz7ktb97/s1600/DSC01330.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="2122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivi1VIVTU10JSLcnmVisFizjdm3xLJ052oVigXll8an-k8eJDatGMASqIH9aHF0Hb4PZadI-zP17_J6rJNf_7MCcqcJfUCuIZ9raktXt8kErEr4NGgEU9fTZDYFzzqugpFEFCcOz7ktb97/w2829-h2122/DSC01330.JPG" width="2829" /></b></span></a></div><div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">THERESA </b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">AND ED MANALAC, POL MORAL</b></span></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0BZ09LaTGKv09-6tEqkBvo9WKlKjjT1v0-8f7VWdHVQ8xWmr4_va7McRfmuY-fXi54wM6dkxb_F7FrpzbER2h1xqCXg4f21IXbTVFcaQDxCy7cgLIyhdXxBXa2Wp0Jqnlz2poAY_IPdBMhuzIq1JvL9vqLwK40_oHO8pZdzZw5BCKu71qxxSDDqM0ukCE/s798/DSCN2162-ANIMATION.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="454" data-original-width="798" height="1726" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0BZ09LaTGKv09-6tEqkBvo9WKlKjjT1v0-8f7VWdHVQ8xWmr4_va7McRfmuY-fXi54wM6dkxb_F7FrpzbER2h1xqCXg4f21IXbTVFcaQDxCy7cgLIyhdXxBXa2Wp0Jqnlz2poAY_IPdBMhuzIq1JvL9vqLwK40_oHO8pZdzZw5BCKu71qxxSDDqM0ukCE/w3036-h1726/DSCN2162-ANIMATION.gif" width="3036" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><br /></span></span></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span><br /><div style="background-color: black;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span><br /><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Doddie Bautista</span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Gerry Bautista</span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Manny Bustamante</span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Vic Calulut</span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Nanding Casanova</span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Rellie Cifra</span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Manny (Duck) Clamor</span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Boy Dalao</span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Walter del Rosario - Prepian</span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Bobby Galias - our GC when I joined APO</span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Dr. Joel Ganaban</span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Elpi Pada</span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Ed Pastoral</span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Florendo Rabago - UP Faculty</span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Guillermo Lazaro - UP Faculty</span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Ben Roa - Prepian (elder brother ni Boots ) (husband ni Nora Borja - Prepian)</span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Jose Sason - Prepian</span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Jay Pecache - Prepian</span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Omar Sayoc</span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Dr. Art Taca</span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Boni Tamayo</span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Tristan Villareal - husband of Marlene Clemente ( Marlene, also a Prepian, sister of our Prep teacher Ms. Clemente)</span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Ernie Vizconde - youngerbrother ni Its</span></span></span><br /><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span></span><br /></div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span><br /><div style="background-color: black;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">16 sa listahan mo ang kakilala ko. I didn't realize na si Relly ""Ciper" Cifra at si Walter del Rosario ay sumakabilang buhay na. I used to play chess with Relly sa Vinzons...lagi siyang panalo. Art Taca was easygoing, anak ng Director ng Manila Zoo. Dodie was black belter sa Judo; worked at United Labs. That's how we met again after college. I was with Richardson-Merrell. Di ba sina Yani at Jun Veron Cruz and kabatch mo sana...pero nagpa-defer ka dahil inatake ka ng asthma during a session?</span></span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span><br /><div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Alam mo, nasaang landas kaya ang Pilipinas ngayon kung sina Jesus Lava ay nabigyan ng pagkakataong mamuno? Nasilip mo ba kung ano ang kasulatan na lumabas sa makinilya? 1959...aba may muwang na tayo noon. Naituro na ni Mrs. Rosario Cortes sa atin ang kasaysayan ng Pilipinas noon. Isa si M'am sa mga naunang gumamit ng mga kasulatan ni Dr. Agoncillo sa pagtuturo ng Kasaysayan.</span></span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Ping, di ko na alam contactin si Ed Labadia. Kay Maggie ko tanungin? Baka magalit si Higgy.</span></span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">O, ingat. 40 pounds ang limit mo kargahin? Pag nagka-apo ka, kaya mo pang kargahin. Bilis , Tres Marias.</span></span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Always,</span></span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Pol&M</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: times, times new roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><br /></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span><br /><div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span><br /><div style="background-color: black;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><img height="1652" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/_xPRmgMFtT_4/TWLqreAWK9I/AAAAAAAAAhw/LCp02pBqp88/w2478-h1652/IMG_0376.JPG" width="2478" /></span></span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span><br /><div style="background-color: black;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">:</span></span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b style="color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;">Finally, it was time for us to depart. Tight handshakes and hugs were exchanged. Brother Oca couldn’t help getting misty eyed, he has to wear his Ray Bans to hide it. Sadness and happiness both can be seen on each other’s faces as we bade goodbye to the brothers at Jonah’s place. I can’t forget the tight hug that Brother Tito made – reluctantly letting you go, his eyes reddened with tears. Thanks so much to Brother Jojo Lobusta for teaching Brother Tito the “APO whistle”. It was fun watching Brother Tito sound that whistle with a nod and a wink! I miss you all my dear brothers. Brothers Cesar Frias, Alex Custodio, and Oliver Vergara, I am really honored to meet you all and I hope to see you again and let the experience remind you of what we are. It was one of the most memorable event and I felt sorry for all who missed it. Manang Linda, Brother Norie’s wife said: “This is the most alive and joyous Valentine Party that they had attended.” Lastly let us remind ourselves what brother Cesar Frias stressed in his word of wisdom – “Let unity be the main reason to keep the fraternity alive!”</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b style="color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><br /><div style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small; font-weight: 400;"></span></span></span></div></div><br /><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="background-color: white; color: #26282a; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px;"><br /></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihjyGQrli7hyY74O7n40ey8zMOvNaHoYqKseDfFA7ZP4xBNyZE1E63dW0WBXACsYl_eCiMAOHZ2_MpAUqOfiOVcIDSJa0rlt_zryoLPO-4r20VknUlKdrcn8XCSgF7M4VV-yOJjjkqOuak/s1600/DSC01344.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="2282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihjyGQrli7hyY74O7n40ey8zMOvNaHoYqKseDfFA7ZP4xBNyZE1E63dW0WBXACsYl_eCiMAOHZ2_MpAUqOfiOVcIDSJa0rlt_zryoLPO-4r20VknUlKdrcn8XCSgF7M4VV-yOJjjkqOuak/w3043-h2282/DSC01344.JPG" width="3043" /></b></span></a></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPzIF7h6JrSJmgEZ5B1v7kZGw7yriQCUqi2HCa0Eha5f8qz34TnedG8e2m2U7k2VJJ1wlqjELcIpdVB9gMmisQUBeFZEo8BddG1Fh-1ohn4Ubb9ZV9wXtkLPJZW142YsEismttMOeruewl/s1600/DSCN0151.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="864" data-original-width="1600" height="1617" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPzIF7h6JrSJmgEZ5B1v7kZGw7yriQCUqi2HCa0Eha5f8qz34TnedG8e2m2U7k2VJJ1wlqjELcIpdVB9gMmisQUBeFZEo8BddG1Fh-1ohn4Ubb9ZV9wXtkLPJZW142YsEismttMOeruewl/w2995-h1617/DSCN0151.jpg" width="2995" /></b></span></a></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy8J-7yZUxEYkhop7yPiIci50LQJpnXiUFMI9tJtD9H1T82I6IG6YIYRcfbYcvaQ4C4cPmtHKg4Qvc96jHkQIuzxgBGZHkCojHhS8PZ81uz3qwe1pZwx3ljGSeDSYW31HrxcP8Oc2KbAfu/s1600/IMG_5757.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1148" data-original-width="1600" height="2008" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy8J-7yZUxEYkhop7yPiIci50LQJpnXiUFMI9tJtD9H1T82I6IG6YIYRcfbYcvaQ4C4cPmtHKg4Qvc96jHkQIuzxgBGZHkCojHhS8PZ81uz3qwe1pZwx3ljGSeDSYW31HrxcP8Oc2KbAfu/w2799-h2008/IMG_5757.JPG" width="2799" /></a></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEib4PIYmIKZtElAb1aWctx6AzPIP_JiXik_SQfDyOpAlnr0a3V5V3D7YrxZkedUsm3dB0i385POd6-OrTyF_Oc4X-RiCYYsZ6ElgoO_YHzaMJCOqp_JAhAR1uW6_ap36kaFcSNku9t0tBny/s1600/IMG_5755.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="1212" data-original-width="1600" height="2112" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEib4PIYmIKZtElAb1aWctx6AzPIP_JiXik_SQfDyOpAlnr0a3V5V3D7YrxZkedUsm3dB0i385POd6-OrTyF_Oc4X-RiCYYsZ6ElgoO_YHzaMJCOqp_JAhAR1uW6_ap36kaFcSNku9t0tBny/w2790-h2112/IMG_5755.JPG" width="2790" /></b></span></a></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>HONORIO SAN PEDRO AND AUGIE CAPULONG, 48 YEARS LATER OUR BAY AREA </b></span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">CONTINGENT </b><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">AT MELCHOR CAPILI' S WAKE </b></span></div></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>My uncle Melchor Martinez Capili (UP Prep High School '61 / BSEE, UP College of Engineering '67) passed away in San Francisco days ago. </b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>His high school friends include Renato Constantino Jr (cc: Marika B. Constantino) and Eddie Manalac. Kindly ask your friends to pray for the eternal repose of his soul.</b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEianFLvpxSe8U0A8Fy9twETeQPU6HQRT2_lecJZ4wbVQ71Q_RgzRU31QUMBHOC9RhvmAkeXyVZsV-M0sA57H0Q0G5F8-XLvwmGgihjYulVvJC417j1OqnXu7YdHDLkd1Nzin1oXNN8wsZNL/s1600/IMG_5757.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="929" data-original-width="1600" height="1662" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEianFLvpxSe8U0A8Fy9twETeQPU6HQRT2_lecJZ4wbVQ71Q_RgzRU31QUMBHOC9RhvmAkeXyVZsV-M0sA57H0Q0G5F8-XLvwmGgihjYulVvJC417j1OqnXu7YdHDLkd1Nzin1oXNN8wsZNL/w2863-h1662/IMG_5757.JPG" width="2863" /></b></span></a></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES PREP 61 AT THE WAKE OF MELCHOR</b></span></div></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b> Destination San Francisco. "If you're going to San Francisco, be sure to wear some flowers in your hair...If you're going to San Francisco, Summertime will be a love-in there" We first arrived in San Francisco in the late 60's, enamored about the City, loved it and never left the place. I remember my first walk/day here in the US. The new country was a treat the culture did not surprise me as I was aware of the scenes from readings before, but then, mostly involved in search of a job. Funny, when we look back, we think, we squandered the times of our life when our hormones were in tune with our desires. I was single then, going to school in San Francisco and also at the California State University in Sacramento, during those days really experienced the happening, although a little bit subdued due to work in the day time. That song forever imprinted in my mind "San Francisco" it became an instant hit and quickly transcended its original purpose by popularizing an idealized image of San Francisco. As the memories flicker down the memory lane, I wish to live back in the sixties with the images of the hills over the bay frozen in time....</b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-TBqWATY40Bo2xJXwTyzUflqdpz26sjHzORnWyPxSo0tbEC0dtripX3D4amtnpVcouN5ok_ZjUEz_6ejHQ04Nw7KwpPIUpqHlL-WFjq43Vry8L9khRb6w4YufgL623M2xYZ5hHdDzBOUi/s1600/Andrew%252Bfeb2013%252B032.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="902" data-original-width="1600" height="1593" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-TBqWATY40Bo2xJXwTyzUflqdpz26sjHzORnWyPxSo0tbEC0dtripX3D4amtnpVcouN5ok_ZjUEz_6ejHQ04Nw7KwpPIUpqHlL-WFjq43Vry8L9khRb6w4YufgL623M2xYZ5hHdDzBOUi/w2826-h1593/Andrew%252Bfeb2013%252B032.jpg" width="2826" /></b></span></a></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>ATOT TAN, DEO REYES, CARMELO MADRID, VALENZUELA COUPLE, ITS TAN, BELLA, ANDREW ANG, RC, TING & ED MANALAC, FRONT STANDING DUDI CONSTANTINO, LULU PABLO, ANGELITA PASAMBA , POL MORAL , VIUS, SEATED QUENTIN PASTRANA</b></span></div><p><br /></p><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: #539bcd; color: #bbbbbb; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"></b></span><br /><div align="justify"><span style="background-color: black;"><img height="1662" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/_mQKFTqt6V64/SC9blBxOb4I/AAAAAAAAER8/CMJ4MnY-HOE/w2921-h1662/DSC00010%5B1%5D.JPG" width="2921" /></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>J. GUZMAN, A. CAPULONG, CAP, RC, AC</b></span></div><br /><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>FROM RC ANCIENT MEMORIES</b></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span><br /><div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b> Panciteria Moderna was the place to go for pancit miki and miki bihon</b></span></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b></b></span><br /><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black;"> already wrapped in their version of "tetra pak". Pancit bihon was the</span></b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black;"></span></b></span><br /><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black;"> specialty of Panciteria Wa Nam.</span></b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black;"></span></b></span><br /><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black;"><span></span></span></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b> <span style="background-color: black;">At Ma Mon Luk siopao was at 30 centavos; mami was at 70 centavos or 2</span></b></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span><span></span><span></span></span></b></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> pcs of siomai (large) with unlimited soup was at 30 centavos. So with</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black;"><span></span><span></span></span></b></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2425" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Ztc7Y6-WvMc" width="2918" youtube-src-id="Ztc7Y6-WvMc"></iframe></div> one peso busog ka na.</b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black;"><span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"> </span></div><br /><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">The Shangri-la in the basement of Shelborne Hotel (at the back) was</div></span><span style="background-color: black;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> the place to go for dates if you wanted a dark and cozy atmosphere.</div></span><span style="background-color: black;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> The Embers (in Cubao) of Bert Nievera was also popular. The Black</div></span><span style="background-color: black;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> Angel along Shaw Blvd near the corner of Kalentong in Mandaluyong was</div></span><span style="background-color: black;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> a very good place to listen to soft music (e.g. Fleetwoods, etc) and</div></span><span style="background-color: black;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> the lights were also quite low. With Php 30- 50 in your pocket you</div></span><span style="background-color: black;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> were in pretty good shape for a date.</div></span></span><div><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> "Bakuran" was the in-thing at parties with "screening" from a friend</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> to assist you in getting a dance with a girl who was very sought</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> after.</div></span></span><div><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> Wack-Wack, the Sky Room in Jai-Alai, the penthouse of the Rufino</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> Bldg. as well as the penthouse of the Sarmiento Bldg right opposite it</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> were the favorite places for proms and balls. Sikat ang event if the</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> Hi-Jacks; the Electromaniacs or the Technicolors was the "combo"</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> playing. Alta Vista along Roxas Blvd. was the favorite place for</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> wedding receptions at Php8.50 per cover!</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span></span><div><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span></span><div><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> PLDT telephone numbers were five digits and you used your index finger</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> to dial a number one at a time.</div></span></span><div><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> If you remember all these things, you're history in great company and</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> I dare say, happy to be.</div></span></span><div><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> Since the writer was fleeting between two generations (60's-70"s), you</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> party goers surely remember the Dyna Souls (dubbed the Beatles of the</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> Philippines) , The Tilt Down Men (The Sotto brothers, Tito & Val,</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> favored the Dave Clark 5) Jaime Jose & the Deltas* (remember Maggie</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> Dela Riva?) What about gate crashing a "Tipar" (for party) and the</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> ensuing rumble between feuding barkadas: The Havocs, Combat, &</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> Exotics, meron pang kanya-kanyang busina (car honking IDs).</div></span></span><div><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> Remember BMI (Baguio Military Institute)? That school was a dumping</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> ground for kicked out students from Manila and kids that needed</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> discipline. Let us not forget ang mga taga "Baste" (San Sebastian).</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> Ang daming siga noong araw.</div></span></span><div><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> Sure you remember playing Pelota... And drag racing along Ortigas and</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> behind Meralco..</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2541" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/_91hU6LDjoA" width="3056" youtube-src-id="_91hU6LDjoA"></iframe></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span></span><div><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> Sikat ka sa barkada kung may "syota" (girl friend) kang "Colegiala"</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> (Assumption, STC, St. Scho, Maryknoll, Holy Spirit; and the other</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> schools - St. Paul's, St. Joseph, Centro Escolar ). As proof, you</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> should be wearing her high school ring in your pinkie finger...And</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> dapat karta 9 ...You probably took her out to the Butterfly (at UP) to</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> listen to folk songs and sip Butterfly Iced Tea.</div></span></span><div><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> Did you get to date a "chick" from Brent (Baguio) and IS (Makati)?</div></span><div><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> Of course you should have enough cash for the gaso (gas), tsibog</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> (food/dinner) , cover charge/drinks at the Flame or Rino's, konting</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> damo, and for the finale, enough datong (cash) para sa "biglang liko".</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> Or kung gipit for cash, park at the huge lot of Folk Arts and just do</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> it in the car...Kaya lang dapat may "Tapwe" (Singkuwenta pesos) pang</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> lagay sa parak (police), and a handy calling card of a military</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> officer with a hand written note in the back that "you should be</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> given utmost courtesy"... .jeesh...</div></span></span><div><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> Then in the late 70's early 80's came the CB radio phenomenon.. Tibs</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> on Makati Ave. for beer and happy hour at the Manila Garden; always</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> overflowing with beer and chicken wings...Tapos masahe sa Imperial</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> Palace or Maalikaya... To cap the night, a stop at Birds of the Same</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> Feather for smooth jazz courtesy of Eddie Katindig.</div></span></span><div style="background-color: black;"><br /></div><span style="background-color: black;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> Tapos you get to do it all over again the following day.</div></span></b></span></div><p><img border="0" height="2258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj06-_iB8F9JUjMESYZL8qoVksFYczVgALEVZJcnveWPUTkBR-luR5p2JqPZxPiU-DhwpRdF6EzZoPOlZP_RAsoOJmfUD8dEFlYitonKaFvqyvW7D0gRDcxyi2VD8Tyu14gGaP6OsyuNqcQ/w3010-h2258/Image+1.jpeg" width="3010" /> </p><p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">MONTALBAN, FOJAS, CAROL CORPUS, JOSE ACEVEDO , RC</b></span></p><p><img border="0" height="1394" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcAlkJU6iCg0ewNdHEUtazdXQ5J_KS28nv5Jy2zzHtwU8Frkewfh0hmkMbMwmGTj7lqPnMNdaZQXq-S-8SkC9pw7g5W4n3m753PDG00cDJv59xEuPAcQ-jkxvIcdiAmV1F6LlxrOdHDXm1/w1858-h1394/IMG_0295+TRIO+PONG.JPG" width="1858" /></p><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimrOJpVj-HijpCzzAxqnNn8ZjNwJcizWiAHWoELyy1fvbdiPH2-40k5iuDWyF0cY3X-ioCcvPtKQmR-6lk-8I3TUidWHQoregXBNtg9-903lC4Iib017SCCf7Y9O9K4ERdrZEYr_L17Z60/s1600/UP+Prep+Diamond+Anniversary.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="1490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimrOJpVj-HijpCzzAxqnNn8ZjNwJcizWiAHWoELyy1fvbdiPH2-40k5iuDWyF0cY3X-ioCcvPtKQmR-6lk-8I3TUidWHQoregXBNtg9-903lC4Iib017SCCf7Y9O9K4ERdrZEYr_L17Z60/w2648-h1490/UP+Prep+Diamond+Anniversary.jpg" width="2648" /></a></div></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><br /></span></div></b></span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">When we were young, we were in a hurry to grow up</b></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The future a dream and now the reality</b></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">These were icons of our mind as kids</b></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Now we know and we have learned</b></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Tomorrow, the tomorrow is uncertain</b></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">With unknown script</b></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">You don't know how</b></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Life can bring it</b></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Because everything is passing</b></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">And what will happen tomorrow</b></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Nobody knows.</b></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Now that our wish came true</b></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">To become adults, our life is complete</b></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Time is not enough for our dreams anymore</b></span><br /><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"></span></b><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Our childhood is gone…</b></span></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY0DaxhM-qi9IS3RlZ7_Jh8HxIXyUJ1CUDc7SGXA0vsqC5o5kNum0XFfXRXZHt_rgbGSK7MPo7F-XbC-JCfFa69j_kgoH5e5Xy9_tnJn8Qq3ScJB6-OsSkCXv7-XzSl_qvehjcwvNl3dJS/s1600/IMG_9482.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="1082" data-original-width="1600" height="1873" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY0DaxhM-qi9IS3RlZ7_Jh8HxIXyUJ1CUDc7SGXA0vsqC5o5kNum0XFfXRXZHt_rgbGSK7MPo7F-XbC-JCfFa69j_kgoH5e5Xy9_tnJn8Qq3ScJB6-OsSkCXv7-XzSl_qvehjcwvNl3dJS/w2770-h1873/IMG_9482.JPG" width="2770" /></b></span></a></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The Captain's Table, opposite us Judith and Wayne my warm immediate friends</b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /><br /></div></div><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"><br /></div></span></div><div><br /><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="2142" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKDt5KbT7cZjIO7XlmBXp-Mh5K907AM9SSv6wbA9l7sOe_a7zjNpGHzWXz0W6FfySuiEHnCXEdGmI4PyhbEKna4V57Ol-AkltyY43H9s1atERKJ7ODdWXInT_PYEh9hRVG-PPSA1YuVUA/w2854-h2142/IMG_1350.JPG" style="color: #0000ee; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: center;" width="2854" /></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJ1GMMNP1zQLmUjy8wS6EmeKB1WzShTNRL8WFGRyYjnLL6w7lLyz9SKCwbIuTVYXm49CqlliNd6jfBVCb8_JnsIrTR9b58s1QDi-MCSKFbPu2TmpZvJtNSHYuTOpSdiTwaTzrWSGapTMn0/s1600/DSC01353.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="2133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJ1GMMNP1zQLmUjy8wS6EmeKB1WzShTNRL8WFGRyYjnLL6w7lLyz9SKCwbIuTVYXm49CqlliNd6jfBVCb8_JnsIrTR9b58s1QDi-MCSKFbPu2TmpZvJtNSHYuTOpSdiTwaTzrWSGapTMn0/w2844-h2133/DSC01353.JPG" width="2844" /></a></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSp2jxwP_w_qPqwwYjM4WSCrahckVhZ94eL9dNymzTCs9NewOqSgDzeKSqBEdKIXUsCHmMERsivDU96iqi9TsjEvIPK-wwdkZu0tuAGUMmaymVT6QX3SGiX1llIo_dNDE1A1WQGMJFFqS9/s1600/DSC_7833.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="1064" data-original-width="1600" height="1892" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSp2jxwP_w_qPqwwYjM4WSCrahckVhZ94eL9dNymzTCs9NewOqSgDzeKSqBEdKIXUsCHmMERsivDU96iqi9TsjEvIPK-wwdkZu0tuAGUMmaymVT6QX3SGiX1llIo_dNDE1A1WQGMJFFqS9/w2845-h1892/DSC_7833.JPG" width="2845" /></b></span></a></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>RIP AMADO SANTOS</b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2403" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/lSUag8iobcA" width="2888" youtube-src-id="lSUag8iobcA"></iframe></div><br /><b><br /></b></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUSvCaRdbBpG9-RQCx8aegGDjhZc3kksBz2SM5Y-r8zbF6wZw27bl4q3LYI7G6-jlQ_MslW6TJTplyGTCgS-efgrxTsVJQyBUDU_0A4Q8L2zRcCBqds15DPnW60Y45XT2ho-dkObyExDl5/s1600/Joey+Dodie+Paul+Babe.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="1068" data-original-width="1600" height="1930" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUSvCaRdbBpG9-RQCx8aegGDjhZc3kksBz2SM5Y-r8zbF6wZw27bl4q3LYI7G6-jlQ_MslW6TJTplyGTCgS-efgrxTsVJQyBUDU_0A4Q8L2zRcCBqds15DPnW60Y45XT2ho-dkObyExDl5/w2891-h1930/Joey+Dodie+Paul+Babe.JPG" width="2891" /></b></span></a></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #26282a; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><span><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Amado Punzalang is the virtuoso on the piano. He resides in New Jersey. He plays sa simbahan. Paul Montalban and Vivian are musicians as well. Did you know that Paolo Montalban (Cinderella actor, partner of Brandy) is the son of Paul? A handful of our 61 classmates live in the West Coast as listed: Jose Guzman, Honorio San Pedro, Erlinda Ramos, Victoria Tolentino, Jose Buenaventura, Amado Santos, Ernesto Tan Gatue, Edgardo Silverio, Milagros Suva, Lilac Umali, Evelyn Fontanilla, Sister Elsa Sevilla, Josefino Quiambao, Dolores Vergara, Melchor Capili, Augusto Capulong etc. Carol Corpus, Paul M., Amado Punzalang, Nilda Fulgencio reside in the East Coast. Vilma Bala, Ping Fargas, Macrina de Leon etc. nasa Toronto. naman. Nelia Gonzales nasa Richmond, BC, Canada naman. George Olivar passed away three months ago. Jose Sason & Jose Pecache passed on too.....a few years back</span></b></span></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="background-color: white; color: #26282a; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="background-color: white; color: #26282a; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>Dear Amado,</b></span></span></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Since you are the piano virtuoso among the classmates, here is a collection of concert grands including the Bosendorfer that you admire and wish to play. Take care and Click below......</b></div></b></span></span></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></span></div><ul class="posts" style="border-width: 0px; line-height: 1.2; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: -15px;"><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-width: 0px; list-style: outside none none; margin: 0.25em 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px 0.25em 1.3em; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><a href="http://eramusic.blogspot.com/2017/02/the-concert-grand-pianos.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;">THE CONCERT GRAND PIANOS</a></b></span></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-width: 0px; list-style: outside none none; margin: 0.25em 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px 0.25em 1.3em; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>God Bless, ASC</b></span></li></ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCNcERteC2N9I3TCzV0OCYaIKuKXFQmkWwoYaCjPEOGTStl9ENcHCl7TMyd-Q9Q8A4-iB4bQGnjUyx267skYG2uWfnJKRoPk-pGlEAwIkC3s-KBZZIb8Xu5QULH9FMz8kz5NkyfM3qaI8O/s1600/tn5.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1068" data-original-width="1600" height="1914" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCNcERteC2N9I3TCzV0OCYaIKuKXFQmkWwoYaCjPEOGTStl9ENcHCl7TMyd-Q9Q8A4-iB4bQGnjUyx267skYG2uWfnJKRoPk-pGlEAwIkC3s-KBZZIb8Xu5QULH9FMz8kz5NkyfM3qaI8O/w2867-h1914/tn5.jpg" width="2867" /></a></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><br /><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; color: #26282a; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em; word-break: break-word;"><tbody style="line-height: 1.22em;"><tr style="line-height: 1.22em;"><td style="font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit;" valign="top"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2462" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/DuAlziOTPQU" width="2961" youtube-src-id="DuAlziOTPQU"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF_JzYLqyGmPd1MUjE6yyZFQT4y7IqpwROViSnGNn2WLgqwU7-hMioXCRsvIYZWyWMN6e2tNzH4tm2o35l0eggidXvHKPMPtz9TNNx70s13-gEh97Q6LtmpxEpHhe7GdOWbwTP_96NEjo5/s1600/UP+mini.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="2203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF_JzYLqyGmPd1MUjE6yyZFQT4y7IqpwROViSnGNn2WLgqwU7-hMioXCRsvIYZWyWMN6e2tNzH4tm2o35l0eggidXvHKPMPtz9TNNx70s13-gEh97Q6LtmpxEpHhe7GdOWbwTP_96NEjo5/w2939-h2203/UP+mini.JPG" width="2939" /></b></span></a></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg17-Hp8lg9zPNbJNfzhKpsYM-jkAhEgg62GI4w_bbKGk_VJpyGWg8QeWxEpUXcgXemqZrHh8YCa-FjFW7DmI3y_C8SiD0Se8YOLxThFdm0iRToeWWWI6N2bvKKeW3WADLGmRAeOs53PlIt/s1600/UP+mini+reunion+RC+1.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="2208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg17-Hp8lg9zPNbJNfzhKpsYM-jkAhEgg62GI4w_bbKGk_VJpyGWg8QeWxEpUXcgXemqZrHh8YCa-FjFW7DmI3y_C8SiD0Se8YOLxThFdm0iRToeWWWI6N2bvKKeW3WADLGmRAeOs53PlIt/w2944-h2208/UP+mini+reunion+RC+1.JPG" width="2944" /></b></span></a></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzG2wBXgjJkUa7Cp0agpA8z63mcXkc-aoBHZyyjmeOEKi4OTXV2A8vK2hbFQgBqtw9Q_91SA0UeW_Pd-_rfbEUJbLeDgaBbAlTsWzQnc5ilGgDda5UXBwmKVqIB860nJQAO67tgjrxKDC2/s1600/DSCN1290.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="2536" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzG2wBXgjJkUa7Cp0agpA8z63mcXkc-aoBHZyyjmeOEKi4OTXV2A8vK2hbFQgBqtw9Q_91SA0UeW_Pd-_rfbEUJbLeDgaBbAlTsWzQnc5ilGgDda5UXBwmKVqIB860nJQAO67tgjrxKDC2/w3381-h2536/DSCN1290.JPG" width="3381" /></b></span></a></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMXgl40qOcO3Y0znzS8O_7EnTzWpiaf4glPFb093_PAkXsyp6-wsP-S7Wtx_6BXy3l_oiT0ax8wCaWrj94GBOs7iTFEpe4X4dqNNjQZj9EnM2Xw9mIFrT0tcCbSmLwwmKXR2HPRsq0pDLu/s1600/III-Champaca.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="893" data-original-width="1600" height="1888" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMXgl40qOcO3Y0znzS8O_7EnTzWpiaf4glPFb093_PAkXsyp6-wsP-S7Wtx_6BXy3l_oiT0ax8wCaWrj94GBOs7iTFEpe4X4dqNNjQZj9EnM2Xw9mIFrT0tcCbSmLwwmKXR2HPRsq0pDLu/w3386-h1888/III-Champaca.jpg" width="3386" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP5DznyYbqO7IyTw6FgG05qsm8J9qluXxysGEgrCyjo4nGUmsuEQd1DVgDjajOQbC732PgaXqqE9pSK9W4RqUdxpngs5v9t8IYInLqTRVaEBy0sb4VWH03YdbM-TNXDQ2ilkK3VSDz7Xj7/s1600/Baguio%252BTour%252B1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1172" data-original-width="1600" height="2143" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP5DznyYbqO7IyTw6FgG05qsm8J9qluXxysGEgrCyjo4nGUmsuEQd1DVgDjajOQbC732PgaXqqE9pSK9W4RqUdxpngs5v9t8IYInLqTRVaEBy0sb4VWH03YdbM-TNXDQ2ilkK3VSDz7Xj7/w2925-h2143/Baguio%252BTour%252B1.jpg" width="2925" /></a></div><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Our Field trips to Bagiuo: The University of the Philippines made this field trips available to the student body under the supervision of Mr. Rubio. I remember our trips to Bagiuo and Bicol by train. The later, I was not able to avail. students start the term with a trip to various High Schools, either to a resort, an American base, or towns in Luzon. School life is also enriched by additional field trips to such places important to the nation’s infrastructure, like dams, markets, military base and institutions like PMA. BURNHAM PARK Bagiuo below photos</span></strong><br /><br /><br /><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Burnham Park, where we rented roller skates, and then, shared one of these tricycles with an upper class junior. I held both her hands, no names please, a boyish romantic encounter. Surely an unforgettable Chance Encounter for a boy of 13, as she shifted towards me. We cuddled and continued to ride in the cool afternoon fog.</b></span></span></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: times, times new roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2374" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/rVcG29eFDAM" width="2858" youtube-src-id="rVcG29eFDAM"></iframe></div><div><br /></div></b></span></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL6JwssC89TKRYjBdRrffGRQn-t-RU7veEEkIu9oc62fzLocD_sasSze9KnNQ9W6s5Ctcrly2SYPFO33R5haLWM3S73A9i-LmrQRpBUdP63kiN_3bxwy1OIWxFyWdh6Uv_LmvpRGLHvdi7/s1600/I-Everlasting.jpg" style="background-color: black; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="956" data-original-width="1600" height="1896" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL6JwssC89TKRYjBdRrffGRQn-t-RU7veEEkIu9oc62fzLocD_sasSze9KnNQ9W6s5Ctcrly2SYPFO33R5haLWM3S73A9i-LmrQRpBUdP63kiN_3bxwy1OIWxFyWdh6Uv_LmvpRGLHvdi7/w3175-h1896/I-Everlasting.jpg" width="3175" /></span></a></div><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">1st row: Manuel Edralin,Wilfredo de Leon,Cynthia Cuevas,Eldora Bella,Nilda Fulgencio, Araceli Cruz (?),Lourdes Gacad,Rosalita Vizconde,Melanie Villanueva,Lilia Laqui,Frine Bautista, Rosalinda Roa Edgardo Cruz</b></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">2nd row: Roma Clemente,Roberto San Juan, Oscar Recto, Milagros Suva, Lilac Umali, Elizabeth Stuart, Melind Caparas, Erlinda Ramos, Lourdes Balderrama,Bilma Bala,Roberto Roa,Romeo Fojas</b></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">3rd row:Romeo Miclat,Paul Montalban,Virgilio Vergara,Jose Acevedo,Jose Fargas,Amado Santos,Philip Kastner,Jesus Ching, Melchor Capili, Pascual Veron Cruz, Eduardo Maglaque and Rodnel Javier</b></span></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtaaBol_Hhv86MVlplqQ0gtrdt4QKKUi_0G0F3P-OEXYKHfcBqrcJUMi5rTyByC_EAJ2mzfrzlJx6scf3P5LqR76LX8cuSfcHRofeeK9j6V9mNVcSGKV73UPuXnOugjIXMgZdTeTTBb9cfRqk3sMdAQulc0v2x4lJtXIyYjADH1CzzZYQsMDq8he_yHMc/s4032/Class%2061%20IMG_2328.JPG" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="2192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtaaBol_Hhv86MVlplqQ0gtrdt4QKKUi_0G0F3P-OEXYKHfcBqrcJUMi5rTyByC_EAJ2mzfrzlJx6scf3P5LqR76LX8cuSfcHRofeeK9j6V9mNVcSGKV73UPuXnOugjIXMgZdTeTTBb9cfRqk3sMdAQulc0v2x4lJtXIyYjADH1CzzZYQsMDq8he_yHMc/w2921-h2192/Class%2061%20IMG_2328.JPG" width="2921" /></a></b></span></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: times, times new roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7q2A1HNZi2J490VZ2sL3aCYQDW1d7s-eNx7V3Sx5UuJK0GXCjCExa0qKt8rgylm0G5VqRnVYkZAXX8t-IkHJDdVmkT-oB6CstzEYrRWO-PYISypguc_pzJRYjyOWQNvGTO60MMJQRVR1X/s1600/mje-01.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="814" data-original-width="1600" height="1593" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7q2A1HNZi2J490VZ2sL3aCYQDW1d7s-eNx7V3Sx5UuJK0GXCjCExa0qKt8rgylm0G5VqRnVYkZAXX8t-IkHJDdVmkT-oB6CstzEYrRWO-PYISypguc_pzJRYjyOWQNvGTO60MMJQRVR1X/w3135-h1593/mje-01.jpg" width="3135" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1zGO0aBBxoqz3XbFm0Z-u1NksQE5yUcyBv5vTd1LkmwrK9T3v37NqNWq5pmRmab4X-RrHWRRrCjv9MO4BA7eFTUkXGf91hJc5kJu8GC_RAnB2kqD8PoEh4niji6EaB_g3JJvyjSYeu1Mh/s1600/mje-01.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="655" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1zGO0aBBxoqz3XbFm0Z-u1NksQE5yUcyBv5vTd1LkmwrK9T3v37NqNWq5pmRmab4X-RrHWRRrCjv9MO4BA7eFTUkXGf91hJc5kJu8GC_RAnB2kqD8PoEh4niji6EaB_g3JJvyjSYeu1Mh/s1600/mje-01.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcnpmdFsn67hhoStAEcI6mW6Wz9ZjKPcSxziK5jtgY7eRzsKf1_e7zDz947HYX1W0P0QRzYLrPuZg2F5eMwLMeWY_N_JKIQu4asM2WvXk9JIq6jrmtunkRmN9Xc3UFxvyfdELEJT4NF2x-/s1600/II-Camia.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="983" data-original-width="1600" height="1794" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcnpmdFsn67hhoStAEcI6mW6Wz9ZjKPcSxziK5jtgY7eRzsKf1_e7zDz947HYX1W0P0QRzYLrPuZg2F5eMwLMeWY_N_JKIQu4asM2WvXk9JIq6jrmtunkRmN9Xc3UFxvyfdELEJT4NF2x-/w2922-h1794/II-Camia.jpg" width="2922" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPSvGljeVjQp7jgiDvAO2Oau65xbS_cxx89fx4ToeBA0KItUZ108i5Hv_S0MhysrsXOE3WrH5D1IxobKdt2QkcWvG2sE2dUYyb_MOOIqUyoWWPhJvqE4mqdVv7StYy4n5Ayd_mevjMJx0q/s1600/Class%25252061%252520-%2525201.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="910" data-original-width="1600" height="1663" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPSvGljeVjQp7jgiDvAO2Oau65xbS_cxx89fx4ToeBA0KItUZ108i5Hv_S0MhysrsXOE3WrH5D1IxobKdt2QkcWvG2sE2dUYyb_MOOIqUyoWWPhJvqE4mqdVv7StYy4n5Ayd_mevjMJx0q/w2927-h1663/Class%25252061%252520-%2525201.jpg" width="2927" /></a></div><br /><br /><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">1960: I became aware of my heritage in my junior year at UP Prep and began preparation for my appointment as a cadet of the PMA at Fort Del Pilar. This was a period in my teen years that I remember fondly, memories in my High School, of the hectic days, dashing thru the corridors catching my schedule of classes at Rizal Hall. I recall my bag loaded with books, eager, wide eyed, and quick to learn the tenets of math, the arts and sciences. I remember past friends and stormy situations that most teenagers weathered through. As in life surviving the unspoken pecking order among bigger classmates and the so called in crowd was the rule. That lone wolf streak that kept me apart, which peers seemed to see as a weakness was a measure of heritage that set me off from the current teenage precepts of the day. Later, when of age and after further studies, having ever spurred curiosity, whetted my appetite for a life of adventure, of soldiering and foreign lands. </b></span></span><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYOCe6CpJtpD9tiNdruqvC1eatZ1G1LsPuNb1LQhaeVtBd8CXznIxI5aT_a_gGACg-8H11zriEhF4WLx90LBv2eaqLCdZ5zUpqhiuO7mU8pUUyL-zUDTPJMmn_DDFS8cW0La9i9C5POi7o/s1600/Class%25252061%252520-%2525201.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="906" data-original-width="1600" height="1627" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYOCe6CpJtpD9tiNdruqvC1eatZ1G1LsPuNb1LQhaeVtBd8CXznIxI5aT_a_gGACg-8H11zriEhF4WLx90LBv2eaqLCdZ5zUpqhiuO7mU8pUUyL-zUDTPJMmn_DDFS8cW0La9i9C5POi7o/w2873-h1627/Class%25252061%252520-%2525201.jpg" width="2873" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwlsAt5nb2hq-ZIBKqFtRu6EWJEnp-lReiOgjJNkd7tIbAGYbuHantTK61VmBpzrOtzK_IPrL0gjNCwfrKkWgSZKRXWEg7DTRVRc5fvv5YgtsLRK1AjIweyI7IrgnyXYOE-sNMzBV_ShIW/s1600/Class%25252061%252520-%2525202.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="956" data-original-width="1600" height="1701" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwlsAt5nb2hq-ZIBKqFtRu6EWJEnp-lReiOgjJNkd7tIbAGYbuHantTK61VmBpzrOtzK_IPrL0gjNCwfrKkWgSZKRXWEg7DTRVRc5fvv5YgtsLRK1AjIweyI7IrgnyXYOE-sNMzBV_ShIW/w2851-h1701/Class%25252061%252520-%2525202.jpg" width="2851" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">BOTH OF THIS PHOTO ONE THIRD (13) DEPARTED TO ANOTHER DIMENSION BEGINNING WITH MISS GALANG, NICK PELAEZ, JOSE QUIAMBAO..MELCHOR CAPILI..MAMERTO MADELA...NESTOR RIVADELO...EVANGELINE GABRIEL...</span></b></div><b style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">MANUEL EDRALIN....CARLOS GARCIA...ERNESTO VILLAREAL, HECTOR LUMBERIO</span></b></div></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsLOElZkQoFcoum7HJpk1ZPJ9fBHX7D_eBgkwZSMa8tJxMbqKE_LlWrKh2eCuTy6DHyiXkuGsY_bNYJV4HcfGyr2IsCBz7eVOObxJYXBKjDQ_c1owzqmB12dajjzkfA-FxKuOh8iz-Qbby/s1600/Class%25252061%252520-%2525201.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1038" data-original-width="1600" height="1851" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsLOElZkQoFcoum7HJpk1ZPJ9fBHX7D_eBgkwZSMa8tJxMbqKE_LlWrKh2eCuTy6DHyiXkuGsY_bNYJV4HcfGyr2IsCBz7eVOObxJYXBKjDQ_c1owzqmB12dajjzkfA-FxKuOh8iz-Qbby/w2853-h1851/Class%25252061%252520-%2525201.jpg" width="2853" /></span></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinljw9GImWuU1-kMGBIUJcCsu3LxYiAgCYINMdKOkFHxe7GK24pN75Vq3vGZEQa_K6nxLTHPUTO8ctoTIMHB-ZZ3ucKvWO3Sdchq95GvOopPFcd5MIsOH4zarFaxGWH6Jnnw6_GdKYLmuG/s1600/IMG_1487.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1505" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinljw9GImWuU1-kMGBIUJcCsu3LxYiAgCYINMdKOkFHxe7GK24pN75Vq3vGZEQa_K6nxLTHPUTO8ctoTIMHB-ZZ3ucKvWO3Sdchq95GvOopPFcd5MIsOH4zarFaxGWH6Jnnw6_GdKYLmuG/s1600/IMG_1487.JPG" /></a></div><br /><br /><br /><div><b style="color: orange;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Hello Cap and Helen, Alex and Marissa,</span></b></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-weight: 700;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"></span><br /><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Maraming salamat! Kahit aanim lang tayo, (Si Augie and Violet missing-in-action and much missed) masaya at busog na busog kami sa</b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"></span><br /><div style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">ating salu-salo. Pati ang mga anak namin, sina Karmina at Noel, walang katapusang rave sa ginisang munggo ni Helen at yung broiled</b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"></span><br /><div style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">catfish niya (to die for talaga ang sarap!!!).</b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"></span><br /><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span><br /><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Thanks Alex for the many tips o various matters and MARISSA! for the beautiful music. Ang galing-galing mo palang mag-piano. And Helen, your shopping tips are invaluable. I will really take you up on your offer na sa next</span></span></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span><br /><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">tagpuan natin, e, sa city na tayo magkita. PERO, kailangan pagdating ninyo sa Pilipinas, (sa Marso, alam ko,nandito kayo) bigyan naman ninyo kami ng isang araw para kami naman ang mag-host ng mini sa inyo.</span></span></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span><br /><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Pasusundo namin kayo sa Morong. Ayan, wala na kayong excuse. Let us know when you are back in the Pilipinas Islands so we can schedule it.</span></span></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span><br /><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Again, our thanks to all of you. Helen, mamaya ko na ipadadala ko yung galing kay Karmina. Mag lalast day labas muna kami nila RC, Noel</span></span></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span><br /><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">and Karmina. Of course, kaladkad namin ang mga bata.</span></span></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Dudi and RC</span></span></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><p><img border="0" height="2095" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9bPBTWgaPCKvPIHq1Fb1jjTks0qj4eiq5gmXpmvg6VBtAzae81OFx5TFts_tssFbWo-s8Y10WYo2Rb_FMWbHfMN8DGTYc-9uZ8JDQj8ltRhsRF_qDBrt9cdzpVxNjqU9vp8g1p3UHoClY/w2796-h2095/DSC00007+dudi+and+me.JPG" width="2796" /><br /><img border="0" height="2099" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrt60IscuBuFPa9A-k9V9LYmNo_liallpA1coVxCEIWlOflJu4tsMhcoKcbWUsuPztNjk5BLyYAtgrv1nFXaknakPlebjP-46NlDSQKe27-e1HPga8iR4kDro8iDqmVN-EcsHqB853o7lP/w2798-h2099/DSC00009+the+class+in+vallejo.JPG" width="2798" /></p><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><span><span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>After a terrific night in Vallejo, Dudi and I just got up after lazing </b></span></span></span><div style="display: inline;"><span><span><b style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">away in bed practically the whole morning recollecting accounts of the </b></span></span></div></span><b style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">night.</b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b></b></span><br /><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b></b></span><br /><div style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Thanks to Cap and his gracious wife Helen for organizing and hosting <b></b></b></span><br /><div style="display: inline;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>the mini. It was great to see you guys once again. It was fun!!</b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><b></b></b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b></b></span><br /><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b></b></span><br /><div style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>After 47 years we finally meet up with Alex and his lovely wife <b></b></b></span><br /><div style="display: inline;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Marissa. And to think they were living only three blocks away from </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><b></b><b></b></b></span><br /><div style="display: inline;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Cap up to about 3 years ago! It really takes a mini to reconnect.</b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><b></b></b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b></b></span><br /><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Pol: Alex should be your friend (now!) he has just lost some 20 <b></b></b></span><br /><div style="display: inline;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><b>pounds and is now a slimmer 204 pounds! Not the same size as in Prep!</b></b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><b></b></b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Hehehe.</b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Thanks to Joe for driving all the way from Dublin. Missed Mayette.</b></span></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b></b></span><br /><div style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Thanks to Augie and Violet for finally finding Cap's house while <b></b></b></span><br /><div style="display: inline;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>avoiding launching divorce proceedings on the way.</b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><b></b></b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b></b></span><br /><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b></b></span><br /><div style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The food and the wine AND the company makes me fully support the plan <b></b></b></span><br /><div style="display: inline;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><b><b></b></b></b></span><br /><div style="display: inline;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><b><b>to organize a reunion as soon as possible. A cruise would be an </b></b></b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><b><b></b></b></b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><b></b><b></b></b></span><br /><div style="display: inline;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>excellent opportunity to bond once more. Remember we're all in the </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><b></b><b></b></b></span><br /><div style="display: inline;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>"pre-departure lounge."</b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><b></b></b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b></b></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxvOtj74lwnFx1lzF88_CXTUtlv4ttZvzkbcu8dO4LvBsDNoaXjrrqbNAq5j7Y6QaZDVLSUfvltjeU2nlxyeRVCU7yvZSRIvYUiIqPZ4pS3HrDV5vZzNT_kAiSxz-dyj7B8ZSGvVH8V2wq/s1600/Jose.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1064" data-original-width="1600" height="2081" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxvOtj74lwnFx1lzF88_CXTUtlv4ttZvzkbcu8dO4LvBsDNoaXjrrqbNAq5j7Y6QaZDVLSUfvltjeU2nlxyeRVCU7yvZSRIvYUiIqPZ4pS3HrDV5vZzNT_kAiSxz-dyj7B8ZSGvVH8V2wq/w3130-h2081/Jose.jpg" width="3130" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyqBk4RWjFXf5ByysCkS2C89XP6fjnFmKusb9wPAmUkm4bq5hkNwojuxs5EKKu0zYlBSJaqib-ULwy-z50fmzx2yLsccKLkxRB0UKn9glFu5H1Q5Jex0DGX2YZbjLZqwVzxXRas26ghkU3/s1600/Class%25252061%252520-%2525202.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="883" data-original-width="1600" height="1728" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyqBk4RWjFXf5ByysCkS2C89XP6fjnFmKusb9wPAmUkm4bq5hkNwojuxs5EKKu0zYlBSJaqib-ULwy-z50fmzx2yLsccKLkxRB0UKn9glFu5H1Q5Jex0DGX2YZbjLZqwVzxXRas26ghkU3/w3134-h1728/Class%25252061%252520-%2525202.jpg" width="3134" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">LEFT TO RIGHT, FRONT ROW: FRINE BAUTISTA, LILIA LAQUI, EVA FAROLAN, SEVILLA, FONTANILLA, N. GALANG, 2ND ROW, NICK PELAEZ, ALEX C, JOSE QUIAMBAO, J. GUZMAN, SALVADOR, MELCHOR CAPILI, 3RD ROW: P. VILLAVICENCIO, GODOFREDO ALARAS, ROGELIO CUEVAS, MANUEL MEDINA, MAMERTO MADELA, NESTOR RIVADELO</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><img border="0" height="2627" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQPwR6HOnfNGS8FLFa038Xu5qIeD670a7RFBgzlC7UMZKvNQhIF7N_XXfJe921Xq8zKS_Cs9arkkQ1x9jvjTUraioYIwD_uLtg4tIaGRFHYq72B4ev_dtawQj0dQjB0-dbVXSU9BGCgr_s/w2627-h2627/photo%252B10.jpg" width="2627" /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>STANDING: EVA FAROLAN, MACRINA DE LEON, SITTING: NEL MENDOZA, HEDY, 50 YEARS LATER BELOW</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigZ_0DXeoWFm-jcFudIAg1YZkh-0ye5xao1SGWNPQKKkM3cSGjDObxARNdB_3efa7urba4YoAI4e6K8pDnqErgv2EQTPJDntZ9wxPt2yD5yXPY4Bs66OOQ1RCNaXxaSsdfFTS2RyPMmdrcUccyi4qi9BZ-VYSLtMaDaoAbshGBTaSu9g9jPxzxEVEcrNc/s799/photo+1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="628" data-original-width="799" height="2320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigZ_0DXeoWFm-jcFudIAg1YZkh-0ye5xao1SGWNPQKKkM3cSGjDObxARNdB_3efa7urba4YoAI4e6K8pDnqErgv2EQTPJDntZ9wxPt2yD5yXPY4Bs66OOQ1RCNaXxaSsdfFTS2RyPMmdrcUccyi4qi9BZ-VYSLtMaDaoAbshGBTaSu9g9jPxzxEVEcrNc/w2946-h2320/photo+1.jpg" width="2946" /></a></div><br /><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-RjT9C9iCJj5f_jeFY8mpATEMjTkIoUPg1270C3jMMGlubmdEviopTUwTIAgpMwPOwNOA571RvC7qZ2pijKFnfnPmjgKYbS5LyIn3NylePWeJwxiInYpmkfh8WMTdyUkFu0_oS0V4btBW/s1600/photo%252B20.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="597" data-original-width="799" height="1941" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-RjT9C9iCJj5f_jeFY8mpATEMjTkIoUPg1270C3jMMGlubmdEviopTUwTIAgpMwPOwNOA571RvC7qZ2pijKFnfnPmjgKYbS5LyIn3NylePWeJwxiInYpmkfh8WMTdyUkFu0_oS0V4btBW/w2599-h1941/photo%252B20.jpg" width="2599" /></b></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPFp2L6z2lScuKC7jlKGlJZzg0o2_lFPumg5B9mxQNnhSGCSy8KC0-OCei_6vvOZ-Jb4u2xmObZPLaaJ3BlJub2OzbZMHNqW-pNYXVCufDM7C0IirAWAP4LLZrpDzdmvuXDXibCJOlzjmx/s1600/scan0003.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1120" data-original-width="1600" height="1909" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPFp2L6z2lScuKC7jlKGlJZzg0o2_lFPumg5B9mxQNnhSGCSy8KC0-OCei_6vvOZ-Jb4u2xmObZPLaaJ3BlJub2OzbZMHNqW-pNYXVCufDM7C0IirAWAP4LLZrpDzdmvuXDXibCJOlzjmx/w2727-h1909/scan0003.jpg" width="2727" /></a></div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><div style="background-color: black;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="background-color: black;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>LEFT TO RIGHT: FARGAS, HERBOSA, DE LEON, VERON CRUZ, SILVERIO, RIVADELO, TANGATUE, CAPULONG</b></span></span></div><div style="background-color: black;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="background-color: black;"><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><br />The University of the Philippines made this field trips available to the student body under the supervision of Mr. Rubio. I remember our trips to Bagiuo and Bicol by train. The later, I was not able to avail. students start the term with a trip to various High Schools, either to a resort, an American base, or towns in Luzon. School life is also enriched by additional field trips to such places important to the nation’s infrastructure, like dams, markets, military base and institutions like PMA. </b></div></span></div></span></span><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="color: black; text-align: justify; width: 939px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="599"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 600px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="289"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 699px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="699"> <br /><a href="http://www.panoramio.com/photo/69745275"></a><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Baguio Market</strong></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td valign="top" width="311"></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 499px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="499"></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="color: black;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><br /></span></b></span></span></div><div><b style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; text-align: justify;"><img alt="photo" height="1705" src="http://farm6.static.flickr.com/5229/5653227260_902a60f964_z.jpg" width="2749" /></b></div><div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="color: black;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><h3 style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;">Market place, Baguio, <strong>Pines Hotel where we</strong></span></h3><h3 style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong> stayed for two nights</strong></span></h3><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"></span></b></span><br style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;" /><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"></a></b></span></span><br style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;" /><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">View of the Bagiuo Cathedral from my PATRIA hotel room located adjacent to Pines Hotel.<strong><img height="2067" src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3660/3394066934_c15376fd81_z.jpg" width="2839" /></strong></span></span></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; text-align: center;"></div></span></b></span></span></div><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:7ad15fdb-0015-41dc-9564-15b29edd0d49" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="a72baa72-37c6-4d08-809a-07f45892b248" style="display: inline; 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margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="690" data-original-width="1024" height="2018" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrMQpItwl2CFP-kMIH7JDdmKI0rTJZ-E76zwwAPK0gBwSE7y3hppYbd3ElkJTAUBqBigduY3gRVmfL5-NfaycQ4gIdvD_xTF06f0K6Xk6ZWgOQTIjZUlisPNJVJSc0B-KisjmekmmLZ20FJpEfVPHWH9vqoTH00hC-zDjaYsrx9K0sYrFfBeVjWs_yoZ0/w2987-h2018/PICT0003-ANIMATION.gif" width="2987" /></a></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><br />MY ARTS TEACHER MS Viduya_Marita</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 22.5px;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 22.5px;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><br />.</span></div></b></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><br /><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /><span><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-large;"><br style="background-color: #539bcd; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;" /><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:f24428fc-f6c2-4c2e-8962-2b3486e4afb5" style="background-color: #539bcd; display: inline; float: none; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"></span></span></div></span></span><span><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><br /><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></span></b><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 713px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="479"><b><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><span><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span><span><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span><br /><span><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></span></b></td><td valign="top" width="232"><b><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /><br /><br /><img alt="No photo description available." class="x1bwycvy x193iq5w x4fas0m x19kjcj4" data-visualcompletion="media-vc-image" height="731" referrerpolicy="origin-when-cross-origin" src="https://scontent-iad3-2.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.18169-9/427975_236287033124512_594827921_n.jpg?_nc_cat=103&ccb=1-7&_nc_sid=cdbe9c&_nc_ohc=pWGmgMwWU8AAX8aMAwX&_nc_ht=scontent-iad3-2.xx&oh=00_AfCVofmSgsHdwH7X2yWSUf6VQnf5gSBryCRXiphB85BZ6Q&oe=64A9B07A" style="background-color: black; border: 0px; font-size: 12px; max-height: 100vh; max-width: 100%; object-fit: contain;" width="1142" /><br /><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-large;"><br />MY SCIENCE TEACHER MISS JULLIETA DAYAP<br /></span><br /></span></b><strong style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; line-height: 1.22em; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrjHopkR1K4ucIgSaiIWUsH8p871zHZ7U3F1URxial8vf-RjEeo_VTAgCWK1bWatVEkIUMbjV8Ia_iL79MKYqJxSmYBfkTiHjpcSOWsYsXQ8rA0G6pbBn2IQsvTz7O33y4Beav-h6gmrN9/s1600/TheHarmonauts.jpg" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="1101" data-original-width="1497" height="2141" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrjHopkR1K4ucIgSaiIWUsH8p871zHZ7U3F1URxial8vf-RjEeo_VTAgCWK1bWatVEkIUMbjV8Ia_iL79MKYqJxSmYBfkTiHjpcSOWsYsXQ8rA0G6pbBn2IQsvTz7O33y4Beav-h6gmrN9/w2911-h2141/TheHarmonauts.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="2911" /></b></span></a></span></strong></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td><td valign="top" width="232"></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 462px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="349"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="370"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="370"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="700"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="350"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 337px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="335"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 411px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="299"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: xx-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: xx-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">Just want to share this photo with you classmates. Sent this photo to RC, </span></b><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">Its, Vads and Augie earlier. Sent also a copy to Tom Banguis, Jr. ...</b></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: xx-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">he </b><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">retouched and enhanced it at his Ad firm and sent it back to me. </b><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">Photo taken at the old Aristocrat restaurant at Cubao. I booked this gig</b></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: xx-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"> </b><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">for my cousin, Letty Sunico, the celebrant (debutant).. . elder sister of </b><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">Raul Sunico - the concert pianist. Raul Sunico's late Dad and my late</b></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: xx-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"> Mom </b><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">are 1st cousins. Can't remember the year... still remember what I was</b><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"> playing when this photo was taken, Perfidia by the Ventures.</b></span></div><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: xx-large; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: left;"></span></span><br style="background-color: black; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: xx-large;" /><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"><b style="background-color: black; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">Left to right:</b></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: xx-large; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: left;"></span></span><br style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: xx-large;" /></span><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><b>Augie Capulong - bass; Tom Banguis, Jr. - drums; cousin of Tom - lead </b><b>guitar; Ping Fargas - lead guitar; RC Constantino - manager; </b></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><b>Arthur </b><b>Tan - rhythm ; Pong Villareal drums </b>Lanie...can still play a lot of '60's instrumental pieces by The Ventures and The Shadows. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">Have 2 Fender electric guitars and 2 acoustic nylon guitars and a huge Fender ampli here in Toronto. Do you know that Vads joined</span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"> the band after Augie and Atot left. Vads can play the keyboards, bass and piano ... ang galing niya. And we added, Chito Bacani, </span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">cousin of Vius as our lead guitarist, matinik sa lead guitar kaysa sa amin. My younger brother took over the drums from Tom </span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">Banguis when he left. Was the only original member that joined the new group ( The Extremes) after Atot found a new manager. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">Left the band after graduating 1966 ..so did Vads and the cousin of Vius. My brother formed a new band ( The Nitwits ) all from </span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">San Beda. Do you know that one of the classmates of my brother, Danny, is the son of Lino Bocalan (famous smuggler then) </span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">he also formed a band called, The Tilt Down Men ...lead vocalist si </span><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; text-align: center;">Tito Sotto . .. those were the days......</span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: xx-large;"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span></div><b><br /><br /></b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheiUOhpOnib-9jj8n-TdPufJri3vChi18J8WLeIBr257n0STBDtvqWeZicpXMUdpjx53dNxpc0uRVqB1RTjzFR9JTjJUO4Pre-2yuyp60TmfjWwV3L62x6uEIng3AHWwLyc1zsty8BTf7T/s1600/DSCN2166.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="557" data-original-width="799" height="2034" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheiUOhpOnib-9jj8n-TdPufJri3vChi18J8WLeIBr257n0STBDtvqWeZicpXMUdpjx53dNxpc0uRVqB1RTjzFR9JTjJUO4Pre-2yuyp60TmfjWwV3L62x6uEIng3AHWwLyc1zsty8BTf7T/w2921-h2034/DSCN2166.jpg" width="2921" /></b></span></a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">VALENZUELA, MANALAC, ATOT TAN, DE GUZMAN, C PASCUAL, VIUS, FOJAS, BUENAVENTURA</b></span></div><b><br /><br /></b><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb0M5Xx2yLTpau62tYfQsCLsCr2vCMzLHerpg56TQuCEH5noMdp_2smDgapZO6bks-VoDIYnUlaBmHJQEnTxf-l5yDuDC6EEFTPAwkeqwAD2JBMMH8RB5XlO0SV93Lr6lIQJ5bVeKP7ig8/s1600/DSCN2180.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; 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color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="597" data-original-width="799" height="2184" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-RjT9C9iCJj5f_jeFY8mpATEMjTkIoUPg1270C3jMMGlubmdEviopTUwTIAgpMwPOwNOA571RvC7qZ2pijKFnfnPmjgKYbS5LyIn3NylePWeJwxiInYpmkfh8WMTdyUkFu0_oS0V4btBW/w2924-h2184/photo%252B20.jpg" width="2924" /></b></span></a></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>NEL MENDOZA, HEDY SAGUIL, EVA FAROLAN</b></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwqcwJ5OPoiXok1VTjLFYkIAsBJFtOU7V-_Q97hF407OOzaiWCGX4c5uaHQ9e4aKr-xqDmBxpb9IyLWmaELWo1el-2iqM12B5oiDpeSBAYPF0D96HqwQlWY8jmfiOqRuXfdE5rI-8BpjHXnnliPM1K5b6lNo_ap6w9rokOTzjvvIEHh-lZSYnAth15Ali3/s1600/UPgirls50reunion.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; 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text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a><br /></span></b><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: justify; width: 499px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="249"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 700px;"><tbody></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="background-color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: times;">Charmaine is our school song, and it begins like this… I wonder if you will remember? Prep High, Prep High</span></b></div></span></span></div><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: center;"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: center; width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="370"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 462px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="349"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="370"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="370"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="700"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="350"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 462px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="349"><br /></td><td valign="top" width="111"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 12px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="10"><strong><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></span></strong></strong><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td valign="top" width="111"></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><br style="font-size: 13px; text-align: start;" /><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: black; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify; width: 499px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="249"></td><td valign="top" width="249"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="370"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 462px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="111"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 12px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="10"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 499px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="249"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><img height="677" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-m_KpMm9vApM/TVjvNcpy6PI/AAAAAAAABPA/JUHlmv99bGE/w909-h677/DSC01235.JPG" width="909" /><br /><br /><img height="682" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-m1aWZVRFYLE/TVjvPnTzZCI/AAAAAAAABPI/wCXVVE4LzeM/w915-h682/DSC01237.JPG" width="915" /><br /><br /><br /></span><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: justify; width: 499px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="249"></td><td valign="top" width="249"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="370"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 462px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="111"><b style="color: #e69138; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; text-align: justify;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="765" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/fGZkxp_nDOk" width="920" youtube-src-id="fGZkxp_nDOk"></iframe></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: justify;">I wonder if you will remember? </b><b style="text-align: justify;">Prep High, Prep High. </b></div></b><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><b>I wonder when Prep High is calling, </b></span><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; text-align: justify;">Will you come back again?</b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>I wonder if you'll keep on striving </b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><b>For the welfare of our land? </b></span><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; text-align: justify;">I hope you will keep e'er alight </b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><b> The bright flames </b></span><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; text-align: justify;">Of leadership learned at Prep High</b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><b>You'll go away graduation day </b></span><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><b>We know you have to go </b></span><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><b>'Mid tears and cheers we'll let you go </b></span><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; text-align: justify;">Prep High must let you go.</b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><b>When old leaves turn to new </b></span><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; text-align: justify;">Prep High will call on you.</b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><br /><img height="669" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-S5DZxd_dcL0/TVjvRY4vpaI/AAAAAAAABPQ/xk0xkbfQI8U/w898-h669/DSC01239.JPG" width="898" /><br /><img height="668" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-wCcR0s7FVME/TVjviFbU5mI/AAAAAAAABQQ/osM1zi6QXyo/w896-h668/DSC01255.JPG" width="896" /><br /><img height="683" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-3irQr3mSdHk/TVjvQbMA2BI/AAAAAAAABPM/n5wD7KB2H4E/w916-h683/DSC01238.JPG" width="916" /><br /></span><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></div><span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: xx-large;"><img height="689" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-NWdWQbbBPbA/TVju30gIXdI/AAAAAAAABNw/jxdryffwv6Q/w926-h689/DSC01215.JPG" width="926" /><img height="683" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-BJL1Ocz_eng/TVju6ci3xMI/AAAAAAAABN4/pY_2n_zREzE/w916-h683/DSC01217.JPG" width="916" /></span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: xx-large;"><img height="682" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-_A-tyruJyaQ/TVjvOY0QLgI/AAAAAAAABPE/Ppu27rf2l5o/w915-h682/DSC01236.JPG" width="915" /><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-large;">RTIP RIP</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDp4DD3TZwz73xLVmiJbih0aq8WZEDUmrBMtcGlItZGk-0sNVWeKYXAa6QFDOIEezKbu1O9jL62Y1HrgUhQC7WQxKucUAxUgYXOJE84uQQJ_3TVT5J-W2aSRgovJ3yHu6isDND-7vY6o0t/s1600/49305_1224528016_6360378_n.jpg" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="1265" data-original-width="1218" height="928" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDp4DD3TZwz73xLVmiJbih0aq8WZEDUmrBMtcGlItZGk-0sNVWeKYXAa6QFDOIEezKbu1O9jL62Y1HrgUhQC7WQxKucUAxUgYXOJE84uQQJ_3TVT5J-W2aSRgovJ3yHu6isDND-7vY6o0t/w895-h928/49305_1224528016_6360378_n.jpg" width="895" /></b></span></a><div style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: xx-large;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="text-align: center;"> RIP Dr. Imelda Ocampo Andres</b></span></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: xx-large;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="765" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/v1mQT1u_45I" width="920" youtube-src-id="v1mQT1u_45I"></iframe></b></span></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: xx-large;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: xx-large;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; width: 713px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="479"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 462px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="349"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="370"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="370"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="700"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="350"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 337px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="335"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 411px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="299"><h1 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span><span style="color: #e69138;">RIP CLASSMATES</span></span></span></span></h1><h1></h1></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td valign="top" width="232"></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; width: 462px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="349"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="370"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="370"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="700"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="350"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 337px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="335"><br /><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 411px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="299"><div style="text-align: center;"><b style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large; text-align: justify; white-space-collapse: preserve;">I shall not see the shadows,</b></div><div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>I shall not feel the rain;</b></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>I shall not hear the nightingale</b></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>Sing on, as if in pain:</b></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>And dreaming through the twilight</b></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>That doth not rise nor set,</b></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>Haply I may remember,</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span id="docs-internal-guid-1b1832a6-132c-6233-639d-32b68c4c7d87" style="color: #e69138; font-family: times;"></span></b></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>And haply may forget.</b></span></span></div><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Arlene Aquino</span></b></li><li style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Evangeline Gabriel</span></b></li><li style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Hector Lumberio</span></b></li></ol></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><b><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xxx-large; text-align: left;">Purita Resurreccion</span></div><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Alipio Baluyot</span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">George Olivar</span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Emanuel Manalac</span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Mamerto Madella </span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Nicolas Pelaez</span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Jose Sason</span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Jose S. Pecache</span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Oscar Recto</span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Amado Santos</span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Carlos Garcia</span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Ernesto Villareal</span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Manuel Edralin</span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Melchor Capili</span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Nestor Rivadelo</span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Dr. Imelda Andres</span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Nilda Fulgencio</span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Rodnel Javier</span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span><span>Lulu Pablo</span></span></span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Josefino Quiambao</span></li></ol></b></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></span></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: xx-large;"><b style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="790" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/hVDlm6ZbDo8" width="950" youtube-src-id="hVDlm6ZbDo8"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div>My High School: UP Prep was a unique high school created in 1954, when the UP Board of Regents authorized then UP President Vidal Tan to open a first class high school in Manila. The school’s high standard curriculum was designed for secondary school graduates with the aptitudes and intellectual talents for university level education. The faculty was carefully selected for these advanced subjects. Only by passing a battery of rigorous examinations could a student get in, and once accepted, he or she had to hurdle to pass each of the four tough years of the highest standard of education ever given to high school students in the Philippines before one could graduate. In 1973, after graduating 20 classes — comprised altogether of 1500 graduates — UP Prep was merged with UP High School to later become what is now known as UP Integrated High School.</b></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: xx-large;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="743" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/mrqKqHtq_hU" width="894" youtube-src-id="mrqKqHtq_hU"></iframe></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold;">Ooops!... ayoko pang maging # </span></div></span></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Doddie Bautista</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Gerry Bautista</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Manny Bustamante</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Vic Calulut</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Nanding Casanova</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Rellie Cifra</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Manny (Duck) Clamor</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Boy Dalao</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Walter del Rosario - Prepian</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Bobby Galias - our GC when I joined APO</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Dr. Joel Ganaban</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Elpi Pada</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Ed Pastoral</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Florendo Rabago - UP Faculty</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Guillermo Lazaro - UP Faculty</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Ben Roa - Prepian (elder brother ni Boots ) (husband ni Nora Borja - Prepian)</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Jose Sason - Prepian</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Jay Pecache - Prepian</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Omar Sayoc</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Dr. Art Taca</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Boni Tamayo</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Tristan Villareal - husband of Marlene Clemente ( Marlene, also a Prepian, sister of our Prep teacher Ms. Clemente)</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Ernie Vizconde - youngerbrother ni Its</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="787" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/7UFmwArST-I" width="946" youtube-src-id="7UFmwArST-I"></iframe></div>16 sa listahan mo ang kakilala ko. I didn't realize na si Relly ""Ciper" Cifra at si Walter del Rosario ay sumakabilang buhay na. I used to play chess with Relly sa Vinzons...lagi siyang panalo. Art Taca was easygoing, anak ng Director ng Manila Zoo. Dodie was black belter sa Judo; worked at United Labs. That's how we met again after college. I was with Richardson-Merrell. Di ba sina Yani at Jun Veron Cruz and kabatch mo sana...pero nagpa-defer ka dahil inatake ka ng asthma during a session?</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="779" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/vLNHi27ec58" width="937" youtube-src-id="vLNHi27ec58"></iframe></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"><div style="color: #e69138; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-family: times;"><b><div><span>REFER TO 2 RIGHT PHOTOS</span></div><div><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitWzkskNoHNJ4BaM6kM4VWFH66FyDq2pWH01DiK0V75Swr8d2o3eJoHQj4lpj6iFeo3184mp3GwoqbIG7fQNJWYnMvA042ewEV4vNVO4ny6taaCzI335CS4CuFd8Sq3dkDX7dNi1TIZyNosHea-HfH3BUPQ73hz4_WGmB9fIKigOjTT_yVnp5v6U_ZkBQ6/s2970/Class%252061%2520-%25201.jpg" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2970" data-original-width="2583" height="1073" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitWzkskNoHNJ4BaM6kM4VWFH66FyDq2pWH01DiK0V75Swr8d2o3eJoHQj4lpj6iFeo3184mp3GwoqbIG7fQNJWYnMvA042ewEV4vNVO4ny6taaCzI335CS4CuFd8Sq3dkDX7dNi1TIZyNosHea-HfH3BUPQ73hz4_WGmB9fIKigOjTT_yVnp5v6U_ZkBQ6/w930-h1073/Class%252061%2520-%25201.jpg" width="930" /></span></b></a></span></div><div><span><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">1</span><span style="font-size: x-large;">960: I became aware of my heritage in my junior year at UP Prep and began preparation for my appointment at the PMA in Fort Del Pilar. This was a period in my teen years that I remember fondly, memories in my High School, of the hectic days, dashing thru the corridors catching my schedule of classes at Rizal Hall. I recall my bag loaded with books, eager, wide eyed, and quick to learn the tenets of math, the arts and sciences. I remember past friends and stormy situations that most teenagers weathered through. As in life surviving the unspoken pecking order among bigger classmates and the so called in crowd was the rule. That lone wolf streak that kept me apart, which peers seemed to see as a weakness was a measure of heritage that set me off from the current teenage precepts of the day. Later, when of age and after further studies, having ever spurred curiosity, whetted my appetite for a life of adventure, of soldiering and foreign lands.</span></b></span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span>When you are old and gray and full of sleep,</span></div><div><span>And nodding by the fire, take down this book,</span></div><div><span>And slowly read, and dream of the soft look</span></div><div><span>Your eyes had once, and of their shadows deep;</span></div><div><span>How many loved your moments of glad grace,</span></div><div><span>And loved your beauty with love false or true;</span></div><div><span>But one man loved the pilgrim soul in you,</span></div><div><span>And loved the sorrows of your changing face.</span></div><div><span>And bending down beside the flowing bars</span></div><div><span>Murmur, a little sadly, how love fled</span></div><div><span>And paced upon the mountains overhead</span></div><div><span>And hid his face amid a crowd of stars.</span></div><div><span><br /></span></div></b><b><div><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjouEs5ewwSTxmAzYAsZQOl1JYeFkxHxWFPdtYdodRXk_F3yd_RmzjpUsCV5_PmAajMLVzHOsuqJtqLLdZSxrPE5GiboSmCF2f0X2UTaGos3cGyKnJjLnirCE1IvSy6BP3Z0VtIsWabTqtR/s1600/ANIMATION+Mama+2.gif" style="background-color: #539bcd; clear: left; color: #ff9900; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="937" height="1016" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjouEs5ewwSTxmAzYAsZQOl1JYeFkxHxWFPdtYdodRXk_F3yd_RmzjpUsCV5_PmAajMLVzHOsuqJtqLLdZSxrPE5GiboSmCF2f0X2UTaGos3cGyKnJjLnirCE1IvSy6BP3Z0VtIsWabTqtR/w930-h1016/ANIMATION+Mama+2.gif" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="930" /></a></span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span>MAMA AND PAPA</span></div><div><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo4a3nr0TAd2AffGgpP-LCp0ZSW_e49nRx9Ir9tVQCjfBTFtBHfZc-3vOOCTJVXPeWiNMuoxG81RfFx9Itd7lfSVOkz0yjTNmPQopSEC9VH5fT1fchpeLgLZC-dAdiGouKvwywK2WRGs2nxm-gN1cQprwUQPPXUO0Yowp8LdpzeTozZNo5speKwcoMPKEb/s2529/PICT0240.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2529" data-original-width="1762" height="1261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo4a3nr0TAd2AffGgpP-LCp0ZSW_e49nRx9Ir9tVQCjfBTFtBHfZc-3vOOCTJVXPeWiNMuoxG81RfFx9Itd7lfSVOkz0yjTNmPQopSEC9VH5fT1fchpeLgLZC-dAdiGouKvwywK2WRGs2nxm-gN1cQprwUQPPXUO0Yowp8LdpzeTozZNo5speKwcoMPKEb/w878-h1261/PICT0240.JPG" width="878" /></a></div><br />Quand vous serez bien vieille</span></div><div>par</div><div>Pierre de Ronsard</div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span>Quand vous serez bien vieille, au soir, à la chandelle,</span></div><div>Assise auprès du feu, dévidant et filant,</div><div>Direz, chantant mes vers, en vous émerveillant:</div><div>"Ronsard me célébrait du temps que j’étais belle!"</div><div>Lors, vous n’aurez servante oyant telle nouvelle,</div><div>Déjà sous le labeur à demi sommeillant,</div><div>Qui au bruit de Ronsard ne s’aille réveillant,</div><div>Bénissant votre nom de louange immortelle.</div><div>Je serai sous la terre, et, fantôme sans os,</div><div>Par les ombres myrteux je prendrai mon repos:</div><div>Vous serez au foyer une vieille accroupie,</div><div>Regrettant mon amour et votre fier dédain.</div><div>Vivez, si m’en croyez, n’attendez à demain:</div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span>Cueillez dès aujourd’hui les roses de la vie.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span>The summer sun is sinking low;</span></div><div><span>Only the tree-tops redden and glow:</span></div><div><span>Only the weathercock on the spire</span></div><div><span>Of the neighboring church is a flame of fire;</span></div><div><span> All is in shadow below.</span></div><div><span>O beautiful, awful summer day,</span></div><div><span>What hast thou given, what taken away?</span></div><div><span>Life and death, and love and hate,</span></div><div><span>Homes made happy or desolate,</span></div><div><span> Hearts made sad or gay!</span></div><div><span>On the road of life one mile-stone more!</span></div><div><span>In the book of life one leaf turned o'er!</span></div><div><span>Like a red seal is the setting sun</span></div><div><span>On the good and the evil men have done,--</span></div><div><span> Naught can to-day restore!..HWL</span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="774" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/7MUYlVZwdhU" width="932" youtube-src-id="7MUYlVZwdhU"></iframe></div><br /><span><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="766" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/8ZOG4gSU9YY" width="922" youtube-src-id="8ZOG4gSU9YY"></iframe></div></b></span></span></div></span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="767" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/JzcsBVMNLbw" width="924" youtube-src-id="JzcsBVMNLbw"></iframe></div><br /></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.22em;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">I WAS READING SOME OLD 61 EMAILS AND CAME ACROSS THE NICKNAMES. I WOULD SAY IT WAS HILARIOUS TO READ THIS AND HOW CLASSMATES REMEMBER EACH AND EVERY ONE. YOU WERE VERY KIND, SOME NAMES ARE X-RATED AS I RECALL, BUT YOU DID A GOOD JOB RECALLING THE SANITIZED MONICKER....</span></span></strong><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">ASC</span></span></strong></div><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.22em;"><span><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">After 38 years, not an easy task. Kaya pala si Kardinal ang na-assign na </strong></span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 1.22em;">mag-recall: mahirap na medyo delikado pa.Mahirap dahil hindi ako saksi sa </strong><strong style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 1.22em;">lahat ng pangyayari sa lahat ng sections. Delikado dahil baka may sugat na</strong><strong style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 1.22em;">manariwa. Pero katuwaan lang ito. Sana lahat matuwa at walang mapikon--after</strong><strong style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 1.22em;">all trabaho lang ito at " recaller" lang ako hindi "namer" o "baptizer". </strong></span><strong style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; line-height: 1.22em;">Bato-bato sa langit, ang matamaan mag-email agad.</strong></div><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></strong></span></div><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><b style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467843518929970" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img height="681" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-EvTpuMSco8M/TVjveWQCHDI/AAAAAAAABQA/yYia4hFJPHo/w911-h681/DSC01251.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="911" /></span></a></b></strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 1.Jose Acevedo. Babe, Baba, Ali Baba.</strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 2.Godofredo Alaras. Godofredo.</strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 3.Corazon Amante. Cora. Pipit( from Joey)</strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 4.Andrew Ang.Ang. Undress Ang</strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 5.Arlene Aquino+. Arlene, Stitch, Stitch.</strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><strong style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; line-height: 1.22em;">6.Vilma Bala. Vilma. Bambi.</strong></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 7.Lourdes Balderrama. Dudi......(aka. ..Balde shortened version of Balderama)</strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 8.Alipio Baluyut+. Alip.</strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 9.Frine Bautista. Frine.</strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 10.Eldora Bella. Dhoree.</strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><h4 style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: medium; margin: 0px; position: relative; text-align: justify;"><b style="color: #e69138; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large;"><span style="font-family: times;"><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467504654432114" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img height="689" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-kfugklAUVsk/TVjvKn4cN3I/AAAAAAAABO0/vis0OIx7m1Y/w924-h689/DSC01232.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="924" /></span></a></span></b></h4><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">11.Jose Buenaventura. Joey. Yat.</strong></span></div><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 12.Melinda Caparas. Melinda. It.</strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0-lTLItja5Wyz-96Wwv0Znksykm8tksZ66uGZtZagoXt9qdPzIQNlMiBje3y9hZgZ_BN0mKfsBb16dd9J0y5FE2p2QF27aXd_szOCQMnLZd-nlMgxz_KrPzq3axZdaWqRPWLq4FqUa3Es-94O57vh8yXmLbbpD5AQaUkiWalJ-6_DPiDJz0PXWIfeL9Lg/s302/IMG_1486.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="302" data-original-width="248" height="1054" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0-lTLItja5Wyz-96Wwv0Znksykm8tksZ66uGZtZagoXt9qdPzIQNlMiBje3y9hZgZ_BN0mKfsBb16dd9J0y5FE2p2QF27aXd_szOCQMnLZd-nlMgxz_KrPzq3axZdaWqRPWLq4FqUa3Es-94O57vh8yXmLbbpD5AQaUkiWalJ-6_DPiDJz0PXWIfeL9Lg/w865-h1054/IMG_1486.JPG" width="865" /></a></div>13.Melchor Capili. Melchor. Cap. Ohab( from Ping)</strong></span></div><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">14.Augusto Capulong. Augie.</strong></span></div><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">15.Nemesio Ceralde. Jr. Boy. Boyd. Tenggoy Jr.</strong></span></div><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><strong style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="796" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Bc9yPqHfOU0" width="958" youtube-src-id="Bc9yPqHfOU0"></iframe></div><br />16.Jesus Ching. Ching...(aka Foo Man Ching)</strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="793" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ealtaJy1e2c" width="954" youtube-src-id="ealtaJy1e2c"></iframe></div><strong style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: justify;"><br /></strong></div>17.Renato Constantino, Jr. RC. Yat. One Beer Kid. Wangbu.</strong></div></strong></div><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">18.Carol Corpus. Carol.Carole.</strong></span></div><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">19.Cynthia Cuevas. Cynthia. Cindy.</strong></span></div><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">20.Rogelio Cuevas. Cuevas. Roger.</strong></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="791" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/_PM9dXyTOa4" width="950" youtube-src-id="_PM9dXyTOa4"></iframe>21.Alexander Custodio. Alex,Todio. Custodio.... Gen. "Bull" Tojo </strong></span><strong style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; line-height: 1.22em;">(Japanese mannerism of </strong><strong style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; line-height: 1.22em;">bowing) HERE IN THE US THEY CALL HIM "RAGTIME"</strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><strong style="color: #e69138;"><strong><b style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPbjAXF4TLq2YLglgzcunNR3UTQHxJeaA_L488AmV5JuMOON7f2tHYbds91zd63nN7D3x4kenHoUNY2f-nhdvNM3ZGiiayZpraI-8jv2LeU3U40MvN4l4qg1ri07tcjimqQ3GN7lap1dIHAZ7QvN1Y_tnk6_zLQg7l7jJ_l0Bpl45Q9rJZ49gyK0md4g/s2379/one%20day%20old%20in%20USA.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1999" data-original-width="2379" height="776" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPbjAXF4TLq2YLglgzcunNR3UTQHxJeaA_L488AmV5JuMOON7f2tHYbds91zd63nN7D3x4kenHoUNY2f-nhdvNM3ZGiiayZpraI-8jv2LeU3U40MvN4l4qg1ri07tcjimqQ3GN7lap1dIHAZ7QvN1Y_tnk6_zLQg7l7jJ_l0Bpl45Q9rJZ49gyK0md4g/w924-h776/one%20day%20old%20in%20USA.JPG" width="924" /></a></b></strong></strong></strong></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="789" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/qAzpLJbEAvE" width="948" youtube-src-id="qAzpLJbEAvE"></iframe>> 22.Manuel Edralin. Manny. Edra. Antok.</strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 23.Jose Fargas. Ping.</strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 24.Evangeline Farolan. Eva.</strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 25.Wilhelmina Fernandez. Mimay. Curly Bangs.</strong></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="798" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/w-50dncLyBQ" width="960" youtube-src-id="w-50dncLyBQ"></iframe></div><br /><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></strong></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></strong></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></strong></span></div>26.Romeo Fojas. Fojie.</strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="782" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/PA2gTgXzXwE" width="941" youtube-src-id="PA2gTgXzXwE"></iframe></div><br />27.Evelyn Fontanilla. Evelyn.</strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">28.Nilda Fulgencio. Nilda. FT.French Twist.</strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">>29.Carlos Garcia. Itoy. Bukol...Elvis pompadour and then shortened, aka..Elpo Boy/Epoy.... last time I saw Epoy was at Mapua during my Junior year; he was registering for classes with his older brother.</strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 30.Nelia Gonzales. Nelia. Nel.</strong></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="776" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/OvVqgzl95hQ" width="934" youtube-src-id="OvVqgzl95hQ"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="775" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/WLv4c29M7GQ" width="932" youtube-src-id="WLv4c29M7GQ"></iframe></div><br /><strong style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: justify;"><br /></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: justify;">31.Jose Guzman. Guzman. Joe.</strong></div></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 32.Rene Herbosa. Rene. Pompoy.</strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 33.Romeo Imbuido.. Romy. Imbudo.</strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 34.Marilyn Jamias. Marilyn...The Pianist</strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span>> </span><span>35.Rodnel Javier. Rodnel....McKinley Boy...aka Medyas from Lilia</span></span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"> </span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 36.Lilia Laqui. Lilia....(crush of Rodnel)</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 37.Macrina de Leon. Macrina. Macre.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 38.Wilfrido de Leon. Willy. Daga. Tenga.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 39.Hector Lumberio. Lumberio. Hec.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 40.Mamerto Madella+. Madella. (Saw him last at V-Luna Hospital for our Physical for PMA;he has hypertension and skin rash;I was myopic; he got in, at second try.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwfVjxlJcf4l4m5YAecQyHbQ8Hae1owY7KPvhcqHgPBY0X2pjHUW_ntHbjEjyy_SmUVu0ndMXRgNFlq0S5zM9BEE6r_NgFk8CKaSILhBUxweiu2joWgiax1QvbZ_x0SEwmRAEg08oMA1s3LFCiZC90iZWdKFm-pyHbAOUAs-rq5Fub-a-TqAZ72jVsABAg/s1433/DSC01278.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1433" data-original-width="1200" height="1039" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwfVjxlJcf4l4m5YAecQyHbQ8Hae1owY7KPvhcqHgPBY0X2pjHUW_ntHbjEjyy_SmUVu0ndMXRgNFlq0S5zM9BEE6r_NgFk8CKaSILhBUxweiu2joWgiax1QvbZ_x0SEwmRAEg08oMA1s3LFCiZC90iZWdKFm-pyHbAOUAs-rq5Fub-a-TqAZ72jVsABAg/w871-h1039/DSC01278.JPG" width="871" /></a></div><br />41.Carmelo Madrid. Madrid.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 42.Eduardo Maglaque. Ed.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6ZPUocJyqBHbIwj9PQ3DVdpUDIVIUQ8u2-oqLnIw1i_VO6iHJAhXP7kBzibTw_hwVXZwKk_q3rOhgrJ4sR7l8ysHWFPI0xtgMhZo7rjEOn2EC8sscqlK4bGMTc-9NcCy_Vx8XHTLMmztKAmgw_F76ZuQ9RkLXn0dNkcrnnKigSjBiQ_FllI8yYE9r6CrN/s2051/Class%252061%2520-%25201.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1313" data-original-width="2051" height="558" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6ZPUocJyqBHbIwj9PQ3DVdpUDIVIUQ8u2-oqLnIw1i_VO6iHJAhXP7kBzibTw_hwVXZwKk_q3rOhgrJ4sR7l8ysHWFPI0xtgMhZo7rjEOn2EC8sscqlK4bGMTc-9NcCy_Vx8XHTLMmztKAmgw_F76ZuQ9RkLXn0dNkcrnnKigSjBiQ_FllI8yYE9r6CrN/w871-h558/Class%252061%2520-%25201.jpg" width="871" /></a></div><br />43.Bayani Mandanas. Yani. Bondy. Bondat.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 44.Emmanuel Manalac+. Emmy. Emong.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 45.Eduardo Manalac. Ed. Eddie.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> </span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 46.Manuel Medina. Medy. Manny.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 47.Bonita de Mesa. Bonita. Bonnie.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 48.Paul Montalban. Paul.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 49.Leopoldo Moral, Jr. Pol. Moral.Neggy. Cardinal.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 50.Juliana Nable. Juliana. Julie...aka Noble</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> </span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 51.Teresita Narciso. Tessie. Kumbinto.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 52.Edgar Navarro. Ed</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 53.Imelda Ocampo. Imelda.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 54.George Olivar, Jr. George. Diyords.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 55.Marcelita Ordonez. Marce.</span></span></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="802" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/85D8CNVA5yg" width="965" youtube-src-id="85D8CNVA5yg"></iframe></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">56.Lualhati Pablo. Lulu. Usec Pablo.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 57.Angelita Pasamba.Angelita. Lita. Angge.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 58.Cesar Pascual. Cesar. Sandok. Sandy.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 59.Quintin Pastrana. Quintin. Bakya. Q.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 60.Mildred Patino. Mildred.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> </span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 61.Jose Pecache+. Pec. Jay...aka Pecs he likes to flex his "muscles"</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 62.Nicolas Pelaez+. Pelaez. Nic.Negro... .Nick can be persistent in his quest for a girlfriend. We once followed a certain sophomore named Kathleen.... . all the way home thru busses and jeepneys with her, and managed to egged a smile; all the while serenading her the Irish ditty Kathleen in front of passengers. </span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 63.Amado Punsalang, Jr. Amado. Dodie.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">64.Josefino Quiambao. Quiambao. Pepe.....aka Yodel King</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="781" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/WBFvdnP5fPU" width="939" youtube-src-id="WBFvdnP5fPU"></iframe></div><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 65.Barbara Ramirez. Babs.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 66.Corazon Ramirez. Cora. Corkie.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 67.Erlinda Ramos. Erlinda...</span></span></strong></div></span></strong></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: medium; text-align: center;"><strong style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; line-height: 1.22em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 68.Helen Reantaso. Helen.</span></span></strong></div><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span><br /><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: orange;">></span><span><span style="color: #e69138;"> 69.Oscar Recto+. Oca. Torecs.</span></span></span></strong></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 70.Irma Remo. Irma.</span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;">> 71.Deo Reyes. Deo.</span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 72.Nestor Rivadelo. Vads.Sleeping Vads.</span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 73.Roberto Roa. Boots...He is in LA according to relatives I met aboard ship.</span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 74.Rosalinda Roa. Rosalinda.</span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 75.Romeo Salvador. Romy....aka Anita Eckberg</span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> </span></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;">76.Alberto San Agustin. Bert.</span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 77.Roberto San Juan. Johnny. Bot. San Juan.</span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 78.Honorio San Pedro. Nori. Honorio.</span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 79.Amado Santos, Jr. Dong. Jun.</span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 80.Jose Sason. Sax. Negro. Kulot. Nonoy. Saxon. Saxophone.</span></span></div><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> </span></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"> 81.Zenaida Seva. Zeny.</span></div><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="798" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/jeCV7JVj6Bw" width="960" youtube-src-id="jeCV7JVj6Bw"></iframe></div><br /></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: large;">> 82.Ma. Lourdes Saguil. Hedy....last time I saw her was during the end of our sophomore year; Loved to dance with her slow (that is the only dance I know) even if I was only her shoulder height ...sorry Lani, that was before the prom.</span></div><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 83.Elsa Cristina Sevilla. Elsa. Sister. MS...No nonsense Elsa</span></span></div><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 84.Edgardo Silverio. Ed. Silver. Kabayo.</span></span></div><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 85.Milagros Suva. Mila. </span></span></div><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: large;">> 86.Arthur Tan. Atot.</span></div><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 87.Ernesto Tan-Gatue.Boy. ..Beat up Hannibal Manikan mano a mano</span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 88.Victoria Tolentino. Vicky. Toyang.</span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 89.Lilac Umali. Lilac.</span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 90.Oscar Valenzuela. Oscar. Oca.</span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> </span></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;">91.Dolores Vergara. Dolores. Dolly.</span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 92.Virgilio Vergara. Vius. Ilyong. Ronnie.</span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 93.Pascual Veron-Cruz Jr. Pascual. Kalbo. Pasky. Jun...aka Math Wiz Veron</span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 94.Melanie Villanueva. Melanie. Lani.</span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 95.Ernesto Villareal. Pong. Ponga.</span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> </span></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;">96.Pablo Villavicencio. Pablo.Bing.</span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 97.Rosalita Vizconde. Rosalita. Its.</span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 98.Cynthia Catindig. Cynthia.</span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 99.Evangeline Gabriel. Evangeline.. ...aka..Smiling Vangie..always with a smile</span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold;">> 100.Lourdes Gacad. Lourdes.</span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small; font-weight: 400; text-align: left;"></span></strong></span></div></div></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span><div style="color: #e69138; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large;"><span><span style="font-family: times;"><b><div><strong style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-weight: 400; text-align: left;"><b>2002 Somewhere in the Pacific Atoll of Kwajalein. Of the 29 atolls, 27 are accessible by small plane (Air Marshall Islands). Majuro and Kwajalein atolls, the two population centres are serviced by both Air Marshall Islands and Continental Air Micronesia Jet Aircraft. Kwajalein Atoll is in the heart of the Marshall Islands. It lies in the Ralik Chain, 2,100 nmi (2,400 mi; 3,900 km) southwest of Honolulu, Hawaii at 8°43′N 167°44′E. Kwajalein is the world's largest coral atoll and comprises 93 islands and islets, it has a land area of 1,560 acres (6.33 km²),[1]:12 and surrounds one of the largest lagoons in the world, measuring 324 mi² (839 km²) in size.</b></span></strong></div></b></span></span></div></div><div style="color: #e69138; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large;"><span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-weight: 400; text-align: left;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="775" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/SZ13nDVw8eE" width="932" youtube-src-id="SZ13nDVw8eE"></iframe><strong style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-weight: 400; text-align: left;"><b>The two most significant land masses are Kwajalein Island in the south, and the linked islands of Roi-Namur in the north. By the start of World War II, the Marshalls (South Pacific Mandate) were already an integral part of the Japanese perimeter of defense. Its facilities were being utilized as outlying bases for submarines and surface warships, as well as for air staging for future advances being planned against Ellice, the Fiji Islands, and Samoa.</b></span></strong></div></b></span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-weight: 400; text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-weight: 400; text-align: left;"><b>The Battle of Kwajalein was fought as part of the Pacific campaign of World War II. It took place from 31 January-3 February 1944, on Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands. Employing the hard-learned lessons of the battle of Tarawa, the United States launched a successful twin assault on the main islands of Kwajalein in the south and Roi-Namur in the north. The Japanese defenders put up stiff resistance, although outnumbered and under-prepared. The determined defense of Roi-Namur left only 51 survivors of an original garrison of 3,500.</b></span></strong></span></span></div><div style="color: #e69138; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large;"><span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-weight: 400; text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></span></strong></span></span></div><div style="color: #e69138; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large;"><span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-weight: 400; text-align: left;"><b>For the US, the battle represented both the next step in its island-hopping march to Japan and a significant moral victory because it was the first time the Americans had penetrated the "outer ring" of the Japanese Pacific sphere. For the Japanese, the battle represented the failure of the beach-line defense. Japanese defenses became prepared in depth, and the battles of Peleliu, Guam, and the Marianas proved far more costly to the US.</b></span></strong></span></span></div><div style="color: #e69138; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large;"><span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-weight: 400; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="773" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/3ITFN6p24Jw" width="930" youtube-src-id="3ITFN6p24Jw"></iframe></div><br /></span></strong></span></span></div><div style="color: #e69138; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large;"><span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-weight: 400; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjMPX0V2ZxrmkBe8k0cY0ewJ5lfcUruuav2x94dmb169BNBkLzYjkm2gbz-RWx_Glh3HS0_Jejp2rVu_cSNZe_9sFMx0ZbzVkVm_JZ4UO6q1P1BrJacQAZCIF9nUrtcjMtTgf2c8y93kan/s1600/ygp7561+PAUL+AND+PONG.jpg" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="576" data-original-width="768" height="653" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjMPX0V2ZxrmkBe8k0cY0ewJ5lfcUruuav2x94dmb169BNBkLzYjkm2gbz-RWx_Glh3HS0_Jejp2rVu_cSNZe_9sFMx0ZbzVkVm_JZ4UO6q1P1BrJacQAZCIF9nUrtcjMtTgf2c8y93kan/w871-h653/ygp7561+PAUL+AND+PONG.jpg" width="871" /></b></span></a></span></strong></span></span></div><div style="color: #e69138; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large;"><span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-weight: 400; text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></span></strong></span></span></div><br /></span><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span face=""Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif" style="color: #e69138; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467654182675682" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img height="664" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-r8kk8aksO0g/TVjvTU6wJOI/AAAAAAAABPY/jJ4asJLq6rY/w891-h664/DSC01241.JPG" style="border: none; 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line-height: 1.22em;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="762" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/2XR34gwnFMI" width="917" youtube-src-id="2XR34gwnFMI"></iframe></div><div style="font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.22em;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="760" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/idQRKg5wdJs" width="914" youtube-src-id="idQRKg5wdJs"></iframe></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="767" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/UDYDpeNpMIM" width="922" youtube-src-id="UDYDpeNpMIM"></iframe><b style="color: #e69138; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;">Trivia: The places to go to for lunch were: BY RC</span></b></div></b></div><div style="font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><span><b><span>1. Cherry Pink on Taft Ave.</span></b></span><b><span>Patronized mainly by girls. Sosyal.</span></b></span></div><div style="font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span><b><span>2. Green Valley, adjacent to Rizal Hall. </span></b></span></span><span>Only Prep boys go there...to eat and smoke. </span><span>For P.40, you get rice, beef steak. For p .10 more, you get Coke.</span></span></div><div style="font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span><span>3. Rizal Hall canteen. Pag-aari nina Auring, George, and siblings. </span></span></span><span>Helper,s name: Agustin. Nakaaway yata ni RC. </span><span>Here you have choices of rice meals, palabok, sandwiches.</span></span></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large; text-align: center;"><span><span></span></span></span><br style="text-align: center;" /></span><div style="font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span><span>4. Justice Canteen. Behind the Dept. of Foreign Affairs. </span></span></span><span>This is the place where you want to be seen dining. Minimum cost of lunch </span><span>is P.60. The place is really for DOJ officials and justices; patrons smoke blue </span><span>seal Chesterfields or Salems. It's best to be there on a Monday, when your </span><span>allowance for the week is still intact.</span></span></div><div style="font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></div></b></span></strong></span></span></span><div style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br />Special ringside seats for performances at the Araneta Coliseum were<br />at Php 5.00 per. So with Php 20.00 you could safely invite someone and still have enough for a snack afterwards or a game of "putt and putt" at t he mini-golf place located at the back of Araneta.<br /><br /><br />During early 60's, 5 centavos and 10 centavos ang bayad sa jeep. Manila and Suburbs ang lahat ng biyahe ng jeep noon na 3 seater lang<br />at pitpit ka pagbata ka pag sumakay ka.<br />Sa Avenida at Sta. Cruz, Blumentritt, Tayuman, San Roque Church, Espiritu Santo Church, Grace Park at Monumento ang mga sikat na lugar.<br /><br /><br />Yung Good Earth Emporium pwede ring idagdag sa mga magagandang shopping mall noong araw. Yung Manila Grand Opera house, Odeon, Hollywood, Cinerama, Ideal, State, Lyric, Capitol ang mga sikat na sinehan noon. Sa Q.C ay sikat yung Max's Chicken at Dayrit. Ang dollar<br />rate noon ay 3.70Php sa 1$ ang palitan. Ang Sarsi ay cinco centavos (5 centavos) 10 Centavos ang Coke.<br /><br /><br />Pero sikat yung Canada Dry, Uva at orange ang paborito namin noon. Pag pasko madalas kami sa Sta Cruz para manood ng palabas sa Manila COD para sa Xmas season. Noon walang chippy at potato chips, ang merienda ay banana cue, camote cue, palitaw, biko, pinipig, halo-halo,carioca, pilipit, butsi, hopiang hapon, hopiang munggo, hopiang baboy, bibingka, puto, cassava, cake o budin, suman at mani.<br /><br /><br />Ang apple ay apat-piso ang benta sa Lawton Bus terminal. Mas mahal pa yung local na chico na pineras. Ang grapes, pear, at apple ang karaniwang binebenta sa mga bus terminal na papuntang south (BLTB). Ang bus noon ay bukas lahat yung isang side kaya doon dumadaan ang mga pasahero. Ang sikat na mga Plaza noon ay Plaza Goiti, Plaza Miranda at Plaza Sta. Cruz. Sa mga bakery sa Manila ay sikat yung machacao na tinapay.<br /><br /><br />May I add: Hallili Beer (sold to the Sorianos), Tody chocolate drink in cans, Julep, Pancho Pantero, Horlicks malted milk tablets; Hallili bus, Super (dog logo) Transit, Yujuico, JD & MD buses; ShoeMart Carriedo (the first SM) followed by 2nd ShoeMart beside Ideal Theater and fourth was SM Echague with a revolving restaurant at the top floor. Safari Club beside Manila Zoo at the height of the "Twist" craze, Dance-O-Rama with Pete Roa & Baby O'Brien, Jam Session every 6PM on<br />television.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="767" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/7sIm18KQv4o" width="923" youtube-src-id="7sIm18KQv4o"></iframe></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /><br /><span style="font-size: x-large;">Now anyone who missed those days can't really claim they've seen and tasted the best. Every generation has its own set of "Aces". Do you recall when: You tasted Fres Gusto, Cosmos "Sarsi" Sarsaparilla, RC Cola, Yes Cola, Teem, Darigold Evap, Liberty Condensada, Choco Vim,</span><br /><span style="font-size: x-large;">Sunkist Orange (in tetra packs), Magnolia Chocolait, (pronounced chocolight), Klim (the word "milk" spelled backwards), Big 20</span><br /><span style="font-size: x-large;">Hamburgers, Foot-long hotdog, Tweet & Jiggs Candies (by Mr. Krieger), Sugus Candies, Choco Nut, Tootsie Roll, Blenda Margarine, Serg's Chocolate, kerosene-flavored popcorn and kropeck along Dewey Blvd, dirty ice cream, Magnolia Ice Cream sandwich, Selecta ice cream (now Arce Dairy) and their fresh carabao's milk, Magnolia popsicles in orange, chocolate and langka flavors, Sison Ice Drops in monggo, and buko flavors, Milky Way's buko sherbet, Acme Supermarket' s sundaes and Coney Island's 32 flavors?</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size: x-large;">You went to: Syvel's, Assandas, Arcegas at the Maranaw Arcade, Funhouse at Bricktown, Aguinaldo, Erehwon Bookstore, Alemars Bookstore, Bookmark, Botica Boie, Makati Supermarket (in Makati!), Rizal Theater (with its spacious lobby) with D'Bankers Barbershop and Leila's Coffee Shop, Tropical Hut (and its hamburger), Acme Supermarket, Cherry Foodarama, The Regent of Manila, Hotel Mabuhay, Manila Hilton, Christmas carnival (where Dusit Hotel now stands), Villa Pansol and Lido Beach?</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size: x-large;">Rizal what?" "Who would be crazy to build a cinema in the middle ofnowhere?" It turned out to be the best theater in the city of Makati (at the same site now occupied by Shangri-La Hotel).</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size: x-large;">And ate at: The original A&W along UN Avenue in Manila, Aristocrat across Malate Church, Italian Village, cafÃ(c) Valenzuela, Bonanza</span><br /><span style="font-size: x-large;">Restaurant, Brown Derby, Little Quiapo, Country Bake Shop, Selecta Restaurants (owned by the Arce family), Taza de Oro; New Europe, Madrid, Cucina Italiana, La Cibeles at A. Mabini, The Plaza, Jade Garden Restaurant, Luau, The Makati Automat, Sulo Restaurant (in Makati), Makati Fastfood Center (the first ever), Bulakena, Casa Marcos, Au Bon Vivant, Salambao Restaurant, Dairy Queen along Buendia, Di Mark's Pizza, the elegant dining room of the old Army & Navy Club. Botica Boie in Escolta, Albas in Florida, Malate Brown Derby and their signature foot-long hotdog came with its special, extra tarty mustard sauce and a hot, crispy bun. We used to park at their drive-in bays after we were exhausted from all-night partying but with enough energy to gobble down sausages and soft drinks.</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size: x-large;">The Plaza was the favorite venue for all formal school and social functions. Food was not a big factor so long as cozy couples could</span><br /><span style="font-size: x-large;">have their special table for two.</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size: x-large;">You shopped at: Escolta, Harrison Plaza (when it was still clean and had the bump cars), Ali Mall, Rustan's in San Marcelino, Aguinaldo's</span><br /><span style="font-size: x-large;">in Cubao, Quezon City; Shoemart in Makati was a small, split-level affair.</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size: x-large;">The original Rustan's was the garage of the Tantoco's residential house which was eventually converted into a dazzling shop filled with</span><br /><span style="font-size: x-large;">eclectic things and collectibles.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="797" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/dIDwrH4ukV4" width="959" youtube-src-id="dIDwrH4ukV4"></iframe><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: x-large;">Blockbuster movies were: Love Story, Mahogany, Saturday Night Fever, Grease, Planet of the Apes, Star Wars, Logan's Run, Battlestar Galactica, Paper Chase, Enter The Dragon, Jaws, Towering Inferno, Poseidon Adventure, Carrie, Willard (theme song was Ben sang by a young Michael Jackson), Exorcist, Love Bug, Tinimbang Ka Nguni't Kulang.</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size: x-large;">You wore, carried or used Denman brush tucked in your back pants pocket, Jordache and Sassoon jeans, Bata rubber shoes, Botak running</span><br /><span style="font-size: x-large;">shoes, Ace flexible comb, Ace clutchbag, Carrera shades, Ray-Ban, </span><span style="font-size: large; font-weight: bold;">Photochromic and Ambermatic shades, Foster Grant sunglasses, Alaskin, </span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;">tie-dye shirts and pants, double-knit pants, Sergio Valente, Vidal </span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;">Sassoon, Fiorucci, Banlon, Ye-ye Vonnel shirts, Nik-Nik, Bang-Bang, </span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;">Faded Glory, Jazzie, Puma Topfit, Tiger Onitsuka</span></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: large; font-weight: bold;">, Happy Feet, clogs,</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: large;">Wet look shoes, Pierre Card</span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">in, Brut, Jovan musk oil and grass oil, Aramis, platform shoes with bell-bottom pants and wide-buckled belts.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0uyO6vFbwdIHfDniR_RvHiwDAYi1cGgI7KGE2Qz3gcvy96PB3MNnZdohBrysYnyYv7xHZFbxnk3W5cfm9BRMtIGWsMORx1Em09eTKKh2rD7Fi8WIToFWMaNZlfnYvRax3dcRTMOIlI606YNP-ceNhidjS8cPivJyJh_iIVSOnsFA7nO-rmz3jeuVKi-1Z/s2975/PICT0123.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2975" data-original-width="2163" height="1263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0uyO6vFbwdIHfDniR_RvHiwDAYi1cGgI7KGE2Qz3gcvy96PB3MNnZdohBrysYnyYv7xHZFbxnk3W5cfm9BRMtIGWsMORx1Em09eTKKh2rD7Fi8WIToFWMaNZlfnYvRax3dcRTMOIlI606YNP-ceNhidjS8cPivJyJh_iIVSOnsFA7nO-rmz3jeuVKi-1Z/w919-h1263/PICT0123.JPG" width="919" /></a></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="785" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/D_Hbn-bWoZw" width="945" youtube-src-id="D_Hbn-bWoZw"></iframe></div><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">You had your hair styled or permed by: Flavio and Carmen, Nomer's, Lita Rio, Grace Lagman, Dick & Lucy, and Kayumanggi. That was the time of Aqua Net stiff, foot-high beehives, French twist and Kiss Me liquid eye liners and Pretty Quik instant facial blotters.<br /><br />You sang: Bobby, Bobby, Bobby by Jo Ann Campbell, Someday by Ricky<br />Nelson, And I Love Her by the Beatles, Cherish by the Association, Because by Dave Clark Five, Distant Shores by Chad and Jeremy, Rainy Days & Mondays by the Carpenters, You've Got a Friend by Carol King, Hundred Miles by Peter, Paul and Mary, Evergreen by Paul Williams.<br /><br /><br />Saved whole month's allowance P50 to watch the Beatles perform live at Rizal Memorial Coliseum in 1965.<br /><br /><br />It was hip to listen to: Bingo Lacson and Jo San Diego (past midnight) of DZMT, the singing sensations from Ateneo de Manila? RJ and the Riots, The Loonilarks, Joe Mari Chan and the APO Hiking Society and dance to live combo music garbed in cocktail dresses and dark suits.<br /><br /><br />DZMT was affiliated with the Manila Times and was the only broadcast station that stayed on the air past midnight. Jo San Diego was their<br />anchor woman (she with the velvety bedroom voice).</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;">And danced at: Manila Hotel's Jungle Bar, Stargazer, Bayside Night </span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;">Club (with live music by the Carding Cruz band), and the Nile (and the Italian singing group Five n' Fives), Queue Disco, Circuit Disco, Where Else? Altitude 49, Delirium (in Greenbelt) D'Flame, Rino's, andVelvet Slum, Wells Fargo, and Coco Banana.</span></span></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><br />After graduation, jam sessions were replaced by night clubs and Bayside was the place to go for live bands and non-stop dancing.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB9txj2EXRaoafFMRDpfFjx1Sqp8dYfc0QFMmTHPjcXqjNGZDJHTLMPPzdXGs0QtkgiYv5AW0OCokj-a1nT2fswNXST0hatBRnTl2Q6cx8m44IJGLMrosudhMu6NOxOHwrUAyk_kXFo0c88nqBKcEiec74Kyhauulg-UpvAdmrbnDnVj7gba5qWpJTWcTm/s3264/IMG_9529.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3264" data-original-width="2448" height="1222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB9txj2EXRaoafFMRDpfFjx1Sqp8dYfc0QFMmTHPjcXqjNGZDJHTLMPPzdXGs0QtkgiYv5AW0OCokj-a1nT2fswNXST0hatBRnTl2Q6cx8m44IJGLMrosudhMu6NOxOHwrUAyk_kXFo0c88nqBKcEiec74Kyhauulg-UpvAdmrbnDnVj7gba5qWpJTWcTm/w917-h1222/IMG_9529.JPG" width="917" /></span></a></div><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Do you remember when: Dollar to peso exchange rate was $1 = P7,Walang Tindigan buses charged a flat rate of P1, Love Bus fare was<br />P1.50, family size Shakey's Pizza cost less than P40, Malate streets were named after US States (Pennsylvania, Colorado, etc.); Paranaque,<br />San Juan, Makati, Pasig, Las Pinas, Taguig, Pateros and Muntinlupa were municipalities of Rizal province; DLSU was De La Salle College, Poveda was Institucion Teresiana, Adamson University was the original St. Theresa's campus, Robinsons mall was the Assumption Convent campus, Petron was Esso, Villamor Air Base was then known as Nichols Air Base, bancas were plenty in the Baclaran side of Dewey Blvd. (now Roxas Blvd.) and traffic was non-existent in Tagaytay.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="794" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/kqSbgGfcHl4" width="955" youtube-src-id="kqSbgGfcHl4"></iframe></span></div><span style="color: #e69138;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj965KEE8R2SjshJicDdcdwGF_-YwbLt6YHO7suuXAx37CWDlbefeJi6GJwxO83T-bLFCKAIg1MOxHtluks2xxX3ld2Ey3jem5XbR10AdqkuN2b_nNQllxfHXQorvuE2RvXdjXy95zdKe8eGycHdOm5Ydkp_tPEg4IGbH9gEKqlU9LztCo2Eou_ccoIRmQf/s1024/EFFECTS-ANIMATION.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="695" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj965KEE8R2SjshJicDdcdwGF_-YwbLt6YHO7suuXAx37CWDlbefeJi6GJwxO83T-bLFCKAIg1MOxHtluks2xxX3ld2Ey3jem5XbR10AdqkuN2b_nNQllxfHXQorvuE2RvXdjXy95zdKe8eGycHdOm5Ydkp_tPEg4IGbH9gEKqlU9LztCo2Eou_ccoIRmQf/w926-h695/EFFECTS-ANIMATION.gif" width="926" /></a></div><br /></div></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"></div><div><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #e69138;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="788" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/SbqZ94QvxJs" width="948" youtube-src-id="SbqZ94QvxJs"></iframe></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><br /></div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><span><span></span></span></b></span></b></span></strong></span></span></span></div></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><br /></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><img height="689" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-aWlxma75C9M/TVjvHANAPFI/AAAAAAAABOo/qiqADiiVeGY/w925-h689/DSC01229.JPG" style="border: none; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; position: relative;" width="925" /></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="786" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/LI-obE3eyOQ" width="945" youtube-src-id="LI-obE3eyOQ"></iframe></div></span><h4 style="font-family: "times new roman"; margin: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: times;"><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467488868299490" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img height="700" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-I1-T1_9ukOk/TVjvJtEu8uI/AAAAAAAABOw/p93wXDTzwds/w940-h700/DSC01231.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="940" /></span></a></span></b></span></span></h4><h4 style="font-family: "times new roman"; margin: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></h4><h4 style="font-family: "times new roman"; margin: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">The next morning we had tamales for breakfast hosted by Mrs. Roa who incidentally cut her finger preparing the tamales. Then lechon for lunch and a series of songs from Mrs. Pangilinan, in appreciation for hosting us, the location this time is hazy.The next billet is at Urdaneta High School below. The same as the last </span>night, boys will be boys as Mr. Toralba and Lazaro kept the peace.</span></h4><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467869753071922" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: large;"><img height="688" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-j3s_WdMUtmY/TVjvf3-vWTI/AAAAAAAABQI/32PB4rBytyk/w924-h688/DSC01253.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="924" /></span></a></b></span></div><h4 style="font-family: "times new roman"; margin: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"></span></h4><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><strong>Burnham Park above, where we rented </strong></span></span><b style="font-family: times; font-size: xx-large; text-align: start;"><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467860257032786" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img height="687" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-kFXytonJJ1U/TVjvfUmtSlI/AAAAAAAABQE/oMzp5dqjQ4U/w922-h687/DSC01252.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="922" /></span></a></b></span></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold;"><strong><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; text-align: justify;"><strong><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="766" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/6clQtZXhznM" width="922" youtube-src-id="6clQtZXhznM"></iframe></div><br />roller skates, and then, shared one of these tricycles with a junior, held both her hands, no names please, a boyish romantic encounter. Surely an unforgettable Chance Encounter for a boy of 13, as she shifted towards me. We cuddled and continued to ride in the cool afternoon fog. </strong></span><strong style="font-size: xx-large; text-align: justify;">Ambuklao Dam, newly constructed then, Photo of Bay Area Prep 61 and songs of 1957 TO THE RIGHT.</strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="792" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/OFtNVEbasOo" width="953" youtube-src-id="OFtNVEbasOo"></iframe></div><br /><strong style="font-size: xx-large; text-align: justify;"><br /></strong></div></span></span></div></strong></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #e69138;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="794" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/MlA0PJyl0Eg" width="955" youtube-src-id="MlA0PJyl0Eg"></iframe></div></span></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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text-align: left;"><br /></div><br /><strong style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><br /></strong></span></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman"; text-align: left;"><strong style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAL6l2EUjzC3SHJO0rE0cHVPv0mwePHHBD2sdR5SjJ1UJHPhL7c8sCt6G8k1EKuJBlHODnOefWYVxtsmFU61bPBc7ACiatCzwH5Cblqyc0HBy60JTXwc9p0ZwDSkB3AjuDPdo6lFqg5niP/s1600/II-Camia.jpg" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1391" data-original-width="1194" height="1050" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAL6l2EUjzC3SHJO0rE0cHVPv0mwePHHBD2sdR5SjJ1UJHPhL7c8sCt6G8k1EKuJBlHODnOefWYVxtsmFU61bPBc7ACiatCzwH5Cblqyc0HBy60JTXwc9p0ZwDSkB3AjuDPdo6lFqg5niP/w901-h1050/II-Camia.jpg" width="901" /></span></a></strong></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman"; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></div><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="740" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/WcpifAffvXU" width="891" youtube-src-id="WcpifAffvXU"></iframe></span></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman"; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><strong style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwnqST0Rfuq4W6BNHMKZdKi5BU4xEJFZN5B65zh-v9ayCv1x3JtLSW54TnwJhroOtFMQnV74Uv9XmkPJ-2c6jAIzPk28tTcGimt1diJoeN1IR-ZIH2LpLUg2X6DVVVMrOwVBoArKVM1WMM/s1600/I-Everlasting.jpg" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; 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text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="770" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/GzRWwQK5OQ0" width="925" youtube-src-id="GzRWwQK5OQ0"></iframe></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><strong style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="780" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/-rgcsnRc4vU" width="940" youtube-src-id="-rgcsnRc4vU"></iframe></div><br /></span></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="788" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/yXBJqxwG0oE" width="948" youtube-src-id="yXBJqxwG0oE"></iframe></div><br /></span></span></strong></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><strong style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; text-align: left;"><strong><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong>Memories of our field trip to Bagiuo in 1957. First stop was Angeles, Pampanga, where we toured Clark with Dr. Roa. I remember the doctor riding in a brand new 1957 yellow Chrysler with all the high fins typical of the cars of the late 50’s. The day was not over yet, a jam session in the moonlight at a basket ball court at the school grounds. The seniors and teachers alike did enjoy the ball hosted by the Pampanga High School. I remember the single Ms. Roma Clemente, photo above, talking about her repertoire of dances and how she enjoyed it. Me, I stayed behind, as I do not dance yet, but was busy talking to local high school girls. I found out the beddings belong to them. Thinking this time, how UP Prep can reciprocate. <strong>Billets were in a gymnasium with rows of cots and mosquito nets. I do not know where the girls were, but the energy was ever flowing from the boys…as shoes were flying everywhere in the dark, landing safely at the mosquito nets. Above Pictures of the boys in a later field trip (1960) to Bagiuo and Pampanga High School</strong></strong></span></strong></span></strong></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="802" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/GtCqCVqTks0" width="965" youtube-src-id="GtCqCVqTks0"></iframe></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><strong style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; text-align: left;"><strong><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="782" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/tEgu0c_i8zY" width="941" youtube-src-id="tEgu0c_i8zY"></iframe></div><br /></strong></span></strong></span></strong></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><strong style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLpVacCoHS42kh2PZwsQaL1NxJsVsidfaGufAmwi7O2OkQhqAib21Kf824SpFmHpoGdvnj6HrSJx0MSOZECN5U_OwcGhS5eqjeWPH1cahji_x1mxClk_FLMwhbMQN7U54c7-kUFrEVcTJ0/s1600/Class%25252061%252520-%2525202.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1208" height="1208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLpVacCoHS42kh2PZwsQaL1NxJsVsidfaGufAmwi7O2OkQhqAib21Kf824SpFmHpoGdvnj6HrSJx0MSOZECN5U_OwcGhS5eqjeWPH1cahji_x1mxClk_FLMwhbMQN7U54c7-kUFrEVcTJ0/w911-h1208/Class%25252061%252520-%2525202.jpg" width="911" /></a></span></strong></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><strong style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><br /></strong></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><strong style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><strong style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467270007578978"><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"><img height="697" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-tlo9qDNlGm8/TVju89wRYWI/AAAAAAAABOA/S6xxhNNMUzE/w934-h697/DSC01219.JPG" width="934" /></font></a></strong></span></strong></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><strong style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></strong></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><strong style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><span style="color: #e69138;">OSCAR VALENZUELA VALEDICTORIAN</span></strong></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><strong style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><b style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467472002672274" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: large;"><img height="715" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-IsmAYDGU1Xo/TVjvIuPp5pI/AAAAAAAABOs/h1jbVZZcJCE/w959-h715/DSC01230.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="959" /></span></a></span></b></strong></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><strong style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></strong></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="763" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Cdkqb9pCae4" width="919" youtube-src-id="Cdkqb9pCae4"></iframe></span></div></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #e69138;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="777" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/IynwpdUcDR8" width="935" youtube-src-id="IynwpdUcDR8"></iframe><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; text-align: left;"><span>ROAD TO BAGIUO ABOVE, THE K</span><span>ENNON </span></b><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; text-align: left;"><span>ZIGZAG ROAD</span></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: left;"><div style="font-size: medium;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="786" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/wnhiMWlzVFc" width="946" youtube-src-id="wnhiMWlzVFc"></iframe></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="792" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Fnzn-3oXEUI" width="952" youtube-src-id="Fnzn-3oXEUI"></iframe></div><br /></b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="793" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/50WDY0AtuXs" width="953" youtube-src-id="50WDY0AtuXs"></iframe></div></span></span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="793" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/56_b--SJ-6A" width="955" youtube-src-id="56_b--SJ-6A"></iframe></div><br /></b></span></span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="792" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/twRr3ygK3TM" width="952" youtube-src-id="twRr3ygK3TM"></iframe></div></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span><strong style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: justify;"><br /></strong></span></b></span></span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="773" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/mP3eC6v3SGI" width="932" youtube-src-id="mP3eC6v3SGI"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div></b></span></span></div></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: left;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="808" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/CcyJwioi6Vg" width="971" youtube-src-id="CcyJwioi6Vg"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div></b></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="809" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/FfsbCBTAnAg" width="974" youtube-src-id="FfsbCBTAnAg"></iframe></div><br />This song is dedicated to all my lady professors and Mr. Rubio, my sincere appreciation for your kindness and knowledge imparted that helped me for </span></span><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-weight: 700;">the </span><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-weight: bold;">rest of my life.</span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-weight: bold;">Ms. Celeste Botor my English & Compo teacher. </span><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-weight: bold;">Ms Rosario Cortez my History mentor<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="759" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/5RDicxSLyCk" width="913" youtube-src-id="5RDicxSLyCk"></iframe></div><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></div></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="249"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></div><div><b><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;">At Prep High, Charmaine is our school song, and it begins like this… I wonder if you will remember? Prep High, P</span></b></div><div><b><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;">rep High</span></b></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><div><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1787" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/haqV8TykfZ8" style="display: inline;" width="2150" youtube-src-id="haqV8TykfZ8"></iframe></div><div><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1792" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/s9PQ7qPkluM" style="display: inline;" width="2148" youtube-src-id="s9PQ7qPkluM"></iframe></div><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikP455sL4Q4ScEBZ4zIFw1d_vmpPP54lvAOyRejp3arYCrq2y_wTcGMIwRrKHEz1Y2e587vrRlur4CD1Kzgm8kqs7dMTPHXauuw-iY4bifTG0o5zNgztXhP7T_pR4JyoTdcRN4cVBbe5My/s1600/-ANIMATION+TAHITI.gif" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-weight: bold; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="2043" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikP455sL4Q4ScEBZ4zIFw1d_vmpPP54lvAOyRejp3arYCrq2y_wTcGMIwRrKHEz1Y2e587vrRlur4CD1Kzgm8kqs7dMTPHXauuw-iY4bifTG0o5zNgztXhP7T_pR4JyoTdcRN4cVBbe5My/w2043-h2043/-ANIMATION+TAHITI.gif" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="2043" /></a><b><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">RIP LULU </span></b></div><div><b><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> RIP LULU PABLO</span></b></div></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><div><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1782" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/vjC15aK53ig" width="2144" youtube-src-id="vjC15aK53ig"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1783" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/X8AOVm2UILE" width="2145" youtube-src-id="X8AOVm2UILE"></iframe></div></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc_iDm0ai7DZmuLr9CT_w74hr-2-KR8bR2OhnvGAydb3y4I1hiFUwJcBHwN6rIzvhpT8Qu6zhA_kuLN6GtJkzJhoWbMiWGXibzpwJ0KSQFVI4ixvTHnrXluEu9oZrMgryEsj6p4Gm6KPXMDIGaXjOs2FvddfmUxmftmt6qHh7pEtwo3Yti0arZjHFMRqfb/s766/IMG_7947-ANIMATION.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><img border="0" data-original-height="390" data-original-width="766" height="1082" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc_iDm0ai7DZmuLr9CT_w74hr-2-KR8bR2OhnvGAydb3y4I1hiFUwJcBHwN6rIzvhpT8Qu6zhA_kuLN6GtJkzJhoWbMiWGXibzpwJ0KSQFVI4ixvTHnrXluEu9oZrMgryEsj6p4Gm6KPXMDIGaXjOs2FvddfmUxmftmt6qHh7pEtwo3Yti0arZjHFMRqfb/w2124-h1082/IMG_7947-ANIMATION.gif" width="2124" /></span></a></div><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVWVnHvOpHeHQvqCNe82yeh6j3CbhcL4w6ACJDBJ4uUgxpINkoAj5n8jWk8HNCe-JICAfVpUAjW9TVtg7EYbhZJTjRNFTBw6RMQRe4I9JwSAsKL8af3uSaqbQQTDJoMMgLVZdrsC7BmeX1xHaUDqJOQ6HK1WqDRf05fpJdKwHVRv0XeF-9Lo6N_2ZfNKx6/s1600/PICT0092.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1104" data-original-width="1600" height="1413" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVWVnHvOpHeHQvqCNe82yeh6j3CbhcL4w6ACJDBJ4uUgxpINkoAj5n8jWk8HNCe-JICAfVpUAjW9TVtg7EYbhZJTjRNFTBw6RMQRe4I9JwSAsKL8af3uSaqbQQTDJoMMgLVZdrsC7BmeX1xHaUDqJOQ6HK1WqDRf05fpJdKwHVRv0XeF-9Lo6N_2ZfNKx6/w2049-h1413/PICT0092.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="2049" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;">OUR FOREVER FRIENDS TO THE RIGHT JEFF AND JENNIFER</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1794" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/CTsB-llTzyc" width="2157" youtube-src-id="CTsB-llTzyc"></iframe></span></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><b style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span><br /></span><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1757" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/SPexRiQbsNE" width="2112" youtube-src-id="SPexRiQbsNE"></iframe><span><br /><br /></span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /></b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></div></span><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRcahmsowJSdZOGPvk65VyDR2B08sDkFiK0YgAMqVzFkhdx08WDL1OMEJKBKJV7PNtcWpEm7Opl642lIrzq0d2gbpyXTKdWLvABRz4awrz87KBKogy6cfz-P5XRN38RIgNnq32TO48nWOVhXXTZIQNmwmfZiJDJ_9CABlfaSU1vomL9qXeNzNy4BNV1Wbq/s1024/PICT0090-ANIMATION.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="745" data-original-width="1024" height="1460" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRcahmsowJSdZOGPvk65VyDR2B08sDkFiK0YgAMqVzFkhdx08WDL1OMEJKBKJV7PNtcWpEm7Opl642lIrzq0d2gbpyXTKdWLvABRz4awrz87KBKogy6cfz-P5XRN38RIgNnq32TO48nWOVhXXTZIQNmwmfZiJDJ_9CABlfaSU1vomL9qXeNzNy4BNV1Wbq/w2007-h1460/PICT0090-ANIMATION.gif" width="2007" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></div></span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">1</span><span style="font-size: x-large;">960: I became aware of my heritage in my junior year at UP Prep........READ LEFT STATEMENTS</span></span></b></div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: justify; width: 499px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="249"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="370"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 462px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="111"><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4O1irjskO9EndAi64coPBS15QHffwVA_1KFn4VVgGP7fnmWlYV4v8GZg552oqGjodSbWBhfNd3QpWt0iNLucrSEoBAUe8cZorKT9EwWta_bhaGAs-yKHn6BvmhpxGTg7mJpe5L1JlwIswniWkOnrU9eMlzbZHperhz8MWGVxOOs29VOgw5OrTGYlrnrc/s3264/IMG_1362.JPG" style="font-size: xx-large; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2448" data-original-width="3264" height="1512" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4O1irjskO9EndAi64coPBS15QHffwVA_1KFn4VVgGP7fnmWlYV4v8GZg552oqGjodSbWBhfNd3QpWt0iNLucrSEoBAUe8cZorKT9EwWta_bhaGAs-yKHn6BvmhpxGTg7mJpe5L1JlwIswniWkOnrU9eMlzbZHperhz8MWGVxOOs29VOgw5OrTGYlrnrc/w2017-h1512/IMG_1362.JPG" width="2017" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">1</span><span style="font-size: x-large;">960: I became aware of my heritage in my junior year at UP Prep</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: times; font-weight: 700;">SIXTY YEARS LATER, THE BOY IN HIS SENIOR YEARS ABOVE</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: times; font-weight: 700;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnLbd5y1aHGzTPpruBvxLkoLRe1gIPe2tT3t5yZwO_n3wl3XYMo6bmJs38SRrSY0bkqlAwbD9TkGrU2wnJbbCOWsJSyGS9J5Eng6RtISgL2j1iKIl_lg_jm8cJR227_rfMRZybZod8j5-6hwFLPFDQy4jnm6zI7aV8vhLVMiKmKgMRYzWYq1qmpik62vah/s1024/PICT0255-ANIMATION.gif" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><img border="0" data-original-height="614" data-original-width="1024" height="1232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnLbd5y1aHGzTPpruBvxLkoLRe1gIPe2tT3t5yZwO_n3wl3XYMo6bmJs38SRrSY0bkqlAwbD9TkGrU2wnJbbCOWsJSyGS9J5Eng6RtISgL2j1iKIl_lg_jm8cJR227_rfMRZybZod8j5-6hwFLPFDQy4jnm6zI7aV8vhLVMiKmKgMRYzWYq1qmpik62vah/w2052-h1232/PICT0255-ANIMATION.gif" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="2052" /></span></a></span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1786" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/tcth3ccFHh0" width="2148" youtube-src-id="tcth3ccFHh0"></iframe></b></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1793" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/pmQcFbzhp_I" width="2158" youtube-src-id="pmQcFbzhp_I"></iframe></b></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: times;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1788" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/rCF8d2Opbc8" width="2150" youtube-src-id="rCF8d2Opbc8"></iframe></div><div><br /></div></b><strong style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1810" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/MhAE3lQ_FHg" width="2178" youtube-src-id="MhAE3lQ_FHg"></iframe><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1805" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/mtNlAOfITqs" width="2173" youtube-src-id="mtNlAOfITqs"></iframe></div><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><div><span><span style="font-family: times;"><strong style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"><br /></strong></span></span></div></span></strong><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><strong><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;">FIJI, AMERICAN SAMOA , NEW ZEALAND, AUSTRALIA. VENICE below, the sea meets the mountain</span></strong></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><strong><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><strong><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzSoBnDR14c-pdw_YcFJdKl0SEnN-Cug2lb80TpX5AbcUsPAVmNwucaKYVa1hQKd8venmHdS3niaCkieSEBNTPWcbh9xA6JBOcrYteVe7Grc_VaNlda7GjxSfC6twlKJj6tGDe4kxmseoFoNBxFYprtP0o3mIjLJnGD43Uti6kUE_C9nUIBkz6X_ms1Fg/s1024/IMG_4969-ANIMATION.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="1633" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzSoBnDR14c-pdw_YcFJdKl0SEnN-Cug2lb80TpX5AbcUsPAVmNwucaKYVa1hQKd8venmHdS3niaCkieSEBNTPWcbh9xA6JBOcrYteVe7Grc_VaNlda7GjxSfC6twlKJj6tGDe4kxmseoFoNBxFYprtP0o3mIjLJnGD43Uti6kUE_C9nUIBkz6X_ms1Fg/w2179-h1633/IMG_4969-ANIMATION.gif" style="border: none; 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font-size: medium;"></strong><span style="font-weight: 700;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><div><span><span style="font-family: times;"><span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnHl2r5sEizcLj1fz8XsaWzM5NFdgaBf6woRdpdhVFl0MAMTIOM0G_MvGbapeWRLAhGsNtbmLWqHBz9Y6MeuAQJJnic85jKqbtoB1bEYHho6PM45J6NnhTNQW3EbCHoTeV01ABz0TZhib7X6buZywUq_zz5aT3d7PR9AfD_pAKx0n5lHwlqBAO0BNYDWs/s720/PICT0374-ANIMATION.gif" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: start;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="720" height="1647" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnHl2r5sEizcLj1fz8XsaWzM5NFdgaBf6woRdpdhVFl0MAMTIOM0G_MvGbapeWRLAhGsNtbmLWqHBz9Y6MeuAQJJnic85jKqbtoB1bEYHho6PM45J6NnhTNQW3EbCHoTeV01ABz0TZhib7X6buZywUq_zz5aT3d7PR9AfD_pAKx0n5lHwlqBAO0BNYDWs/w2197-h1647/PICT0374-ANIMATION.gif" width="2197" /></a></span></span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: times;"><span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: times;"><span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></span></div>Mr Manuel Rubio my Tagalog teacher and also the Principal of UP Prep </b></span></span><b>At Prep High,</b></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: times;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1898" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/x2bd1zp_q6Y" style="display: inline;" width="2282" youtube-src-id="x2bd1zp_q6Y"></iframe></div></b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div></span><span style="font-family: times;"><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1803" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/OKd_8n8wijA" width="2169" youtube-src-id="OKd_8n8wijA"></iframe></b></span></div><div><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1798" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/brIGAFCqaIM" width="2162" youtube-src-id="brIGAFCqaIM"></iframe></div><div><b><span style="font-family: times;">Charmaine is our school song, and it begins like this… I wonder if you will remember? Prep High, Prep High</span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1797" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/5c119LHL-pY" width="2162" youtube-src-id="5c119LHL-pY"></iframe></div></b><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1796" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Evemlf6QU44" width="2160" youtube-src-id="Evemlf6QU44"></iframe><br /><b style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><br /><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467885842095874" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img height="1594" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-fJ7h2aHnudA/TVjvgz6qXwI/AAAAAAAABQM/YlCant2m0aA/w2136-h1594/DSC01254.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="2136" /></span></a><br /><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467885842095874" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a><br /><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467885842095874" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a><span><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467907722372706" style="text-decoration-line: none;"></a></span></b><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1689" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/VDSUUN4-fsk" width="2032" youtube-src-id="VDSUUN4-fsk"></iframe><b style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><br /></b></div></span></span></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1736" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/abUeDW_MqVs" width="2088" youtube-src-id="abUeDW_MqVs"></iframe><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: center;"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: center; width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="370"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 462px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="349"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="370"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="370"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="700"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="350"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 337px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="335"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1861" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/vvlCVxT9JZA" width="2239" youtube-src-id="vvlCVxT9JZA"></iframe></span></div><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1852" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/IjBzPMfQ3n0" width="2230" youtube-src-id="IjBzPMfQ3n0"></iframe></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1856" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/UkQ0KcTxGI8" width="2234" youtube-src-id="UkQ0KcTxGI8"></iframe></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></div><span style="color: #e69138;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1858" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/1MCarkGd4Xk" width="2235" youtube-src-id="1MCarkGd4Xk"></iframe><br /></span><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 462px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="349"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></td><td valign="top" width="111"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 12px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="10"><strong><strong><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></span></strong></strong><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td valign="top" width="111"></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM0E3MCgo_lq1BUU7uilvX1KJBj34fDOuOXsfGF_UoDO6ZfkF9hKZPgO7IepqnorSqf4jqiUgg9njTfKDpY8s19nFRyCOI8ory5sxYgmrCf3zPMVAdCLpO4YupZS6fzbEvK_fU4k7LOXGr/s1600/Class%25252061%252520-%2525202.jpg" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-weight: bold; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><img border="0" data-original-height="816" data-original-width="1600" height="1144" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM0E3MCgo_lq1BUU7uilvX1KJBj34fDOuOXsfGF_UoDO6ZfkF9hKZPgO7IepqnorSqf4jqiUgg9njTfKDpY8s19nFRyCOI8ory5sxYgmrCf3zPMVAdCLpO4YupZS6fzbEvK_fU4k7LOXGr/w2243-h1144/Class%25252061%252520-%2525202.jpg" width="2243" /></span></a></div><span style="color: #e69138;"><br style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;" /><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>RIP NICK PELAEZ MY DEAR FRIEND</b></span><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1870" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Eu9Oe7jpJHo" width="2252" youtube-src-id="Eu9Oe7jpJHo"></iframe></div><br style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;" /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><strong style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; line-height: 1.22em; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Nick can be persistent in his quest for a girlfriend. We once followed a certain sophomore named </span></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><strong style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; line-height: 1.22em; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Kathleen.... . all the way home thru busses and jeepneys with her, and managed to egged a smile; </span></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><strong style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; line-height: 1.22em; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">all the while serenading her the Irish ditty Kathleen in front of passengers. </span></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><strong style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; line-height: 1.22em; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1876" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/xc1QzMYiHuc" width="2258" youtube-src-id="xc1QzMYiHuc"></iframe></span></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: left;"><strong style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 1.22em; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">ON </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">OUR 44TH ANNIVERSARY A MEDIEVAL 1000 YEARS OLD HOUSE IN A</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">TOWN IN FRANCE ESTABLISHED BY KING RICHARD THE LION HEARTED</span></div></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><strong style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; line-height: 1.22em; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHHoPfVl4fvqc3QrJpa-z_vO7NqwbvSYckEqnMrqC9oeNsrrlXJEARyPfzU6abA1V0oPgAW92uW3Hlx7MJ-CVOUkqYVjK_JmnFIcML5nQ2z-pG3OeBefmgb3bQE6v18lBga0XTFaqmpMAA4RaZPZH5PgdQJcXZtMmt-GE9i7W6QeVMswhCBkFjrEIFpsg4/s1600/Collages1-001.jpg" style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="1232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHHoPfVl4fvqc3QrJpa-z_vO7NqwbvSYckEqnMrqC9oeNsrrlXJEARyPfzU6abA1V0oPgAW92uW3Hlx7MJ-CVOUkqYVjK_JmnFIcML5nQ2z-pG3OeBefmgb3bQE6v18lBga0XTFaqmpMAA4RaZPZH5PgdQJcXZtMmt-GE9i7W6QeVMswhCBkFjrEIFpsg4/w2186-h1232/Collages1-001.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="2186" /></span></a></span></strong> TOWN</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: center; text-indent: -15px;"> see..... <a href="http://eramusic.blogspot.com/2017/02/the-concert-grand-pianos.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;">THE CONCERT GRAND PIANOS</a></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhK-oubqczdG3YDSXIwZvUOKT7rQiihXS7KcMNKy6p8Pc5gQC4h9LAtbqaLDSreGBjXgDFShvjRpskCEdfck0V9nBM4lZ7PYmtQL4tZtK5RqwHjz4pcvF1ui4TmGvuunehLMCRAyiLYclAM6ou2Jygy_qXmSAWVLQZwnpOzmIWNqe7ENIuRPluZIun3Tpr/s1024/IMG_1140-ANIMATION.gif" style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="1603" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhK-oubqczdG3YDSXIwZvUOKT7rQiihXS7KcMNKy6p8Pc5gQC4h9LAtbqaLDSreGBjXgDFShvjRpskCEdfck0V9nBM4lZ7PYmtQL4tZtK5RqwHjz4pcvF1ui4TmGvuunehLMCRAyiLYclAM6ou2Jygy_qXmSAWVLQZwnpOzmIWNqe7ENIuRPluZIun3Tpr/w2137-h1603/IMG_1140-ANIMATION.gif" width="2137" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"><b style="color: #e69138; font-size: medium;"> </b><b style="color: #e69138;">THE CITY OF ROUEN THE CAPITAL OF NORMANDY WHERE JOAN OF ARC WAS BURNED </b><b style="color: #e69138; text-align: justify;">AT </b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"><b style="color: #e69138; text-align: justify;">THE STAKES. THE TALL SPIKE LIKE A FLAGPOLE WAS WHERE SHE WAS GRILLED ON </b><b style="color: #e69138; text-align: justify;">TOP </b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"><b style="color: #e69138; text-align: justify;">THEREBY DIED 0F ASPHYXIATION QUICKLY.</b><b style="color: #e69138; text-align: justify;">THE PYRAMID BEHIND THE STAKE IS </b><b style="color: #e69138; text-align: justify;">THE </b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"><b style="color: #e69138; text-align: justify;">CHURCH </b><b style="color: #e69138; text-align: justify;">OF ST. JAN D'ARC. THE HALF HIDDEN TURRET AT THE EDGE OF TOWN WAS WHERE </b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"><b style="color: #e69138; text-align: justify;">SHE WAS </b><b style="color: #e69138; text-align: justify;">IMPRISONED.</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1856" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Tt9lzIzF8gQ" width="2235" youtube-src-id="Tt9lzIzF8gQ"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"><b style="color: #e69138;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1754" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/uirBWk-qd9A" width="2109" youtube-src-id="uirBWk-qd9A"></iframe></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="background-color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="background-color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="background-color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2639" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/k4EbqEIeIZM" width="3175" youtube-src-id="k4EbqEIeIZM"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3_r8QghIcikOJHfdKca-2qtLWgpTZy3P5_H3g2u279j8lpT4Z4wYzlvjsjH4vEKeKI099w8k0MHctUy4Dn8wtD5kRN7D-AvRKP6RNsmUZlDmtXdgzwmDiyDOEt7HF55NtpjKD4vnclPn_B3YypgY0ek-twwL-J3ATGLA9rc99CSmX3A8Qa5PjRWouYpA/s1024/ALASKA-ANIMATION.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="2382" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3_r8QghIcikOJHfdKca-2qtLWgpTZy3P5_H3g2u279j8lpT4Z4wYzlvjsjH4vEKeKI099w8k0MHctUy4Dn8wtD5kRN7D-AvRKP6RNsmUZlDmtXdgzwmDiyDOEt7HF55NtpjKD4vnclPn_B3YypgY0ek-twwL-J3ATGLA9rc99CSmX3A8Qa5PjRWouYpA/w3175-h2382/ALASKA-ANIMATION.gif" width="3175" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2719" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/349z1z2q7mQ" width="3273" youtube-src-id="349z1z2q7mQ"></iframe><br /><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><div style="background-color: black;"><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="text-align: justify;">The University of the Philippines made this field trips available to the student body under the supervision of Mr. Rubio. I remember our trips to Bagiuo</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="text-align: justify;">and Bicol by train. The later, I was not able to avail. students start the term with a trip to various High Schools, either to a resort, an American base, or </b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="text-align: justify;">towns in Luzon. School life is also enriched by additional field trips to such places important to the nation’s infrastructure, like dams, markets, military </b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="text-align: justify;">base and institutions like PMA. </b></div></span></div></span></span><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="color: black; text-align: justify; width: 939px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="599"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 600px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="289"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 699px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="699"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td><td valign="top" width="110"></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td valign="top" width="111"></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiMzTxYMCtRSudiw-X5GzIC1cF78B4PHYaIv8GAh9OcD2un7vT7p04wh3_RcmLEu82r6GCVY0hpQKcyg17xNgYOOCALEWFskCbRnWfYU9QGKv8C23NeHTlccLdt4N69H5ILQCAmtyFuS71/s1600/DSC_0918.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1068" data-original-width="1600" height="1975" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiMzTxYMCtRSudiw-X5GzIC1cF78B4PHYaIv8GAh9OcD2un7vT7p04wh3_RcmLEu82r6GCVY0hpQKcyg17xNgYOOCALEWFskCbRnWfYU9QGKv8C23NeHTlccLdt4N69H5ILQCAmtyFuS71/w2958-h1975/DSC_0918.JPG" width="2958" /></a></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;"></span></span><br /><div><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOWlBf37nHGENe_njcIWW47OQu3_EQRe3TwByU10essOBb_Bns4P_vAXo6xrMLjQdp_JngNvBDDKYAsnR_rkqkGngW7Y38y7MLvN-Hlqx3VPMWVbJofGIMt72uj9RjsfLokI6ujddpq4VQ/s1600/DSCN1292.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="2220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOWlBf37nHGENe_njcIWW47OQu3_EQRe3TwByU10essOBb_Bns4P_vAXo6xrMLjQdp_JngNvBDDKYAsnR_rkqkGngW7Y38y7MLvN-Hlqx3VPMWVbJofGIMt72uj9RjsfLokI6ujddpq4VQ/w2959-h2220/DSCN1292.JPG" width="2959" /></b></span></a></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfAPl2ri0Xe3O5vlsbQFdcn2OfGFosWB7WeLtWt_r5ZetawV1QXxTmwaMfCpm__6wd2xXdTHlwUwuqz8qvCr-tjyry3r7gxDBL_Z7-EqTQloGiI9RC4wIla9pp_-MpiZDks1Q9xJIaEnzc/s1600/DSCN1294.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="2200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfAPl2ri0Xe3O5vlsbQFdcn2OfGFosWB7WeLtWt_r5ZetawV1QXxTmwaMfCpm__6wd2xXdTHlwUwuqz8qvCr-tjyry3r7gxDBL_Z7-EqTQloGiI9RC4wIla9pp_-MpiZDks1Q9xJIaEnzc/w2933-h2200/DSCN1294.JPG" width="2933" /></b></span></a></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">God bless my alumni association</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">In this our chosen Nation,</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Let it blossom forth in harmony and peace;</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">From east to west establish the brotherhood and friendship,</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">That all strife and loneliness may cease.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-1b1832a6-12dd-27de-b380-075573d3faf7" style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">In the busy offices and streets of cities,</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">In the mountains and quiet fields of farms,</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Raise each other's mind to greater vision,</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Shield my classmates' life from that which harms.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">We give thanks for precious friends and alliance;</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Help us cherish them as we should;</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">May we give ourselves in service to each other</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">for your praise and other's good.....</span></span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; white-space-collapse: preserve;">..AS</span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; white-space-collapse: preserve;">C</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: black;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><br /><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"></div><ol><li style="text-align: left;"><br /></li></ol></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"></span></b></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: x-large; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><b><br /></b></span></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div><div><b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div><div><br /></div><div><b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">I WAS READING SOME OLD 61 EMAILS AND CAME ACROSS THE NICKNAMES. I WOULD SAY IT WAS HILARIOUS TO READ THIS AND HOW CLASSMATES REMEMBER EACH AND EVERY ONE. YOU WERE VERY KIND, SOME NAMES ARE X-RATED AS I RECALL, BUT YOU DID A GOOD JOB RECALLING THE SANITIZED MONICKER.</span></span></strong></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">ASC</span></span></strong></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"> After 38 years, not an easy task. Kaya pala si Kardinal ang na-assign na </strong></span><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 1.22em;">mag-recall: mahirap na medyo delikado pa.Mahirap dahil hindi ako saksi sa </strong><strong style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 1.22em;">lahat ng pangyayari sa lahat ng sections. Delikado dahil baka may sugat na</strong><strong style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 1.22em;">manariwa. Pero katuwaan lang ito. Sana lahat matuwa at walang mapikon--after</strong><strong style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 1.22em;">all trabaho lang ito at " recaller" lang ako hindi "namer" o "baptizer".</strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">Bato-bato sa langit, ang matamaan mag-email agad.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 1.Jose Acevedo. Babe, Baba, Ali Baba.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 2.Godofredo Alaras. Godofredo.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 3.Corazon Amante. Cora. Pipit( from Joey)</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 4.Andrew Ang.Ang. Undress Ang( from Oca V.)</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 5.Arlene Aquino+. Arlene, Stitch, Stitch.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> </strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 6.Vilma Bala. Vilma. Bambi.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 7.Lourdes Balderrama. Dudi......(aka. ..Balde shortened version of Balderama)</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 8.Alipio Baluyut+. Alip.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 9.Frine Bautista. Frine.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 10.Eldora Bella. Dhoree.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> </strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 11.Jose Buenaventura. Joey. Yat.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 12.Melinda Caparas. Melinda. It.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 13.Melchor Capili. Melchor. Cap. Ohab( from Ping)</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 14.Augusto Capulong. Augie.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 15.Nemesio Ceralde. Jr. Boy. Boyd. Tenggoy Jr.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> </strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 16.Jesus Ching. Ching...(aka Foo Man Ching)</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 17.Renato Constantino, Jr. RC. Yat. One Beer Kid. Wangbu.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 18.Carol Corpus. Carol.Carole.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 19.Cynthia Cuevas. Cynthia. Cindy.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 20.Rogelio Cuevas. Cuevas. Roger.</strong></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2290" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/WWKNZUjFJNo" width="2758" youtube-src-id="WWKNZUjFJNo"></iframe></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">21.Alexander Custodio. Alex. Todio. Custodio.... General "Bull" Tojo (mannerismm of bowing)</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 22.Manuel Edralin. Manny. Edra. Antok.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 23.Jose Fargas. Ping.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 24.Evangeline Farolan. Eva.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 25.Wilhelmina Fernandez. Mimay. Curly Bangs.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> </strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 26.Romeo Fojas. Fojie.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 27.Evelyn Fontanilla. Evelyn.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 28.Nilda Fulgencio. Nilda. FT.French Twist.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 29.Carlos Garcia. Itoy. Bukol...Elvis pompadour and then shortened, aka..Elpo Boy/Epoy.... last time I saw Epoy was at Mapua during my Junior year; he was registering for classes with his older brother.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 30.Nelia Gonzales. Nelia. Nel.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> </strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 31.Jose Guzman. Guzman. Joe.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 32.Rene Herbosa. Rene. Pompoy.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 33.Romeo Imbuido. Imbuido. Romy. Imbudo.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 34.Marilyn Jamias. Marilyn...The Pianist</strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black;">> </span><span style="background-color: black;">35.Rodnel Javier. Rodnel....McKinley Boy...aka Medyas from Lilia</span></span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> </span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 36.Lilia Laqui. Lilia....(crush of Rodnel)</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 37.Macrina de Leon. Macrina. Macre.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 38.Wilfrido de Leon. Willy. Daga. Tenga.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 39.Hector Lumberio. Lumberio. Hec.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 40.Mamerto Madella+. Madella. (Saw him last at V-Luna Hospital for our Physical for PMA;he has hypertension and skin rash;I was myopic; he got in, at second try.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> </span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 41.Carmelo Madrid. Madrid.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 42.Eduardo Maglaque. Ed.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 43.Bayani Mandanas. Yani. Bondy. Bondat.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 44.Emmanuel Manalac+. Emmy. Emong.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 45.Eduardo Manalac. Ed. Eddie.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> </span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 46.Manuel Medina. Medy. Manny.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 47.Bonita de Mesa. Bonita. Bonnie.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 48.Paul Montalban. Paul.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 49.Leopoldo Moral, Jr. Pol. Moral.Neggy. Cardinal.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 50.Juliana Nable. Juliana. Julie...aka Noble</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> </span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 51.Teresita Narciso. Tessie. Kumbinto.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 52.Edgar Navarro. Ed</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 53.Imelda Ocampo. Imelda.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 54.George Olivar, Jr. George. Diyords.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 55.Marcelita Ordonez. Marce.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> </span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 56.Lualhati Pablo. Lulu. Usec Pablo.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 57.Angelita Pasamba.Angelita. Lita. Angge.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 58.Cesar Pascual. Cesar. Sandok. Sandy.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 59.Quintin Pastrana. Quintin. Bakya. Q.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 60.Mildred Patino. Mildred.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> </span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 61.Jose Pecache+. Pec. Jay...aka Pecs he likes to flex his "muscles"</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 62.Nicolas Pelaez+. Pelaez. Nic.Negro... .Nick can be persistent in his quest for a girlfriend. We once followed a certain sophomore named Kathleen.... . all the way home thru busses and jeepneys with her, and managed to egged a smile; all the while serenading her the Irish ditty Kathleen in front of passengers. </span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 63.Amado Punsalang, Jr. Amado. Dodie.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 64.Josefino Quiambao. Quiambao. Pepe.....aka Yodel King</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 65.Barbara Ramirez. Babs.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> </span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 66.Corazon Ramirez. Cora. Corkie.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 67.Erlinda Ramos. Erlinda...</span></span></strong></div></span></strong></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"></span></b></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 68.Helen Reantaso. Helen.</span></span></strong></div><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><br /><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange;">></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"> 69.Oscar Recto+. Oca. Torecs.</span></span></span></strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 70.Irma Remo. Irma.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> </span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 71.Deo Reyes. Deo.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 72.Nestor Rivadelo. Vads.Sleeping Vads.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 73.Roberto Roa. Boots...He is in LA according to relatives I met aboard ship.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 74.Rosalinda Roa. Rosalinda.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 75.Romeo Salvador. Romy....aka Anita Eckberg</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> </span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 76.Alberto San Agustin. Bert.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 77.Roberto San Juan. Johnny. Bot. San Juan.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 78.Honorio San Pedro. Nori. Honorio.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 79.Amado Santos, Jr. Dong. Jun.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 80.Jose Sason. Sax. Negro. Kulot. Nonoy. Saxon. Saxophone.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> </span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 81.Zenaida Seva. Zeny.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 82.Ma. Lourdes Saguil. Hedy....last time I saw her was during the end of our sophomore year; Loved to dance with her slow (that is the only dance I know) even if I was only her shoulder height ...sorry Lani, that was before the prom.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 83.Elsa Cristina Sevilla. Elsa. Sister. MS...No nonsense Elsa</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 84.Edgardo Silverio. Ed. Silver. Kabayo.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 85.Milagros Suva. Mila. </span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> </span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 86.Arthur Tan. Atot.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 87.Ernesto Tan-Gatue.Boy. ..Beat up Hannibal Manikan mano a mano</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 88.Victoria Tolentino. Vicky. Toyang.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 89.Lilac Umali. Lilac.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 90.Oscar Valenzuela. Oscar. Oca.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> </span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 91.Dolores Vergara. Dolores. Dolly.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 92.Virgilio Vergara. Vius. Ilyong. Ronnie.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 93.Pascual Veron-Cruz Jr. Pascual. Kalbo. Pasky. Jun...aka Math Wiz Veron</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 94.Melanie Villanueva. Melanie. Lani.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 95.Ernesto Villareal. Pong. Ponga.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> </span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 96.Pablo Villavicencio. Pablo.Bing.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 97.Rosalita Vizconde. Rosalita. Its.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 98.Cynthia Catindig. Cynthia.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 99.Evangeline Gabriel. Evangeline.. ...aka..Smiling Vangie..always with a smile</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-weight: bold;">> 100.Lourdes Gacad. Lourdes.</span></span></span></span></div><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWIMABBWObv1jPREFrbDmDK-0D8BmxnzwPlKrLuXLX6hnZNLci16bSd6IyUorvgU-w-ZX_uTV945qoc_-TgrCjzzRQBuxg54P_6vMWyOoiHYqP8Wq7Yi-u347rEEUP98_yZ0k9DP6bzh_9/s1600/05+%2528RIP+Dong%2529+UPPrepians61+with+++++++++++++++++Aida%252C+Kristine+%2526+Fred+Santos.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="2013" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWIMABBWObv1jPREFrbDmDK-0D8BmxnzwPlKrLuXLX6hnZNLci16bSd6IyUorvgU-w-ZX_uTV945qoc_-TgrCjzzRQBuxg54P_6vMWyOoiHYqP8Wq7Yi-u347rEEUP98_yZ0k9DP6bzh_9/w2685-h2013/05+%2528RIP+Dong%2529+UPPrepians61+with+++++++++++++++++Aida%252C+Kristine+%2526+Fred+Santos.jpg" width="2685" /></b></span></a></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><span><br /><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2519" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Bc9yPqHfOU0" width="3029" youtube-src-id="Bc9yPqHfOU0"></iframe></div><br /><span>Ah me! the sixty years since last we met</span><br /><span>Seem to me sixty folios bound and set</span><br /><span>By Time, the great transcriber, on his shelves,</span><br /><span>Wherein are written the histories of ourselves.</span><br /><span>What tragedies, what comedies, are there;</span><br /><span>What joy and grief, what rapture and despair!</span><br /><span>What chronicles of triumph and defeat,</span><br /><span>Of struggle, and temptation, and retreat!</span><br /><span>What records of regrets, and doubts, and fears</span><br /><span>What pages blotted, blistered by our tears!</span><br /><span>What lovely landscapes on the margin shine,</span><br /><span>What sweet, angelic faces, what divine</span><br /><span>And holy images of love and trust,</span><br /><span>Undimmed by age, unsoiled by damp or dust!</span><br /><br /></span></strong></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2445" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/dvVYksvBQZA" width="2938" youtube-src-id="dvVYksvBQZA"></iframe><b><br /></b></span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 900px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="450"><div align="center"><br /></div><br /></td><td valign="top" width="450"><div align="center"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-size: medium;"><strong><br /></strong></span><span style="color: #ff8000; font-size: medium;"><strong><br /></strong></span><span style="color: #ff8000; font-size: medium;"><strong><img height="1532" src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3162/2854337639_08be66b98e_b.jpg" width="1149" /></strong></span></div><div align="center"><a href="http://docs.google.com/View?docID=dc78589n_37f8dgch&revision=_latest"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">U. P. Prep High School 1961 Rizal Hall...</strong></span></a></div><div align="center"><br /></div><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="333"><h5><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3619/3401326974_3c25b6fb9f_b.jpg" /></span></h5><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>View from Manila Naval Station Breakwater.......<a href="https://peopleus.blogspot.com/2014/01/a-boys-memories-of-manila-update.html">A BOY’S MEMORIES OF MANILA</a></b></span></span></td><td valign="top" width="333"></td><td valign="top" width="333"></td></tr></tbody></table><ol></ol><br /><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img alt="" height="0" src="http://geo.yahoo.com/f?s=792600099&t=532f4dbca0f4a1fb1f04521239a0cd62&r=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2F39544693%40N08%2F3631286900&fl_ev=0&lang=en&intl=us" width="0" /></b></span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img alt="" height="0" src="http://geo.yahoo.com/f?s=792600099&t=71e3ee13d641733cc4200f65179205ec&r=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2F53046528%40N00%2F7691973282&fl_ev=0&lang=en&intl=us" width="0" /></b></span><br /><ul></ul><br /><h3><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"> </span></h3><div align="center"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" height="0" src="http://geo.yahoo.com/f?s=792600099&t=65c66593774ac4118f243ff86275f7c6&r=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2F7940017%40N02%2F2854337639%2Fin%2Fphotostream%2F&fl_ev=1&lang=en&intl=us" width="0" /></strong></span></div><br /><br /><br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b></b></span><br /><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 998px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="499"><div align="center"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img height="2180" src="http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4040/4206676415_0a8e76423e_b.jpg" width="2904" /><br /><br /><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">Environs U. P. Manila campus</span> </b></span></div><div align="center"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 998px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="499"><div align="center"><img height="1011" src="http://farm7.staticflickr.com/6134/6023006996_4626ceeac4_b.jpg" width="1519" /></div></td><td valign="top" width="497"><br /><br /><img height="2300" src="http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3334/3631286900_0308582b28_b.jpg" width="1534" /><br /><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><br /><div><br /></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 999px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="199"><div><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: large;"><img alt="29" height="640" src="http://ikaunangpahina.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/29.jpg?w=450" title="29" width="431" /></span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b> </b></span></div><div><span style="color: #f79646; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Sarmiento Bldg, Makati, where I worked at Procter Gamble;</strong></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6YThfL50UxMD6ZGhZLLi8St5yigDtUs1Z1-t46WXVZ6bXefJbTo8xZSmnBTHMnxPpIXw65j4Ye_93eCOT_ukbhHk4x42ZCl6rO3-qCQoo50nrFG0NmogX9nM9Hqliw8zbH3nBSM05f-am/s1600/Aristocrat+Facade+Roxas+Blvd.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" height="512" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6YThfL50UxMD6ZGhZLLi8St5yigDtUs1Z1-t46WXVZ6bXefJbTo8xZSmnBTHMnxPpIXw65j4Ye_93eCOT_ukbhHk4x42ZCl6rO3-qCQoo50nrFG0NmogX9nM9Hqliw8zbH3nBSM05f-am/w422-h512/Aristocrat+Facade+Roxas+Blvd.jpg" width="422" /></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">ARISTOCRAT. The closest restaurant to our place at MNS. 432 San Andres St. cor. Roxas Blvd., Malate</span> </b></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="199"><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img alt="1" height="331" src="http://ikaunangpahina.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/110.jpg?w=450" title="1" width="640" /><img alt="Manila, 1956 3" height="446" src="http://ikaunangpahina.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/manila-1956-3.jpg?w=450" title="Manila, 1956 3" width="640" /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #f79646; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Top, movie houses, City Hall,</strong></span></div><div><span style="color: #f79646; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Right Photo Bagiuo, th<strong>e terraces and the Lost highway bontoc-mainit (mountain province). A mountain trail in the Cordillera, Philippines.</strong> </strong></span></div><div><span style="color: #f79646; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Rizal Avenue the street was named after Rizal, it was referred to as Calle Dulumbayan. I watched movies at the Ideal, State, Dalisay and Avenue Theaters. Later on ... the Universal Theater and Odeon and Galaxy. And Scala, Apollo, Alegria and Opera House.</strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="198"><ol><li><div></div><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:3c3c09be-b23e-444b-a291-0de0e8dd9d89" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="790b89b0-2356-419b-9e2b-a1768b75bbef" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><embed height="252" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/pw5KVoAfHGc?hl=en&hd=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="448"></embed></b></span></div></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/smgerdes/4906939650/"><img alt="Riza Ave, Manila, Philippines postcard 1930's" height="456" src="http://farm5.static.flickr.com/4114/4906939650_fe3cfbeeb3.jpg" width="640" /></a> </b></span></div><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:6085eb66-d669-4dee-acab-7af8b5e93e5a" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="5c033b06-d088-41b3-b929-b8f09f24a4b3" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><embed height="252" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/owCWG4d0KAw?hl=en&hd=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="448"></embed></b></span></div></div></li></ol></td><td valign="top" width="200"><br /></td><td valign="top" width="199"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></td><td valign="top" width="497"></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: center;"><strong style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; text-align: justify;">In the twilight of age all things seem strange and phantasmal, </strong></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; text-align: justify;"><strong> As between daylight and dark ghost-like the landscape </strong></span><strong style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">My heart goes back to wander there, </span></strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong><strong style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">And among the dreams of the days that were, </span></strong></strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong style="text-align: justify;"> I find my lost youth again. </strong></span></strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong style="text-align: justify;"> And the strange and beautiful song, </strong></span></strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:09780ce8-a664-47c7-9a12-2b5222d26b29" style="float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 0px; width: 425px;"><div id="7c3ce605-d3d0-4b89-9157-ed1307c484b9" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/u8uYmVHVazw&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></b></span></div></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><strong style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; text-align: justify;"> The groves are repeating it still: </strong></div><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"> "A boy's will is the wind's will, </strong></span></div><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><strong style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1379" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/BiyHMC_g8vY" width="1659" youtube-src-id="BiyHMC_g8vY"></iframe></div>And the thoughts of youth are long, long thoughts."</strong></strong></span></div><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><strong style="text-align: justify;">I should not be withheld but that some day </strong></strong></span></div><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><strong style="text-align: justify;">into their vastness I should steal away, </strong></strong></span></div><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><strong style="text-align: justify;">Fearless of ever finding open land, </strong></strong></span></div><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><strong style="text-align: justify;">or highway where the slow wheel pours the sand...RF</strong></strong></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1044" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/yXDjRl8aMmI" width="1255" youtube-src-id="yXDjRl8aMmI"></iframe></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Art is long, and Time is fleeting,</b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b> And our hearts, though stout and brave,</b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Still, like muffled drums, are beating</b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b> Funeral marches to the grave. </b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>In the world's broad field of battle,</b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b> In the bivouac of Life,</b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Be not like dumb, driven cattle!</b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b> Be a hero in the strife! </b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Trust no Future, howe'er pleasant!</b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b> Let the dead Past bury its dead!</b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Act,--act in the living Present!</b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b> Heart within, and God o'erhead! </b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Lives of great men all remind us</b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b> We can make our lives sublime,</b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>And, departing, leave behind us</b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b> Footprints on the sands of time;</b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Footprints, that perhaps another,</b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b> Sailing o'er life's solemn main,</b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>A forlorn and shipwrecked brother,</b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b> Seeing, shall take heart again. </b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Let us, then, be up and doing,</b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b> With a heart for any fate;</b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Still achieving, still pursuing,</b></span></div></div></div><p><b style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; text-align: center;"> Learn to labor and to wait...</b> </p><p><b style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; text-align: center;"></b></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><div class="x78zum5 x1e56ztr" style="display: flex; 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border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; flex-shrink: 1; font-family: inherit; inset: 0px; justify-content: space-between; margin: 0px; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; z-index: 0;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz x1heor9g xt0b8zv x1lliihq x5yr21d x1n2onr6 xh8yej3" href="https://www.facebook.com/UPPrep/photos/pb.100054622862179.-2207520000./236218909797991/?type=3" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; height: 162.4px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; 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border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; flex-shrink: 1; font-family: inherit; inset: 0px; justify-content: space-between; margin: 0px; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; z-index: 0;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz x1heor9g xt0b8zv x1lliihq x5yr21d x1n2onr6 xh8yej3" href="https://www.facebook.com/UPPrep/photos/pb.100054622862179.-2207520000./236217369798145/?type=3" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; height: 162.4px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; 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border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; flex-shrink: 1; font-family: inherit; inset: 0px; justify-content: space-between; margin: 0px; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; z-index: 0;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz x1heor9g xt0b8zv x1lliihq x5yr21d x1n2onr6 xh8yej3" href="https://www.facebook.com/UPPrep/photos/pb.100054622862179.-2207520000./236217296464819/?type=3" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; height: 162.4px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; 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border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; flex-shrink: 1; font-family: inherit; inset: 0px; justify-content: space-between; margin: 0px; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; z-index: 0;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz x1heor9g xt0b8zv x1lliihq x5yr21d x1n2onr6 xh8yej3" href="https://www.facebook.com/UPPrep/photos/pb.100054622862179.-2207520000./236216173131598/?type=3" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; height: 162.4px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; 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border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; flex-shrink: 1; font-family: inherit; inset: 0px; justify-content: space-between; margin: 0px; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; z-index: 0;"></div></div></div></div></div></span></div><p><b style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; text-align: center;"><br /></b></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuAdMiaLYGg9P-W2TICg_Tkg4jvRSbsbsKT2YMEfwptHdYW3wvBLJDXMrX8eXtynajDYwu2v6focDBNYOs9m8MHlMVuOT9BxUQXOviwMc_v2da2hTmOdSDHuCB_LIPj9X8Hy-NmvCcBN1mqKBKJu4CINNiBlgDi-mnC7AF7rblNyFZr1N3V71uBwsRNQ/s1024/PICT0090-ANIMATION.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="745" data-original-width="1024" height="1624" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuAdMiaLYGg9P-W2TICg_Tkg4jvRSbsbsKT2YMEfwptHdYW3wvBLJDXMrX8eXtynajDYwu2v6focDBNYOs9m8MHlMVuOT9BxUQXOviwMc_v2da2hTmOdSDHuCB_LIPj9X8Hy-NmvCcBN1mqKBKJu4CINNiBlgDi-mnC7AF7rblNyFZr1N3V71uBwsRNQ/w2230-h1624/PICT0090-ANIMATION.gif" width="2230" /></a></div><p><br /><b style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; text-align: center;"><br /></b></p><p></p><p><br /></p><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 900px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="450"><p></p><p></p></td><td valign="top" width="450"><p align="center"><font color="#ff8000" size="4"><strong><img height="2996" src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3162/2854337639_08be66b98e_b.jpg" width="2247" /></strong></font></p><p align="center"><a href="http://docs.google.com/View?docID=dc78589n_37f8dgch&revision=_latest"><font color="#ff8000" size="4"><strong>U. P. Prep High School 1961 Rizal Hall...</strong></font></a></p><ul></ul><p> </p><h3> </h3><p align="center"><font color="#ff8000" size="4"><strong><img alt="" height="0" src="http://geo.yahoo.com/f?s=792600099&t=65c66593774ac4118f243ff86275f7c6&r=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2F7940017%40N02%2F2854337639%2Fin%2Fphotostream%2F&fl_ev=1&lang=en&intl=us" width="0" /></strong></font></p><p></p></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://</div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript" src="//ra.revolvermaps.com/0/0/6.js?i=00bo1v8as3p&m=0&s=341&c=ff0000&cr1=ffffff&f=arial&l=0&bv=80" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3736852641690443895.post-20862733001271029622023-08-17T08:28:00.005-07:002023-09-15T05:39:23.409-07:00<p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></p><div class="css-104g9nb e10sunzf3" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: proxima-nova, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; grid-area: name / name / name / name;"><p class="bds-body" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: var(--bds-font-size-10); font-weight: var(--bds-font-weight-normal); line-height: var(--bds-font-leading-3); margin-block: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></p></div><div class="css-1epoynv e10sunzf0" style="box-sizing: border-box; grid-area: review / review / review / review;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="stack" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: flex-start;"><div style="--stack-space: 0.75rem; box-sizing: border-box; margin-block: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div></div></div></div><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2062" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/fNfIX-1ot3c" width="2480" youtube-src-id="fNfIX-1ot3c"></iframe></div><p><br /><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>Dishonest piano dealer like the Cunningham Piano Company in Philadelpia Owned by Rich Galasini. I bought this piano from the church of the 7th Day Adventist of Philadelpia. Along the way to delivery, there was a stopover of 3 weeks at the Cunningham Piano Company. I suspected an anomaly happening inside the factory, until it was delivered to my home in California. It was the piano action that they changed, like a ferrari changing it to a chevy engine. The</b></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> concert grand Estonia with serial number 7476, this piano was constructed in 1999 to 2000. All my complaints were submitted to the BBB of Philadelpia, but I think the circulation is limited compared to my 26 blogs have more than 10,000,000 visits.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Incidentaly, I paid Rich Galassini $700.00 to get the piano from the church in preparation of the piano for shipping to California. Email from Galassini below:</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></p><div aria-label="Keyboard navigation group. 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Use arrow keys to navigate, or tab to the next group." data-test-id="focus-group" style="outline: none;"><ul class="hd_n M_0 X_0" data-test-id="cards" style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding-left: 0px;"><li class="m_Z12nDQf D_F ek_BB ir_0" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(241, 241, 245); display: flex; flex-direction: column; outline: 0px;"><div class="p_R b_2w4lU5 I_ZkbNhI em_N it_689y X_fq7 N_6LEV iu_FJ is_Z2bg7IA iv_0 iv3_dRA cZdTOHS_28Otf4 j_ZUs0f0 message-view" data-iskeynav="true" data-test-expanded="true" data-test-id="message-view" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(151, 158, 168); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3) 0px 0px 3px; flex-grow: 1; outline-color: var(--bold-outline-color); outline-offset: -2px; outline-style: solid; outline-width: 0px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 20px; position: relative;" tabindex="40"><div style="outline: none;"><header aria-label="Message 1 of " class="r_P D_F W_6D6F p_R P_Zjgzuf ir_0" style="cursor: pointer; display: flex; outline: 0px; padding: 8px 0px 16px; position: relative; width: 938.8px;"><span class="en_0 i_0 Q_fq7" style="flex-shrink: 0; line-height: 0; margin-left: 8px; outline: none;"><a data-test-id="sender-logo" style="outline: none;"><img alt="" class="e_e5X" height="40" src="https://data.mail.yahoo.com/xobni/v4/contacts/0000.02ef/photo?spsize=80X80&fallback_url=https%3A%2F%2Fs.yimg.com%2Fdh%2Fap%2Fsocial%2Fprofile%2Fprofile_a64.png&alphatar_photo=true&appId=YMailNorrin&badge=false" style="border-radius: 50%; outline: none;" width="40" /></a></span><div class="D_F ac_FT ab_CI en_0" style="align-items: flex-start; align-self: stretch; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; outline: none;"><button aria-label="This message is read" aria-pressed="false" class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6EqO c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_q cvhIH6_T P_0" data-test-id="icon-btn-read" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; appearance: none; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; 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display: flex; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Rich Galassini<span class="u_N C_Z1VRqsb c1AVi73_6FsP c1AVi7H_6LEV" style="color: #828a93; font-weight: 400; outline: none;"> <rich@cunninghampiano.com></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="d_6FIA i_6FIA c1AVi7H_6LEV c1AVi73_6FsP D_F eo_HB" style="display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; line-height: 18px; min-height: 18px; outline: none;"><span class="u_N E_eo6 C_Z1VRqsb" style="color: #828a93; margin-right: 4px; outline: none;">To:</span><span style="outline: none;"><span class="D_F rtlI_dz_sSg" data-test-id="email-pill" style="direction: ltr; display: flex; outline: none;"><span class="C4_Z29WjXl C_Z1VRqsb" data-test-id="message-to" style="color: #828a93; outline: none;" title="alexscustodio@yahoo.com">alex..................</span></span></span><span class="E_fq7" style="margin-right: 8px; outline: none;">,</span><span style="outline: none;"><span class="D_F rtlI_dz_sSg" data-test-id="email-pill" style="direction: ltr; display: flex; outline: none;"><span class="C4_Z29WjXl C_Z1VRqsb" data-test-id="message-to" style="color: #828a93; outline: none;" title="christine@cunninghampiano.com">christine@cunninghampiano.com</span></span></span></div></div><span class="em_N en_N" style="flex-grow: 1; flex-shrink: 1; outline: none;"></span><div class="en_0 s_6Fd5 H_6Fd5 M_3gJOe cdPFi_Z281SGl O_cMr O4_cMu" style="fill: rgb(29, 34, 40); flex-shrink: 0; height: 16px; margin: 0px 8px; min-width: 16px; opacity: 0.5; outline: none;"><button class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6EqO c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_q cvhIH6_T P_0" data-test-id="icon-btn-printer" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; appearance: none; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: "YahooSans VF", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" tabindex="-1" title="Print" type="button"><span class="D_F ab_C gl_C W_6D6F" style="align-items: center; display: flex; justify-content: center; outline: none; width: 20px;"><svg class="D_X W_6LEV H_6LEV cdPFi_q cZW7ROP_n en_0 cvhIH6_T" viewbox="0 0 20 20"><g><path d="M13.8 13.5H6.2c-.4 0-.7.3-.7.7v2.6c0 .4.3.7.7.7h7.6c.4 0 .7-.3.7-.7v-2.6c0-.4-.3-.7-.7-.7zM15.5 3.2c0-.4-.3-.7-.7-.7H5.2c-.4 0-.7.3-.7.7v3.3h11V3.2z"></path><path d="M17.3 8H2.7c-.4 0-.7.3-.7.7v6.6c0 .4.3.7.7.7h.6c.4 0 .7-.3.7-.7v-2.6c0-.4.3-.7.7-.7h10.6c.4 0 .7.3.7.7v2.6c0 .4.3.7.6.7h.7c.4 0 .7-.3.7-.7V8.7c0-.4-.3-.7-.7-.7zM15 11c-.6 0-1-.4-1-1s.4-1 1-1 1 .4 1 1-.4 1-1 1z"></path></g></svg></span></button></div><div class="D_F en_0 M_3gJOe A_6Eb4 c1AVi73_6EWk C_Z1VRqsb" data-test-id="message-date" style="color: #828a93; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 8px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Thu, Jul 21, 2016 at 2:44 PM</span></div><div class="D_F ab_CI en_0 H_6Fd5 W_6Fd5 lv_1IWXzk h_Z13pql2 h4_2d9T5e" style="align-items: flex-start; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; height: 16px; outline: none; 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display: table; font-family: YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, "Lucida Grande", sans-serif; outline: none; width: 938.8px;"><div class="X_6MGW" style="font-size: 13px; outline: none; padding-left: 24px;"></div><div class="msg-body P_wpofO mq_AS" data-test-id="message-view-body-content" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: normal; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 2px 0px 0px; position: relative; word-break: break-word;"><div class="jb_0 X_6MGW N_6Fd5" style="outline: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 24px; padding-right: 16px;"><div style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv2848209054" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Hi Alex,</span><div style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I know you called yesterday. Please call Christine at 215 991-0839 to pay the 700.00. This is currently under North Philadelphia 7th Day Adventist Church. The piano cannot be picked up until that order is paid.</span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Cheers,<br clear="all" style="outline: none;" /></span><div style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;">--<br style="outline: none;" /></span><div class="yiv2848209054gmail_signature" style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Rich Galassini<br style="outline: none;" />Cunningham Piano Company<br style="outline: none;" />(215) 991-0834<br style="outline: none;" /><a href="mailto:rich@cunninghampiano.com" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:rich@cunninghampiano.com">rich@cunninghampiano.com</a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="jb_0 X_6MGW N_6Fd5" style="outline: 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style="border: 0px; bottom: 27.36px; height: 751.68px; left: 17.28px; margin: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: right; user-select: none; width: 577.44px;" /><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x1 pg-1h2 pg-1y1 pg-1ff1 pg-1fs0 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 751.45px; font-family: pg-1ff6; font-size: 83.8412px; height: 61.0387px; left: 518.6px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.938477; position: absolute; text-align: right; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">Invoice</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x2 pg-1h3 pg-1y2 pg-1ff1 pg-1fs1 pg-1fc1 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 694.8px; color: white; font-family: pg-1ff6; font-size: 35.932px; height: 26.1595px; left: 474px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.938477; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">Date</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x3 pg-1h4 pg-1y3 pg-1ff2 pg-1fs2 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 673.4px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 47.9092px; height: 34.388px; left: 457.05px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">7/14/2016</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x4 pg-1h3 pg-1y2 pg-1ff1 pg-1fs1 pg-1fc1 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 694.8px; color: white; font-family: pg-1ff6; font-size: 35.932px; height: 26.1595px; left: 538.2px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.938477; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">Invoice #</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x5 pg-1h4 pg-1y3 pg-1ff2 pg-1fs2 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 673.4px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 47.9092px; height: 34.388px; left: 543px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">65206</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x6 pg-1h3 pg-1y4 pg-1ff1 pg-1fs1 pg-1fc1 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 648.6px; color: white; font-family: pg-1ff6; font-size: 35.932px; height: 26.1595px; left: 179.75px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.938477; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;"><span class="pg-1fc2 pg-1sc0" color="transparent" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; position: relative; text-shadow: none; unicode-bidi: bidi-override;">Bill </span><span class="pg-1fc2 pg-1sc0" color="transparent" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; position: relative; text-shadow: none; unicode-bidi: bidi-override;">T</span><span class="pg-1fc2 pg-1sc0" color="transparent" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; position: relative; text-shadow: none; unicode-bidi: bidi-override;">o</span></div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x7 pg-1h4 pg-1y5 pg-1ff2 pg-1fs2 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 630.8px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 47.9092px; height: 34.388px; left: 61.55px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">North Philadelphia Seventh Day<span class="_ pg-1_0" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; margin-left: -1.24564px; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; z-index: -1;"></span> Adventist</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x7 pg-1h4 pg-1y6 pg-1ff2 pg-1fs2 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 616.65px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 47.9092px; height: 34.388px; left: 61.55px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">1510 W Oxford St.</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x7 pg-1h4 pg-1y7 pg-1ff2 pg-1fs2 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 602.45px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 47.9092px; height: 34.388px; left: 61.55px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">Philadelphia, Pa. 19121</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x8 pg-1h3 pg-1y8 pg-1ff1 pg-1fs1 pg-1fc1 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 642.6px; color: white; font-family: pg-1ff6; font-size: 35.932px; height: 26.1595px; left: 460.05px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.938477; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">Ship To</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x9 pg-1h4 pg-1y9 pg-1ff2 pg-1fs2 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 626.25px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 47.9092px; height: 34.388px; left: 363px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">North Philadelphia Seventh Day<span class="_ pg-1_0" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; margin-left: -1.24564px; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; z-index: -1;"></span> Adventist</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x9 pg-1h4 pg-1ya pg-1ff2 pg-1fs2 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 612.05px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 47.9092px; height: 34.388px; left: 363px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">1510 W Oxford St.</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x9 pg-1h4 pg-1yb pg-1ff2 pg-1fs2 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 597.9px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 47.9092px; height: 34.388px; left: 363px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">Philadelphia, PA 19121</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x7 pg-1h4 pg-1yc pg-1ff2 pg-1fs2 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 743.25px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 47.9092px; height: 34.388px; left: 61.55px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">5427 Germantown Ave.</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x7 pg-1h4 pg-1yd pg-1ff2 pg-1fs2 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 729.05px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 47.9092px; height: 34.388px; left: 61.55px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">Philadelphia, PA 19144</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1xa pg-1h3 pg-1ye pg-1ff1 pg-1fs1 pg-1fc1 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 519.6px; color: white; font-family: pg-1ff6; font-size: 35.932px; height: 26.1595px; left: 443.6px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.938477; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">P.O. Number<span class="_ pg-1_1" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; margin-left: -1436.99px; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; z-index: -1;"></span>Terms<span class="_ pg-1_2" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 259.804px; z-index: -1;"> </span>Rep</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1xb pg-1h4 pg-1yf pg-1ff2 pg-1fs2 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 494.1px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 47.9092px; height: 34.388px; left: 231.2px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">RG</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1xc pg-1h3 pg-1ye pg-1ff1 pg-1fs1 pg-1fc1 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 519.6px; color: white; font-family: pg-1ff6; font-size: 35.932px; height: 26.1595px; left: 289.4px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.938477; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">Delivery</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1xd pg-1h4 pg-1yf pg-1ff2 pg-1fs2 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 494.1px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 47.9092px; height: 34.388px; left: 282.35px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">7/14/2016</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1xe pg-1h3 pg-1ye pg-1ff1 pg-1fs1 pg-1fc1 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 519.6px; color: white; font-family: pg-1ff6; font-size: 35.932px; height: 26.1595px; left: 357.8px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.938477; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">Transporter</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1xf pg-1h5 pg-1y10 pg-1ff1 pg-1fs3 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 164px; font-family: pg-1ff6; font-size: 39.7644px; height: 28.9496px; left: 481.55px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.938477; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">Tot<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>al</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x10 pg-1h5 pg-1y11 pg-1ff1 pg-1fs3 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 127.05px; font-family: pg-1ff6; font-size: 39.7644px; height: 28.9496px; left: 445.8px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.938477; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">Balance Due</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x11 pg-1h5 pg-1y12 pg-1ff1 pg-1fs3 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 144.65px; font-family: pg-1ff6; font-size: 39.7644px; height: 28.9496px; left: 421.55px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.938477; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">Payments/Credits</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x12 pg-1h4 pg-1y13 pg-1ff2 pg-1fs2 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 698.7px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 47.9092px; height: 34.388px; left: 258.95px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">PH: 215-438-3200</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x12 pg-1h4 pg-1y14 pg-1ff2 pg-1fs2 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 684.55px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 47.9092px; height: 34.388px; left: 258.95px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">FX: 215-438-1197</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x13 pg-1h4 pg-1y15 pg-1ff2 pg-1fs2 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 670.4px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 47.9092px; height: 34.388px; left: 234.6px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">www.cunninghampiano.com</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x14 pg-1h6 pg-1y16 pg-1ff2 pg-1fs1 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 81.75px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 35.932px; height: 25.791px; left: 25.55px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">A Piano p<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>urchased from Cunnin<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>gham Piano Company comes standard with a 100<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>% trade up p<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>olicy. This means that you can trade in your first pian<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>o and</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x14 pg-1h6 pg-1y17 pg-1ff2 pg-1fs1 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 71.2px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 35.932px; height: 25.791px; left: 25.55px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">receive a full credit from y<span class="_ pg-1_0" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; margin-left: -1.24564px; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; z-index: -1;"></span>our first purchase toward your secon<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>d. All we ask is that the second <span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>piano be at le<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>ast double<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span> the value of the first and th<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>at the</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x14 pg-1h6 pg-1y18 pg-1ff2 pg-1fs1 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 60.6px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 35.932px; height: 25.791px; left: 25.55px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">first piano has b<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>een serviced by one of our techn<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>icians (or a techn<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>ician approved b<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>y Cunningham Piano<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span> Company) once a year. Your first service is</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x14 pg-1h6 pg-1y19 pg-1ff2 pg-1fs1 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 50.05px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 35.932px; height: 25.791px; left: 25.55px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">complimentary<span class="_ pg-1_0" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; margin-left: -1.24564px; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; z-index: -1;"></span>. This poli<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>cy is void if the instrument is abused.<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span> Recondition<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>ed, used u<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>pright pia<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>nos (i.e. sp<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>inets, conso<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>les, and stud<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>ios) can be retu<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>rned</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x14 pg-1h6 pg-1y1a pg-1ff2 pg-1fs1 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 39.5px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 35.932px; height: 25.791px; left: 25.55px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">within the first year for a refund of 75% (seventy-fiv<span class="_ pg-1_0" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; margin-left: -1.24564px; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; z-index: -1;"></span>e percent) on<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span> the pur<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>chase price. Electronic p<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>ianos do<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span> not fall u<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>nder either o<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>f these policies.</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x15 pg-1h7 pg-1y1b pg-1ff3 pg-1fs3 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 718.15px; font-family: pg-1ff18; font-size: 39.7644px; height: 27.6099px; left: 191px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.910156; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">Philade<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>lphia'<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>s oldest and<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span> most respec<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>ted pia<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>no c<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>ompan<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>y since 18<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>91</div><div class="c pg-1x16 pg-1y1c pg-1w2 pg-1h8" style="border: 0px; bottom: 99px; height: 13.45px; left: 294px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; width: 28.2px;"><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x17 pg-1h4 pg-1y1d pg-1ff2 pg-1fs2 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 2.7px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 47.9092px; height: 34.388px; left: 0.2px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;"><span class="pg-1fc2 pg-1sc0" color="transparent" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; position: relative; text-shadow: none; unicode-bidi: bidi-override;">Notes</span></div></div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x18 pg-1h3 pg-1y1e pg-1ff1 pg-1fs1 pg-1fc1 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 464.9px; color: white; font-family: pg-1ff6; font-size: 35.932px; height: 26.1595px; left: 104.15px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.938477; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">Item Code<span class="_ pg-1_4" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 597.248px; z-index: -1;"> </span>Description</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x19 pg-1h3 pg-1y1f pg-1ff1 pg-1fs1 pg-1fc1 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 464.4px; color: white; font-family: pg-1ff6; font-size: 35.932px; height: 26.1595px; left: 22.4px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.938477; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">Quantity<span class="_ pg-1_5" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1616.6px; z-index: -1;"> </span>Price Each<span class="_ pg-1_6" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 117.823px; z-index: -1;"> </span>Amount</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x1a pg-1h4 pg-1y20 pg-1ff2 pg-1fs2 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 446.25px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 47.9092px; height: 34.388px; left: 66px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">Move Job</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x15 pg-1h9 pg-1y21 pg-1ff2 pg-1fs4 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 447.2px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 44.0764px; height: 31.6369px; left: 191px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">Pick up a 9 ft. grand piano Estonia<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span> - 6 steps off Bima - 6</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x15 pg-1h9 pg-1y22 pg-1ff2 pg-1fs4 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 434.25px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 44.0764px; height: 31.6369px; left: 191px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">steps out (r<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>ampable?)</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x1b pg-1h4 pg-1y20 pg-1ff2 pg-1fs2 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 446.25px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 47.9092px; height: 34.388px; left: 54px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">1<span class="_ pg-1_7" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1686.4px; z-index: -1;"> </span>700.00<span class="_ pg-1_8" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 140.853px; z-index: -1;"> </span>700.00</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x15 pg-1h9 pg-1y23 pg-1ff2 pg-1fs4 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 421.25px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 44.0764px; height: 31.6369px; left: 191px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;"><span class="pg-1fc2 pg-1sc0" color="transparent" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; position: relative; text-shadow: none; unicode-bidi: bidi-override;">I</span><span class="pg-1fc2 pg-1sc0" color="transparent" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; position: relative; text-shadow: none; unicode-bidi: bidi-override;">nside</span><span class="pg-1fc2 pg-1sc0" color="transparent" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; position: relative; text-shadow: none; unicode-bidi: bidi-override;"> </span><span class="pg-1fc2 pg-1sc0" color="transparent" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; position: relative; text-shadow: none; unicode-bidi: bidi-override;">P</span><span class="pg-1fc2 pg-1sc0" color="transparent" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; position: relative; text-shadow: none; unicode-bidi: bidi-override;">h</span><span class="pg-1fc2 pg-1sc0" color="transparent" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; position: relative; text-shadow: none; unicode-bidi: bidi-override;">ila</span><span class="pg-1fc2 pg-1sc0" color="transparent" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; position: relative; text-shadow: none; unicode-bidi: bidi-override;">de</span><span class="pg-1fc2 pg-1sc0" color="transparent" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; position: relative; text-shadow: none; unicode-bidi: bidi-override;">lphi</span><span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span><span class="pg-1fc2 pg-1sc0" color="transparent" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; position: relative; text-shadow: none; unicode-bidi: bidi-override;">a</span></div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x1c pg-1h4 pg-1y24 pg-1ff2 pg-1fs2 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 420.3px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 47.9092px; height: 34.388px; left: 478.55px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">8.00%<span class="_ pg-1_9" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 209.251px; z-index: -1;"> </span>0.00</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x1d pg-1h4 pg-1y25 pg-1ff2 pg-1fs2 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 163.5px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 47.9092px; height: 34.388px; left: 548.25px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">$700.00</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x1d pg-1h4 pg-1y26 pg-1ff2 pg-1fs2 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 126.55px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 47.9092px; height: 34.388px; left: 548.25px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">$700.00</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x1e pg-1h4 pg-1y27 pg-1ff2 pg-1fs2 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 144.2px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 47.9092px; height: 34.388px; left: 561.2px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">$0.00</div></div></div></div></div></li><li class="p_a T_0 L_0 R_0" data-test-id="infinite-scroll-ROW" role="rowgroup" style="transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);"><br /></li></ul></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br 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Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt9h0JnBcfR0HAhULxS3Hmw4iXRc8B-KARzJo0pcFkayqncjwMkBEX2xirtyDqpMFaRtcuCpTHVHNgbSzlKcs19Kq-F3YplAWkOhvzhoaAJD7DYl30F9vLyvK5RbnAEjXbshbfwHY4-lY/s1600/IMG_1047.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="1797" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt9h0JnBcfR0HAhULxS3Hmw4iXRc8B-KARzJo0pcFkayqncjwMkBEX2xirtyDqpMFaRtcuCpTHVHNgbSzlKcs19Kq-F3YplAWkOhvzhoaAJD7DYl30F9vLyvK5RbnAEjXbshbfwHY4-lY/w2396-h1797/IMG_1047.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="2396" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9Ehk1TvwmQdHkosH29AGZKcnC1zkuYHAgb-yQEyO8ER7-GUN5hJQT5HghMpIuaiO_Rm-CxWC7RPNlTkDEg7Xg3c_RBilNfce30xqlCXN_0nHJAib-reYrbP3XU2Y-DxpShmk8iZRCSUo/s1600/IMG_1061.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="1789" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9Ehk1TvwmQdHkosH29AGZKcnC1zkuYHAgb-yQEyO8ER7-GUN5hJQT5HghMpIuaiO_Rm-CxWC7RPNlTkDEg7Xg3c_RBilNfce30xqlCXN_0nHJAib-reYrbP3XU2Y-DxpShmk8iZRCSUo/w2385-h1789/IMG_1061.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="2385" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both;"><b><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="background-color: black;">The 9' concert grand piano is perfectly located under a 30' ceiling of the family room. The acoustic is just right for the sound flows to the breakfast nook then to the adjacent open kitchen.</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b><br /></b><b style="background-color: black;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2059" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/NC1vGEAj7eU" width="2478" youtube-src-id="NC1vGEAj7eU"></iframe></div><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="background-color: black;">"Closely resembling the Hamburg Steinway in both sound and touch, the Estonia combines, in one instrument, some of the best qualities of the great American pianos with those of the high-end Europeans. Its rich, full-bodied, and three-dimensional sound is American-like, whereas its purity and clarity are European-like. Its most distinguishing feature is its wonderfully sustaining, lyrical tone. More than anything else, it is this quality of tone that defines the Estonia piano and gives it its own special place in the high-end market." -- PianoBuyer, Fall 2009</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/r8309TzNYYI/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/r8309TzNYYI?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/BOEbz3w_z2A/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/BOEbz3w_z2A?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/YxZMLh7-Bzk/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/YxZMLh7-Bzk?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/awmExXZbW4o/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/awmExXZbW4o?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="background-color: black;">Estonia Concert Grand Model 274. </b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="background-color: black;">Length 9' 0"</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="background-color: black;">Width 5' 2"</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b>Estonia: 100% European hand made piano with clear, warm and notably resonant, singing tone qualities. Buyers: pianists & music lovers. With and without money..</b><span style="font-weight: 700; text-align: left;">The action that Estonia is using does not contain just "Renner parts" that more then a few manufacturers try to pass as "Renner actions"...They also don't use Renner actions only on their top of the line concert grand models but other actions on almost all the other instrument they make, as some companies do.</span><span style="font-weight: 700; text-align: left;"> </span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-weight: 700; text-align: left;">The Estonia action is a FULL Renner action, which is being produced in Renner facilities in Germany, assembled in their Stuttgart, Germany factory, and sent to Estonia. </span><br style="font-weight: 700; text-align: left;" /><span style="font-weight: 700; text-align: left;">Each and every Estonia has a full Renner action, from the concert grand to the smallest 5'6 piano. </span><br style="font-weight: 700; text-align: left;" /><span style="font-weight: 700; text-align: left;">The full Renner action includes the rail, repetitions, flanges, shanks, damper undelever mechanism, damper heads, and of course the assembly. Estonia is also using the top of the line Renner Blue hammers. These are the same hammers used on Hamburg Steinway and Mason & Hamlin pianos (the density is a bit different as to the manufacturers specs, but quality and price are the same).</span><br style="font-weight: 700; text-align: left;" /><span style="font-weight: 700; text-align: left;">All full Renner actions use the SAME quality of moving parts, and there is no significant price difference between them although geometry may be different as to the manufacturer's specs.</span><br style="font-weight: 700; text-align: left;" /><span style="font-weight: 700; text-align: left;">Almost all High-end European manufacturers use full Renner actions in their pianos...at least in their concert grand pianos and largest models.</span><br style="font-weight: 700; text-align: left;" /><br style="font-weight: 700; text-align: left;" /><span style="font-weight: 700; text-align: left;">The Renner action has proven itself and it's long-term reliability in high performance pianos.</span><br style="font-weight: 700; text-align: left;" /><span style="font-weight: 700; text-align: left;">This is not cheap piano wire, but an expensive part with thousands of moving parts.</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both;"><b><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both;"><b><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9eDXCamoBi1xiT9EKOSLcQReZzU3sD4vREzqba7ITCa6pgTF9Ne6WLOicxw3sZL5LVimZqCan6iDg0nwJjciiSh-6CYp8k5MjA_2yAh_QVTu4J4ZCaFFSlZz0bGv3NDXRIa99_1HH_3w/s1600/IMG_1049.JPG" style="font-weight: 400; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9eDXCamoBi1xiT9EKOSLcQReZzU3sD4vREzqba7ITCa6pgTF9Ne6WLOicxw3sZL5LVimZqCan6iDg0nwJjciiSh-6CYp8k5MjA_2yAh_QVTu4J4ZCaFFSlZz0bGv3NDXRIa99_1HH_3w/s1600/IMG_1049.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" /></a></b></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both;"><b><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="background-color: black;">Iron plates come from Finland, and are made the old-fashioned, European way.</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="background-color: black;">In order to guarantee the right quality, they are sand-cast, seasoned, and only the best plates pass the final selection. They have one year of iron plates in their inventory, and only the best would be selected. It takes modern machinery to make even the rough surfaces and prepare for their mirror-like polish finishes,, at which their craftsmen show their experience. They continue to test them, to make sure that they do not interfere with the piano sound but are there to support the structure. Shiny, smooth, and even, they have received a lot of praise at international music trade shows, and are considered among the best from Europe.</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="background-color: black;">Is it any wonder that Estonia became rated by Piano Buyer in same class of quality as Steinway NY this, in record time?Weight 1213 lbs. I have been reading on this piano for several years, because of their reputation for their quality sound and probably the equal of a Steinway and the making of a stradivarius of pianos in the future. A very wise investment and a good family heirloom to pass down.</b></div></span></div><hr style="text-align: justify;" /><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><br /><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b><span style="text-align: start;"><b>- Columbus Dispatch 07/13/08 "I just had to write you an email to tell you that I am completely, totally, head-over-heels in love with my Estonia studio grand piano. In 25 years of playing the piano, I have never had an experience even remotely similar to the Estonia. I have never heard a piano sound so clear, touched keys that literally form to my fingertips, had such an ability to control the high and low registers, or be able to play so soft and so loud and yet have the notes sound so very different. I am truly a better, more proficient and happier piano player with my Estonia. Growing up with a Kawai, I always assumed that I would purchase the same, or at the very least, a Yamaha. But as soon as I sat down at the 5 foot, 6 inch Estonia, I knew that this was my piano, my instrument. As a composer, one issue with all of the other piano's on which I created music was that my shoulders would be sore after an hour or so of playing. After playing my Estonia for 7 straight hours with absolutely no pain, it is clear that the Estonia experience is unique in so many, countless ways.</b></span><br /><b><br /></b><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq7nbt3VT_Rp67iccJYC_5eY5L04qmK_zY5SqloBB3xK6pZqkYHzVf862oxFETbkVRDSPGUO3i2_uqtttmKxX0x5WYtJIOY8HDpGHX9wXkym1cAdRobSIS3UNLUKB7D_WeUlme503NSIw/s1600/s-l1600.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="1265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq7nbt3VT_Rp67iccJYC_5eY5L04qmK_zY5SqloBB3xK6pZqkYHzVf862oxFETbkVRDSPGUO3i2_uqtttmKxX0x5WYtJIOY8HDpGHX9wXkym1cAdRobSIS3UNLUKB7D_WeUlme503NSIw/w2250-h1265/s-l1600.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="2250" /></span></a></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><h1 class="p1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1em; margin: 0.5em 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The Estonia Piano, Hot And In Demand</span></h1><div class="p1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Estonia is arguably "the hottest European piano on the planet." Immaculately crafted, Estonia pianos have a history dating back to 1893, yet the Estonia piano had been an almost unknown member of the piano industry until about 1999/2000 when Estonia, a tiny country just across the Baltic Sea from Finland, gained its independence after the break-up of the Soviet Union.</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit;">After Estonia gained its freedom, the country's nationalized piano company was privatized in 1994 under the ownership of its managers and employees. At that time, Dr. Indrek Laul, an Estonian and renowned pianist was a PhD candidate in piano performance at the Julliard School of Music.</span></b></span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2018" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/3MEFzclTu4M" width="2430" youtube-src-id="3MEFzclTu4M"></iframe></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2fVFGpFC6hfRRX3seS-pinLxPY5pXUjaDBNlaWuYmfcLzjxAChLwY6ZYST56TWovdpMvIsFBvixdOzb46Z71Ia1S_JVVFSLqfT5tw0gABfWNVYsEIQv7gO43mWfr8hgYi7CDHTSXDhCA/s1600/IMG_1048.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="1835" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2fVFGpFC6hfRRX3seS-pinLxPY5pXUjaDBNlaWuYmfcLzjxAChLwY6ZYST56TWovdpMvIsFBvixdOzb46Z71Ia1S_JVVFSLqfT5tw0gABfWNVYsEIQv7gO43mWfr8hgYi7CDHTSXDhCA/w2447-h1835/IMG_1048.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="2447" /></span></a></div><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The signature of Dr. Indrek Laul signed on 2/11/2000 located on the arch proved its originality. The rims are strong and thick, much thicker than most other pianos. Dense rims are important for a rich sound, plus solid beams support the overall tension of the piano structure, further adding to the balance and longevity of the instrument. Multiple layers of select North-European birch are glued together in a press where they dry over a long time; in addition, the outer frame is set aside to cure separately thereafter. After curing and testing, the wood is further shaped according to exact measurements to form the rim.</span></b></div><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Missing piano bench correspondence with the church</span></b></div><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div aria-label="Keyboard navigation group. 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overflow: hidden;"><div class="D_F en_0" style="display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; outline: none;"><span class="u_b en_0 c1AVi73_6FsP c1AVi7H_6LEV C4_Z29WjXl" data-test-id="message-from" style="flex-shrink: 0; font-weight: 700; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span class="D_F rtlI_dz_sSg" data-test-id="email-pill" style="direction: ltr; display: flex; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Alexander Custodio<span class="u_N C_Z1VRqsb c1AVi73_6FsP c1AVi7H_6LEV" style="color: #828a93; font-weight: 400; outline: none;"> <alexscustodio@yahoo.com></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="d_6FIA i_6FIA c1AVi7H_6LEV c1AVi73_6FsP D_F eo_HB" style="display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; line-height: 18px; min-height: 18px; outline: none;"><span class="u_N E_eo6 C_Z1VRqsb" style="color: #828a93; margin-right: 4px; outline: none;">To:</span><span style="outline: none;"><span class="D_F rtlI_dz_sSg" data-test-id="email-pill" style="direction: ltr; display: flex; outline: none;"><span class="C4_Z29WjXl C_Z1VRqsb" data-test-id="message-to" style="color: #828a93; outline: none;" title="gdawk19@yahoo.com">gdawk19@yahoo.com</span></span></span><span class="E_fq7" style="margin-right: 8px; outline: none;">,</span><span style="outline: none;"><span class="D_F rtlI_dz_sSg" data-test-id="email-pill" style="direction: ltr; display: flex; outline: none;"><span class="C4_Z29WjXl C_Z1VRqsb" data-test-id="message-to" style="color: #828a93; outline: none;" title="alexscustodio@yahoo.com">alexscustodio@yahoo.com</span></span></span><span class="E_fq7" style="margin-right: 8px; outline: none;">,</span><span style="outline: none;"><span class="D_F rtlI_dz_sSg" data-test-id="email-pill" style="direction: ltr; display: flex; outline: none;"><span class="C4_Z29WjXl C_Z1VRqsb" data-test-id="message-to" style="color: #828a93; outline: none;" title="rich@cunninghampiano.com">rich@cunninghampiano.com</span></span></span><span class="E_fq7" style="margin-right: 8px; outline: none;">,</span><span style="outline: none;"><span class="D_F rtlI_dz_sSg" data-test-id="email-pill" style="direction: ltr; display: flex; outline: none;"><span class="C4_Z29WjXl C_Z1VRqsb" data-test-id="message-to" style="color: #828a93; outline: none;" title="rdawson@keyboardcarriage.com">rdawson@keyboardcarriage.com</span></span></span><span class="E_fq7" style="margin-right: 8px; outline: none;">,</span><span style="outline: none;"><span class="D_F rtlI_dz_sSg" data-test-id="email-pill" style="direction: ltr; display: flex; outline: none;"><span class="C4_Z29WjXl C_Z1VRqsb" data-test-id="message-to" style="color: #828a93; outline: none;" title="piano@cunninghampiano.com">piano@cunninghampiano.com</span></span></span></div></div><span class="em_N en_N" style="flex-grow: 1; flex-shrink: 1; outline: none;"></span><div class="en_0 s_6Fd5 H_6Fd5 M_3gJOe cdPFi_Z281SGl O_cMr O4_cMu" style="fill: rgb(29, 34, 40); flex-shrink: 0; height: 16px; margin: 0px 8px; min-width: 16px; opacity: 0.5; outline: none;"><button class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6EqO c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_q cvhIH6_T P_0" data-test-id="icon-btn-printer" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; appearance: none; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: "YahooSans VF", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" tabindex="-1" title="Print" type="button"><span class="D_F ab_C gl_C W_6D6F" style="align-items: center; display: flex; justify-content: center; outline: none; width: 20px;"><svg class="D_X W_6LEV H_6LEV cdPFi_q cZW7ROP_n en_0 cvhIH6_T" viewbox="0 0 20 20"><g><path d="M13.8 13.5H6.2c-.4 0-.7.3-.7.7v2.6c0 .4.3.7.7.7h7.6c.4 0 .7-.3.7-.7v-2.6c0-.4-.3-.7-.7-.7zM15.5 3.2c0-.4-.3-.7-.7-.7H5.2c-.4 0-.7.3-.7.7v3.3h11V3.2z"></path><path d="M17.3 8H2.7c-.4 0-.7.3-.7.7v6.6c0 .4.3.7.7.7h.6c.4 0 .7-.3.7-.7v-2.6c0-.4.3-.7.7-.7h10.6c.4 0 .7.3.7.7v2.6c0 .4.3.7.6.7h.7c.4 0 .7-.3.7-.7V8.7c0-.4-.3-.7-.7-.7zM15 11c-.6 0-1-.4-1-1s.4-1 1-1 1 .4 1 1-.4 1-1 1z"></path></g></svg></span></button></div><div class="D_F en_0 M_3gJOe A_6Eb4 c1AVi73_6EWk C_Z1VRqsb" data-test-id="message-date" style="color: #828a93; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 8px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Fri, Sep 2, 2016 at 11:09 PM</span></div><div class="D_F ab_CI en_0 H_6Fd5 W_6Fd5 lv_1IWXzk h_Z13pql2 h4_2d9T5e" style="align-items: flex-start; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; height: 16px; outline: none; transform: scale(1); transition: transform 0.1s linear 0s; width: 16px;"><button aria-label="This message is not starred" aria-pressed="false" class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6EqO c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_q cvhIH6_T P_0" data-test-id="icon-btn-star" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; appearance: none; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: "YahooSans VF", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" tabindex="-1" title="Star" type="button"><span class="D_F ab_C gl_C W_6D6F" style="align-items: center; display: flex; justify-content: center; outline: none; width: 16px;"><svg class="D_X W_6Fd5 H_6Fd5 cdPFi_Z1WBuqm cZW7ROP_n en_0 cvhIH6_T" viewbox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M9.242 1.762a.83.83 0 01.766-.512c.336 0 .637.2.77.508l2.179 5.183 5.402.176c.739.024 1.082.93.547 1.442l-4.133 3.984 1.11 5.105c.168.961-.649 1.235-1.051 1.043l-4.82-2.683-4.89 2.683c-.411.196-1.216-.093-1.052-1.043l1.18-5.105-4.156-3.984C.559 8.047.902 7.14 1.64 7.117l5.425-.176zm.77 2.472L8.187 8.582l-4.503.148 3.402 3.258-.98 4.254 3.91-2.148 3.855 2.148-.922-4.258 3.383-3.254-4.496-.152zm0 0"></path></svg></span></button></div></header></div><div data-test-id="message-body-container" style="outline: none;"><div class="I_ZkbNhI D_FY W_6D6F" data-test-id="message-view-body" style="display: table; outline: none; width: 938.8px;"><div class="X_6MGW" style="outline: none; padding-left: 24px;"></div><div class="msg-body P_wpofO mq_AS" data-test-id="message-view-body-content" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: normal; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 2px 0px 0px; position: relative; word-break: break-word;"><div class="jb_0 X_6MGW N_6Fd5" style="outline: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 24px; padding-right: 16px;"><div style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv4855430559" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: "times new roman", "new york", times, serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3656" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"></span></div><div id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3656" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Hi Gary,</span></div><div id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3656" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3656" style="outline: none;"><span id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3857" style="outline: none;">I got the piano today, but without the bench. Somebody has the bench. It must have been left in the church during the move to Cunningham piano. Please look for it. Thank you.</span></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3656" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3656" style="outline: none;"><span id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3992" style="outline: none;">Enclosed the bill from Encore $ 525.00. The total shipping bill will be $1825.00. Can you pay me thru paypal.</span></div><div style="outline: none;"></div><div id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_4133" style="outline: none;"> </div><div class="yiv4855430559signature" id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_4091" style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_4090" style="outline: none;"><i style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #033d3d; font-family: comic sans ms; font-size: medium; outline: none;"><strong style="outline: none;"></strong></span></i> <a href="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/7260/3514/1024/PICT03541.jpg" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank"></a></div><div id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_4092" style="outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: black; outline: none;"><span style="font-family: times new roman; outline: none;">Semper Veritas,</span></span></b></div><div id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_4132" style="outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: black; outline: none;"><a class="yiv4855430559yui_3_2_0_2_137678877017462" href="http://www.ex-designz.net/filipinolyrics/displaysong.asp?lid=131" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; font-family: "comic sans ms"; font-style: italic; outline: none;" target="_blank">Alexander</a></span><i class="yiv4855430559yui_3_2_0_2_137678877017464" style="font-family: "comic sans ms"; outline: none;"> </i></b></div></div><div class="yiv4855430559qtdSeparateBR" id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3614" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div class="yiv4855430559yahoo_quoted" id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3522" style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3521" style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3520" style="font-family: HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, "Lucida Grande", sans-serif; outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3596" style="outline: none;"><span id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3597" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small; outline: none;">On Friday, September 2, 2016 8:57 PM, "donotreply@intuit.com" <donotreply@intuit.com> wrote:<br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /><div class="yiv4855430559y_msg_container" id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3600" style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv4855430559" style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3599" style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3598" style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 8px;"><div id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3605" style="background-color: #eef1f5; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 241, 245); font-family: HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px auto; outline: none; width: 320px;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3613" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; outline: none; width: 320px;"><tbody id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3612" style="outline: none;"><tr id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3611" style="outline: none;"><td id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3610" style="min-height: 50px; outline: none; padding: 15px; width: 50px; word-break: normal;"><img alt="ENCORE PIANO & ORGAN MOVING LLC" height="48" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgopayment.intuit.com%2FGoPayment%2Fserver%2Fimages%2Fimageloader%3Fop%3Dcomplogo%26rid%3D1426045415%26ts%3D1472875022830%26key%3D56d6143b523f22853d8511516f0279e04458ff45&t=1694357250&ymreqid=d6f481e4-bb44-030f-1cc6-e7001301e200&sig=TtmkMCF.u19G0MTOjyw_UA--~D" style="outline: none; text-indent: -9999px; vertical-align: top;" width="48" /></td><td style="outline: none; word-break: normal;"><div style="font-size: 17px; outline: none; padding-left: 1px; padding-top: 2px;">ENCORE PIANO & ORGAN MOVING LLC</div><div style="font-size: 15px; outline: none; padding-left: 1px; padding-top: 5px;">UNION CITY, CA, 94587</div><div style="font-size: 15px; outline: none; padding-left: 1px; padding-top: 5px;">(510) 248-4999</div></td></tr></tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3609" style="background-color: #0097cb; outline: none; width: 320px;"><tbody id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3608" style="outline: none;"><tr id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3607" style="outline: none;"><td id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3606" style="color: white; font-family: HelveticaNeue-Light, "Helvetica Neue Light", "Helvetica Neue", HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; outline: none; padding: 15px 15px 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: normal;">Receipt</td><td style="outline: none; word-break: normal;"> </td><td style="color: white; font-size: 14px; outline: none; padding: 15px 15px 0px 0px; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: normal;">SALE</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="color: white; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 15px; word-break: normal;">VISA 9247</td><td style="outline: none; word-break: normal;"> </td><td style="color: white; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0px 15px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;">09/02/2016</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="2" style="color: white; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; outline: none; padding: 0px 15px; word-break: normal;"></td><td style="color: white; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0px 15px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;">08:55 PM</td></tr></tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3604" style="background-color: #0097cb; outline: none; width: 320px;"><tbody id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3603" style="outline: none;"><tr id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3602" style="outline: none;"><td id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3601" style="color: white; font-family: HelveticaNeue-Light, "Helvetica Neue Light", "Helvetica Neue", HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 36px; outline: none; padding: 5px 15px 15px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;">$525.00</td></tr></tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; outline: none; padding-left: 15px; padding-top: 5px; width: 320px;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="outline: none; word-break: normal;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(220, 220, 220); outline: none; padding-bottom: 10px; width: 305px;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="font-family: HelveticaNeueMedium, HelveticaNeue-Medium, "Helvetica Neue Medium", HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: normal; outline: none; padding: 10px 15px 5px 0px; word-break: normal;">Custom Amount</td><td style="font-size: 17px; outline: none; padding: 10px 15px 5px 0px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;">525.00</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="color: #969696; font-size: 15px; outline: none; padding: 0px 15px 0px 0px; word-break: normal;">1 X $525.00 Ea</td><td style="outline: none; padding: 0px 15px 0px 0px; word-break: normal;"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; border-top: 1px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); outline: none; padding-bottom: 5px; width: 320px;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="font-family: HelveticaNeueMedium, HelveticaNeue-Medium, "Helvetica Neue Medium", HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; outline: none; padding: 10px 30px 15px 15px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;">Total</td><td style="font-family: HelveticaNeueMedium, HelveticaNeue-Medium, "Helvetica Neue Medium", HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; outline: none; padding: 10px 15px 15px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;">$525.00</td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; border-top: 1px solid rgb(220, 220, 220); outline: none; padding-bottom: 15px; width: 320px;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="color: #959595; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 15px 15px 5px; word-break: normal;">VISA 9247</td><td style="color: #959595; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 15px 15px 5px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;"></td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="color: #959595; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 1px 15px 5px; word-break: normal;">ALEXANDER S CUSTODIO</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="color: #959595; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0px 30px 5px 15px; word-break: normal;">SIGNED</td><td style="color: #959595; font-size: 14px; outline: none; padding: 0px 15px 5px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;"> </td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="color: #959595; font-size: 14px; outline: none; padding: 1px 15px 5px; word-break: normal;">Transaction ID: PK0057382414</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="color: #959595; font-size: 14px; outline: none; padding: 1px 15px 5px; word-break: normal;">Auth ID: 06205C</td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; border-top: 1px solid rgb(220, 220, 220); outline: none; padding-bottom: 5px; width: 320px;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="color: #959595; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; padding-top: 15px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;">I agree to pay the above total amount according to the card issuer agreement.<br style="outline: none;" /></td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="outline: none; word-break: normal;"> </td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="color: #959595; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;">Please retain for your records.</td></tr></tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="outline: none; width: 320px;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="outline: none; word-break: normal;"><img alt="" height="9" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgopayment.intuit.com%2FGoPayment%2Fimages%2Fborder_bottom.png&t=1694357250&ymreqid=d6f481e4-bb44-030f-1cc6-e7001301e200&sig=qcf0r36EhMlH3fubE0kz4w--~D" style="outline: none; text-indent: -9999px; vertical-align: top;" width="320" /></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="outline: none; width: 320px;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="font-family: HelveticaNeueMedium, HelveticaNeue-Medium, "Helvetica Neue Medium", HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; outline: none; padding: 10px 15px 0px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;">Thank you for your business!</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 5px 15px 0px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;">norcal@movemypiano.com</td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="outline: none; width: 320px;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="outline: none; padding: 20px 0px 10px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;"><img alt="" height="3" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgopayment.intuit.com%2FGoPayment%2Fimages%2Fborder_dots.png&t=1694357250&ymreqid=d6f481e4-bb44-030f-1cc6-e7001301e200&sig=sfFCbGxhu2.Zs2BrY4jqYQ--~D" style="outline: none; text-indent: -9999px; vertical-align: top;" width="295" /></td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="font-size: 17px; outline: none; padding: 0px 15px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;">ENCORE PIANO & ORGAN MOVING LLC</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 5px 15px 0px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;">UNION CITY, CA, 94587</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 5px 15px 0px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;">(510) 248-4999</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="outline: none; padding: 20px 0px 10px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;"><img alt="" height="3" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgopayment.intuit.com%2FGoPayment%2Fimages%2Fborder_dots.png&t=1694357250&ymreqid=d6f481e4-bb44-030f-1cc6-e7001301e200&sig=sfFCbGxhu2.Zs2BrY4jqYQ--~D" style="outline: none; text-indent: -9999px; vertical-align: top;" width="295" /></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="outline: none; width: 320px;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="color: #404040; font-size: 9px; outline: none; text-align: center; word-break: normal;">powered by</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="outline: none; padding-bottom: 25px; padding-top: 10px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;"><a href="http://gopayment.com/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank"><img alt="Intuit QuickBooks Payments" border="0" height="39" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgopayment.intuit.com%2FGoPayment%2Fimages%2Flogo_qb.png&t=1694357250&ymreqid=d6f481e4-bb44-030f-1cc6-e7001301e200&sig=UUUdObxTBhZX.rK9GNX_cg--~D" style="outline: none; text-indent: -9999px;" width="123" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div><br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="jb_0 X_6MGW N_6Fd5" style="outline: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 24px; padding-right: 16px;"></div></div><div class="H_7jIs D_F ab_C Q_69H5 E_36RhU" data-test-id="toolbar-hover-area" style="align-items: center; display: flex; height: 64px; margin-left: -8px; margin-right: -20px; outline: none;"></div></div></div></li><li class="m_Z12nDQf D_F ek_BB ir_0" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(241, 241, 245); display: flex; flex-direction: column; outline: 0px;"><div class="p_R b_efTvb I_ZkbNhI em_N it_689y X_fq7 N_6LEV iu_FJ is_Z2bg7IA iv_0 iv3_dRA cZdTOHS_28Otf4 message-view" data-iskeynav="true" data-test-expanded="true" data-test-id="message-view" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid transparent; flex-grow: 1; outline-color: var(--bold-outline-color); outline-offset: -2px; outline-style: solid; outline-width: 0px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 20px; position: relative;" tabindex="-1"><div style="outline: none;"><header aria-label="Message 1 of " class="r_P D_F W_6D6F p_R P_Zjgzuf ir_0" style="cursor: pointer; display: flex; outline: 0px; padding: 8px 0px 16px; position: relative; width: 938.8px;"><span class="en_0 i_0 Q_fq7" style="flex-shrink: 0; line-height: 0; margin-left: 8px; outline: none;"><a data-test-id="sender-logo" style="outline: none;"><img alt="" class="e_e5X" height="40" src="https://data.mail.yahoo.com/xobni/v4/contacts/0000.02ec/photo?spsize=80X80&fallback_url=https%3A%2F%2Fs.yimg.com%2Fdh%2Fap%2Fsocial%2Fprofile%2Fprofile_a64.png&alphatar_photo=true&appId=YMailNorrin&badge=false" style="border-radius: 50%; outline: none;" width="40" /></a></span><div class="D_F ac_FT ab_CI en_0" style="align-items: flex-start; align-self: stretch; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; outline: none;"><button aria-label="This message is read" aria-pressed="false" class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6EqO c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_q cvhIH6_T P_0" data-test-id="icon-btn-read" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; appearance: none; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: "YahooSans VF", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" tabindex="-1" title="Mark as unread" type="button"><span class="D_F ab_C gl_C W_6D6F" style="align-items: center; display: flex; justify-content: center; outline: none; width: 20px;"><svg class="D_X W_6LEV H_6LEV cdPFi_ZpQYvz cZW7ROP_n en_0 cvhIH6_T" viewbox="0 0 20 20"><circle cx="10" cy="10" r="4"></circle></svg></span></button></div><div class="o_h D_F em_0 E_fq7 ek_BB" data-test-id="address-info" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 0; margin-right: 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden;"><div class="D_F en_0" style="display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; outline: none;"><span class="u_b en_0 c1AVi73_6FsP c1AVi7H_6LEV C4_Z29WjXl" data-test-id="message-from" style="flex-shrink: 0; font-weight: 700; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span class="D_F rtlI_dz_sSg" data-test-id="email-pill" style="direction: ltr; display: flex; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Gary Dawkins<span class="u_N C_Z1VRqsb c1AVi73_6FsP c1AVi7H_6LEV" style="color: #828a93; font-weight: 400; outline: none;"> <gdawk19@yahoo.com></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="d_6FIA i_6FIA c1AVi7H_6LEV c1AVi73_6FsP D_F eo_HB" style="display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; line-height: 18px; min-height: 18px; outline: none;"><span class="u_N E_eo6 C_Z1VRqsb" style="color: #828a93; margin-right: 4px; outline: none;">To:</span><span style="outline: none;"><span class="D_F rtlI_dz_sSg" data-test-id="email-pill" style="direction: ltr; display: flex; outline: none;"><span class="C4_Z29WjXl C_Z1VRqsb" data-test-id="message-to" style="color: #828a93; outline: none;" title="alexscustodio@yahoo.com">alexscustodio@yahoo.com</span></span></span></div></div><span class="em_N en_N" style="flex-grow: 1; flex-shrink: 1; outline: none;"></span><div class="en_0 s_6Fd5 H_6Fd5 M_3gJOe cdPFi_Z281SGl O_cMr O4_cMu" style="fill: rgb(29, 34, 40); flex-shrink: 0; height: 16px; margin: 0px 8px; min-width: 16px; opacity: 0.5; outline: none;"><button class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6EqO c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_q cvhIH6_T P_0" data-test-id="icon-btn-printer" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; 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display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 8px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Sat, Sep 3, 2016 at 4:37 AM</span></div><div class="D_F ab_CI en_0 H_6Fd5 W_6Fd5 lv_1IWXzk h_Z13pql2 h4_2d9T5e" style="align-items: flex-start; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; height: 16px; outline: none; transform: scale(1); transition: transform 0.1s linear 0s; width: 16px;"><button aria-label="This message is not starred" aria-pressed="false" class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6EqO c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_q cvhIH6_T P_0" data-test-id="icon-btn-star" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; appearance: none; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: "YahooSans VF", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" tabindex="-1" title="Star" type="button"><span class="D_F ab_C gl_C W_6D6F" style="align-items: center; display: flex; justify-content: center; outline: none; width: 16px;"><svg class="D_X W_6Fd5 H_6Fd5 cdPFi_Z1WBuqm cZW7ROP_n en_0 cvhIH6_T" viewbox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M9.242 1.762a.83.83 0 01.766-.512c.336 0 .637.2.77.508l2.179 5.183 5.402.176c.739.024 1.082.93.547 1.442l-4.133 3.984 1.11 5.105c.168.961-.649 1.235-1.051 1.043l-4.82-2.683-4.89 2.683c-.411.196-1.216-.093-1.052-1.043l1.18-5.105-4.156-3.984C.559 8.047.902 7.14 1.64 7.117l5.425-.176zm.77 2.472L8.187 8.582l-4.503.148 3.402 3.258-.98 4.254 3.91-2.148 3.855 2.148-.922-4.258 3.383-3.254-4.496-.152zm0 0"></path></svg></span></button></div></header></div><div data-test-id="message-body-container" style="outline: none;"><div class="I_ZkbNhI D_FY W_6D6F" data-test-id="message-view-body" style="display: table; outline: none; width: 938.8px;"><div class="X_6MGW" style="outline: none; padding-left: 24px;"></div><div class="msg-body P_wpofO mq_AS" data-test-id="message-view-body-content" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: normal; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 2px 0px 0px; position: relative; word-break: break-word;"><div class="jb_0 X_6MGW N_6Fd5" style="outline: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 24px; padding-right: 16px;"><div style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv7713113881" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Hi Alex,</div><div id="yiv7713113881AppleMailSignature" style="outline: none;">We do not have the bench. I would check with one of the shipping companies.<br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" />Sent from my iPhone</div></div></div></div></div><div class="jb_0 X_6MGW N_6Fd5" style="outline: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 24px; padding-right: 16px;"><button class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6DUj c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_Z1VRqsb cvhIH6_T P_eo6 Q_36Jhx" data-norrin-quoted-button="true" data-test-id="icon-btn-chevron_up" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; appearance: none; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; color: #828a93; cursor: pointer; font-family: "YahooSans VF", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 4px;" tabindex="-1" title="Hide original message" type="button"><span class="D_F ab_C gl_C W_6D6F" style="align-items: center; display: flex; justify-content: center; outline: none; width: 131.688px;"><svg class="D_X W_6LEV H_6LEV cdPFi_Z1TsNbA cZW7ROP_n en_0 cvhIH6_T h_ZQwKon" viewbox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M13.5 12.75a.748.748 0 01-.53-.22L10 9.56l-2.97 2.97a.75.75 0 11-1.06-1.06L10 7.44l4.03 4.03a.75.75 0 01-.53 1.28z"></path></svg><span class="D_X em_N o_h X_eo6 G_e t_l i_1D4Ti9" style="display: inline-block; flex-grow: 1; line-height: normal; outline: none; overflow: hidden; padding-left: 4px; text-align: left; text-overflow: ellipsis;">Hide original message</span></span></button></div><div class="jb_0 X_6MGW N_6Fd5" style="outline: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 24px; padding-right: 16px;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div class="qtd-body" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 8px;"><div class="yiv7713113881yqt3013416994" id="yiv7713113881yqt37555" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" />On Sep 3, 2016, at 2:08 AM, Alexander Custodio <<a href="mailto:alexscustodio@yahoo.com" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:alexscustodio@yahoo.com">alexscustodio@yahoo.com</a>> wrote:<br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><blockquote style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 8px;" type="cite"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: "times new roman", "new york", times, serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3656" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"></span></div><div id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3656" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Hi Gary,</span></div><div id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3656" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3656" style="outline: none;"><span id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3857" style="outline: none;">I got the piano today, but without the bench. Somebody has the bench. It must have been left in the church during the move to Cunningham piano. Please look for it. Thank you.</span></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3656" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3656" style="outline: none;"><span id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3992" style="outline: none;">Enclosed the bill from Encore $ 525.00. The total shipping bill will be $1825.00. Can you pay me thru paypal.</span></div><div style="outline: none;"></div><div id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_4133" style="outline: none;"> </div><div class="yiv7713113881signature" id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_4091" style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_4090" style="outline: none;"><i style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #033d3d; font-family: comic sans ms; font-size: medium; outline: none;"><strong style="outline: none;"></strong></span></i> <a href="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/7260/3514/1024/PICT03541.jpg" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank"></a></div><div id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_4092" style="outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: black; outline: none;"><span style="font-family: times new roman; outline: none;">Semper Veritas,</span></span></b></div><div id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_4132" style="outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: black; outline: none;"><a class="yiv7713113881yui_3_2_0_2_137678877017462" href="http://www.ex-designz.net/filipinolyrics/displaysong.asp?lid=131" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; font-family: "comic sans ms"; font-style: italic; outline: none;" target="_blank">Alexander</a></span><i class="yiv7713113881yui_3_2_0_2_137678877017464" style="font-family: "comic sans ms"; outline: none;"> </i></b></div></div><div class="yiv7713113881qtdSeparateBR" id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3614" style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div class="yiv7713113881yahoo_quoted" id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3522" style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3521" style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3520" style="font-family: HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, "Lucida Grande", sans-serif; outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3596" style="outline: none;"><span id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3597" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small; outline: none;">On Friday, September 2, 2016 8:57 PM, "<a href="mailto:donotreply@intuit.com" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:donotreply@intuit.com">donotreply@intuit.com</a>" <<a href="mailto:donotreply@intuit.com" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:donotreply@intuit.com">donotreply@intuit.com</a>> wrote:<br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></span></div><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /><div class="yiv7713113881y_msg_container" id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3600" style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv7713113881" style="outline: none;"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote></div></div><div class="qtd-body" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 8px;"><div class="yiv7713113881yqt3013416994" id="yiv7713113881yqt18167" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3599" style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3598" style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 8px;"><div id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3605" style="background-color: #eef1f5; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 241, 245); font-family: HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px auto; outline: none; width: 320px;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3613" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; outline: none; width: 320px;"><tbody id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3612" style="outline: none;"><tr id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3611" style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3610" rowspan="1" style="min-height: 50px; outline: none; padding: 15px; width: 50px; word-break: normal;"><img alt="ENCORE PIANO & ORGAN MOVING LLC" height="48" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgopayment.intuit.com%2FGoPayment%2Fserver%2Fimages%2Fimageloader%3Fop%3Dcomplogo%26rid%3D1426045415%26ts%3D1472875022830%26key%3D56d6143b523f22853d8511516f0279e04458ff45&t=1694357385&ymreqid=d6f481e4-bb44-030f-1cc6-e7001501e200&sig=ghIt8pYyjJ0PFKs2N0qoQQ--~D" style="outline: none; text-indent: -9999px; vertical-align: top;" width="48" /></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="outline: none; word-break: normal;"><div style="font-size: 17px; outline: none; padding-left: 1px; padding-top: 2px;">ENCORE PIANO & ORGAN MOVING LLC</div><div style="font-size: 15px; outline: none; padding-left: 1px; padding-top: 5px;">UNION CITY, CA, 94587</div><div style="font-size: 15px; outline: none; padding-left: 1px; padding-top: 5px;">(510) 248-4999</div></td></tr></tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3609" style="background-color: #0097cb; outline: none; width: 320px;"><tbody id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3608" style="outline: none;"><tr id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3607" style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3606" rowspan="1" style="color: white; font-family: HelveticaNeue-Light, "Helvetica Neue Light", "Helvetica Neue", HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; outline: none; padding: 15px 15px 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: normal;">Receipt</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="outline: none; word-break: normal;"> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: white; font-size: 14px; outline: none; padding: 15px 15px 0px 0px; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: normal;">SALE</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: white; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 15px; word-break: normal;">VISA 9247</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="outline: none; word-break: normal;"> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: white; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0px 15px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;">09/02/2016</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="color: white; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; outline: none; padding: 0px 15px; word-break: normal;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: white; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0px 15px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;">08:55 PM</td></tr></tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3604" style="background-color: #0097cb; outline: none; width: 320px;"><tbody id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3603" style="outline: none;"><tr id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3602" style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3601" rowspan="1" style="color: white; font-family: HelveticaNeue-Light, "Helvetica Neue Light", "Helvetica Neue", HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 36px; outline: none; padding: 5px 15px 15px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;">$525.00</td></tr></tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; outline: none; padding-left: 15px; padding-top: 5px; width: 320px;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="outline: none; word-break: normal;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(220, 220, 220); outline: none; padding-bottom: 10px; width: 305px;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="font-family: HelveticaNeueMedium, HelveticaNeue-Medium, "Helvetica Neue Medium", HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: normal; outline: none; padding: 10px 15px 5px 0px; word-break: normal;">Custom Amount</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="font-size: 17px; outline: none; padding: 10px 15px 5px 0px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;">525.00</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: #969696; font-size: 15px; outline: none; padding: 0px 15px 0px 0px; word-break: normal;">1 X $525.00 Ea</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="outline: none; padding: 0px 15px 0px 0px; word-break: normal;"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; border-top: 1px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); outline: none; padding-bottom: 5px; width: 320px;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="font-family: HelveticaNeueMedium, HelveticaNeue-Medium, "Helvetica Neue Medium", HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; outline: none; padding: 10px 30px 15px 15px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;">Total</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="font-family: HelveticaNeueMedium, HelveticaNeue-Medium, "Helvetica Neue Medium", HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; outline: none; padding: 10px 15px 15px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;">$525.00</td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; border-top: 1px solid rgb(220, 220, 220); outline: none; padding-bottom: 15px; width: 320px;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: #959595; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 15px 15px 5px; word-break: normal;">VISA 9247</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: #959595; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 15px 15px 5px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;"></td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: #959595; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 1px 15px 5px; word-break: normal;">ALEXANDER S CUSTODIO</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: #959595; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0px 30px 5px 15px; word-break: normal;">SIGNED</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: #959595; font-size: 14px; outline: none; padding: 0px 15px 5px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;"> </td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: #959595; font-size: 14px; outline: none; padding: 1px 15px 5px; word-break: normal;">Transaction ID: PK0057382414</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: #959595; font-size: 14px; outline: none; padding: 1px 15px 5px; word-break: normal;">Auth ID: 06205C</td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; border-top: 1px solid rgb(220, 220, 220); outline: none; padding-bottom: 5px; width: 320px;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: #959595; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; padding-top: 15px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;">I agree to pay the above total amount according to the card issuer agreement.<br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="outline: none; word-break: normal;"> </td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: #959595; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;">Please retain for your records.</td></tr></tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="outline: none; width: 320px;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="outline: none; word-break: normal;"><img alt="" height="9" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgopayment.intuit.com%2FGoPayment%2Fimages%2Fborder_bottom.png&t=1694357385&ymreqid=d6f481e4-bb44-030f-1cc6-e7001501e200&sig=bYFdfCE6QutnWpm_KE8fdg--~D" style="outline: none; text-indent: -9999px; vertical-align: top;" width="320" /></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="outline: none; width: 320px;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="font-family: HelveticaNeueMedium, HelveticaNeue-Medium, "Helvetica Neue Medium", HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; outline: none; padding: 10px 15px 0px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;">Thank you for your business!</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 5px 15px 0px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;"><a href="mailto:norcal@movemypiano.com" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:norcal@movemypiano.com">norcal@movemypiano.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="outline: none; width: 320px;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="outline: none; padding: 20px 0px 10px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;"><img alt="" height="3" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgopayment.intuit.com%2FGoPayment%2Fimages%2Fborder_dots.png&t=1694357385&ymreqid=d6f481e4-bb44-030f-1cc6-e7001501e200&sig=pOIIoY4SGU5.jwV2kEMZcw--~D" style="outline: none; text-indent: -9999px; vertical-align: top;" width="295" /></td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="font-size: 17px; outline: none; padding: 0px 15px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;">ENCORE PIANO & ORGAN MOVING LLC</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 5px 15px 0px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;">UNION CITY, CA, 94587</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 5px 15px 0px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;">(510) 248-4999</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="outline: none; padding: 20px 0px 10px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;"><img alt="" height="3" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgopayment.intuit.com%2FGoPayment%2Fimages%2Fborder_dots.png&t=1694357385&ymreqid=d6f481e4-bb44-030f-1cc6-e7001501e200&sig=pOIIoY4SGU5.jwV2kEMZcw--~D" style="outline: none; text-indent: -9999px; vertical-align: top;" width="295" /></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="outline: none; width: 320px;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: #404040; font-size: 9px; outline: none; text-align: center; word-break: normal;">powered by</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="outline: none; padding-bottom: 25px; padding-top: 10px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;"><a href="http://gopayment.com/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank"><img alt="Intuit QuickBooks Payments" border="0" height="39" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgopayment.intuit.com%2FGoPayment%2Fimages%2Flogo_qb.png&t=1694357385&ymreqid=d6f481e4-bb44-030f-1cc6-e7001501e200&sig=OHfnuTZf01lmJDKBhm2f0w--~D" style="outline: none; text-indent: -9999px;" width="123" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="jb_0 X_6MGW N_6Fd5" style="outline: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 24px; padding-right: 16px;"></div></div><div class="H_7jIs D_F ab_C Q_69H5 E_36RhU" data-test-id="toolbar-hover-area" style="align-items: center; display: flex; height: 64px; margin-left: -8px; margin-right: -20px; outline: none;"></div></div></div></li><li class="m_Z12nDQf D_F ek_BB ir_0" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(241, 241, 245); display: flex; flex-direction: column; outline: 0px;"><div class="p_R b_2w4lU5 I_ZkbNhI em_N it_689y X_fq7 N_6LEV iu_FJ is_Z2bg7IA iv_0 iv3_dRA cZdTOHS_28Otf4 j_ZUs0f0 message-view" data-iskeynav="true" data-test-expanded="true" data-test-id="message-view" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(151, 158, 168); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3) 0px 0px 3px; flex-grow: 1; outline-color: var(--bold-outline-color); outline-offset: -2px; outline-style: solid; outline-width: 2px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 20px; position: relative;" tabindex="-1"><div style="outline: none;"><header aria-label="Message 1 of " class="r_P D_F W_6D6F p_R P_Zjgzuf ir_0" style="cursor: pointer; display: flex; outline: 0px; padding: 8px 0px 16px; position: relative; width: 938.8px;"><span class="en_0 i_0 Q_fq7" style="flex-shrink: 0; line-height: 0; margin-left: 8px; outline: none;"><a data-test-id="sender-logo" style="outline: none;"><img alt="" class="e_e5X" height="40" src="https://data.mail.yahoo.com/xobni/v4/contacts/0000.02ec/photo?spsize=80X80&fallback_url=https%3A%2F%2Fs.yimg.com%2Fdh%2Fap%2Fsocial%2Fprofile%2Fprofile_a64.png&alphatar_photo=true&appId=YMailNorrin&badge=false" style="border-radius: 50%; outline: none;" width="40" /></a></span><div class="D_F ac_FT ab_CI en_0" style="align-items: flex-start; align-self: stretch; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; outline: none;"><button aria-label="This message is read" aria-pressed="false" class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6EqO c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_q cvhIH6_T P_0" data-test-id="icon-btn-read" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; appearance: none; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: "YahooSans VF", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 0; 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font-weight: 400; outline: none;"> <gdawk19@yahoo.com></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="d_6FIA i_6FIA c1AVi7H_6LEV c1AVi73_6FsP D_F eo_HB" style="display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; line-height: 18px; min-height: 18px; outline: none;"><span class="u_N E_eo6 C_Z1VRqsb" style="color: #828a93; margin-right: 4px; outline: none;">To:</span><span style="outline: none;"><span class="D_F rtlI_dz_sSg" data-test-id="email-pill" style="direction: ltr; display: flex; outline: none;"><span class="C4_Z29WjXl C_Z1VRqsb" data-test-id="message-to" style="color: #828a93; outline: none;" title="alexscustodio@yahoo.com">alexscustodio@yahoo.com</span></span></span></div></div><span class="em_N en_N" style="flex-grow: 1; flex-shrink: 1; outline: none;"></span><div class="en_0 s_6Fd5 H_6Fd5 M_3gJOe cdPFi_Z281SGl O_cMr O4_cMu" style="fill: rgb(29, 34, 40); flex-shrink: 0; height: 16px; margin: 0px 8px; min-width: 16px; opacity: 0.5; outline: none;"><button class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6EqO c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_q cvhIH6_T P_0" data-test-id="icon-btn-printer" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; 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display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 8px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Sat, Sep 3, 2016 at 4:49 AM</span></div><div class="D_F ab_CI en_0 H_6Fd5 W_6Fd5 lv_1IWXzk h_Z13pql2 h4_2d9T5e" style="align-items: flex-start; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; height: 16px; outline: none; transform: scale(1); transition: transform 0.1s linear 0s; width: 16px;"><button aria-label="This message is not starred" aria-pressed="false" class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6EqO c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_q cvhIH6_T P_0" data-test-id="icon-btn-star" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; appearance: none; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: "YahooSans VF", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" tabindex="-1" title="Star" type="button"><span class="D_F ab_C gl_C W_6D6F" style="align-items: center; display: flex; justify-content: center; outline: none; width: 16px;"><svg class="D_X W_6Fd5 H_6Fd5 cdPFi_Z1WBuqm cZW7ROP_n en_0 cvhIH6_T" viewbox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M9.242 1.762a.83.83 0 01.766-.512c.336 0 .637.2.77.508l2.179 5.183 5.402.176c.739.024 1.082.93.547 1.442l-4.133 3.984 1.11 5.105c.168.961-.649 1.235-1.051 1.043l-4.82-2.683-4.89 2.683c-.411.196-1.216-.093-1.052-1.043l1.18-5.105-4.156-3.984C.559 8.047.902 7.14 1.64 7.117l5.425-.176zm.77 2.472L8.187 8.582l-4.503.148 3.402 3.258-.98 4.254 3.91-2.148 3.855 2.148-.922-4.258 3.383-3.254-4.496-.152zm0 0"></path></svg></span></button></div></header></div><div data-test-id="message-body-container" style="outline: none;"><div class="I_ZkbNhI D_FY W_6D6F" data-test-id="message-view-body" style="display: table; outline: none; width: 938.8px;"><div class="X_6MGW" style="outline: none; padding-left: 24px;"></div><div class="msg-body P_wpofO mq_AS" data-test-id="message-view-body-content" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: normal; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 2px 0px 0px; position: relative; word-break: break-word;"><div class="jb_0 X_6MGW N_6Fd5" style="outline: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 24px; padding-right: 16px;"><div style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv8914256853" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, "Lucida Grande", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472875165195_9788" style="outline: none;">I want to reimburse you for the shipping so please provide me with an email for your paypal acccount or let me know what bank you bank with and the account number so I can do a direct deposit.</div><div class="yiv8914256853qtdSeparateBR" style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div class="yiv8914256853yahoo_quoted" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="jb_0 X_6MGW N_6Fd5" style="outline: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 24px; padding-right: 16px;"><button class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6DUj c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_Z1VRqsb cvhIH6_T P_eo6 Q_36Jhx" data-norrin-quoted-button="true" data-test-id="icon-btn-chevron_up" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; appearance: none; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; color: #828a93; cursor: pointer; font-family: "YahooSans VF", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 4px;" tabindex="-1" title="Hide original message" type="button"><span class="D_F ab_C gl_C W_6D6F" style="align-items: center; display: flex; justify-content: center; outline: none; width: 131.688px;"><svg class="D_X W_6LEV H_6LEV cdPFi_Z1TsNbA cZW7ROP_n en_0 cvhIH6_T h_ZQwKon" viewbox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M13.5 12.75a.748.748 0 01-.53-.22L10 9.56l-2.97 2.97a.75.75 0 11-1.06-1.06L10 7.44l4.03 4.03a.75.75 0 01-.53 1.28z"></path></svg><span class="D_X em_N o_h X_eo6 G_e t_l i_1D4Ti9" style="display: inline-block; flex-grow: 1; line-height: normal; outline: none; overflow: hidden; padding-left: 4px; text-align: left; text-overflow: ellipsis;">Hide original message</span></span></button></div><div class="jb_0 X_6MGW N_6Fd5" style="outline: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 24px; padding-right: 16px;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div class="qtd-body" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 8px;"><div class="yiv8914256853yqt0270074121" id="yiv8914256853yqt80498" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small; outline: none;">On Saturday, September 3, 2016 7:37 AM, Gary Dawkins <gdawk19@yahoo.com> wrote:<br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></span></div><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /><div class="yiv8914256853y_msg_container" style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv8914256853" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Hi Alex,</div><div id="yiv8914256853AppleMailSignature" style="outline: none;">We do not have the bench. I would check with one of the shipping companies.<br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" />Sent from my iPhone</div><div class="yiv8914256853yqt3862883829" id="yiv8914256853yqt21128" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" />On Sep 3, 2016, at 2:08 AM, Alexander Custodio <<a href="mailto:alexscustodio@yahoo.com" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:alexscustodio@yahoo.com">alexscustodio@yahoo.com</a>> wrote:<br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><blockquote style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 8px;" type="cite"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: "times new roman", "new york", times, serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3656" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"></span></div><div id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3656" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Hi Gary,</span></div><div id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3656" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3656" style="outline: none;"><span id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3857" style="outline: none;">I got the piano today, but without the bench. Somebody has the bench. It must have been left in the church during the move to Cunningham piano. Please look for it. Thank you.</span></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3656" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3656" style="outline: none;"><span id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3992" style="outline: none;">Enclosed the bill from Encore $ 525.00. The total shipping bill will be $1825.00. Can you pay me thru paypal.</span></div><div style="outline: none;"></div><div id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_4133" style="outline: none;"> </div><div class="yiv8914256853signature" id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_4091" style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_4090" style="outline: none;"><i style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #033d3d; font-family: comic sans ms; font-size: medium; outline: none;"><strong style="outline: none;"></strong></span></i> <a href="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/7260/3514/1024/PICT03541.jpg" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank"></a></div><div id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_4092" style="outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: black; outline: none;"><span style="font-family: times new roman; outline: none;">Semper Veritas,</span></span></b></div><div id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_4132" style="outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: black; outline: none;"><a class="yiv8914256853yui_3_2_0_2_137678877017462" href="http://www.ex-designz.net/filipinolyrics/displaysong.asp?lid=131" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; font-family: "comic sans ms"; font-style: italic; outline: none;" target="_blank">Alexander</a></span><i class="yiv8914256853yui_3_2_0_2_137678877017464" style="font-family: "comic sans ms"; outline: none;"> </i></b></div></div><div class="yiv8914256853qtdSeparateBR" id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3614" style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div class="yiv8914256853yahoo_quoted" id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3522" style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3521" style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3520" style="font-family: HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, "Lucida Grande", sans-serif; outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3596" style="outline: none;"><span id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3597" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small; outline: none;">On Friday, September 2, 2016 8:57 PM, "<a href="mailto:donotreply@intuit.com" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:donotreply@intuit.com">donotreply@intuit.com</a>" <<a href="mailto:donotreply@intuit.com" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:donotreply@intuit.com">donotreply@intuit.com</a>> wrote:<br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></span></div><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /><div class="yiv8914256853y_msg_container" id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3600" style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv8914256853" style="outline: none;"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote></div></div><div class="yiv8914256853yqt3862883829" id="yiv8914256853yqt84714" style="outline: none;"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="qtd-body" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 8px;"><div class="yiv8914256853yqt0270074121" id="yiv8914256853yqt08502" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3599" style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3598" style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 8px;"><div id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3605" style="background-color: #eef1f5; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 241, 245); font-family: HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px auto; outline: none; width: 320px;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3613" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; outline: none; width: 320px;"><tbody id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3612" style="outline: none;"><tr id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3611" style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3610" rowspan="1" style="min-height: 50px; outline: none; padding: 15px; width: 50px; word-break: normal;"><img alt="ENCORE PIANO & ORGAN MOVING LLC" height="48" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgopayment.intuit.com%2FGoPayment%2Fserver%2Fimages%2Fimageloader%3Fop%3Dcomplogo%26rid%3D1426045415%26ts%3D1472875022830%26key%3D56d6143b523f22853d8511516f0279e04458ff45&t=1694357582&ymreqid=d6f481e4-bb44-030f-1cc6-e7001701e200&sig=3ie9d5Jcphj_kZjCWWpRRw--~D" style="outline: none; text-indent: -9999px; vertical-align: top;" width="48" /></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="outline: none; word-break: normal;"><div style="font-size: 17px; outline: none; padding-left: 1px; padding-top: 2px;">ENCORE PIANO & ORGAN MOVING LLC</div><div style="font-size: 15px; outline: none; padding-left: 1px; padding-top: 5px;">UNION CITY, CA, 94587</div><div style="font-size: 15px; outline: none; padding-left: 1px; padding-top: 5px;">(510) 248-4999</div></td></tr></tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3609" style="background-color: #0097cb; outline: none; width: 320px;"><tbody id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3608" style="outline: none;"><tr id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3607" style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3606" rowspan="1" style="color: white; font-family: HelveticaNeue-Light, "Helvetica Neue Light", "Helvetica Neue", HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; outline: none; padding: 15px 15px 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: normal;">Receipt</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="outline: none; word-break: normal;"> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: white; font-size: 14px; outline: none; padding: 15px 15px 0px 0px; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: normal;">SALE</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: white; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 15px; word-break: normal;">VISA 9247</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="outline: none; word-break: normal;"> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: white; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0px 15px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;">09/02/2016</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="color: white; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; outline: none; padding: 0px 15px; word-break: normal;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: white; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0px 15px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;">08:55 PM</td></tr></tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3604" style="background-color: #0097cb; outline: none; width: 320px;"><tbody id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3603" style="outline: none;"><tr id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3602" style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3601" rowspan="1" style="color: white; font-family: HelveticaNeue-Light, "Helvetica Neue Light", "Helvetica Neue", HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 36px; outline: none; padding: 5px 15px 15px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;">$525.00</td></tr></tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; outline: none; padding-left: 15px; padding-top: 5px; width: 320px;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="outline: none; word-break: normal;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(220, 220, 220); outline: none; padding-bottom: 10px; width: 305px;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="font-family: HelveticaNeueMedium, HelveticaNeue-Medium, "Helvetica Neue Medium", HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: normal; outline: none; padding: 10px 15px 5px 0px; word-break: normal;">Custom Amount</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="font-size: 17px; outline: none; padding: 10px 15px 5px 0px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;">525.00</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: #969696; font-size: 15px; outline: none; padding: 0px 15px 0px 0px; word-break: normal;">1 X $525.00 Ea</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="outline: none; padding: 0px 15px 0px 0px; word-break: normal;"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; border-top: 1px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); outline: none; padding-bottom: 5px; width: 320px;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="font-family: HelveticaNeueMedium, HelveticaNeue-Medium, "Helvetica Neue Medium", HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; outline: none; padding: 10px 30px 15px 15px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;">Total</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="font-family: HelveticaNeueMedium, HelveticaNeue-Medium, "Helvetica Neue Medium", HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; outline: none; padding: 10px 15px 15px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;">$525.00</td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; border-top: 1px solid rgb(220, 220, 220); outline: none; padding-bottom: 15px; width: 320px;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: #959595; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 15px 15px 5px; word-break: normal;">VISA 9247</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: #959595; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 15px 15px 5px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;"></td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: #959595; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 1px 15px 5px; word-break: normal;">ALEXANDER S CUSTODIO</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: #959595; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0px 30px 5px 15px; word-break: normal;">SIGNED</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: #959595; font-size: 14px; outline: none; padding: 0px 15px 5px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;"> </td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: #959595; font-size: 14px; outline: none; padding: 1px 15px 5px; word-break: normal;">Transaction ID: PK0057382414</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: #959595; font-size: 14px; outline: none; padding: 1px 15px 5px; word-break: normal;">Auth ID: 06205C</td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; border-top: 1px solid rgb(220, 220, 220); outline: none; padding-bottom: 5px; width: 320px;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: #959595; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; padding-top: 15px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;">I agree to pay the above total amount according to the card issuer agreement.<br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="outline: none; word-break: normal;"> </td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: #959595; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;">Please retain for your records.</td></tr></tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="outline: none; width: 320px;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="outline: none; word-break: normal;"><img alt="" height="9" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgopayment.intuit.com%2FGoPayment%2Fimages%2Fborder_bottom.png&t=1694357582&ymreqid=d6f481e4-bb44-030f-1cc6-e7001701e200&sig=rn9EhkuLmVtRTQZrW8O.yg--~D" style="outline: none; text-indent: -9999px; vertical-align: top;" width="320" /></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="outline: none; width: 320px;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="font-family: HelveticaNeueMedium, HelveticaNeue-Medium, "Helvetica Neue Medium", HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; outline: none; padding: 10px 15px 0px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;">Thank you for your business!</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 5px 15px 0px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;"><a href="mailto:norcal@movemypiano.com" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:norcal@movemypiano.com">norcal@movemypiano.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="outline: none; width: 320px;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="outline: none; padding: 20px 0px 10px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;"><img alt="" height="3" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgopayment.intuit.com%2FGoPayment%2Fimages%2Fborder_dots.png&t=1694357582&ymreqid=d6f481e4-bb44-030f-1cc6-e7001701e200&sig=jqSG6nXe.eD7clc2FAO7lw--~D" style="outline: none; text-indent: -9999px; vertical-align: top;" width="295" /></td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="font-size: 17px; outline: none; padding: 0px 15px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;">ENCORE PIANO & ORGAN MOVING LLC</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 5px 15px 0px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;">UNION CITY, CA, 94587</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 5px 15px 0px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;">(510) 248-4999</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="outline: none; padding: 20px 0px 10px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;"><img alt="" height="3" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgopayment.intuit.com%2FGoPayment%2Fimages%2Fborder_dots.png&t=1694357582&ymreqid=d6f481e4-bb44-030f-1cc6-e7001701e200&sig=jqSG6nXe.eD7clc2FAO7lw--~D" style="outline: none; text-indent: -9999px; vertical-align: top;" width="295" /></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="outline: none; width: 320px;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: #404040; font-size: 9px; outline: none; text-align: center; word-break: normal;">powered by</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="outline: none; padding-bottom: 25px; padding-top: 10px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;"><a href="http://gopayment.com/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank"><img alt="Intuit QuickBooks Payments" border="0" height="39" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgopayment.intuit.com%2FGoPayment%2Fimages%2Flogo_qb.png&t=1694357582&ymreqid=d6f481e4-bb44-030f-1cc6-e7001701e200&sig=iICkVJTxNPzubPNr.knVVA--~D" style="outline: none; text-indent: -9999px;" width="123" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="jb_0 X_6MGW N_6Fd5" style="outline: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 24px; 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flex-shrink: 1; outline: none;"></span><hr class="M_0 P_0 cn_0" style="border-width: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" /><br /></div></div></div></div></div></li></ul></div></div><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div aria-label="Keyboard navigation group. Use arrow keys to navigate, or tab to the next group." data-test-id="focus-group" style="color: #1d2228; font-family: YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, "Lucida Grande", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; outline: none;"><header class="D_F m_Z12nDQf P_Z1A2bQX I_ZkbNhI ab_CI" data-test-id="message-group-header" style="align-items: flex-start; background-color: white; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(241, 241, 245); display: flex; outline: none; padding: 4px 20px 4px 12px;"><div class="D_F ab_C em_N o_h A_6FsP c1AVi73_6LUG c1AVi7H_6MWH P_3Y3Gk" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-grow: 1; font-size: 17px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 0px;"><span class="en_N i_3mCHE c1AVi73_6LUG c1AVi7H_6MWH" data-test-id="message-group-subject" style="flex-shrink: 1; line-height: 1.3em; outline: none;" title="SM16580 Estonia 274"><span data-test-id="message-group-subject-text" style="outline: none;">SM16580 Estonia 274</span><span class="em_0 ac_C D_X i_6FIA P_3gJiI e_fFR Q_fq7 E_eTB A_6DUj c1AVi73_6EWk c1AVi7H_6LEV I_ZpQYvz" data-test-id="message-group-count" style="align-self: center; background-color: #e0e4e9; border-radius: 9px; display: inline-block; flex-grow: 0; font-size: 11px; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 6px; outline: none; padding: 0px 6px;">6</span></span></div><div class="D_F ab_C Y_eTB en_0" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; margin-top: 6px; outline: none;"><div class="D_F ab_C em_N en_0 o_h Y_dm5 E_fq7 U_dm5 Q_72FG" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-grow: 1; flex-shrink: 0; margin: 0px 8px 0px 40px; outline: none; overflow: hidden;"><span class="D_F t_r A_6EqO c1AVi73_6EWk c1AVi7H_6LEV c1AVi7T_dPo C_Z1TsNbA cZ1RzsTJ_jyw3a" data-test-id="message-group-destination" style="color: #979ea8; display: flex; outline: none; text-align: right;" title="Yahoo/Inbox"><span class="G_e J_x o_h a_7yHc" style="max-width: 80px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;">Yahoo</span><span style="outline: none;">/</span><span class="G_e J_x o_h a_7iGr" style="max-width: 60px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;">Inbox</span></span></div><div class="H_6Fd5 W_6Fd5 lv_2gnJCA h_Z13pql2 h4_2d9T5e" style="height: 16px; outline: none; transform: scale(1); transition: all 0.1s linear 0s; width: 16px;"><button aria-label="This message is not starred" aria-pressed="false" class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6EqO c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_q cvhIH6_T P_0" data-iskeynav="true" data-test-id="icon-btn-star" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; appearance: none; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: "YahooSans VF", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" tabindex="0" type="button"><span class="D_F ab_C gl_C W_6D6F" style="align-items: center; display: flex; justify-content: center; outline: none; width: 16px;"><svg class="D_X W_6Fd5 H_6Fd5 cdPFi_Z1WBuqm cZW7ROP_n en_0 cvhIH6_T" viewbox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M9.242 1.762a.83.83 0 01.766-.512c.336 0 .637.2.77.508l2.179 5.183 5.402.176c.739.024 1.082.93.547 1.442l-4.133 3.984 1.11 5.105c.168.961-.649 1.235-1.051 1.043l-4.82-2.683-4.89 2.683c-.411.196-1.216-.093-1.052-1.043l1.18-5.105-4.156-3.984C.559 8.047.902 7.14 1.64 7.117l5.425-.176zm.77 2.472L8.187 8.582l-4.503.148 3.402 3.258-.98 4.254 3.91-2.148 3.855 2.148-.922-4.258 3.383-3.254-4.496-.152zm0 0"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></header></div><div aria-label="Keyboard navigation group. Use arrow keys to navigate, or tab to the next group." data-test-id="focus-group" style="color: #1d2228; font-family: YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, "Lucida Grande", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; outline: none;"><ul class="hd_n M_0 X_0" data-test-id="cards" style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding-left: 0px;"><li class="m_Z12nDQf D_F ek_BB ir_0" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(241, 241, 245); display: flex; flex-direction: column; outline: 0px;"><div class="p_R b_efTvb I_ZkbNhI em_N it_689y X_fq7 N_6LEV iu_FJ is_Z2bg7IA iv_0 iv3_dRA cZdTOHS_28Otf4 message-view" data-iskeynav="true" data-test-expanded="false" data-test-id="message-view" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid transparent; flex-grow: 1; outline-color: var(--bold-outline-color); outline-offset: -2px; outline-style: solid; outline-width: 0px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 20px; position: relative;" tabindex="-1"><div style="outline: none;"><header aria-label="Message 1 of " class="r_P D_F W_6D6F p_R P_3Y3Gk ir_0 ab_C" style="align-items: center; cursor: pointer; display: flex; outline: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; position: relative; width: 938.8px;"><span class="en_0 i_0 Q_6Eb4 E_eo6" style="flex-shrink: 0; line-height: 0; margin-left: 12px; margin-right: 4px; outline: none;"><a data-test-id="sender-logo" style="outline: none;"><img alt="" class="e_e5X" height="32" src="https://data.mail.yahoo.com/xobni/v4/endpoints/smtp:dhendricks@keyboardcarriage.com/photo?spsize=80X80&fallback_url=https%3A%2F%2Fs.yimg.com%2Fdh%2Fap%2Fsocial%2Fprofile%2Fprofile_a64.png&alphatar_photo=true&appId=YMailNorrin&format=image" style="border-radius: 50%; outline: none;" width="32" /></a></span><div class="D_F ac_FT ab_C en_0" style="align-items: center; align-self: stretch; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; outline: none;"><button aria-label="This message is read" aria-pressed="false" class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6EqO c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_q cvhIH6_T P_0" data-test-id="icon-btn-read" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; appearance: none; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: "YahooSans VF", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" tabindex="-1" title="Mark as unread" type="button"><span class="D_F ab_C gl_C W_6D6F" style="align-items: center; display: flex; justify-content: center; outline: none; width: 20px;"><svg class="D_X W_6LEV H_6LEV cdPFi_ZpQYvz cZW7ROP_n en_0 cvhIH6_T" viewbox="0 0 20 20"><circle cx="10" cy="10" r="4"></circle></svg></span></button></div><div class="o_h D_F em_N E_fq7 ab_C" data-test-id="address-info" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-grow: 1; margin-right: 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden;"><div class="D_F en_0" style="display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; outline: none;"><span class="u_b en_0 c1AVi73_6FsP c1AVi7H_6LEV C4_Z29WjXl" data-test-id="message-from" style="flex-shrink: 0; font-weight: 700; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Doris Hendricks</span></span></div><div class="J_x o_h G_e Q_fq7" data-test-id="snippet" style="margin-left: 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;"><div class="J_x o_h C_Z1VRqsb" style="color: #828a93; outline: none; overflow: hidden;">Alex This is a copy of your payment receipt forSM16580 (Estonia 274). Thank You Rick Could you please give Alex and update on the progress of his piano move next week? Thank You DHENDRICKS@KEYBOARDCAR</div></div><span class="em_N en_N" style="flex-grow: 1; flex-shrink: 1; outline: none;"></span></div><div class="D_F en_0 M_3gJOe A_6Eb4 c1AVi73_6EWk C_Z1VRqsb ab_C" data-test-id="message-date" style="align-items: center; color: #828a93; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 8px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Thu, Aug 4, 2016 at 8:17 AM</span></div><div class="D_F ab_C en_0 H_6Fd5 W_6Fd5 lv_1IWXzk h_Z13pql2 h4_2d9T5e" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; height: 16px; outline: none; transform: scale(1); transition: transform 0.1s linear 0s; width: 16px;"><button aria-label="This message is not starred" aria-pressed="false" class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6EqO c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_q cvhIH6_T P_0" data-test-id="icon-btn-star" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; appearance: none; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: "YahooSans VF", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" tabindex="-1" title="Star" type="button"><span class="D_F ab_C gl_C W_6D6F" style="align-items: center; display: flex; justify-content: center; outline: none; width: 16px;"><svg class="D_X W_6Fd5 H_6Fd5 cdPFi_Z1WBuqm cZW7ROP_n en_0 cvhIH6_T" viewbox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M9.242 1.762a.83.83 0 01.766-.512c.336 0 .637.2.77.508l2.179 5.183 5.402.176c.739.024 1.082.93.547 1.442l-4.133 3.984 1.11 5.105c.168.961-.649 1.235-1.051 1.043l-4.82-2.683-4.89 2.683c-.411.196-1.216-.093-1.052-1.043l1.18-5.105-4.156-3.984C.559 8.047.902 7.14 1.64 7.117l5.425-.176zm.77 2.472L8.187 8.582l-4.503.148 3.402 3.258-.98 4.254 3.91-2.148 3.855 2.148-.922-4.258 3.383-3.254-4.496-.152zm0 0"></path></svg></span></button></div></header></div></div></li><li class="m_Z12nDQf D_F ek_BB ir_0" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(241, 241, 245); display: flex; flex-direction: column; outline: 0px;"><div class="p_R b_efTvb I_ZkbNhI em_N it_689y X_fq7 N_6LEV iu_FJ is_Z2bg7IA iv_0 iv3_dRA cZdTOHS_28Otf4 message-view" data-iskeynav="true" data-test-expanded="false" data-test-id="message-view" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid transparent; flex-grow: 1; outline-color: var(--bold-outline-color); outline-offset: -2px; outline-style: solid; outline-width: 0px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 20px; position: relative;" tabindex="-1"><div style="outline: none;"><header aria-label="Message 1 of " class="r_P D_F W_6D6F p_R P_3Y3Gk ir_0 ab_C" style="align-items: center; cursor: pointer; display: flex; outline: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; position: relative; width: 938.8px;"><span class="en_0 i_0 Q_6Eb4 E_eo6" style="flex-shrink: 0; line-height: 0; margin-left: 12px; margin-right: 4px; outline: none;"><a data-test-id="sender-logo" style="outline: none;"><img alt="" class="e_e5X" height="32" src="https://data.mail.yahoo.com/xobni/v4/contacts/0000.007a/photo?spsize=80X80&fallback_url=https%3A%2F%2Fs.yimg.com%2Fdh%2Fap%2Fsocial%2Fprofile%2Fprofile_a64.png&alphatar_photo=true&appId=YMailNorrin&badge=false" style="border-radius: 50%; outline: none;" width="32" /></a></span><div class="D_F ac_FT ab_C en_0" style="align-items: center; align-self: stretch; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; outline: none;"><button aria-label="This message is read" aria-pressed="false" class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6EqO c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_q cvhIH6_T P_0" data-test-id="icon-btn-read" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; appearance: none; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: "YahooSans VF", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" tabindex="-1" title="Mark as unread" type="button"><span class="D_F ab_C gl_C W_6D6F" style="align-items: center; display: flex; justify-content: center; outline: none; width: 20px;"><svg class="D_X W_6LEV H_6LEV cdPFi_ZpQYvz cZW7ROP_n en_0 cvhIH6_T" viewbox="0 0 20 20"><circle cx="10" cy="10" r="4"></circle></svg></span></button></div><div class="o_h D_F em_N E_fq7 ab_C" data-test-id="address-info" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-grow: 1; margin-right: 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden;"><div class="D_F en_0" style="display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; outline: none;"><span class="u_b en_0 c1AVi73_6FsP c1AVi7H_6LEV C4_Z29WjXl" data-test-id="message-from" style="flex-shrink: 0; font-weight: 700; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Alexander Custodio</span></span></div><div class="J_x o_h G_e Q_fq7" data-test-id="snippet" style="margin-left: 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;"><div class="J_x o_h C_Z1VRqsb" style="color: #828a93; outline: none; overflow: hidden;">Enclosed a copy of the payment to Keyboard for the transport of the 2000 Estonia model 274 to CA. Thank you. Semper Veritas, Alexander</div></div><span class="em_N en_N" style="flex-grow: 1; flex-shrink: 1; outline: none;"></span></div><div class="D_F en_0 M_3gJOe A_6Eb4 c1AVi73_6EWk C_Z1VRqsb ab_C" data-test-id="message-date" style="align-items: center; color: #828a93; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 8px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Thu, Aug 4, 2016 at 8:25 AM</span></div><div class="D_F ab_C en_0 H_6Fd5 W_6Fd5 lv_1IWXzk h_Z13pql2 h4_2d9T5e" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; height: 16px; outline: none; transform: scale(1); transition: transform 0.1s linear 0s; width: 16px;"><button aria-label="This message is not starred" aria-pressed="false" class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6EqO c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_q cvhIH6_T P_0" data-test-id="icon-btn-star" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; appearance: none; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: "YahooSans VF", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" tabindex="-1" title="Star" type="button"><span class="D_F ab_C gl_C W_6D6F" style="align-items: center; display: flex; justify-content: center; outline: none; width: 16px;"><svg class="D_X W_6Fd5 H_6Fd5 cdPFi_Z1WBuqm cZW7ROP_n en_0 cvhIH6_T" viewbox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M9.242 1.762a.83.83 0 01.766-.512c.336 0 .637.2.77.508l2.179 5.183 5.402.176c.739.024 1.082.93.547 1.442l-4.133 3.984 1.11 5.105c.168.961-.649 1.235-1.051 1.043l-4.82-2.683-4.89 2.683c-.411.196-1.216-.093-1.052-1.043l1.18-5.105-4.156-3.984C.559 8.047.902 7.14 1.64 7.117l5.425-.176zm.77 2.472L8.187 8.582l-4.503.148 3.402 3.258-.98 4.254 3.91-2.148 3.855 2.148-.922-4.258 3.383-3.254-4.496-.152zm0 0"></path></svg></span></button></div></header></div></div></li><li class="m_Z12nDQf D_F ek_BB ir_0" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(241, 241, 245); display: flex; flex-direction: column; outline: 0px;"><div class="p_R b_efTvb I_ZkbNhI em_N it_689y X_fq7 N_6LEV iu_FJ is_Z2bg7IA iv_0 iv3_dRA cZdTOHS_28Otf4 message-view" data-iskeynav="true" data-test-expanded="false" data-test-id="message-view" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid transparent; flex-grow: 1; outline-color: var(--bold-outline-color); outline-offset: -2px; outline-style: solid; outline-width: 0px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 20px; position: relative;" tabindex="-1"><div style="outline: none;"><header aria-label="Message 1 of " class="r_P D_F W_6D6F p_R P_3Y3Gk ir_0 ab_C" style="align-items: center; cursor: pointer; display: flex; outline: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; position: relative; width: 938.8px;"><span class="en_0 i_0 Q_6Eb4 E_eo6" style="flex-shrink: 0; line-height: 0; margin-left: 12px; margin-right: 4px; outline: none;"><a data-test-id="sender-logo" style="outline: none;"><img alt="" class="e_e5X" height="32" src="https://data.mail.yahoo.com/xobni/v4/contacts/0000.02ec/photo?spsize=80X80&fallback_url=https%3A%2F%2Fs.yimg.com%2Fdh%2Fap%2Fsocial%2Fprofile%2Fprofile_a64.png&alphatar_photo=true&appId=YMailNorrin&badge=false" style="border-radius: 50%; outline: none;" width="32" /></a></span><div class="D_F ac_FT ab_C en_0" style="align-items: center; align-self: stretch; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; outline: none;"><button aria-label="This message is read" aria-pressed="false" class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6EqO c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_q cvhIH6_T P_0" data-test-id="icon-btn-read" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; appearance: none; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: "YahooSans VF", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" tabindex="-1" title="Mark as unread" type="button"><span class="D_F ab_C gl_C W_6D6F" style="align-items: center; display: flex; justify-content: center; outline: none; width: 20px;"><svg class="D_X W_6LEV H_6LEV cdPFi_ZpQYvz cZW7ROP_n en_0 cvhIH6_T" viewbox="0 0 20 20"><circle cx="10" cy="10" r="4"></circle></svg></span></button></div><div class="o_h D_F em_N E_fq7 ab_C" data-test-id="address-info" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-grow: 1; margin-right: 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden;"><div class="D_F en_0" style="display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; outline: none;"><span class="u_b en_0 c1AVi73_6FsP c1AVi7H_6LEV C4_Z29WjXl" data-test-id="message-from" style="flex-shrink: 0; font-weight: 700; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Gary Dawkins</span></span></div><div class="J_x o_h G_e Q_fq7" data-test-id="snippet" style="margin-left: 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;"><div class="J_x o_h C_Z1VRqsb" style="color: #828a93; outline: none; overflow: hidden;">Thanks Alex. Can you also forward me the payment receipt made to Rich Galloway so I have good records for your shipping refund.</div></div><span class="em_N en_N" style="flex-grow: 1; flex-shrink: 1; outline: none;"></span></div><div class="D_F en_0 M_3gJOe A_6Eb4 c1AVi73_6EWk C_Z1VRqsb ab_C" data-test-id="message-date" style="align-items: center; color: #828a93; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 8px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Thu, Aug 4, 2016 at 9:03 AM</span></div><div class="D_F ab_C en_0 H_6Fd5 W_6Fd5 lv_1IWXzk h_Z13pql2 h4_2d9T5e" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; height: 16px; outline: none; transform: scale(1); transition: transform 0.1s linear 0s; width: 16px;"><button aria-label="This message is not starred" aria-pressed="false" class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6EqO c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_q cvhIH6_T P_0" data-test-id="icon-btn-star" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; appearance: none; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: "YahooSans VF", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" tabindex="-1" title="Star" type="button"><span class="D_F ab_C gl_C W_6D6F" style="align-items: center; display: flex; justify-content: center; outline: none; width: 16px;"><svg class="D_X W_6Fd5 H_6Fd5 cdPFi_Z1WBuqm cZW7ROP_n en_0 cvhIH6_T" viewbox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M9.242 1.762a.83.83 0 01.766-.512c.336 0 .637.2.77.508l2.179 5.183 5.402.176c.739.024 1.082.93.547 1.442l-4.133 3.984 1.11 5.105c.168.961-.649 1.235-1.051 1.043l-4.82-2.683-4.89 2.683c-.411.196-1.216-.093-1.052-1.043l1.18-5.105-4.156-3.984C.559 8.047.902 7.14 1.64 7.117l5.425-.176zm.77 2.472L8.187 8.582l-4.503.148 3.402 3.258-.98 4.254 3.91-2.148 3.855 2.148-.922-4.258 3.383-3.254-4.496-.152zm0 0"></path></svg></span></button></div></header></div></div></li><li class="m_Z12nDQf D_F ek_BB ir_0" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(241, 241, 245); display: flex; flex-direction: column; outline: 0px;"><div class="p_R b_efTvb I_ZkbNhI em_N it_689y X_fq7 N_6LEV iu_FJ is_Z2bg7IA iv_0 iv3_dRA cZdTOHS_28Otf4 message-view" data-iskeynav="true" data-test-expanded="false" data-test-id="message-view" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid transparent; flex-grow: 1; outline-color: var(--bold-outline-color); outline-offset: -2px; outline-style: solid; outline-width: 0px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 20px; position: relative;" tabindex="-1"><div style="outline: none;"><header aria-label="Message 1 of " class="r_P D_F W_6D6F p_R P_3Y3Gk ir_0 ab_C" style="align-items: center; cursor: pointer; display: flex; outline: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; position: relative; width: 938.8px;"><span class="en_0 i_0 Q_6Eb4 E_eo6" style="flex-shrink: 0; line-height: 0; margin-left: 12px; margin-right: 4px; outline: none;"><a data-test-id="sender-logo" style="outline: none;"><img alt="" class="e_e5X" height="32" src="https://data.mail.yahoo.com/xobni/v4/contacts/0000.02ed/photo?spsize=80X80&fallback_url=https%3A%2F%2Fs.yimg.com%2Fdh%2Fap%2Fsocial%2Fprofile%2Fprofile_a64.png&alphatar_photo=true&appId=YMailNorrin&badge=false" style="border-radius: 50%; outline: none;" width="32" /></a></span><div class="D_F ac_FT ab_C en_0" style="align-items: center; align-self: stretch; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; outline: none;"><button aria-label="This message is read" aria-pressed="false" class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6EqO c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_q cvhIH6_T P_0" data-test-id="icon-btn-read" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; appearance: none; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: "YahooSans VF", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" tabindex="-1" title="Mark as unread" type="button"><span class="D_F ab_C gl_C W_6D6F" style="align-items: center; display: flex; justify-content: center; outline: none; width: 20px;"><svg class="D_X W_6LEV H_6LEV cdPFi_ZpQYvz cZW7ROP_n en_0 cvhIH6_T" viewbox="0 0 20 20"><circle cx="10" cy="10" r="4"></circle></svg></span></button></div><div class="o_h D_F em_N E_fq7 ab_C" data-test-id="address-info" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-grow: 1; margin-right: 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden;"><div class="D_F en_0" style="display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; outline: none;"><span class="u_b en_0 c1AVi73_6FsP c1AVi7H_6LEV C4_Z29WjXl" data-test-id="message-from" style="flex-shrink: 0; font-weight: 700; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Rick Dawson</span></span></div><div class="J_x o_h G_e Q_fq7" data-test-id="snippet" style="margin-left: 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;"><div class="J_x o_h C_Z1VRqsb" style="color: #828a93; outline: none; overflow: hidden;">You sent a payment Good Morning Alex, Your piano...</div></div><span class="em_N en_N" style="flex-grow: 1; flex-shrink: 1; outline: none;"></span></div><div class="D_F en_0 M_3gJOe A_6Eb4 c1AVi73_6EWk C_Z1VRqsb ab_C" data-test-id="message-date" style="align-items: center; color: #828a93; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 8px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Wed, Aug 10, 2016 at 7:12 AM</span></div><div class="D_F ab_C en_0 H_6Fd5 W_6Fd5 lv_1IWXzk h_Z13pql2 h4_2d9T5e" style="align-items: center; 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display: flex; flex-direction: column; outline: 0px;"><div class="p_R b_efTvb I_ZkbNhI em_N it_689y X_fq7 N_6LEV iu_FJ is_Z2bg7IA iv_0 iv3_dRA cZdTOHS_28Otf4 message-view" data-iskeynav="true" data-test-expanded="false" data-test-id="message-view" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid transparent; flex-grow: 1; outline-color: var(--bold-outline-color); outline-offset: -2px; outline-style: solid; outline-width: 0px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 20px; position: relative;" tabindex="-1"><div style="outline: none;"><header aria-label="Message 1 of " class="r_P D_F W_6D6F p_R P_3Y3Gk ir_0 ab_C" style="align-items: center; cursor: pointer; display: flex; outline: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; position: relative; width: 938.8px;"><span class="en_0 i_0 Q_6Eb4 E_eo6" style="flex-shrink: 0; line-height: 0; margin-left: 12px; margin-right: 4px; outline: none;"><a data-test-id="sender-logo" style="outline: none;"><img alt="" class="e_e5X" height="32" src="https://data.mail.yahoo.com/xobni/v4/contacts/0000.02ed/photo?spsize=80X80&fallback_url=https%3A%2F%2Fs.yimg.com%2Fdh%2Fap%2Fsocial%2Fprofile%2Fprofile_a64.png&alphatar_photo=true&appId=YMailNorrin&badge=false" style="border-radius: 50%; outline: none;" width="32" /></a></span><div class="D_F ac_FT ab_C en_0" style="align-items: center; align-self: stretch; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; outline: none;"><button aria-label="This message is read" aria-pressed="false" class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6EqO c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_q cvhIH6_T P_0" data-test-id="icon-btn-read" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; appearance: none; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: "YahooSans VF", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" tabindex="-1" title="Mark as unread" type="button"><span class="D_F ab_C gl_C W_6D6F" style="align-items: center; display: flex; justify-content: center; outline: none; width: 20px;"><svg class="D_X W_6LEV H_6LEV cdPFi_ZpQYvz cZW7ROP_n en_0 cvhIH6_T" viewbox="0 0 20 20"><circle cx="10" cy="10" r="4"></circle></svg></span></button></div><div class="o_h D_F em_N E_fq7 ab_C" data-test-id="address-info" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-grow: 1; margin-right: 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden;"><div class="D_F en_0" style="display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; outline: none;"><span class="u_b en_0 c1AVi73_6FsP c1AVi7H_6LEV C4_Z29WjXl" data-test-id="message-from" style="flex-shrink: 0; font-weight: 700; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Rick Dawson</span></span></div><div class="J_x o_h G_e Q_fq7" data-test-id="snippet" style="margin-left: 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;"><div class="J_x o_h C_Z1VRqsb" style="color: #828a93; outline: none; overflow: hidden;">You sent a payment Alex, I will go locate your...</div></div><span class="em_N en_N" style="flex-grow: 1; flex-shrink: 1; outline: none;"></span></div><div class="D_F en_0 M_3gJOe A_6Eb4 c1AVi73_6EWk C_Z1VRqsb ab_C" data-test-id="message-date" style="align-items: center; color: #828a93; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 8px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Mon, Sep 26, 2016 at 9:16 AM</span></div><div class="D_F ab_C en_0 H_6Fd5 W_6Fd5 lv_1IWXzk h_Z13pql2 h4_2d9T5e" style="align-items: center; 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display: flex; flex-direction: column; outline: 0px;"><div class="p_R b_2w4lU5 I_ZkbNhI em_N it_689y X_fq7 N_6LEV iu_FJ is_Z2bg7IA iv_0 iv3_dRA cZdTOHS_28Otf4 j_ZUs0f0 message-view" data-iskeynav="true" data-test-expanded="true" data-test-id="message-view" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(151, 158, 168); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3) 0px 0px 3px; flex-grow: 1; outline-color: var(--bold-outline-color); outline-offset: -2px; outline-style: solid; outline-width: 0px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 20px; position: relative;" tabindex="40"><div style="outline: none;"><header aria-label="Message 1 of " class="r_P D_F W_6D6F p_R P_Zjgzuf ir_0" style="cursor: pointer; display: flex; outline: 0px; padding: 8px 0px 16px; position: relative; width: 938.8px;"><span class="en_0 i_0 Q_fq7" style="flex-shrink: 0; line-height: 0; margin-left: 8px; outline: none;"><a data-test-id="sender-logo" style="outline: none;"><img alt="" class="e_e5X" height="40" src="https://data.mail.yahoo.com/xobni/v4/contacts/0000.02ed/photo?spsize=80X80&fallback_url=https%3A%2F%2Fs.yimg.com%2Fdh%2Fap%2Fsocial%2Fprofile%2Fprofile_a64.png&alphatar_photo=true&appId=YMailNorrin&badge=false" style="border-radius: 50%; outline: none;" width="40" /></a></span><div class="D_F ac_FT ab_CI en_0" style="align-items: flex-start; align-self: stretch; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; outline: none;"><button aria-label="This message is read" aria-pressed="false" class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6EqO c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_q cvhIH6_T P_0" data-test-id="icon-btn-read" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; appearance: none; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: "YahooSans VF", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" tabindex="-1" title="Mark as unread" type="button"><span class="D_F ab_C gl_C W_6D6F" style="align-items: center; display: flex; justify-content: center; outline: none; width: 20px;"><svg class="D_X W_6LEV H_6LEV cdPFi_ZpQYvz cZW7ROP_n en_0 cvhIH6_T" viewbox="0 0 20 20"><circle cx="10" cy="10" r="4"></circle></svg></span></button></div><div class="o_h D_F em_0 E_fq7 ek_BB" data-test-id="address-info" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 0; margin-right: 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden;"><div class="D_F en_0" style="display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; outline: none;"><span class="u_b en_0 c1AVi73_6FsP c1AVi7H_6LEV C4_Z29WjXl" data-test-id="message-from" style="flex-shrink: 0; font-weight: 700; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span class="D_F rtlI_dz_sSg" data-test-id="email-pill" style="direction: ltr; display: flex; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Rick Dawson<span class="u_N C_Z1VRqsb c1AVi73_6FsP c1AVi7H_6LEV" style="color: #828a93; font-weight: 400; outline: none;"> <rdawson@keyboardcarriage.com></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="d_6FIA i_6FIA c1AVi7H_6LEV c1AVi73_6FsP D_F eo_HB" style="display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; line-height: 18px; min-height: 18px; outline: none;"><span class="u_N E_eo6 C_Z1VRqsb" style="color: #828a93; margin-right: 4px; outline: none;">To:</span><span style="outline: none;"><span class="D_F rtlI_dz_sSg" data-test-id="email-pill" style="direction: ltr; display: flex; outline: none;"><span class="C4_Z29WjXl C_Z1VRqsb" data-test-id="message-to" style="color: #828a93; outline: none;" title="alexscustodio@yahoo.com">alex....................</span></span></span></div></div><span class="em_N en_N" style="flex-grow: 1; flex-shrink: 1; outline: none;"></span><div class="en_0 s_6Fd5 H_6Fd5 M_3gJOe cdPFi_Z281SGl O_cMr O4_cMu" style="fill: rgb(29, 34, 40); flex-shrink: 0; height: 16px; margin: 0px 8px; min-width: 16px; opacity: 0.5; outline: none;"><button class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6EqO c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_q cvhIH6_T P_0" data-test-id="icon-btn-printer" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; appearance: none; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: "YahooSans VF", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" tabindex="-1" title="Print" type="button"><span class="D_F ab_C gl_C W_6D6F" style="align-items: center; 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margin: 0px 8px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Tue, Sep 27, 2016 at 8:36 AM</span></div><div class="D_F ab_CI en_0 H_6Fd5 W_6Fd5 lv_1IWXzk h_Z13pql2 h4_2d9T5e" style="align-items: flex-start; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; height: 16px; outline: none; transform: scale(1); transition: transform 0.1s linear 0s; width: 16px;"><button aria-label="This message is not starred" aria-pressed="false" class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6EqO c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_q cvhIH6_T P_0" data-test-id="icon-btn-star" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; appearance: none; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: "YahooSans VF", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" tabindex="-1" title="Star" type="button"><span class="D_F ab_C gl_C W_6D6F" style="align-items: center; display: flex; justify-content: center; outline: none; width: 16px;"><svg class="D_X W_6Fd5 H_6Fd5 cdPFi_Z1WBuqm cZW7ROP_n en_0 cvhIH6_T" viewbox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M9.242 1.762a.83.83 0 01.766-.512c.336 0 .637.2.77.508l2.179 5.183 5.402.176c.739.024 1.082.93.547 1.442l-4.133 3.984 1.11 5.105c.168.961-.649 1.235-1.051 1.043l-4.82-2.683-4.89 2.683c-.411.196-1.216-.093-1.052-1.043l1.18-5.105-4.156-3.984C.559 8.047.902 7.14 1.64 7.117l5.425-.176zm.77 2.472L8.187 8.582l-4.503.148 3.402 3.258-.98 4.254 3.91-2.148 3.855 2.148-.922-4.258 3.383-3.254-4.496-.152zm0 0"></path></svg></span></button></div></header></div><div data-test-id="message-body-container" style="outline: none;"><div class="I_ZkbNhI D_FY W_6D6F" data-test-id="message-view-body" style="display: table; outline: none; width: 938.8px;"><div class="X_6MGW" style="outline: none; padding-left: 24px;"></div><div class="msg-body P_wpofO mq_AS" data-test-id="message-view-body-content" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: normal; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 2px 0px 0px; position: relative; word-break: break-word;"><div class="jb_0 X_6MGW N_6Fd5" style="outline: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 24px; padding-right: 16px;"><div style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv6601543719" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div class="yiv6601543719WordSection1" style="outline: none;"><p class="yiv6601543719MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 11pt; outline: none;">Good Morning Alex,</span></p><p class="yiv6601543719MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 11pt; outline: none;">I pulled Keyboard’s paperwork and our driver ask for a bench. Then was told there wasn’t a bench with the piano. So our driver made note on the attached Bill of Lading No bench was picked up. Your bench should still be in Philadelphia.</span></p><p class="yiv6601543719MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 11pt; outline: none;"> </span></p><p class="yiv6601543719MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 11pt; outline: none;">Hope the helps and if you have any additional questions or concerns please call/e-mail.</span></p><p class="yiv6601543719MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 11pt; outline: none;"> </span></p><div style="outline: none;"><p class="yiv6601543719MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><u style="outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 11pt; outline: none;">Please note that my e-mail address has changed to:</span></u></b></p><p class="yiv6601543719MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 11pt; outline: none;"> </span></b></p><p class="yiv6601543719MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 11pt; outline: none;">E-mail - <a href="mailto:rdawson@keyboardcarriage.com" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; outline: none;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:rdawson@keyboardcarriage.com"><span style="color: #0563c1; outline: none;">rdawson@keyboardcarriage.com</span></a></span></b></p><p class="yiv6601543719MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 11pt; outline: none;"> </span></b></p><p class="yiv6601543719MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 11pt; outline: none;">**Please note pick up & delivery locations MUST<u style="outline: none;"> be full size 18 wheel tractor trailer accessible(75ft)**NOTE**</u> (all trailers are equipped with lift gates). Also MUST be Commercial zoned and someone must be <u style="outline: none;">available &</u> <u style="outline: none;">able</u> to help assist the driver with lifting/loading and lifting/ unloading your instrument/s . All products must be brought to our trailer for tailgate pick up/delivery. Driver/s can not leave trucks unattended**</span></b><i style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #385623; font-family: serif; font-size: 13.5pt; outline: none;"> </span></i><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 11pt; outline: none;"></span></p><p class="yiv6601543719MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><i style="outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 11pt; outline: none;"> </span></i></b></p><p class="yiv6601543719MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><i style="outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 11pt; outline: none;">Rick J. Dawson</span></i></b></p><p class="yiv6601543719MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><i style="outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 11pt; outline: none;">The Keyboard Corporation</span></i></b></p><p class="yiv6601543719MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><i style="outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 11pt; outline: none;">Executive Account Manager</span></i></b></p><p class="yiv6601543719MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><i style="outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 11pt; outline: none;"></span></i></b></p><p class="yiv6601543719MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><i style="outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 11pt; outline: none;">Phone: 270-737-5797 ext.142</span></i></b></p><p class="yiv6601543719MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><i style="outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 11pt; outline: none;">Fax: 614-340-7224</span></i></b></p><p class="yiv6601543719MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><i style="outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 11pt; outline: none;">E-mail: rdawson@keyboardcarriage.com</span></i></b></p><p class="yiv6601543719MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #1f497d; 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padding: 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjuvQX-0czarXmf-6wcFgywJydqc1bDUu8aP54xMc00dKocsHYnYIxMV8iF4fyOGwLk4X0BjT4BLL3f5uHZ6UkiOHBbJeMGw92iNbHW2EEp4j8HB7Q_Z01BMxrWaGWQ0XiP8VT0HRM6YQ/s1600/IMG_1046.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="1610" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjuvQX-0czarXmf-6wcFgywJydqc1bDUu8aP54xMc00dKocsHYnYIxMV8iF4fyOGwLk4X0BjT4BLL3f5uHZ6UkiOHBbJeMGw92iNbHW2EEp4j8HB7Q_Z01BMxrWaGWQ0XiP8VT0HRM6YQ/w2147-h1610/IMG_1046.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="2147" /></span></a></div><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div></div><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Probably a lot of you have, and on the other hand many others haven’t heard of the new kid on the block - The Estonia Piano.</span></b></div><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>According to the Columbus Dispatch, last year the Estonia Piano Factory in Tallinn exported 300 pianos both grands and baby grands, most of them to the United States. Chris Foley Points out that it would be interesting and important to know how these piano age. Sounding wonderful in a show room is one thing - sounding great after a few years is quite a different matter.</b></span></div><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1797" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/LO5kY-9qIXg" width="2160" youtube-src-id="LO5kY-9qIXg"></iframe></div><br /></span></div></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>Dr. Indrek Laul Playing A Rachmaninoff Etude On His Estonia 210 Piano At The Factory</b></span></div><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b><br /></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">E S T O N I A P I A N O S</span></b></div><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Tallinn, Estonia</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2027" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/YxZMLh7-Bzk" width="2438" youtube-src-id="YxZMLh7-Bzk"></iframe></div><br /></span></b></div><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Ebony Polish Estonia Concert Grand Model 274. </span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="line-height: 18px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><b></b></span><br /></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 18px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><b><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Length 9' 0"</span></b></span></div><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="line-height: 18px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><b></b></span><br /></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 18px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><b><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Width 5' 2"</span></b></span></div><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="line-height: 18px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><b></b></span><br /></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 18px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><b><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Weight 1213 lbs.</span></b></span></div><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="line-height: 18px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><b></b></span><br /></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/3MEFzclTu4M/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/3MEFzclTu4M?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></b><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/tWpzu8mtHoE/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/tWpzu8mtHoE?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/n79IjH_0QOs/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/n79IjH_0QOs?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/pr97FtRlGz4/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/pr97FtRlGz4?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></span></div><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Over 7500 Concert Grand pianos have been made in Estonia, which is probably the largest number of concert grand made by any piano factory.Estonia Pianos is the only manufacturer from the former Soviet Union that has survived, and now has a reputation of excellent quality at a lower price than other European pianos. Estonia pianos have complete Renner actions made in Germany, the same as used by Fazioli, Hamburg Steinway, Bosendorfer and most other tier one pianos.”</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2045" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/rObyi8yHii0" width="2460" youtube-src-id="rObyi8yHii0"></iframe></div><br /></span></b></div><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="line-height: 18px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><b></b></span><br /></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">ORIGINAL ESTONIA PIANO RENNER ACTION BLUE POINT HAMMER WAS REMOVED AND REPLACED WITH A CHEAP ACTION I bought an original Estonia Piano from Gary Dawkins 610.585.8598 representing the 7th day adventist church of Philadelpia who owned the piano. During the delivery process, the piano was transferred to the above company for preparation ( ORIGINAL ESTONIA PIANO ) of shipment. It took about 3 weeks before the delivery was started, not knowing that Rich Galassini was replacing the original Renner action was being replaced with a cheaper action. I found in google that the piano company was selling the Renner action was sold for $5000 to another client. I was happy at first when I received my Estonia Concert Grand with Serial # 7476 in September 2016 even without the bench that was promised in the contract with Gary Dawkins. Later, I found out that the ORIGINAL ESTONIA PIANO RENNER ACTION BLUE POINT HAMMER WAS REMOVED AND REPLACED WITH A CHEAP ACTION before delivery to my residence in El Dorado Hills, CA. I wrote a separate letter to the Estonia Factory to confirm the maker's original factory specification of the action. Please explain why the discrepancy, as this piano is not a true Estonia Concert Grand anymore. Give me a resolution to this problem to save everybody's reputations. I like to have a resolution to this theft and breach of contract. Thank you.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><img src="https://m.bbb.org/terminuscontent/dist/img/business-placeholder-logo.svg?tx=w_46" /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Cunningham Piano Company Response</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">02/28/2023</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Dear Alexander, My name is Rich G******** and I own Cunningham Piano Company. I have not yet checked our records, but I believe that we did indeed pick this up at the North Philadelphia Seventh Day Adventist Church to be transferred to a long distance moving company, and I assume, to you. I do need to share that replacing an action in a concert grand piano is not a cheap process and the only concert grand piano actions that could be used would have to be custom made to fit a piano like Estonia, which is a very expensive process. Our go to manufacturer of custom built actions is Renner. Further the only piano that the action would fit is another Estonia concert grand made at close to the same manufacturing date. You also state that you saw we had sold your used action parts for $5,000.00 on Google. That does not make sense to me because NEW custom made Renner action parts would cost less than that at that time. Any technician would take many hours to remove the action parts, many more hours (about 80 to 100 hours) to install new parts, regulate them, and voice the piano to perform. Please do not interpret this response as an unwillingness to help. I want to help. But I assure you that your speculation of what occurred is incorrect. We do custom restoration for professional pianists, universities, and true lover of piano. We would never do what you have speculated and further, we would loose thousands of dollars doing so. Please call 800 394-1117 at your earliest convenience and ask for me. I am happy to help however I can in finding out what has actually occurred, Mr. C*******. Yours, Rich G********, Owner Cunningham Piano Company</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><img src="https://m.bbb.org/terminuscontent/dist/img/business-placeholder-logo.svg?tx=w_46" /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Customer Response</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">02/28/2023</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Why was the transfer originated from your piano factory site, it should have been from the church of the 7th Day Adventist. The delivery truck was at your factory site as I informed them to get it at that factory instead, but Mr. G******** said the piano is not ready and to come back 3 weeks later. Is it about the right amount of time to tamper and change the action, as he said 80 to 100 hours. Also the $5000.00 on the google advertisement included the intallation and the Renner Action. My wife is a professional pianist and the piano delivered to us is not an Estonia original compared to any high European brand, the tone and touch do not have the characteristics of an expensive piano but just ordinary. FYI, we have 3 grand pianos in my house, so I can not be deceived by this tampered piano.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><img src="https://m.bbb.org/terminuscontent/dist/img/business-placeholder-logo.svg?tx=w_46" /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Cunningham Piano Company Response</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">03/02/2023</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Dear Mr. C*******, The reason the piano was picked up at our warehouse is because the long distance movers do not do pick ups where there is no loading dock. We did nothing to the piano while it was in our warehouse. I am happy to have a conversation with you and I truly want to help, but what you are suggesting did not happen. The action would only fit another Estonia concert grand piano and I can buy a NEW renner action for $5,000.00. There is no one who would pay that. I ask again for you to please call me at *** ******** and ask for me by name. Also, please post the advertisement you keep referring to. It cannot exist. I truly look forward to helping however I can.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><img src="https://m.bbb.org/terminuscontent/dist/img/business-placeholder-logo.svg?tx=w_46" /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Customer Response</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">03/03/2023</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Estonia Concert Grand Model 274. Length 9' 0" Width 5' 2" ADVERTISEMENTS ON ESTONIA CONCERT GRANDS A Fine Way to Treat ... an Estonia Sep 1, 2003,12:00am EDT This article is about 20 years old. Bright-and-brash-sounding pianos might be the norm, but the still little-known Estonia piano is making sweet noise with Old World parlor grands. The Russian-born Dmitry S**********, a world-class violinist, and his American wife, the light soprano Susan R******, are consummate classical musicians who demand the best. S********** performs on his very own Stradivarius, for example, an instrument built in 1717 and worth over $3 million. But that's precisely why a visitor to their London town house can't help noticing the grand piano sitting in their living room is no German Steinway, Bechstein or Bösendorfer. It's an Estonia. </b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Six years ago S********** and his wife walked into a top London piano dealership looking for a piano that could accompany their rehearsals at home. "There was this piano that sounded good," recalls S**********, immediately struck by the Estonia's tone, "and the price was certainly competitive to the more famous brands, which sometimes don't quite deliver what you expect. This is a very good working piano." Since then other music industry insiders--such as Grammy nominee Marc-André H*****--have picked up on word-of-mouth and discovered the high-quality piano. Says Neeme Jä***, chief conductor of the Detroit Symphony Orchestra: "It is one of the best-kept secrets in piano making today." The cognoscenti are not recognizing the handcrafted Estonia--named after the republic on the Baltic--just for its uniquely lush and romantic tone, but also for its exceptionally good value. The official U.S. list prices of the 167cm Estonia Studio Grand and the more popular 190cm Estonia Parlor Grand range from $21,402 to $31,206 and they come in everything from ebony to African bubinga. The 273cm Estonia Concert Grand, weighing 500 kilograms, retails for $65,000. (Piano dealerships typically offer customers 10% discounts on the suggested retail price.) How do these prices compare? "An Estonia Concert Grand can be had for roughly half the price of a Steinway Concert Grand," says Irving Faust of Faust Harrison, a New York dealer and restorer of "vintage" American Steinway, Mason & H***** and Estonia pianos. "This great piano is giving pause to a lot of other manufacturers, because they'll have to meet the standard of the Estonia if they want to survive." Piano making in Estonia stretches back 200 years, but the company itself was founded in 1893 by Ernst Hiis, an Estonian master craftsman trained at Steinway-Hamburg. When the Soviets annexed the Baltic state in 1940, the conquered country was forced to give Joseph Stalin a gift, and the nation of 1.5 million gave a Hiis-made piano. Stalin apparently loved the handmade grand, and the Soviet commissars made sure Hiis was given a factory to consolidate all other Estonian piano workshops under him and a near-monopoly to supply the empire with grand pianos newly branded with the Estonia name. </b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Production peaked under the Soviets at 475 grand pianos a year, but, isolated from new techniques, the Estonia factory inevitably fell into decline after Hiis' passing. The Berlin Wall fell, Estonia regained its national independence, and in 1993 the factory's 130 employees took the piano maker private. Jump now to New York, where a gifted Estonian pianist, Indrek Laul, was getting his doctorate at the Juilliard School. Laul contacted the piano maker of his homeland and discovered they didn't have U.S. representation and that annual production was falling, to just 49 grand pianos in 1994. The young musician found a distributor to spearhead Estonia's American business, and from then on, whenever Laul cut a record or performed, he spent his pay buying out Estonia stockholders, until he owned the piano maker outright. Laul, from a well-known musical family in Estonia, stayed in New York to build the brand in the U.S. but put his choirmaster father in charge of quality control at the Tallinn factory. His mother, meanwhile, was enlisted to test-run every piano before it was put in containers bound for the U.S. and other markets. "Most other piano companies went for bright, brilliant tones sounding through the orchestra," says Laul. "We wanted to offer something different, something that when you sat down and played, you really enjoyed." That's why the Lauls have reinvested all their profits into the business, systematically redesigning, rebuilding and improving a piano that a decade ago was merely middling. The mechanical innards, for example, are now made by Germany's Renner, the world's best maker of hammerheads, shanks and flanges; the soundboard is made from Siberian white spruce and treated with a proprietary technique at the Tallinn factory. Such technical details create the piano's old-fashioned tone, which is frequently described as romantic, sweet and mellow. "We compare it to old winemaking," says Laul. "A very good-tasting wine has its unique characteristics, and so does a piano." </b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1878" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/BiyHMC_g8vY" width="2259" youtube-src-id="BiyHMC_g8vY"></iframe></div><br /></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The payoff? Production is back up, to 380 pianos a year, and Laul, 35, says he'd like to add more high-end dealers in places like Florida, where the Estonia is not yet represented. But he can't do so for the foreseeable future, because demand from his existing U.S. dealership is outstripping the Tallinn factories' production. If you want to stroke one yourself, go to "contact" on www.estoniapiano.com, and Laul's office will let you know where the nearest dealership is, anywhere in the world. But be prepared to haggle. Irving Faust in New York City is offering a sweet deal: If you buy an Estonia from his 58th Street store and want to trade up within five years, he'll buy it back at cost. That's because Faust is betting the still modestly priced Estonia will join the very few piano brands worldwide that appreciate, not depreciate, over time. "These are," says Faust, "investment-grade pianos." James Cameron, the principal at Estonia's U.K. distributor, the Edinburgh Piano Co., says British dealerships will probably also (but unofficially) take back the Estonia at cost if the buyer is spending considerably more on a grander Estonia or other more expensive piano. - Columbus Dispatch 07/13/08 "I just had to write you an email to tell you that I am completely, totally, head-over-heels in love with my Estonia studio grand piano. In 25 years of playing the piano, I have never had an experience even remotely similar to the Estonia. I have never heard a piano sound so clear, touched keys that literally form to my fingertips, had such an ability to control the high and low registers, or be able to play so soft and so loud and yet have the notes sound so very different. I am truly a better, more proficient and happier piano player with my Estonia. Growing up with a Kawai, I always assumed that I would purchase the same, or at the very least, a Yamaha. But as soon as I sat down at the 5 foot, 6 inch Estonia, I knew that this was my piano, my instrument. As a composer, one issue with all of the other piano's on which I created music was that my shoulders would be sore after an hour or so of playing. After playing my Estonia for 7 straight hours with absolutely no pain, it is clear that the Estonia experience is unique in so many, countless ways. "Closely resembling the Hamburg Steinway in both sound and touch, the Estonia combines, in one instrument, some of the best qualities of the great American pianos with those of the high-end Europeans. Its rich, full-bodied, and three-dimensional sound is American-like, whereas its purity and clarity are European-like. Its most distinguishing feature is its wonderfully sustaining, lyrical tone. More than anything else, it is this quality of tone that defines the Estonia piano and gives it its own special place in the high-end market." -- Piano Buyer, Fall 2009 Estonia: 100% European hand made piano with clear, warm and notably resonant, singing tone qualities. Buyers: pianists & music lovers. With and without money..The action that Estonia is using does not contain just "Renner parts" that more then a few manufacturers try to pass as "Renner actions"...They also don't use Renner actions only on their top of the line concert grand models but other actions on almost all the other instrument they make, as some companies do. The Estonia action is a FULL Renner action, which is being produced in Renner facilities in Germany, assembled in their Stuttgart, Germany factory, and sent to Estonia. Each and every Estonia has a full Renner action, from the concert grand to the smallest 5'6 piano. The full Renner action includes the rail, repetitions, flanges, shanks, damper undelever mechanism, damper heads, and of course the assembly. Estonia is also using the top of the line Renner Blue hammers. These are the same hammers used on Hamburg Steinway and Mason & H***** pianos (the density is a bit different as to the manufacturers specs, but quality and price are the same). </b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1793" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/6SFWNQ5M6Y4" style="color: #e69138; display: inline; font-family: times; text-align: justify;" width="2159" youtube-src-id="6SFWNQ5M6Y4"></iframe></span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">My wife playing a non Estonia grand that sounds better than the piano deliverd from the above piano company.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">All full R***** actions use the SAME quality of moving parts, and there is no significant price difference between them although geometry may be different as to the manufacturer's specs. Almost all High-end European manufacturers use full Renner actions in their pianos...at least in their concert grand pianos and largest models. The Renner action has proven itself and it's long-term reliability in high performance pianos. This is not cheap piano wire, but an expensive part with thousands of moving parts. THE DELIVERY OF THE PIANO TO US WAS DONE BY A TRUCK WITH ELEVATOR (shipping truck elevator tailgate lift) SO THERE WAS NO NEED FOR A LOADING DOCK.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">CONFIRMED (STOLEN) CHANGED OF RENNER ACTION BY CUNNINGHAM PIANO COMPANY FROM A PIANO FORUM </b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><a href="https://forum.pianoworld.com/ubbthreads.php/topics/2591237/re-when-did-estonia-become-a-premium-brand.html#Post2591237" style="background-color: black;">When Did Estonia Become a "Premium" Brand?</a><span style="background-color: black;"> - 11/30/16 04:51 PM</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">Is Estonia now considered in the same league as NY S&S? When I purchased my piano 11 years ago it was a performance grade piano (not exactly sure what that means), it's still a very nice instrument with Renner actions and Renner Blue hammers. There have been a number of changes since that time that have made them somewhat better instruments, I recall the improved harp and change in sound board that seemed to allow somewhat lighter hammers (and consequently lighter action). There were cosmetic changes at the same time that make these instruments easy to spot (mostly the nicer nuts on the harp). If the L190 you're looking at has plain screws and hexagonal nuts inside then it's the older design (still a very nice piano and I would say a good deal at $13K).</span><br /><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></b></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The fact is there have been many changes and the Laul era has been a period of gradual improvement every year since before 2000. So it would be hard to pinpoint any one year as the time when they became a "premium" piano</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large; font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://forum.pianoworld.com/ubbthreads.php/topics/2591237/re-when-did-estonia-become-a-premium-brand.html#Post2591237">When Did Estonia Become a "Premium" Brand?</a> - 11/30/16 04:51 PM</span></b></div><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Is Estonia now considered in the same league as NY S&S? When I purchased my piano 11 years ago it was a performance grade piano (not exactly sure what that means), it's still a very nice instrument with Renner actions and Renner Blue hammers. There have been a number of changes since that time that have made them somewhat better instruments, I recall the improved harp and change in sound board that seemed to allow somewhat lighter hammers (and consequently lighter action). There were cosmetic changes at the same time that make these instruments easy to spot (mostly the nicer nuts on the harp). If the L190 you're looking at has plain screws and hexagonal nuts inside then it's the older design (still a very nice piano and I would say a good deal at $13K).</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large; font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The fact is there have been many changes and the Laul era has been a period of gradual improvement every year since before 2000. So it would be hard to pinpoint any one year as the time when they became a "premium" piano</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2034" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/tWpzu8mtHoE" width="2448" youtube-src-id="tWpzu8mtHoE"></iframe></div><br /></div><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><br style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: 700;" /></div><p></p><p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;"></span></span></p><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript" src="//ra.revolvermaps.com/0/0/6.js?i=00bo1v8as3p&m=0&s=341&c=ff0000&cr1=ffffff&f=arial&l=0&bv=80" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3736852641690443895.post-73853568675653258762023-08-15T22:29:00.001-07:002023-09-20T22:30:15.352-07:00<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2203" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/K0XCoX8malU" width="2649" youtube-src-id="K0XCoX8malU"></iframe></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><br />
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A FLYING AIRCRAFT CARRIER </b></span></span><b style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;">MADE OF SUPER WOOD AND CARBON FIBER OR A LIGHT METAL COMPOSITE THAT FLOATS IN WATER POWERED BY ANTI GRAVITY PROPULSION</b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2212" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/2KHVJiUwoYI" width="2661" youtube-src-id="2KHVJiUwoYI"></iframe></div><br /><b style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: times, times new roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: times, times new roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><b style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1988" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/59A8-rKRs-0" width="2391" youtube-src-id="59A8-rKRs-0"></iframe></div><br /></b></div>
<br /> <span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /> <br /> <br /> Depending upon mission needs, the ship can be outfitted with different modules that include: <br /> ■Manned aircraft, such as a helicopter and flight crew</b></span><div><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><div><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1840" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/p4np2YFojcs" width="2214" youtube-src-id="p4np2YFojcs"></iframe></div><br /><b><br /></b></span><div><b style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large;"> ■Manned and X-47 Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle (UCAV)</b></div><div><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <br /> ■Amphivious assault ship armed with laser, SAM and anti ship missles</b></span></div><div><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1709" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/dWnMe2NW2B4" width="2056" youtube-src-id="dWnMe2NW2B4"></iframe><div><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1641" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/tfVIrJmScUw" width="1973" youtube-src-id="tfVIrJmScUw"></iframe><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span><br /> <br /><br /><br /><br /> <span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /> <br />Manned and Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle <br /> <br /> <br /></b></span> <br /> <br /> <br />
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span><div class="entry-content" style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.62em; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <img height="1171" src="https://cdn.greenoptimistic.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/11/image012.jpg?x81535" width="1393" /> <br /><br /> </b></span></div><h1><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>Maybe the title’s “antigravity spaceship” aim is too high (it’s a long way ’till there), but Tesla, followed by other scientists along the last century, discovered the principle of propulsion using strong electromagnetic fields. It’s not about traveling on the ground, but from the ground up, with extraordinary speed and ease.<br /> </b></span><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b> The entire document is posted on panaceauniversity<a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">.</a>org/D8.pdf, here is a short description of what the “spaceship” does and how it can be built, as described by Patrick J. Kelly (update: the document I mentioned in 2008 doesn’t exist anymore) :<br /> </b></span><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b> “Tesla performed an experiment in which he applied high-voltage high-frequency alternating current to a pair of parallel metal plates. He found that the ‘space’ between the plates became what he described as “solid-state” exhibiting the attributes of mass, inertia and momentum. That is, the area transformed into a state against which a mechanical push could be exerted. This implied that, using this technique, it should be possible to produce a spaceship drive anywhere in space, if the mechanism for thrusting against the ‘solid-state’ space could be determined. Further experiments convinced Tesla that powerful electromagnetic waves could be used to push against (and pull against) what appears to be ’empty space’. The drive principle is based on the Hall-effect used in semiconductor magnetic sensors, and is called the magnetohydrodynamic (“MHD”) effect. This might be illustrated like this:</b></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></h1><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: #e69138;"> </span> <br /> <br /> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#" style="background-color: black;"><img height="1129" src="https://cdn.greenoptimistic.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/11/image008.jpg?x81535" width="1249" /></a> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /><span style="background-color: black;"> Here, a box is constructed with two metal plates forming opposite sides and two insulating plates holding them in position and surrounding an area of ‘space’. High-frequency, high-voltage alternating current is applied to the metal plates and this creates an electric field “E” acting between the plates as shown in black. </span><br /> <br /><span style="background-color: black;"> A magnetic field “B” is generated by the electrical field. The magnetic field acts at right-angles to the electric field, as shown in blue. These two fields produce a propulsion thrust “F” shown in red in the diagram. This propulsion force is not produced by ejecting any matter out of the box, instead, it is produced by a reaction against the ‘solid-state’ condition of space-time caused by the high-frequency electromagnetic pulsing of that area of space. This is enormously more effective than a jet engine. The thrust increases with the fourth power of the frequency, so if you double the frequency, the effect is sixteen times greater. </span><br /> <br /><span style="background-color: black;"> To put this into perspective, consider the force being applied against gravity to lift an object into the air. The force pulling the object downwards is gravity and its strength is given by: </span><br /> <br /><span style="background-color: black;"> Gravitational force: </span><br /> <br /><span style="background-color: black;"> F = g x M x m / r2 </span><br /> <br /><span style="background-color: black;"> where </span><br /> <br /><span style="background-color: black;"> G is the gravitational constant (6.672 x 10-8 cm3 g-1 s-2) </span><br /> <br /><span style="background-color: black;"> M is the mas</span></b></span><span><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">s of the first body</span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">m is the mass of the second body and</span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">r is distance between the two centres of mass</span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">The lifting force is given by:</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Lorentz Force: Force on an object = Electric force + Magnetic force</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange; font-style: inherit;">F = q x E + q x v x B</span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">where</span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">q is the charge on the object,</span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">B is the magnetic field,</span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">v is the velocity of the object and</span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">E is the electric field</span></span></b></span></div>
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<span><b style="background-color: black; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1025" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/_SGnOeGZUAU" width="1233" youtube-src-id="_SGnOeGZUAU"></iframe></div><br /></span></b></span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>How do these forces compare? Well, the electromagnetic force is stronger than the gravitational force by a factor of about 2,200,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 times. That number (2.2 x 1039) is too big for anybody to really visualise, so let me put it another way. <br /> <br /> If the amount of energy used to mechanically lift an object a distance of one hundredth of an inch (one quarter of a millimetre) off the ground, were used as an electromagnetic lifting force, then that amount of energy would lift the object more than 3,472,222,000,000,000,000,000,000 miles off the ground, or in metric units, more than 5,588,001,700,000,000,000,000,000 kilometres off the ground. This kind of drive is an entirely different kind of animal. This Hall-effect type of drive if used in a spaceship would require only a very small amount of input power to drive the ship at great speeds and over great distances.</b></span></div>
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<span><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both; font-size: xx-large; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div style="background-color: black; font-size: xx-large; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1224" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/7mzMRVXts4U" width="1473" youtube-src-id="7mzMRVXts4U"></iframe></div><div style="background-color: black; font-size: xx-large; text-align: left;"><b style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="background-color: black; font-size: xx-large; text-align: left;"><b style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">As the device shown above operates directly on the space-time field which penetrates all matter, there would appear to be no reason why it should not be used to drive a conventional vehicle by positioning it in a horizontal position rather than the vertical position shown in the diagram. Throttle operation could be by very slight adjustment to the frequency of the AC pulses applied to the metal plates. However, Bill Lyne indicates that horizontal movement is better achieved by producing Tesla’s very short, high-voltage high-frequency DC pulses at the front of the vehicle while at the same time generating very high-voltage high-frequency AC waves at the back of the vehicle. This style of drive is said to pull the vehicle along rather than push it along.</span></b></div></span></b></span></div>
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<span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tesla’s Dynamic Theory of Gravity (1897)</span> states that all bodies emit microwaves whose voltage and frequency are determined by their electrical contents and relative motion. He measured the microwave radiation of the earth as being only a few centimetres in wavelength. He said that the frequency and voltage were influenced by the velocity and mass of the earth, and that its gravitational interaction with other bodies, such as the sun, was determined by the interaction of the microwaves between the two bodies.</span></b></span></div>
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<span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">If you find the concept of producing a driving force through pushing against the space-time continuum to be difficult to accept, then perhaps you should consider the US Patent granted to Boris Volfson on 1st November 2005. The important thing about this patent (which is crammed full of long words) is not whether or not it presents a realistic mechanism for a practical space drive, but the fact that the US Patent Office in the year 2005, granted the patent after what presumably was careful consideration. With that in view, it is hardly possible to consider Tesla to have been totally confused when he designed (and built) his “electric flying machine” which operated by pushing against the space-time field.</span></b></span></div>
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<span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Tesla used high voltage at gigahertz frequencies for his electropulsion system. The propulsion of a vehicle powered by a Tesla drive is by the use of an additional AC generator at the back (which stiffens the space-time continuum behind the vehicle) and a DC ‘brush’ generator at the front (which weakens the space-time continuum in front, causing the vehicle to be pulled forwards).</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Tesla was very astute. He deduced that ’empty space’ actually contained:</span></b></span></div>
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<span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1. Independent carriers which permeate all space and all matter and from which all matter is made.</span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">These carry momentum, magnetism, electricity or electromagnetic force, and can be manipulated artificially or by nature.</span></span></b></span></div>
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<span><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: black; border: 0px; font-size: large; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2. ‘Primary Solar Rays’ (starlight) which travel at the speed of light, </span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">having frequencies far above X-rays, gamma and UV radiation.</span></span></span></b></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black; font-size: large;"><span><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: black; font-size: large; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">3. ‘Cosmic Rays’, particles in space propelled by the Primary Solar Rays.</span></span></span></b></span></div>
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<span><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: black; font-size: large; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">4. X-rays, Gamma rays and UV electromagnetic waves, all of which travel at the speed of light.</span></span></span></b></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black; font-size: large;"><span><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: black; font-size: large; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">5. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Ordinary visible and Infra-Red electromagnetic waves which travel at the speed of light.</span></span></span></span></b></span></div>
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<span><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: black; border: 0px; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">6. Rapidly varying electrostatic force of enormous potential,</span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">emanating from the earth and other gravitational bodies in space.</span></span></span></b></span></div>
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<span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">When we grasp the actual nature of the universe, it becomes clear that we have a much larger range of opportunities for producing usable energy in large quantities and at minimal cost.”</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION</span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange;">For anti gravity propulsion </span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Dielectric Materials </span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange;">or, insulating material which is a very poor conductor of electric current is needed for the body of the ship. When dielectrics are placed in an electric field, practically no current flows in them because, unlike metals, they have no loosely bound, or free, electrons that may drift through the material. Instead, electric polarization occurs.</span></span></span></h1>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Dielectric typically means materials with a high <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarizability" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Polarizability">polarizability</a>. The latter is expressed by a number called the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_permittivity" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Relative permittivity">relative permittivity</a>. The term insulator is generally used to indicate electrical obstruction while the term dielectric is used to indicate the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_storage" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Energy storage">energy</a> storing capacity of the material (by means of polarization). A common example of a dielectric is wood which is the electrically insulating material between the metallic plates of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Capacitor">capacitor</a>. The polarization of the dielectric by the applied electric field increases the capacitor's surface charge for the given electric field strength.</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1701" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/RUan3OHSNBw" width="2045" youtube-src-id="RUan3OHSNBw"></iframe></div><br /><b><br /></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<h1 style="margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Super wood that is so strong it can stop a bullet and is as robust as STEEL could be the building material of the ship. </span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: orange;">Engineers boiled blocks of regular wood in a chemical solution to soften them. </span></strong><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange;">These were then pressed between heated metal plates at extreme pressures. </span></b><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: orange;">This increasing its density threefold while reducing its thickness by 20 per cent. </span></strong><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: orange;">The resulting material was able to stop a projectile in its tracks during tests. </span></strong><b style="background-color: black; color: orange;">Super wood that is as robust as steel and six times lighter could be a renewable construction material for the future, according to scientists. </b><b style="background-color: black; color: orange;">Planks of the reinforced lumber, which researchers have compared to carbon-fibre, could be used to create anything from buildings and cars to bullet proof jackets. </b><b style="color: orange;"><span style="background-color: black;">Scientists put the material through its paces in ballistic tests and found that a laminated version could even stop a projectile in its tracks.</span> </b></span></h1>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>A new wonder material has been created from a surprisingly traditional source. Super wood is as robust as steel and six times lighter. Scientists put the material through its paces in ballistic tests and found that a specially laminated version can stop a projectile in its tracks</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Engineers at the University of Maryland created their super dense wood by boiling blocks of regular wood in a water-based solution, containing the chemicals sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfite.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>This process removed organic compounds in the wood that give its structure and rigidity, making it more pliable.shares</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>It is similar to the initial stages of treating wood to create paper. </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The team then pressed the softened wood between two metal plates, heated to 100°C (212°F), at 50 times the atmospheric pressure of the Earth. </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>By doing so, all of the gaps between cells in the wood were squeezed together.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The pressure creates a chemical bond between the atoms that make up the wood's cellular structure.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>It shrunk the size of the block to around one fifth of its original thickness, increasing its density by 300 per cent. </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Liangbing Hu, who led the research, said: 'This new way to treat wood makes it 12 times stronger than natural wood and ten times tougher.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>'This could be a competitor to steel or even titanium alloys, it is so strong and durable. </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>'It's also comparable to carbon fiber, but much less expensive. </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The team tested the new wood material and natural wood by shooting bullet-like projectiles at it. </b></span></div>
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<b style="color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><img alt="Engineers at the University of Maryland created their super wood by boiling blocks of regular wood in a water-based solution containing the chemicals sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfite" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="1443" id="i-a49facc5c1370e0a" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2018/02/08/16/48FF4D1E00000578-5367937-Engineers_at_the_University_of_Maryland_created_their_super_wood-a-6_1518108640509.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="2554" /></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Engineers at the University of Maryland created their super wood by boiling blocks of regular wood in a water-based solution containing the chemicals sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfite</b></span></div>
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<b style="color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><img alt="This process removed organic compounds in the wood that give its structure and rigidity, making it more pliable. This image shows the treatment process used" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="2281" id="i-df695eec36408ece" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2018/02/08/16/48FFC53000000578-5367937-image-a-3_1518108455675.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="2484" /></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>This process removed organic compounds in the wood that give its structure and rigidity, making it more pliable. This image shows the treatment process used</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The projectile blew straight through the natural wood, while a single layer of the treated wood slowed the projectile's progress.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>A third laminated version, consisting of layers of five-layers of the densified wood, was penetrated by the projectile but stopped it from exiting.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Dr Hu's research team has explored the capacities of wood's natural nanotechnology in the past.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">WHAT IS THE STRONGEST MAN-MADE MATERIAL?</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>For years, researchers have known that carbon, when arranged in a certain way, can be very strong.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Two man-made materials based on carbon, Graphene and Carbyne, are among the strongest in the world.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Carbyne is linear acetylenic carbon, or an infinitely long carbon chain.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Its existence was first proposed in 1885 by Adolf von Baeyer, who warned it would remain elusive due to extreme instability.</b></span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Carbyne is a one-dimensional form of carbon and is thought to be 40 times stiffer than diamond and twice as stiff as graphene, outperforming all other carbon materials in strength.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>After eluding scientists for more than 50 years, a team of researchers found a way to not only synthesize carbyne, but to mass produce it, in April 2016.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"></span></b></span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Graphene, a single atomic layer of carbon atoms bound in a hexagonal network, was previously thought to be the strongest man-made substance.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>It not only promises to revolutionize semiconductor, sensor, and display technology, but could also lead to breakthroughs in fundamental quantum physics research.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>It is often depicted as an atomic-scale chicken wire made of carbon atoms and their bonds.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Scientists believe it could one day be used to make transparent conducting materials, biomedical sensors and even extremely light, yet strong, aircraft of the future.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Similar to another important nanomaterial - carbon nanotubes - graphene is incredibly strong - around 200 times stronger than structural steel. </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>While notable for its thinness and unique electrical properties, it’s very difficult to create useful, three-dimensional materials out of graphene.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>In January, 2017, a team of MIT researchers discovered that taking small flakes of graphene and fusing them following a mesh-like structure not only retains the material’s strength, but the graphene also remains porous. </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Based on experiments conducted on 3D printed models, they determined that this new material can be used to make objects 10 times stronger than steel, with only five per cent of its density. They have previously made a range of technologies out of nanocellulose related materials.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>This has included super clear paper for replacing plastic, photonic paper for improving solar cell efficiency by 30 per cent and transparent wood for energy efficient buildings.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The full findings of the latest study were published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25476" rel="nofollow" style="margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Nature</a>.</b></span></div>
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<b style="color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><img alt="The pressure creates a chemical bond between the atoms that make up the wood's cellular structure. It shrunk the size of the block to around one fifth of its original thickness, increasing its density by 300 per cent. This image shows the changes in the various wood samples" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="2059" id="i-ca111eec6bb48001" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2018/02/08/16/48FFC53700000578-5367937-image-a-4_1518108582049.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="2661" /></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The pressure creates a chemical bond between the atoms that make up the wood's cellular structure. It shrunk the size of the block to around one fifth of its original thickness, increasing its density by 300 per cent. This image shows the changes in the various wood samples</b></span></div>
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<b style="color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><img alt="The team tested the new wood material and natural wood by shooting bullet-like projectiles at it. This image shows the results of those tests" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="1525" id="i-202fd037122971ac" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2018/02/08/16/48FFC54700000578-5367937-image-a-5_1518108616586.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="2683" /></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The team tested the new wood material and natural wood by shooting bullet-like projectiles at it. This image shows the results of those tests</b></span></div>
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<div><br /></div><div><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1615" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/dWnMe2NW2B4" width="1943" youtube-src-id="dWnMe2NW2B4"></iframe></div><div><br /></div><br />
<h1 style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div></h1><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Materials of construction shall be that can float on water: Radical new material a metal matrix could lead to 'indestructible' warships and ultralight cars. Metal matrix composite was developed with the US Army. Alloy is turned into foam by adding strong, lightweight hollow spheres. Warship made of it will not sink despite damage to its structure. Researchers have demonstrated a new type of metal so light it can float on water.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The radical new material, called a metal matrix composite, was developed with the US Army.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">A boat made of such lightweight composites will not sink despite damage to its structure.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1906" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/05/14/23/28B09ED000000578-0-image-a-40_1431642214956.jpg" width="2877" /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The radical new material, called a metal matrix composite, was developed with the US Army and could be used in everything from warship to cars.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">HOW IT IS MADE</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The syntactic foam captures the lightness of foams, but adds substantial strength.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The secret of this syntactic foam starts with a matrix made of a magnesium alloy, which is then turned into foam by adding strong, lightweight silicon carbide hollow spheres developed and manufactured by DST.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">A single sphere's shell can withstand pressure of over 25,000 pounds per square inch (PSI) before it ruptures—one hundred times the maximum pressure in a fire hose.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The new material also promises to improve automotive fuel economy because it combines light weight with heat resistance</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Although syntactic foams have been around for many years, this is the first development of a lightweight metal matrix syntactic foam.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">'This new development of very light metal matrix composites can swing the pendulum back in favor of metallic materials,' said Nikhil Gupta, an NYU School of Engineering professor in the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and the study's co-author.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">It was created by Deep Springs Technology and the New York University Polytechnic School of Engineering.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">'The ability of metals to withstand higher temperatures can be a huge advantage for these composites in engine and exhaust components, quite apart from structural parts.'</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The magnesium alloy matrix composite is reinforced with silicon carbide hollow particles and has a density of only 0.92 grams per cubic centimeter compared to 1.0 g/cc of water.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Not only does it have a density lower than that of water, it is strong enough to withstand the rigorous conditions faced in the marine environment.Significant efforts in recent years have focused on developing lightweight polymer matrix composites to replace heavier metal-based components in automobiles and marine vessels.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The technology for the new composite is very close to maturation and could be put into prototypes for testing within three years.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Amphibious vehicles such as the Ultra Heavy-lift Amphibious Connector (UHAC) being developed by the U.S. Marine Corps can especially benefit from the light weight and high buoyancy offered by the new syntactic foams, the researchers explained.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The syntactic foam made by DST and NYU captures the lightness of foams, but adds substantia strength.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">CURRENT DESIGN OF AN ENGINE SUITABLE FOR A FLYING AIRCRAFT CARRIER</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2392" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Xswb8dEyBVw" width="2877" youtube-src-id="Xswb8dEyBVw"></iframe></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; 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color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2292" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/EgbgIOThb4E" width="2756" youtube-src-id="EgbgIOThb4E"></iframe></div><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The first X-45A Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle (UCAV) technology demonstrator completed its sixth flight on Dec. 19, 2002, raising its landing gear in flight for the first time. The X-45A flew for 40 minutes and reached an airspeed of 195 knots and an altitude of 7,500 feet.</span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Credits: NASA Photo / Jim Ross Flying ships invulnerable to super cavitating torpedos</span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/research/X45A/index.html"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></a></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The Joint Unmanned Combat Air Systems (J-UCAS) program was a joint DARPA/Air Force/Navy effort to demonstrate the technical feasibility, utility and value for a networked system of high performance, unmanned air vehicles to effectively and affordably prosecute 21st century combat missions, including</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">suppression of enemy air defenses, surveillance, and precision strike within the emerging global command and control architecture. One of the aircraft systems evaluated was the Boeing X-45A, for which NASA Dryden provided technical expertise and support facilities.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><section class="ember-view collapsible opened" id="ember1759" style="box-sizing: border-box; max-height: none; overflow-y: hidden;"><div class="text" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>
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</section><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript" src="//ra.revolvermaps.com/0/0/6.js?i=00bo1v8as3p&m=0&s=341&c=ff0000&cr1=ffffff&f=arial&l=0&bv=80" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3736852641690443895.post-27454770798598194182023-08-15T18:47:00.001-07:002023-09-20T18:49:27.264-07:00<p> </p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2518" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/HQdpborKJUY" width="3029" youtube-src-id="HQdpborKJUY"></iframe></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span><div style="text-align: left;"><h1 class="style-scope ytd-watch-metadata" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: -webkit-box; font-size: 2rem; line-height: 2.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 5.6rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; word-break: break-word;"><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-watch-metadata" force-default-style=""><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Was America's Top Secret Aurora spy plane real - Here's the evidence</span></yt-formatted-string></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">Aurora is a rumored mid-1980s American <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft">reconnaissance aircraft</a>. There is no substantial evidence that it was ever built or flown and it has been termed a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myth">myth</a>.</span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States">U.S. government</a> has consistently denied such an aircraft was ever built. Aviation and space reference site Aerospaceweb.org concluded, "The evidence supporting the Aurora is circumstantial or pure conjecture, there is little reason to contradict the government's position."</span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">Former <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skunk_Works">Skunk Works</a> director <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Rich_(engineer)">Ben Rich</a> confirmed that "Aurora" was simply a myth in Skunk Works (1994), a book detailing his days as the director. Rich wrote that a colonel working in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon">the Pentagon</a> arbitrarily assigned the name "Aurora" to the funding for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_B-2_Spirit">B-2</a> bomber design competition and somehow the name was leaked to the media.</span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">In 2006, veteran <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_project">black project</a> watcher and aviation writer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Sweetman">Bill Sweetman</a> said, "Does Aurora exist? Years of pursuit have led me to believe that, yes, Aurora is most likely in active development, spurred on by recent advances that have allowed technology to catch up with the ambition that launched the program a generation ago."</span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">The Aurora legend started in 1985, when the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times">Los Angeles Times</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(aircraft)#cite_note-5">[5]</a> and later <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_Week_%26_Space_Technology">Aviation Week & Space Technology</a> magazine broke the news that the term "Aurora" had been inadvertently included in the 1985 U.S. budget, as an allocation of $455 million for "black aircraft production" in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_year">FY</a> 1987.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(aircraft)#cite_note-aemann.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk-6">[6]</a> According to Aviation Week, Project Aurora referred to a group of exotic aircraft, and not to one particular <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airframe">airframe</a>. Funding of the project allegedly reached $2.3 billion in fiscal 1987, according to a 1986 procurement document obtained by Aviation Week. In the 1994 book Skunk Works, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Rich_(engineer)">Ben Rich</a>, the former head of Lockheed's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skunk_Works">Skunk Works</a> division, wrote that the Aurora was the budgetary code name for the stealth bomber fly-off that resulted in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_B-2_Spirit">B-2 Spirit</a>.</span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">By the late 1980s, many aerospace industry observers believed that the U.S. had the technological capability to build a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach_number">Mach</a> 5 (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersonic_speed">hypersonic speed</a>) replacement for the aging <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_SR-71_Blackbird">Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird</a>. Detailed examinations of the U.S. defense budget claimed to have found money missing or channeled into <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_project">black projects</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(aircraft)#cite_note-8">[8]</a> By the mid-1990s, reports surfaced of sightings of unidentified aircraft flying over California and the United Kingdom involving odd-shaped contrails, sonic booms, and related phenomena that suggested the US had developed such an aircraft. Nothing ever linked any of these observations to any program or aircraft type, but the name Aurora was often tagged on these as a way of explaining the observations.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(aircraft)#cite_note-asw-1"><br /></a></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">British sighting claims</span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">In late August 1989, while working as an engineer on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackup_rig">jack-up barge</a> GSF Galveston Key in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea">North Sea</a>, Chris Gibson saw an unfamiliar <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isosceles_triangle">isosceles triangle</a>-shaped delta aircraft, apparently refueling from a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_KC-135_Stratotanker">Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker</a> and accompanied by a pair of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-111_Aardvark">F-111</a> fighter-bombers. Gibson watched the aircraft for several minutes, until they went out of sight. He subsequently drew a sketch of the formation.</span></span></span></span></h1><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aurora_spyplane_3-view.jpg"><img height="809" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Aurora_spyplane_3-view.jpg/250px-Aurora_spyplane_3-view.jpg" width="1011" /></a></span></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">Artist's rendering of the Aurora from various angles</span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">When the sighting was made public in 1992, the British <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Defence">Defence Secretary</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_King,_Baron_King_of_Bridgwater">Tom King</a> was told, "There is no knowledge in the MoD of a 'black' programme of this nature, although it would not surprise the relevant desk officers in the Air Staff and Defence Intelligence Staff if it did exist."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(aircraft)#cite_note-9">[9]</a></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">A crash at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MoD_Boscombe_Down">RAF Boscombe Down</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a> on 26 September 1994 appeared closely linked to "black" missions, according to a report in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AirForces_Monthly">AirForces Monthly</a>. Further investigation was hampered by USAF aircraft flooding into the base. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Air_Service">Special Air Service</a> personnel arrived in plainclothes in an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agusta_109">Agusta 109</a>. The crash site was protected from view by fire engines and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarpaulin">tarpaulins</a> and the base was closed to all flights soon afterwards.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(aircraft)#cite_note-ind19970314-10">[10]</a> More recent analysis, however, indicates that the Boscombe Down crash was a towed missile decoy.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(aircraft)#cite_note-11">[11]</a></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">An unsubstantiated claim on the Horsted Keynes Village Web Site purports to show photos of the trail left after an unusual sonic boom was heard over the village in July 2002. In 2005 the information was used in a BBC report about the Aurora project.</span></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(aircraft)#cite_note-12"><br /></a></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">U.S. sighting claims</span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">A series of unusual <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_boom">sonic booms</a> was detected in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California">Southern California</a> beginning in mid-to-late 1991 and recorded by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismometer">sensors</a> across Southern California used to pinpoint <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake">earthquake</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicenter">epicenters</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(aircraft)#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The sonic booms were characteristic of a smaller vehicle, rather than of the 37-meter long <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter">Space Shuttle orbiter</a>. Furthermore, neither the Shuttle nor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA">NASA</a>'s single SR-71B was operating on the days the booms had been registered.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(aircraft)#cite_note-14">[14]</a> In the article, "In Plane Sight?" which appeared in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_City_Paper">Washington City Paper</a> on 3 July 1992 (pp. 12–13), one of the seismologists, Jim Mori, noted: "We can't tell anything about the vehicle. They seem stronger than other sonic booms that we record once in a while. They've all come on Thursday mornings about the same time, between 4 and 7."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(aircraft)#cite_note-aemann.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk-6">[6]</a> Former NASA <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_boom">sonic boom</a> expert Dom Maglieri studied the 15-year-old sonic boom data from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology">California Institute of Technology</a> and has deemed that the data showed "something at 90,000 ft (c. 27 km), Mach 4 to Mach 5.2". He also said the booms did not look like those from aircraft that had traveled through the atmosphere many miles away at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_International_Airport">Los Angeles International Airport</a>; rather, they appeared to be booms from a high-altitude aircraft directly above the ground, moving at high speeds.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(aircraft)#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The boom signatures of the two different aircraft patterns are wildly different.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(aircraft)#cite_note-secret-4">[4]</a> There was nothing particular to tie these events to any aircraft, but they served to increase the number of stories about the Aurora.</span></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aurora_x-plane_1.jpg"><img height="672" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Aurora_x-plane_1.jpg/250px-Aurora_x-plane_1.jpg" width="894" /></a></span></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">Artist's rendering of the Aurora from behind</span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">On 23 March 1992, near <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarillo,_Texas">Amarillo, Texas</a>, Steven Douglass photographed the "donuts on a rope" <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrail">contrail</a> and linked this sighting to distinctive sounds. He described the engine noise as: "strange, loud pulsating roar... unique... a deep pulsating rumble that vibrated the house and made the windows shake... similar to rocket engine noise, but deeper, with evenly timed pulses." In addition to providing the first photographs of the distinctive contrail previously reported by many, the significance of this sighting was enhanced by Douglass' reports of intercepts of radio transmissions: "Air-to-air communications... were between an AWACS aircraft with the call sign "Dragnet 51" from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinker_Air_Force_Base">Tinker AFB</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, and two unknown aircraft using the call signs "Darkstar November" and "Darkstar Mike". Messages consisted of phonetically transmitted alphanumerics. It is not known whether this radio traffic had any association with the "pulser" that had just flown over Amarillo." ("Darkstar" is also a call sign of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control">AWACS</a> aircraft from a different squadron at Tinker AFB)<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(aircraft)#cite_note-16">[16]</a> A month later, radio enthusiasts in California monitoring <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base">Edwards AFB</a> Radar (callsign "Joshua Control") heard early morning radio transmissions between Joshua and a high flying aircraft using the callsign "Gaspipe". "You're at 67,000 feet, 81 miles out" was heard, followed by "70 miles out now, 36,000 ft, above glideslope." As in the past, nothing linked these observations to any particular aircraft or program, but the attribution to the Aurora helped expand the legend.</span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">In February 1994, a former resident of Rachel, Nevada, and Area 51 enthusiast, Chuck Clark, claimed to have filmed the Aurora taking off from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_51">Groom Lake facility</a>. In the David Darlington book <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_51:_The_Dreamland_Chronicles">Area 51: The Dreamland Chronicles</a>, he said:</span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">I even saw the Aurora take off one night — or an aircraft that matched the Aurora's reputed configuration: a sharp delta with twin tails about a hundred and thirty feet long. It taxied out of a lighted hangar at 2:30 a.m. and used a lot of runway to take off. It had one red light on top, but the minute the wheels left the runway, the light went off and that was the last I saw of it. I didn't hear it because the wind was blowing from behind me toward the base." I asked when this had taken place. "February 1994. Obviously they didn't think anybody was out there. It was thirty below zero – probably ninety below with the wind chill factor. I had hiked into White Sides from a different, harder way than usual, and stayed there two or three days among the rocks, under a camouflage tarp with six layers of clothes on. I had an insulated face mask and two sleeping bags, so I didn't present a heat signature. I videotaped the aircraft through a telescope with a five-hundred-millimeter f4 lens coupled via a C-ring to a high-eight digital video camera with five hundred and twenty scan lines of resolution, which is better than TV." The author then asked, "Where's the tape?" "Locked away. That's a legitimate spyplane; my purpose is not to give away legitimate national defense. When they get ready to unveil it, I'll probably release the tape."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(aircraft)#cite_note-17">[17]<br /></a></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">Additional claims[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aurora_(aircraft)&action=edit&section=5">edit</a>]</span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">By 1996, reports associated with the Aurora name dropped off in frequency, suggesting to people who believed that the aircraft existed that it had only ever been a prototype or that it had had a short service life.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(aircraft)#cite_note-asw-1">[1]</a></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">In 2000, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Press_and_Journal_(Scotland)">Aberdeen Press and Journal</a> writer Nic Outterside wrote a piece on US stealth technology in Scotland. Citing confidential "sources", he alleged <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Machrihanish">RAF/USAF Machrihanish</a> in Kintyre, Argyll to be a base for Aurora aircraft. Machrihanish's almost 2-mile-long (3.2 km) long runway makes it suitable for high-altitude and experimental aircraft with the fenced-off coastal approach making it ideal for takeoffs and landings to be made well away from eyes or cameras of press and public. "Oceanic Air Traffic Control at Prestwick," Outterside says, "also tracked fast-moving radar blips. It was claimed by staff that a 'hypersonic jet was the only rational conclusion' for the readings."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(aircraft)#cite_note-18">[18]</a></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">In 2006, aviation writer Bill Sweetman put together 20 years of examining budget "holes", unexplained sonic booms, as well as the Gibson sighting and concluded:</span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">This evidence helps establish the program's initial existence. My investigations continue to turn up evidence that suggests current activity. For example, having spent years sifting through military budgets, tracking untraceable dollars and code names, I learned how to sort out where money was going. This year, when I looked at the Air Force operations budget in detail, I found a $9-billion black hole that seems a perfect fit for a project like Aurora.</span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">In June 2017, Aviation Week reported that Rob Weiss, the General Manager of the Skunk Works, provided some confirmation of a research project and stated that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersonic_flight">hypersonic flight</a> technology was now mature, and efforts were underway to fly an aircraft with it.</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span></h1><div style="text-align: justify;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2519" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/J_r31ibMshA" width="3031" youtube-src-id="J_r31ibMshA"></iframe></div></div><br /><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><br /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>A British Ministry of Defence report released in May 2006 refers to USAF priority plans to produce a Mach 4-6 highly supersonic vehicle, but no conclusive evidence had emerged to confirm the existence of such a project. It was believed by some that the Aurora project was canceled due to a shift from spy-planes to high-tech unmanned aerial vehicles and reconnaissance satellites which can do the same job as a spyplane, but with less risk of casualties.</b></span></p><div class="google-auto-placed ap_container" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; height: auto; text-align: center; width: 868px;"><ins class="adsbygoogle adsbygoogle-noablate" data-ad-client="ca-pub-0490591066651992" data-ad-format="auto" data-ad-status="filled" data-adsbygoogle-status="done" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: 280px; margin: auto; text-align: justify; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></ins></div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>The main question here is, Does the US Air Force or America’s intelligence agencies have a secret hypersonic aircraft capable of a Mach 6 performance?. The continually growing evidence suggests that the answer to this question is YES. Perhaps the most well-known instance which provides evidence of such an aircraft’s existence is the sighting of a triangular plane over the North Sea in August 1989 by oil-exploration engineer Chris Gibson. As well as the famous “skyquakes” heard over Los Angeles since the early 1990s, found to be heading for the secret Groom Lake (Area 51) installation in the Nevada desert, numerous other facts provide an understanding of how the aircraft’s technology works. Rumored to exist but routinely denied by U.S. officials, the name of this aircraft is Aurora.</b></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>The outside world uses the name Aurora because a censor’s slip let it appear below the SR-71 Blackbird and U-2 in the 1985 Pentagon budget request. Even if this was the actual name of the project, it would have by now been changed after being compromised in such a manner.</b></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>The plane’s real name has been kept a secret along with its existence. This is not unfamiliar though, the F-117a stealth fighter was kept a secret for over ten years after its first pre-production test flight. The project is what is technically known as a Special Access Program (SAP). More often, such projects are referred to as “black programs.”</b></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>So what was the first sign of the existence of SR-91 Aurora ? On 6 March 1990, one of the United States Air Force’s Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird spyplanes shattered the official air speed record from Los Angeles to Washington’s Dulles Airport. There, a brief ceremony marked the end of the SR-71’s operational career. Officially, the SR-71 was being retired to save the $200-$300 million a year it cost to operate the fleet. Some reporters were told the plane had been made redundant by sophisticated spy satellites.</b></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>But there was one problem, the USAF made no opposition towards the plane’s retirement, and congressional attempts to revive the program were discouraged. Never in the history of the USAF had a program been closed without opposition. Aurora is the missing factor to the silent closure of the SR-71 program.</b></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>Testing such a new radical aircraft brings immense costs and inconvenience, not just in the design and development of a prototype aircraft, but also in providing a secret testing place for an aircraft that is obviously different from those the public are aware of.</b></span></p><div class="quads-location quads-ad8" id="quads-ad8" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: none; margin: 0px; text-align: center; visibility: visible;"><ins class="adsbygoogle" data-ad-client="ca-pub-0490591066651992" data-ad-format="fluid" data-ad-layout="in-article" data-ad-slot="3791337906" data-ad-status="filled" data-adsbygoogle-status="done" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: 200px; text-align: justify; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></ins></div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>The Groom Dry Lake, in the Nevada desert, is home to one of America’s elite secret proving grounds which was Aurora’s most likely test location. Comparing today’s Groom Lake with images of the base in the 1970s, it is apparent that many of the larger buildings and hangars were added during the following decade. Also, the Groom Lake test facility has a lake-bed runway that is six miles long, twice as long as the longest normal runways in the United States. The reason for such a long runway is simple, the length of a runway is determined either by the distance an aircraft requires to accelerate to a flying speed, or the distance that the aircraft needs to decelerate after landing. That distance is proportional to the speed at which lift-off takes place. Usually, very long runways are designed for aircraft with very high minimum flying speeds, and, as is the case at Edwards AFB, these are aircraft that are optimized for very high maximum speeds. Almost 19,000 feet of the runway at Groom Lake is paved for normal operations.</b></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>Lockheed’s Skunk Works, now the Lockheed Advanced Development Company, is the most likely prime contractor for the SR-91 Aurora aircraft. Throughout the 1980s, financial analysts concluded that Lockheed had been engaged in several large classified projects. However, they weren’t able to identify enough of them to account for the company’s income.</b></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>Technically, the Skunk Works has a unique record of managing large, high-risk programs under an incredible unparalleled secrecy. Even with high-risk projects that the company has undertaken, Lockheed has a record of providing what it promises to deliver.</b></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>In 2006, renowned aviation writer Bill Sweetman had stated and derived to a conclusion that, “This evidence of 20 years of examining budget “holes”, unexplained sonic booms, plus the Gibson sighting , helps establish the program’s initial existence. My investigations continue to turn up evidence that suggests current activity. For example, having spent years sifting through military budgets, tracking untraceable dollars and code names, I learned how to sort out where money was going. This year, when I looked at the Air Force operations budget in detail, I found a $9-billion black hole that seems a perfect fit for a project like Aurora.”</b></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><p></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></p><h1 style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black;">NEW NGAD (</span></b></span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>Next Generation Air Dominance</b></span></span></span><b style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large;"><span style="background-color: black;">) INSANE UPGRADED US F-22</span></b></h1><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b></b></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2522" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/oj4DxSXCmRM" width="3033" youtube-src-id="oj4DxSXCmRM"></iframe></b></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><p></p><p><br /></p><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">After several years of speculation, the United States Air Force (USAF) has confirmed that there will be only one <a href="https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/aviation/a42929062/sixth-generation-fighter-jet-leaked-images-us-air-force-china/">Next-Generation Air Dominance (NGAD)</a> in the future. Speaking at a meeting in Washington D.C., Air Force Secretary Frank Kendall couldn't." have made the USAF's feeling clearer on the issue.</span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">"We're not going to do two NGADs. We're only going to do one," he stated, <a href="https://www.airandspaceforces.com/kendall-air-force-ngad-design/">according</a> to John Tirpak of Air and Space Forces. While the finalists for winning the contract are currently unknown, top contenders will likely be a mix of Lockheed-Martin, Boeing, and Northrop Grumman, with support from competing jet engine manufacturers Pratt & Whitney and General Electric.</span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/usafs-6th-gen-fighter-in-development">The NGAD program</a> aims to take over the Air Force's F-22A Raptor stealth fighters by the 2030s. Despite their exceptional agility and stealth capabilities, the F-22 fleet's small size has made it excessively costly to maintain and upgrade due to its dependence on outdated non-open architecture systems and high-maintenance radar absorbent materials technology from the 1990s</span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">To this end, the Air Force recently invited designs for an NGAD fighter, with the winning concept set to be announced in 2024. Ideally, <a href="https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/aviation/a43978942/air-force-only-building-one-ngad-sixth-generation-fighter-jet/">according to Popular Mechanics,</a> the Air Force would like to obtain 250 of these fighters, although they acknowledge that each one would likely cost hundreds of millions of dollars. To put things into perspective, the current F-35A stealth fighter costs around $85 million due to large-scale production. The NGAD fighter is expected to have improved sensors and communication links compared to the F-22, while also being more agile than the F-35.</span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="color: #e69138; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2451" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/MKu3fSnYuBQ" width="2949" youtube-src-id="MKu3fSnYuBQ"></iframe></b><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">The Air Force is projected to spend $16 billion over the next five years on the research, development, testing, and evaluation of NGAD. They aim to create a future warplane that has significantly lower operating costs than the F-22s and, hopefully, the F-35s.</span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">According to Kendall, the Pentagon also aims to prevent ownership of the NGAD from being centralized in one manufacturer, which has caused intellectual property (IP) disputes with Lockheed, the manufacturer of the F-35. The objective of NGAD is for the government to maintain the IP of multiple aircraft systems right from the start. This will enable the incorporation of new technologies from other companies or the development of quick solutions without being bombarded with cease-and-desist letters.</span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">It also is worth mentioning that there are two programs called "Next Generation Air Dominance". Interestingly, both programs bear the same name. One program is led by the U.S. Navy and aims to replace the FA-18E/F Super Hornet carrier-based fighters in the future. For the USAF, NGAD will specialize in air-to-air combat similar to the F-22, but it will also possess some ground attack capabilities, particularly for the suppression of enemy air defenses (SEAD). Furthermore, it is anticipated that NGAD will have a higher internal weapon capacity than the F-22.</span></span></span></h1><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p><br /></p><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript" src="//ra.revolvermaps.com/0/0/6.js?i=00bo1v8as3p&m=0&s=341&c=ff0000&cr1=ffffff&f=arial&l=0&bv=80" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3736852641690443895.post-613117731242296512023-08-15T14:48:00.001-07:002023-09-22T14:48:56.998-07:00<p><font color="#ff8000" size="4"><strong></strong></font> </p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2190" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/jIkyL9NcXaA" width="2634" youtube-src-id="jIkyL9NcXaA"></iframe></div><br /><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1520" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/DuZyTu66bLQ" width="1829" youtube-src-id="DuZyTu66bLQ"></iframe></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><p><br /></p> <p><font color="#ff8000" size="4"><strong></strong></font> </p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="425"><font color="#ff8000" size="6"><strong>BATTLE OF AGINCOURT<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1218" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/emr6A8WaL8Q" width="1464" youtube-src-id="emr6A8WaL8Q"></iframe></div><br /></strong></font> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:ef38242b-aa83-43e2-b545-04ff92d35b00" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="dbc6ef24-66c6-4379-b450-8c46b4e8c2bb" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/XRkmdpLgLiE&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div><br /></td> <td valign="top" width="573"><font color="#ff8000" size="4"><strong><font color="#ff8000" size="4"><strong><img alt="Engraving depicting the Battle of Agincourt of 1415 in which Henry V defeated the French" height="819" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2009/10/25/article-0-02DFB2830000044D-514_468x387.jpg" width="990" /> </strong></font> </strong></font><img height="739" src="http://farm1.staticflickr.com/22/30607298_f14d6f9f12_b.jpg" width="985" /></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 1071px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="323"> <h3 style="text-align: center;"><font><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #ff8000; font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1088" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/iYBZVSShBIE" width="1309" youtube-src-id="iYBZVSShBIE"></iframe></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large;"><br /></span></div></font><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;">The fields of Agincourt</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;">Old men forget: yet all shall be forgot,</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;">But he'll remember with advantages</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;">What feats he did that day: then shall our names.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;">Familiar in his mouth as household words</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;">Harry the king, Bedford and Exeter,</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;">Warwick and Talbot, Salisbury and Gloucester,</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;">Be in their flowing cups freshly remember'd.</span></div></span></h3> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">- Shakespeare. <i>Henry V</i></b></span></p></td> <td style="text-align: justify;" valign="top" width="746"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Morning_of_the_Battle_of_Agincourt%2C_25th_October_1415.PNG"><img alt="File:Morning of the Battle of Agincourt, 25th October 1415.PNG" height="595" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Morning_of_the_Battle_of_Agincourt%2C_25th_October_1415.PNG" width="818" /></a><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Schlacht_von_Azincourt.jpg"><img alt="File:Schlacht von Azincourt.jpg" height="561" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Schlacht_von_Azincourt.jpg/800px-Schlacht_von_Azincourt.jpg" width="843" /></a></b></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Battle of Agincourt was a major English victory in the Hundred Years' War.The battle took place on Friday, 25 October 1415 (Saint Crispin's Day) in the County of Saint-Pol, Artois, some 40 km south of Calais (now Azincourt in northern France). Henry V's victory at Agincourt, against a numerically superior French army, crippled France and started a new period in the war during which Henry V married the French king's daughter, and their son, later Henry VI of England and Henry II of France, was made heir to the throne of France as well as of England. Henry V led his troops into battle and participated in hand-to-hand fighting. The French king of the time, Charles VI, did not command the French army himself as he suffered from severe psychotic illnesses with moderate mental incapacitation. Instead, the French were commanded by Constable Charles d'Albret and various prominent French noblemen of the Armagnac party.</span></b></span></p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><div style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><h1 style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-large;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>This battle is notable for the use of the English longbow in very large numbers, with English and Welsh archers forming most of Henry's army. The battle is the centerpiece of the play Henry V by William Shakespeare.</b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">Henry V invaded France following the failure of negotiations with the French. He claimed the title of King of France through his great-grandfather Edward III, although in practice the English kings were generally prepared to renounce this claim if the French would acknowledge the English claim on Aquitaine and other French lands (the terms of the Treaty of Brétigny). He initially called a Great Council in the spring of 1414 to discuss going to war with France, but the lords insisted that he should negotiate further and moderate his claims. In the following negotiations Henry said that he would give up his claim to the French throne if the French would pay the 1.6 million crowns outstanding from the ransom of John II (who had been captured at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356), and concede English ownership of the lands of Normandy, Touraine, Anjou, Brittany and Flanders, as well as Aquitaine. Henry would marry Princess Catherine, the young daughter of Charles VI, and receive a dowry of 2 million crowns. The French responded with what they considered the generous terms of marriage with Princess Catherine, a dowry of 600,000 crowns, and an enlarged Aquitaine. By 1415, negotiations had ground to a halt, with the English claiming that the French had mocked their claims and ridiculed Henry himself. In December 1414, the English parliament was persuaded to grant Henry a "double subsidy", a tax at twice the traditional rate, to recover his inheritance from the French. On 19 April 1415, Henry again asked the Great Council to sanction war with France, and this time they agreed.</span><br /><br /></span></h1><span><b style="background-color: black;"><div style="letter-spacing: 0.2px; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><span><div style="letter-spacing: 0.2px; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">Henry's army landed in northern France on 13 August 1415, carried by a fleet described by Shakespeare as "a city on the inconstant billows dancing / For so appears this fleet majestical", often reported to comprise 1,500 ships, but probably far smaller, and besieged the port of Harfleur with an army of about 12,000, and up to 20,000 horses. The siege took longer than expected. The town surrendered on 22 September, and the English army did not leave until 8 October. The campaign season was coming to an end, and the English army had suffered many casualties through disease. Rather than retire directly to England for the winter, with his costly expedition resulting in the capture of only one town, Henry decided to march most of his army (roughly 9,000) through Normandy to the port of Calais, the English stronghold in northern France, to demonstrate by his presence in the territory at the head of an army that his right to rule in the duchy was more than a mere abstract legal and historical claim. He also intended the manoeuvre as a deliberate provocation to battle aimed at the dauphin, who had failed to respond to Henry's personal challenge to combat at Harfleur.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div></span><div style="letter-spacing: 0.2px; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">The French hoped to raise 9,000 troops, but the army was not ready in time to relieve Harfleur. After Henry V marched to the north, the French moved to block them along the River Somme. They were successful for a time, forcing Henry to move south, away from Calais, to find a ford. The English finally crossed the Somme south of Péronne, at Béthencourt and Voyennes and resumed marching north. Without a river obstacle to defend, the French were hesitant to force a battle. They shadowed Henry's army while calling a semonce des nobles, calling on local nobles to join the army. By 24 October, both armies faced each other for battle, but the French declined, hoping for the arrival of more troops. The two armies spent the night of 24 October on open ground. The next day the French initiated negotiations as a delaying tactic, but Henry ordered his army to advance and to start a battle that, given the state of his army, he would have preferred to avoid, or to fight defensively: that was how Crécy and the other famous longbow victories had been won.</span></div></b></span></span></span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> </b></span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 900px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="450"> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 600px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="300"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /><br /><img alt="HENRY V (1989) Pers: BRANAGH, KENNETH" height="963" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2009/07/22/article-0-05CEB39B000005DC-42_468x286.jpg" width="1578" /></b></span></td> <td valign="top" width="300"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:54fbe74f-938d-46b8-9477-996489b340d1" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="232583bb-a267-4796-8e66-a78738859fe7" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/uy7DT_FTms0&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <font>Legend says the Battle of Agincourt was won by stalwart English archers. It was not. In the end it was won by men using lead-weighted hammers, poleaxes, mauls and falcon-beaks, the ghastly paraphernalia of medieval hand-to-hand fighting. It was fought on a field knee-deep in mud and it was more of a massacre than a battle. </font></b></span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 800px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="400"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:75c33ab3-ecdb-4d5d-a4f2-75ca7d94266b" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="33c6c153-904c-40ca-8689-2f660ab7d6ef" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/k-gTUUgZCQo&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td> <td valign="top" width="400"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:c371bb4b-c57a-4523-afd1-21f8e521041b" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="5b991bac-02c5-4316-83fa-2fee51e9f6eb" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/MeeuqGyualQ&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>Laurence Olivier's film of Shakespeare's Henry V shows French knights charging on horseback, but very few men were mounted at Agincourt. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">The French came on foot and the battle was reduced to men hitting other armoured men with hammers, maces and axes. </strong></font></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 800px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="400"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Crowning glory: Kenneth Branagh in his film version of Shakespeare's Henry V dramatising the 15th-century Battle of Agincourt" height="1280" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2008/10/26/article-1080764-02419940000005DC-221_468x380.jpg" width="1575" /> </strong></font></td> <td valign="top" width="400"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:be2b09ee-8e4d-4dce-a35b-142285499f81" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="0baee140-88dc-4b17-a023-97022b7dbe6b" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/OAvmLDkAgAM&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <font>Crowning glory: Kenneth Branagh in his film version of Shakespeare's Henry V dramatising the 15th-century Battle of Agincourt. </font><font>A sword would not penetrate armour and did not have the weight to knock a man off his feet, but a poleaxe (a long-handled axe or hammer, topped with a fearsome spike) would fell him fast, and then it was easy to raise the victim's visor and slide a knife through an eye. That was how hundreds of men died; their last sight on earth a dagger's point. </font></b></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">It is not a tale of chivalry, but rather of armoured men hacking at each other to break limbs and crush skulls. At the battle's height, when Henry V expected an attack on his rear that never materialised, he ordered the newly captured French prisoners to be killed. They were murdered. </strong></font></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 800px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="400"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:90a18b97-0275-4771-b84d-573cb4d8db50" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="8809c492-04e7-4368-b583-ccc54c2f3948" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/PKwkRsiZJ2I&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td> <td valign="top" width="400"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:2117b534-aad2-47ad-80ce-a76107561b8b" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="24d7b6e6-4254-4218-9f64-f61e1b2a41a1" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/N2Pb_jpSyiE&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>Over the weekend, during a conference at the Medieval History Museum in Agincourt, French academics met to declare that English soldiers acted like 'war criminals' during the battle, setting fire to prisoners and killing French noblemen who had surrendered. The French 'were met with barbarism by the English', said the museum's director Christophe Gilliot. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>The French pronouncement smacks of bias, but what is certain is that Agincourt was filthy, horrible and merciless. Yet it is still celebrated as a golden moment in England's history. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>Why do we remember it? Why has this battle galvanised English hearts over the centuries? These are questions I came to ask as I researched my new novel Azincourt - spelled as it is in France - and discovered just what an extraordinary event it was. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Part of the legend about the archers is certainly true. Most of the English army were archers and their arrows caused huge damage, although they never delivered the knock-out blow it is claimed. </strong></font></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 800px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="400"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:8636ef81-3664-41de-ba6d-31f1695ef89e" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="79384a39-8bfa-4010-88fa-8a3c071649ae" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/PFp-zGWPzLQ&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td> <td valign="top" width="400"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:e4bd9722-09a6-40b6-8adb-1c35e7ee010b" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="a28fc1b9-1d07-45ae-ac49-cb2df7626fda" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/VzDUFrOkoNM&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>Henry V was also an inspirational leader. He fought in the front rank and part of his crown was knocked off. Eighteen Frenchmen had taken an oath to kill him and all of them died at Henry's feet, slaughtered by the King or by his bodyguard. And, despite recent claims to the contrary, it seems the English were horribly outnumbered. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>In the cold, wet dawn of October 25, 1415, no one could have expected Henry's army to survive the day. He had about 6,000 men, more than 5,000 of them archers, while the French numbered at least 30,000 and were so confident that, before the battle was joined, they sent away some newly arrived reinforcements. By dusk on that Saint Crispin's Day, Henry's small army had entered legend. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>But the English should never have been at Agincourt, which lies 25 miles south of Calais. England was in the thick of the 100 Years' War with France, and Henry had invaded Normandy in the hope of making a quick conquest of Harfleur, a strategic port. Yet the town's stubborn defence delayed him and by the siege's end his army had been struck by dysentery. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>Sick men were dying and the campaign season was ending as winter drew in. Sensible advice suggested that Henry cut his losses and sail back to England. But he had borrowed huge amounts of money to invade France and all he had to show for it was one gun-battered port. Going home looked suspiciously like defeat. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">He instead marched north to Calais with probably nothing more in mind than cocking a snook at the French who, though they had gathered an army, had done nothing to relieve the brave defenders of Harfleur. </strong></font></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 800px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="400"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="The Battle of Agincourt, as depicted the Channel 4 show The World's Worst Century" height="1083" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2008/10/26/article-1080764-008313EE00000258-113_468x391.jpg" width="1297" /> </strong></font></td> <td valign="top" width="400"> <span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:902039e3-cfea-4cbf-8bb0-3d5501a39dd1" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="78d8a140-26fb-4e33-a265-3a30388d581a" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/Z010dVtscYw&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div> </b></span><p style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">The Battle of Agincourt, as depicted in the Channel 4 show The World's Worst Century </strong></font></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Henry wanted to humiliate the French by flaunting his banners, yet I doubt he truly wanted to face that large French army with his own depleted numbers. </strong></font></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>The French had been supine all summer, but now, suddenly, they woke and moved to block Henry's path. Henry tried to go round them. A march meant to last eight days stretched to 16. The English exhausted their food, they were ill with dysentery and soaked from the continual autumn rains. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>They were driven far inland in search of a place to cross the River Somme and then trudged north, only to discover the French army waiting for them on a muddy field between the woods of Azincourt and Tramecourt. The English were trapped. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>The French were barring the English road home, so Henry had to fight. He hoped the French would attack him and he ordered his archers to protect themselves from knights on horseback by making a thicket of sharpened stakes to impale the stallions' chests. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>But the French remained motionless, so Henry was forced to advance on them. Did he really say 'Let's go, fellows!' as one contemporary claimed? It seems so, yet whatever his words, the English plucked up their stakes and waded through the mud to get close to the French line. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">And the French, even though they must have seen that the English were in disarray, did nothing. They let Henry's men come to within extreme bowshot distance where, once again, the stakes were hammered into the ground and the battle line was reformed on a newly ploughed field that had been soaked by constant rain. If I had to suggest one cause for the French defeat, it would be mud. <br />The two sides were now little more than a couple of hundred paces apart. The English, astonishingly, had been given time to reposition themselves, and now the archers began the battle by shooting a volley of arrows. </strong></font></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 800px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="400"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:be77c505-3671-40b7-aa43-d3a45a2ae492" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="a012f59b-e709-4937-87b8-e0d75a7c18c9" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/zMtb1aYNBvU&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td> <td valign="top" width="400"> <div class="wlWriterEditableSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:6adc49ac-d6af-4079-83a6-2f34d027ca95" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="ce31e4e1-66c5-4767-a083-f3dbabb2c27e" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>At least 5,000 of them, most converging from the flanks, slashed into the French, and it seems that the shock of that first arrow strike prompted the French to attack. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>A handful of Frenchmen advanced on horseback, trying to get among the archers, but mud, stakes and arrows easily defeated those knights. Some of the horses, maddened by pain, galloped back through the French men-at-arms, tearing their ranks into chaos. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>Some 8,000 Frenchmen were now advancing on foot. No one knows how long it took them to cover the 200 or more paces which separated them from Henry's men-at-arms, but it was not a quick approach. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>They were wading through mud made treacherous by deeply ploughed furrows and churned to quagmire by horses' hooves. And they were being struck by arrows so that they were forced to close their helmets' visors. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>They could see little through the tiny eye- slits, their breathing was stifled and still the arrows came. The conventional verdict suggests that the French were cut down by those arrow storms, but the chief effect of the arrows was to delay and, by forcing them to close their visors, half-blind the attackers. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>The French knew about English and Welsh archers. The longbow could shoot an arrow more than 200 paces with an accuracy that was unmatched till the rifled gun barrel was invented. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>At Agincourt some barbed broadhead arrows (which were designed to cause maximum damage and could fell cavalry) would have been shot at those few horses that attacked the English line. But most were bodkins, long and slender arrowheads without barbs that were made to pierce armour. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>A good archer could easily shoot 15 arrows a minute, so 5,000 archers could loose 75,000 arrows in one minute; more than 1,000 a second. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>Why did the French not deploy their own longbowmen? Because to shoot a longbow demanded great strength (they were at least three times as powerful as a modern competition bow) and considerable skill. It took years for a man to develop the muscles and technique, and for reasons that have never been understood, such men emerged in Britain, but not on the Continent. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>So as the first French line advanced it was being struck repeatedly by arrows, and even if a bodkin did not penetrate plate armour its strike was sufficient to knock a man backwards. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">If the advance took four minutes (and I suspect it took longer), then about 300,000 arrows would have been shot at the 8,000 men. </strong></font></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 800px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="400"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><font><img alt="A page entitled 'Agincourt' from John Lennon's illustrated schoolbook, 'Anthology', created when he was 12" height="885" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2008/10/26/article-1080764-04538E5E0000044D-416_468x301.jpg" width="1375" /></font> <p style="text-align: justify;"><font><strong>A page entitled 'Agincourt' from John Lennon's illustrated schoolbook, 'Anthology', created when he was 12 </strong></font><font></font></p></strong></font></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></td> <td valign="top" width="400"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:d69b2897-8434-4b96-8704-480edda5d545" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="40e44eb1-e980-477f-875a-2d0e1bcfe6e0" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/DtRpGszvINw&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>Even if the English were short of arrows and cut their shooting rate to one-third, then they would still have driven 100,000 arrows against the struggling 8,000, and if the legend is correct, then not one of those Frenchmen should have survived. </strong></font><font><strong>Yet they did survive, and most of them reached the English line and started fighting with shortened lances, poleaxes and war-hammers. </strong></font><font><strong>The fight became a struggle of hacking and thrusting, slaughter in the mud. </strong></font><font><strong>But if so many arrows had been shot, how did the French survive to reach the English and start that murderous brawl? The answer probably lies in the eternal arms race. </strong></font><font><strong>Armour technology had advanced and the French plate armour was mostly good enough to resist the English arrow-heads. And how good were those heads? </strong></font><font><strong>Arrow-making was an industrial-scale activity in England, yet few men understood what happened when iron was hardened into steel and many of the English arrows crumpled on contact with the enemy's armour. So the many reached the few, but the many were exhausted by mud, some were wounded and the English, enjoying the luxury of raised visors, cut them down. </strong></font><font><strong>What seems to have happened was that the front rank of the French, exhausted by slogging through the mud, battered and wounded by arrows, disorganised by panicked horses and by stumbling over wounded men, became easy victims for the English men-at-arms. </strong></font><font><strong>There would have been the ghastly sound of hammers crushing helmets, the screams of men falling, and suddenly the leading French rank being chopped down and its fallen men becoming an obstacle to those behind who, being thrust forward by the rearmost ranks, tripped on the newly fallen bodies and so became victims themselves. One witness claimed that the pile of dead and dying was as tall as a man, an obvious exaggeration, but undoubtedly the first French casualties made a rampart to protect the English men-at-arms. </strong></font></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Morning_of_the_Battle_of_Agincourt%2C_25th_October_1415.PNG"><img alt="File:Morning of the Battle of Agincourt, 25th October 1415.PNG" height="944" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Morning_of_the_Battle_of_Agincourt%2C_25th_October_1415.PNG" width="1298" /></a> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>The French had attacked the centre of the English line where the King, the nobles and the gentry stood. Their aim had been to take prisoners and so become rich from ransoms, but now that centre was a killing ground and, to escape it, the French widened their attack to assault the archers who had probably exhausted their arrows. </strong></font><font><strong>Yet the archers had been equipped with poleaxes and other handweapons, and they fought back. </strong></font></span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 600px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="300"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="A painting of Henry V, who is described by Bernard Cornwell as an 'inspirational leader'" height="1418" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2008/10/26/article-1080764-0093BB020000044C-389_233x404.jpg" width="818" /> </strong><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /></font></td> <td valign="top" width="300"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:ba917348-6668-418b-b5f1-31a28a680920" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="e1221717-163e-4956-9182-39ba2ffce7bf" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/9rwlvL-dafk&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1987" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/WBAGWgu4ceA" width="2391" youtube-src-id="WBAGWgu4ceA"></iframe> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> </b></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>A painting of Henry V, who is described by Bernard Cornwell as an 'inspirational leader' </strong></font><font><strong>The bowmen wore little armour, and in the glutinous mud they were far more mobile than their plate-armoured opponents. </strong></font><font><strong>Any man capable of hauling a warbow's string was hugely strong and a battle-axe in his hands would be a ghastly weapon. So the archers joined the hand-to-hand fight and the tired French were killed in their hundreds. <br />The second French line, another 8,000 men on foot, tried to support their beleaguered colleagues, but they too were cut down and the rest of the French melted away. The extraordinary, awful battle was over. The field was now groaning with horribly wounded men; men lying in piles, men suffocating in mud, dead men, blood-drenched men. </strong></font><font><strong>Perhaps as many as 5,000 French died that day, while English losses were in the hundreds, maybe not even as many as 200. The few had gained their extraordinary triumph. </strong></font><font><strong>There were other victories, like Poitiers in 1356, that were more decisive, and it is arguable that Agincourt achieved very little; it would take another five years of warfare before Henry won the concessions he wanted from the French and even then his premature death proved those gains worthless. </strong></font><font><strong>Shakespeare's heart-stirring Henry V helped ensure the battle's place in English folklore, but Shakespeare was playing to an audience that already knew the tale and wanted to hear it again. </strong></font><font><strong>Agincourt was well-known long before Shakespeare made it immortal, yet even so there were those other great triumphs like Poitiers and Crecy, so why Agincourt? </strong></font><font><strong> </strong></font></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:5a38a025-168f-4ed7-99f0-5ff8a49e5d22" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="f2a65129-7c57-4e85-868c-7de07e093670" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="252" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/s5C0avWFUjA?hl=en&hd=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="448"></embed></div></div></div></font> </b></span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>It must have started with the stories told by survivors. They had expected annihilation and gained victory. It might even be true that the archers, when the battle was over, taunted the French by holding up the two string-fingers that the enemy had threatened to slice off every captured bowman - the V- sign that is common parlance today. </strong></font><font><strong>The men in Henry's army must have believed they had been part of a miracle. The few had destroyed the many, and most of those few were archers. </strong></font><font><strong>They were not lords and knights and gentry, but butchers, bakers and candlestick-makers from the shires. They were the ordinary men of England and Wales. They had met the awesome power of France in hand-to-hand fighting and they had won. </strong></font><font><strong>The battle is part of the binding of England, the emergence of the common man as a vital part of the nation, and those common men returned to England with their tales, their plunder and their pride. </strong></font><font><strong>The stories were told in taverns over and over, how a few hungry, trapped men had gained an amazing victory. The story is still told because it has such power. It is a tale of the common man achieving greatness. Instead of being outnumbered five to one by French forces, as tradition tells, his bedraggled English army may actually have had an even fight on their hands. </strong></font></span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 800px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="400"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Engraving depicting the Battle of Agincourt of 1415 in which Henry V defeated the French" height="766" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2009/10/25/article-0-02DFB2830000044D-514_468x387.jpg" width="926" /> </strong></font></td> <td valign="top" width="400"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:ce2fb1a4-fb37-4258-975e-a2d8507d4168" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="93ae55f1-3844-4aae-9040-8dd5da8532d2" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/i80HZQjEFu8&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> </b></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>An engraving depicting the Battle of Agincourt of 1415 in which Henry V defeated the French. </font><font>Historians who have combed through complex tax and military records claimed yesterday - the 594th anniversary of the battle - that the stunning scale of Henry’s win was exaggerated by his spin doctors for propaganda purposes. </font><font>And it was a story that Shakespeare happily repeated, dubbing Henry’s troops ‘we few, we happy few, we band of brothers’ who delivered an extraordinary victory against all odds on St Crispin’s Day, October 25, 1415. </font><font>The outcome was certainly shocking, for the French army was made up of heavily armoured nobles, while the English were exhausted, depleted by battle losses and wracked by dysentery. </font><font>To Shakespeare, it was the moment a feckless youth turned into a great king, leading his army to victory against seemingly impossible odds. </font><font>They accuse King Henry V of giving his permission for captives to be burnt to death and ordering his bodyguards to execute a noble who had surrendered.</font> </b></span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 800px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="400"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Heroic: Kenneth Branagh playing Henry V in a recent film of Shakespeare's play in which the king leads his army to victory against impossible odds" height="1044" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2008/10/25/article-1080497-000E6E0300000258-794_468x510.jpg" width="958" /></strong></font></td> <td valign="top" width="400"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:729cd06e-507f-4c25-8561-5dac23ead021" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="a7de7aa0-6be9-4374-a75b-6164c8e07d01" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/pUpBl4EKewk&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> </b></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>Romantic view of history? Kenneth Branagh playing Henry V in a film of Shakespeare's play in which he leads his army to victory against impossible odds. </strong></font><font><strong>The battle - part of the Hundred Years War - has become a byword for English heroism in the face of insurmountable odds. </strong></font><font><strong>But nearly 600 years later, historians will tell a conference at the Medieval History Museum in Agincourt that the stories that Henry's troops were hugely outnumbered are a lie. </strong></font><font><strong>The museum's director, distinguished French historian Christophe Gilliot, said: 'There's been a distortion of the facts and this conference will attempt to set the record straight. </strong></font></span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 800px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="400"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="A new version of history? An illustration of the Battle of Agincourt in 1415 in which the English were always thought to have been hugely outnumbered - but French academics claim they in fact acted like war criminals" height="822" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2008/10/24/article-1080497-023CD053000005DC-953_468x401.jpg" width="960" /></strong></font></td> <td valign="top" width="400"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:d358c67c-d1d2-402a-a49b-c92502e666ef" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="6bd3c2fe-69a3-4ee8-9a21-a2a438bfba4c" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/XRkmdpLgLiE&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> </b></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>Brave or brutal? An illustration of the Battle of Agincourt in 1415 in which the English were always thought to have been hugely outnumbered. </strong></font><font><strong>'We have historians arriving from all over France, and all will produce hard facts concerning the battle. </strong></font></span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 800px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="400"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Inspired leader: Henry V" height="1319" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2008/10/24/article-1080497-023CD0B8000005DC-873_233x333.jpg" width="923" /></strong></font></td> <td valign="top" width="400"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:a4269099-c4a4-443a-a703-e2bec4582b38" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="c9291465-8b30-4d2f-b570-987871831f70" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/cRj01LShXN8&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>Inspired leader: A portrait of Henry V</font> </b></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>'At the very least the English forces acted dishonourably. The Middle Ages were a very violent time, of course, but some might accuse the English of acting like what might now be called war criminals.' </strong></font><font><strong>The Battle of Agincourt was immortalised by Shakespeare and is the centrepiece of his play Henry V. </strong></font><font><strong>It took place on Friday, October 25 in 1415 after a force led by Henry engaged the French at Agincourt, a small village not far from Calais in northern France. </strong></font><font><strong>The traditional story is that the English army, made up mainly of archers using longbows, massacred a vast force of French noblemen. </strong></font><font><strong>But detailed bureaucratic records from the army of the French king, Charles VI, reveal it was made up of 9,000 travelling soldiers, perhaps with another 3,000 local troops. </strong></font><font><strong>This compares with a total force of 12,000 which travelled to France with Henry - although 3,000 were lost during the preceding siege of Harfleur. </strong></font><font><strong>English chroniclers writing in the years following the battle wrongly claimed that there were as many as 150,000 French, compared with 6,000 English soldiers. </strong></font><font><strong>Perhaps unsurprisingly, no English academics have been invited to today's conference in France. </strong></font><font><strong>But Professor Anne Curry, a military historian from Southampton University, admitted that many accounts of the battle have been exaggerated to give the impression of 'plucky little England against the evil French'. </strong></font><font><strong>Although Henry triumphed at Agincourt, he never succeeded in his ultimate aim - taking the French throne. </strong></font><font><strong>What isn’t at issue is that the French became bogged down in treacherous mud after being lured by Henry’s brilliant tactics into a narrow field, where they were devastated by thousands of arrows from English longbow men and outmaneuvered by common soldiers with much lighter equipment. </strong></font></span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 800px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="400"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Shakespeare fed the 'against-the-odds' story, describing Henry's troops as: 'We few, we happy few'" height="1257" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2009/10/25/article-0-03CBE15A000005DC-749_233x344.jpg" width="851" /> </strong></font></td> <td valign="top" width="400"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:45861747-eea5-4c23-84b0-fe47efd1a077" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="2c20509a-2990-46fd-a065-826252e68aa7" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/nvFY93WBPPY&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> </b></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>William Shakespeare fed the 'against-the-odds' story </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>But what researchers have now concluded is that rather than facing a force five times as big, the English could not have been outnumbered by more than two to one. </font><font>And the two sides may in fact have been more evenly matched, according to historian Anne Curry from the University of Southampton, who is leading the study. </font><font>She believes French forces numbered no more than 12,000 - basing her estimate on military pay records, muster rolls, ships’ logs, published rosters of the wounded and dead, and wartime tax levies - while Henry probably had at least 8,700 men. </font><font>Others agree. 'It was not the complete French power at Agincourt,' said Bertrand Schnerb, a professor of medieval history at the University of Lille, who estimated that there were 12,000 to 15,000 French soldiers. </font><font>According to these new versions, after the battle the English crown launched a PR effort to magnify the victory by exaggerating the difference in numbers. </font><font>This is clearly disappointing news for Britons who have been delighting for centuries at the idea that Agincourt delivered a David v Goliath walloping to the traditional French foe. </font><font>'It’s just a myth, but it’s a myth that’s part of the British psyche,' Ms. Curry said, adding that academics had long been reluctant to challenge Shakespeare’s famous lines and a central tenet of English pride. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"> </strong></font></p><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 999px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="499"> <p style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">SHAKESPEARE'S WORDS<br />'And gentlemen in England now-a-bed<br />Shall think themselves accurs'd they were not here,<br />And hold their manhoods cheap whiles any speaks <br />That fought with us upon Saint Crispin's day.' </strong></font></p></td> <td valign="top" width="499"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:d1717d17-64ff-4e69-b17f-8263962eb152" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="64bb294f-7d13-4c53-8926-e0495de040d3" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="252" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/uy7DT_FTms0?hl=en&hd=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="448"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>But all is not lost. Clifford J. Rogers, a professor of history at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, told the New York Times today that Shakespeare was right. </font><font>The English had a total of 6,000 - 1,000 men-at-arms in heavy steel armour from head to toe and 5,000 lightly armoured men with longbows, he said. </font><font>The French had 10,000 troops, each with an attendant servant who could also fight, plus 4,000 men with crossbows and other fighters – totalling more than 24,000. </font><font>As French lines broke down under volley after volley of arrows and panic set in, English archers killed thousands by stabbing them in the neck, eyes, armpits and groin through gaps in the armour, or bludgeoned the Frenchmen to death. </font><font>Against the odds: Agincourt, as portrayed in Kenneth Branagh's film of Shakespeare's Henry V. </font><font>Instead of an abstract idea of '6,000 men', you suddenly begin to form pictures in your head of what this band of brothers might have looked like. Names are powerfully suggestive, and they give these ordinary heroes a startling, poignant reality. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>Among their numbers, we find such good old English names as Robert Smith, archer, serving under Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, and James Barton, man-at-arms, serving under Sir John Dabridgecourt. </font><font>They came from every shire, we can tell, because often their surnames simply record their place of origin, such as Lancashire lad, Richard of Bolton, or Richard of Kelby, from the tiny hamlet in the county of Lincolnshire, not far from Grantham. </font><font>From farther afield come more Celtic names such as Thomas Pentryth, surely a Cornishman, and David ap Llewellyn Lloyd, who might just have been Welsh, like many of the heroes of Agincourt. </font><font>Others are somehow quintessentially medieval, such as Watt Hunter, or Hodgekin Somerton. </font><font>The priceless muster rolls on which these richly atmospheric names appear survive because busybody bureaucrats were just as active in the Middle Ages as they are today. </font><font>The English exchequer, which controlled the state finances, wanted to know exactly which soldiers had served where, and so kept scrupulous records. </font><font>This is why we know now about Lord Despencer, whose military career had started at the age of 12; Sir Thomas Erpingham, who had fought from Scotland to Spanish Castile; and Thomas Gloucestre, whose soldiering lasted an astonishing 43 years, ranging from 'the vasty fields of France', as Shakespeare calls them in Henry V, to the sun-baked plains and valleys of Palestine. </font><font>Yet it's safe to assume that the redoubtable Thomas Gloucestre never saw combat quite like Agincourt. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2009/07/22/article-0-0093BAF31000044C-92_233x373_popup.jpg"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Enlarge</strong></font></a></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 622px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="400"><a href="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2009/07/22/article-0-0093BAF31000044C-92_233x373_popup.jpg"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="The plan of Agincourt" height="1366" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2009/07/22/article-0-0093BAF31000044C-92_233x373.jpg" width="853" /> </strong></font></a></td> <td valign="top" width="220"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:b3c78178-83bb-4425-8761-4d82c1e3fd91" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="f3900b8f-aeba-4065-a5cb-049e9388949f" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/1oR3pXcnsTs&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> </b></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>Carnage: A map of Agincourt where the bloody battle took place. </font><font>A cold, wet morning, October 25, 1415, St Crispin's Day. The sun edging up over the thickly forested countryside to the east, not far from the River Somme. And in a muddy ploughed field, a small, bedraggled army of Englishmen, waiting for their inevitable end. </font><font>Henry V had led his men into France back in August, late in the campaigning season. They had besieged and finally captured the port of Harfleur, but it had taken longer than expected. </font><font>And now it was time to retreat, fast, before the onset of the bitter medieval winter. Their ships were waiting for them at Calais, 280 miles away, and the Channel was becoming rougher by the day in the October storms. </font><font>Meanwhile, somewhere in the hinterland, a vast French army was gathering. But if they could just make it to Calais and the ships... </font><font>They came so close. But in mid-October, as they marched north between the little villages of Agincourt and Tramecourt, across some fields hemmed in on either side by thick woodland, they came to a sudden halt. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>Across their line of retreat lay a vast French army. They were cut off and vastly outnumbered. </font><font>Henry commanded about 6,000 men, 5,000 of them only lightly armoured archers. Before them stood an enemy army of some 30,000, ready to fight on their home soil and burning to avenge the previous defeats of Crecy and Poitiers. </font><font>The flower of arrogant but ferocious French chivalry, pennants fluttering, swords gleaming, knights grimly smiling. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>Many of the weary English must have crossed themselves and bowed their heads in the rain when they saw that sight. They must have thought of their loved ones. For there would surely be no going home now. </font><font>On the eve of battle, the chronicles tell us, many of the English confessed their sins, ready for their deaths on the morrow. </font><font>Nevertheless, the next day, the Feast of St Crispin, under the inspiration of their great warrior-king, Henry V, they summoned their last reserves of energy and spirit. </font><font>Outnumbered as they were, they could not hope to attack, only defend. So they set sharpened staves in the soft ground, which would break the French charge and impale their horses. </font><font>Then they stood shoulder-to-shoulder, butted their long-handled pikes into the earth, and waited for that thunderous onslaught. It never came. The French nobles were quarrelling among themselves about who would charge first. So Henry gave his men the astonishing order, against all the rules of engagement for an outnumbered force. </font><font>Attack! And the English pulled up their defensive staves and began to march forward. </font><font>The territory gained proved crucial. Rapidly, the English set up a new line of staves, now only 200yards from the enemy. Well within bowshot. </font><font>Their men-at-arms stood shoulder-to-shoulder once more, hands clenched white-knuckled around the long ashen shafts of their pikes, raindrops beading on their steel helmets and running down into their eyes, trying not to shake with fear. </font><font>Along the lines, many faces of beardless boys, some as young as 12. And hanging over them all, the terrible sense of dread before a battle. Gregory More, archer. Thomas Langford, man-at-arms. Sir John Grey, Knight. They would stand or fall together. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Engraving depicting the Battle of Agincourt of 1415 in which Henry V, with 10,000 men, defeated three times that number of French" height="866" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2009/07/22/article-0-02DFB2830000044D-102_468x363.jpg" width="1117" /></strong></font></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font><font>Battle: A trained archer could shoot around 15 arrows a minute, so a force of 5,000 could shoot a staggering 1,000 arrows <cite>per second. </cite></font></font><font>King Henry gave the order and the English bowmen began to drop volley after volley of arrows on to the stationary French. </font><font><font>A trained archer could shoot around 15 arrows a minute, so a force of 5,000 could shoot a staggering 1,000 arrows <cite>per second. </cite></font></font><font>The rain of arrows forced the French to move forward and attack. </font><font>Since the field was hemmed in by woodland, any attempt at outflanking was impossible. They could only march forward, heavily armoured, through the saturated mud. </font><font>Crossing even 200 yards in such conditions was exhausting. </font><font>Some of them sank up to their knees, some even drowned, according to eyewitnesses. </font><font>And as they approached, that arrow storm from the English longbows became ever more lethal, shooting with a power and accuracy that would be unmatched until the invention of the rifle. At last they reached the English line, and the real fighting began. </font><font>Men on foot, facing each other with lead-weighted maces, war hammers, bill hooks, falcon-beaks ending in terrible pointed spikes, and pole axes, usually used for killing cattle. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>And then it was a matter of bone-crunching, slashing and clubbing your enemy into the mud. </strong></font><font><strong>Now those horny-handed, barrel-chested ploughmen and blacksmiths from the English shires, wielding little more than glorified clubs, proved themselves more than a match for French chivalry. </strong></font><font><strong>The left flank under the command of Lord Camoys came under particularly fierce attack from the French. Yet Camoys and his men stood their ground unyielding: men such as Simon Codyngton and John Colmer, Thomas Fitzhenry, and the aptly named John Bold. </strong></font></span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 800px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="400"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="solider database" height="670" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2009/07/22/article-1201517-05CED2A2000005DC-955_468x299.jpg" width="1049" /> <p style="text-align: justify;"><font><strong>A project by the University of Reading, the Medieval Soldier Database, has put online the records of 250,000 soldiers who fought through the Hundred Years War</strong></font> </p></strong></font></td> <td valign="top" width="400"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:6ca52dd4-ff2e-4262-8a74-1ec8188b353d" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="1b28d074-9b5a-41f5-b9af-72143c19bf9b" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/ZLBiR_9qMoM&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"> </strong></font></p><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 1053px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="499"> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>They fought without mercy, trapped and outnumbered as they were. A second French wave was sent in, but as in the most atrocious scenes of carnage from the trench warfare of World War I - which Agincourt in some ways resembled - the dead bodies of their fallen comrades only made their advance harder. </strong></font><font><strong>Another key to English survival was the extraordinary fighting spirit of Henry V himself. An elite of 18 French knights, an assassination squad, had sworn to make directly for him across the battlefield and kill him, or die in the attempt. </strong></font><font><strong>Theydied. All 18 of them, at the very feet of the warrior-king, cut down either by him or his bodyguard. He fought in the front line for much of the day, taking many a blow, one of which demolished part of his crown. </strong></font><font><strong>And his resolute cries of 'Rally!' and 'Stand firm, men of England!' contributed immeasurably to the victory. </strong></font><font><strong>Yet along with his encouraging cries there were the sickening sounds of metal bludgeoning into flesh, the screams of horses, men drowning in a quagmire of blood. </strong></font><font><strong>If a Frenchman fell to the ground, injured or not, he would struggle to rise again in the sucking mud. And in a trice, an Englishman would be kneeling by his side like a ministering angel of death, flipping up his visor and dispatching him with a quick stab of a blade to his eyes. </strong></font><font><strong>Late in the battle, with the English slowly beginning to feel that they might yet survive and make it back to Calais after all, Henry feared that the French were going to try a final attack from the rear. </strong></font><font><strong>So he gave orders for all prisoners to be executed, in case they should be freed to fight again. But the French had had enough. Leaving at least 5,000 dead, against an English total of about 120, they fled the field. </strong></font><font><strong>Last year, French academics accused the English of having committed 'war crimes' at Agincourt. Applying 21st-century standards to the 15th century is the kind of stupidity which only the most eminent French academic could rise to. </strong></font><font><strong>You might as well complain that the French knights, in their turn, had some simply <cite>frightful </cite>ideas about the role of women. And as for their views on Jews... </strong></font><font><strong>The truth is that Agincourt was an astonishing victory, a testament to those centuries- old English qualities of sheer determination and stubborn refusal to acknowledge when we're beaten: a rock on which many more glamorous armies have broken. </strong></font><font><strong>Indeed, it is precisely because Agincourt was so atrociously unglamorous, so grim and bloody and mud-spattered, that it was so heroic: ordinary and exhausted men, achieving something quite extraordinary. </strong></font></span></p> <blockquote> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font>Why the French lost the Battle of Agincourt: Heavy armour made troops too exhausted to fight. </font><font><strong>It was a large scale medieval-day equivalent of David and Goliath. On the battlefields of Agincourt, the French outnumbered the English by up to six to one with a massive army of 36,000 soldiers. </strong></font><font><strong>Yet despite their numeric superiority, being better equipped and fighting on home turf the French could not triumph over Henry V and his 6,000 longbow archers, dismounted knights and men-at-arms. </strong></font><font><strong>They hit problems with their armour which, historians now believe, was their Achilles' heel, making them so exhausted that they were unable to fight. </strong></font><font><strong>Old meets new:</strong></font></span></h3><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="Retelling: Kenneth Branagh, pictured here in a scene after the Battle Of Agincourt, plays Henry V in the 1989 film of the same name" height="790" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2011/07/20/article-2016732-000A822C00000258-189_634x416.jpg" width="1204" /></span></strong></blockquote> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>A volunteer in French Medieval armour walks on a running machine. Historians now believe the French lost the Battle Of Agincourt because their heavy armour left them too exhausted to fight. </font><font>As they advanced across the fields of sticky mud, trampled down by the sheer volume of numbers, their breathing was restricted and tiredness kicked in quickly. </font><font>Their burden was much greater than the modern soldiers' backpack leading experts to believe that the armour played a decisive role in the 1415 battle. </font><font>The findings come after scientists from the Royal Armouries, Leeds, monitored four men, aged around 36, who carry out re-enactments using 15th century armour from different countries in Europe. </font><font>Their oxygen consumption and energy expenditure were measured as they did a range of walking and running exercises in suits weighing between 30 and 50kg. </font><font>The findings, published today in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B, showed that the net energy cost of walking was 2.1 to 2.3 times higher when wearing armour than when not wearing armour while running incurred a 1.9 times higher energy cost. </font><font>Post-Second World War soldiers can carry a similar weight but, unlike a backpack, armour with interlocking steel plates may have played a part. </font><font>Researchers from the University of Leeds found that 15th Century knights used twice as much energy as modern soldiers - solely because of the weight of their armour. </font><font>Dr Graham Askew, lead researcher from the University of Leeds, said: 'We found that carrying this kind of load spread across the body requires a lot more energy than carrying the same weight in a backpack. </font><font>'This is because, in a suit of armour, the limbs are loaded with weight, which means it takes more effort to swing them with each stride. </font><font>'If you're wearing a backpack, the weight is all in one place and swinging the limbs is easier.' </font><font>The energy costs associated with wearing armour were higher than those predicted by experiments in which loads are added to different parts of the body. </font><font>The reason may be due to the impact of armour on breathing, the study suggests.</font></b></span></p><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 1053px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="552"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><font><strong><img alt="Old meets new: A volunteer in French Medieval armour walks on a running machine. Historians now believe the French lost the Battle Of Agincourt because their heavy armour left them too exhausted to fight" height="1738" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2011/07/20/article-2016732-0D1263D900000578-460_634x891.jpg" width="1236" /></strong></font><blockquote><p><font><strong>Rather than taking deeper breaths when they exerted themselves, the four volunteers took larger numbers of shallower breaths. </strong></font><font><strong>'Being wrapped in a tight shell of armour may have made soldiers feel safe, but you feel breathless as soon as you begin to move around in medieval armour and this would likely limit a soldier's resistance to fight,' said co-author Dr Federico Formenti, from Oxford University. </strong></font><font><strong>Heavy armour may not only have contributed to the French defeat at Agincourt, but also at the Battle of Crecy in 1346, experts believe. </strong></font><font><strong>On this occasion the French knights fought the English and lost after an exhausting march lasting several days. </strong></font><font><strong>'Together with numbers and condition of soldiers, equipment availability, battle strategy and terrain, the high energetic cost of movement in armour could have contributed to the outcome of medieval battles,' the scientists wrote.</strong></font></p></blockquote></strong></font></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-align: left;"></p><blockquote style="text-align: left;"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 999px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="499"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></td><td valign="top" width="499"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:27d6aa45-c69a-4b43-9686-8ad341d566b3" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="99d0b380-2085-4ff9-919e-590a4a815fb8" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/V-N28JMGhmk&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div><br /></b></span><blockquote><p><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Retelling: Kenneth Branagh, pictured here in a scene after the Battle Of Agincourt, plays Henry V in the 1989 film of the same name</strong></font></p></blockquote></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 1062px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="375"><blockquote><p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> </b></span></p><h5><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">HOW THE BATTLE UNFOLDED</font></h5><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 800px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="400"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><span><img alt="The French lost around 10,000 men while around 112 English soldiers were killed in the battle" height="916" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2011/07/20/article-2016732-02DFB2830000044D-363_306x268.jpg" width="1046" /></span><blockquote><p><font><strong>The French lost around 10,000 men while around 112 English soldiers were killed in the battle</strong></font></p><p><font><strong>On St Crispins Day, 1415, the English army was tired and weary having marched across norhtern France on their way home, led by King Henry V.</strong></font></p></blockquote></strong></font></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>The numbers are disputed but the French far outnumbered the English on the field and should have had an easy home victory. </strong></font><font><strong>Henry deployed his fighters across a 750-yard piece of land between the woods of Tramecourt and Agincourt. </strong></font><font><strong>They had around three hours of sunlight to arrange themselves as the French waited for additional troops to arrive, blocking the return to England. </strong></font><font><strong>It was Henry that made the first move, creating long spikes to disable the French cavalry and protect his longbowmen who then launched their arrows. </strong></font><font><strong>In retaliation the mounted knights advanced on the English but it is thought their charge was too late and lacking in numbers, losing control as the arrows rained down on them and churning the ground through which the footsoldiers would then have to trudge. </strong></font><font><strong>By the time they did reach the longbowmen who had spent all their three million arrows for hand-to-hand fighting they were tired and weary as the mêlée continued until thousands of French had died or had been captured.</strong></font></span></p></blockquote></td></tr></tbody></table></blockquote></td> <td valign="top" width="552"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Researchers from the University of Leeds found that 15th Century knights used twice as much energy as modern soldiers - solely because of the weight of their armour" height="1808" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2011/07/20/article-2016732-0D1264A100000578-761_634x876.jpg" width="1308" /></strong></font></td></tr></tbody></table><blockquote><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 1062px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="375"><blockquote> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> </b></span></p></blockquote></td> <td valign="top" width="685"> <p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://farm1.staticflickr.com/21/28979647_fda3e993e7_b.jpg" /></b></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span></p><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 800px;"><tbody></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> </b></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> </b></span></p></blockquote> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font></font> </b></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font></font> </b></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> </b></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font></font> </b></span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 800px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="800"> <p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Map_Agincort.svg"><img alt="File:Map Agincort.svg" height="1072" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Map_Agincort.svg/800px-Map_Agincort.svg.png" width="1515" /></a> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>On the morning of 25 October the French were still waiting for additional troops to arrive. The </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony,_Duke_of_Brabant"><font>Duke of Brabant</font></a><font> (about 2,000 men), the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_II_of_Naples"><font>Duke of Anjou</font></a><font> (about 600 men), and the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_VI,_Duke_of_Brittany"><font>Duke of Brittany</font></a><font> (6,000 men, according to Montstrelet), were all marching to join the army. This left the French with a question of whether or not to advance towards the English.</font> <font><font>For three hours after sunrise there was no fighting. Military textbooks of the time stated "Everywhere and on all occasions that foot soldiers march against their enemy face to face, those who march lose and those who remain standing still and holding firm win". On top of this, the French were expecting thousands of men to join them if they waited. They were blocking Henry's retreat, and were perfectly happy to wait for as long as it took. There had even been a suggestion that the English would run away rather than give battle when they saw that they would be fighting so many French princes.</font></font></b></span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 699px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="349"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:21922293-1392-4667-888a-57e6f16100d6" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="8c7352bf-5b9f-49d0-bb67-1310e79b11e5" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/cgeyIYa-OMQ&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td> <td valign="top" width="349"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:d6894cb2-8c29-4103-8348-896c0f4f9938" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="ce33be3d-6780-411e-bb97-e2d892206a66" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/nvFY93WBPPY&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>Henry's men, on the other hand, were already very weary from hunger, illness and marching. Even though he knew as well as the French did that his army would perform better on the defensive, Henry was eventually forced to take a calculated risk, and move his army further forward to start the battle. This entailed pulling out the long stakes pointed outwards toward the enemy which protected the longbowmen, and abandoning his chosen position. (The use of stakes was an innovation for the English: during the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy"><font>Battle of Crécy</font></a><font>, for example, the archers were instead protected by pits and other obstacles.) If the French cavalry had charged before the stakes had been hammered back in, the result would probably have been disastrous for the English, as it was at the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Patay"><font>Battle of Patay</font></a><font>. However, the French seem to have been caught off guard by the English advance. The tightness of the terrain also seems to have restricted the planned deployment of their forces.</font> <font><font>The French had originally drawn up a battle plan that had archers and crossbowmen in front of the men-at-arms, with a cavalry force at the rear specifically designed to "fall upon the archers, and use their force to break them,"<sup> </sup>but in the event, the archers and crossbowmen were deployed <i>behind</i> and to the sides of the men-at-arms (where they seem to have played almost no part, except possibly for an initial volley of arrows at the start of the battle). The cavalry force, which could have devastated the English line if it had attacked while they moved their position, seems to have charged only <i>after</i> the initial volley of arrows from the English. It is unclear whether this is because the French were hoping the English would launch a frontal assault (and were surprised when the English instead started shooting from their new defensive position), or whether the French mounted knights simply did not react fast enough to the English advance. French chroniclers agree that when the mounted charge did come, it did not contain as many men as it should have; Gilles le Bouvier states that some had wandered off to warm themselves and others were walking or feeding their horses.</font></font> <font>In any case, within extreme bowshot from the French line (approximately 300 yards), the longbowmen dug in their stakes and then opened the engagement with a barrage of arrows.</font> </b></span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="421"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:b07651ed-afd6-4a02-8910-0953d6a90ec3" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="2d430f51-275b-4ef7-b62d-46f2c2be28c4" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/WOCMvfLjmVM&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td> <td valign="top" width="577"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:2a40871c-128d-43d5-b3a2-6f3be6fee5a4" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="413329f1-1c1d-4e6e-ac55-b2d9d866436f" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/NaMMJaQ6tw8&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <h6 style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">The French cavalry attack</font></h6> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>The French cavalry, despite being somewhat disorganised and not at full numbers, charged the longbowmen, but it was a disaster, with the French knights unable to outflank the longbowmen (because of the encroaching woodland) and unable to charge through the palings that protected the archers. </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keegan"><font>John Keegan</font></a><font> argues that the longbows' main influence on the battle was at this point: armoured only on the head, many horses would have become dangerously out of control when struck in the back or flank from the high-elevation shots used as the charge started. The effect of the mounted charge and then retreat was further to churn up the mud the French had to cross to reach the English. Juliet Barker quotes a contemporary account by a monk of </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Denis_Basilica"><font>St. Denis</font></a><font> who reports how the panicking horses also galloped back through the advancing infantry, scattering them and trampling them down in their headlong flight.The Burgundian sources similarly say that the mounted men-at-arms retreated back into the advancing French vanguard.</font> </b></span></p><h6 style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">The main French assault</font></h6> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>The constable himself led the attack of the dismounted French men-at-arms. French accounts describe their vanguard alone as containing about 5,000 men-at-arms, which would have outnumbered the English men-at-arms by more than 3 to 1, but before they could engage in hand-to-hand fighting they had to cross the muddy field under a bombardment of arrows.</font> <font><font>The plate armour of the French men-at-arms allowed them to close the 300 yards or so to the English lines while being under what the French monk of Saint Denis described as "a terrifying hail of arrow shot". However they had to lower their visors and bend their heads to avoid being shot in the face (the eye and airholes in their helmets were among the weakest points in the armour), which restricted both their breathing and their vision, and then they had to walk a few hundred yards through thick mud, wearing armour weighing 50–60 pounds.</font></font> </b></span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="499"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/King_Henry_V_at_the_Battle_of_Agincourt%2C_1415.png"><img alt="File:King Henry V at the Battle of Agincourt, 1415.png" height="1023" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/King_Henry_V_at_the_Battle_of_Agincourt%2C_1415.png" width="1781" /></a> </b></span></td> <td valign="top" width="499"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:fd3ad184-defb-4bdb-9be5-36d505f93758" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="24afc62c-5776-46b4-b8e9-2989ecbd6706" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/8B6ImGakAKk&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>According to contemporary English accounts, Henry was directly involved in the hand-to-hand fighting. Upon hearing that his youngest brother</font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey,_Duke_of_Gloucester"><font>Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester</font></a><font> had been wounded in the groin, Henry took his household guard and stood over his brother, in the front rank of the fighting, until Humphrey could be dragged to safety; the king received an axe blow to the head which knocked off a piece of the crown that formed part of his helmet.</font> </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>King Henry V at the Battle of Agincourt, 1415, by Sir </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gilbert_(painter)"><font>John Gilbert</font></a> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>The French men-at-arms reached the English line and actually pushed it back, with the longbowmen continuing to shoot until they ran out of arrows and then dropping their bows and joining the mêlée, implying that the French were able to walk through a hail of tens of thousands of arrows while taking comparatively few casualties. (Mortimer suggests "about a thousand arrows every second".<sup> </sup>Henry brought in the region of 130,000 sheaves (i.e. about three million arrows) with him from England at the start of the campaign.) However the physical pounding from thousands of non-penetrating arrows, combined with the slog in heavy armour through the mud, the heat and lack of oxygen in plate armour with the visor down, and the crush of their numbers meant they could "scarcely lift their weapons" when they finally engaged the English line. When the English archers, using </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatchet"><font><strong>hatchets</strong></font></a><font><strong>, </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword"><font><strong>swords</strong></font></a><font><strong> and other weapons, attacked the now disordered and fatigued French, the French could not cope with their unarmoured assailants (who were much less hindered by the mud). The exhausted French men-at-arms are described as having been knocked to the ground and then unable to get back up. As the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melee"><font><strong>mêlée</strong></font></a><font><strong> developed, the French second line also joined the attack, but they too were swallowed up, with the narrow terrain meaning the extra numbers could not be used effectively, and French men-at-arms were taken prisoner or killed in their thousands. The fighting lasted about three hours, but eventually the leaders of the second line were killed or captured, as those of the first line had been. The English <i>Gesta Henrici</i> describes three great heaps of the slain around the three main English standards.</strong></font></span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="499"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:c7e96fe7-3a0a-4c2c-af29-80f5e234039d" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="353757bc-eee8-4a94-9825-79399c80cfc0" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/uy7DT_FTms0&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td> <td valign="top" width="499"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:9e5a659d-eee7-477f-9436-3e40391365f2" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="8dcef460-e038-4ee5-9e5a-e1468112a3ba" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/bRtEghU-bQY&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> </b></span></p><h6 style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">The attack on the English baggage train</font></h6> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font><font>The only French success was an attack on the lightly protected English baggage train, with Ysembart d'Azincourt (leading a small number of men-at-arms and varlets plus about 600 peasants) seizing some of Henry's personal treasures, including a crown. Whether this was part of a deliberate French plan or an act of local brigandage is unclear from the sources. Certainly, d'Azincourt was a local knight but he may have been chosen to lead the attack because of his local knowledge and the lack of availability of a more senior soldier. In some accounts the attack happened towards the end of the battle, and led the English to think they were being attacked from the rear. Barker, following the <i>Gesta Henrici</i>, believed to have been written by an English chaplain who was actually in the baggage train, concludes that the attack happened at the <i>start</i> of the battle.</font></font> </b></span></p><h6 style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">Henry orders the killing of the prisoners</font></h6> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font><font>Regardless of when the baggage assault happened, there was a point after the initial English victory where Henry became alarmed that the French were regrouping for another attack. The <i>Gesta Henrici</i> puts this after the English had overcome the onslaught of the French men-at-arms, and the weary English troops were eyeing the French rearguard ("in incomparable number and still fresh"). Le Fevre and Waurin similarly say that it was signs of the French rearguard regrouping and "marching forward in battle order" which made the English think they were still in danger.</font></font> <font>In any event, Henry ordered the slaughter of what was perhaps several thousand French prisoners, with only the most illustrious being spared. His fear was that they would rearm themselves with the weapons strewn upon the field, and the exhausted English would be overwhelmed. Though ruthless, it was arguably justifiable given the situation of the battle; perhaps surprisingly, even the French chroniclers do not criticise him for this. This marked the end of the battle, as the French rearguard, having seen so many of the French nobility captured and killed, fled the battlefield.</font> </b></span></p><blockquote> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font>Why the French lost the Battle of Agincourt: Heavy armour made troops too exhausted to fight. </font><font><strong>It was a large scale medieval-day equivalent of David and Goliath. On the battlefields of Agincourt, the French outnumbered the English by up to six to one with a massive army of 36,000 soldiers. </strong></font><font><strong>Yet despite their numeric superiority, being better equipped and fighting on home turf the French could not triumph over Henry V and his 6,000 longbow archers, dismounted knights and men-at-arms. </strong></font><font><strong>They hit problems with their armour which, historians now believe, was their Achilles' heel, making them so exhausted that they were unable to fight. </strong></font><font><strong>Old meets new:</strong></font></span></h3></blockquote> <p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><img height="1278" src="http://farm1.staticflickr.com/22/28980086_401cdf933c_b.jpg" width="1654" /> </b></span></p><h3><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">French Burial Ground at Agincourt</span></h3> <h5 style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">Aftermath</font></h5> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font><font>Due to a lack of reliable sources it is impossible to give a precise figure for the French and English casualties. However, it is clear that though the English were outnumbered, their losses were far lower than those of the French. The French sources all give 4,000–10,000 French dead, with up to 1,600 English dead. The lowest ratio in these French sources has the French losing six times more men than the English. The English sources vary between about 1,500 and 11,000 for the French dead, with English dead put at no more than 100.</font></font> <font>Barker identifies from the available records "at least" 112 Englishmen who died in the fighting (including </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_of_Norwich,_2nd_Duke_of_York"><font>Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York</font></a><font>, a grandson of </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England"><font>Edward III</font></a><font>), but this excludes the wounded. One widely used estimate puts the English casualties at 450, not an insignificant number in an army of about 8,500, but far fewer than the thousands the French lost, nearly all of whom were killed or captured. Using the lowest French estimate of their own dead of 4,000 would imply a ratio of nearly 9 to 1 in favour of the English, or over 10 to 1 if the prisoners are included.</font> <font>The French suffered heavily. Three dukes, at least eight counts, a viscount and an archbishop died, along with numerous other nobles. Of the great royal office holders, France lost her Constable, Admiral, Master of the Crossbowmen and <i>prévôt</i> of the marshals. The <i>baillis</i> of nine major northern towns were killed, often along with their sons, relatives and supporters. In the words of Juliet Barker, the battle "cut a great swath through the natural leaders of French society in Artois, Ponthieu, Normandy, Picardy." Estimates of the number of prisoners vary between 700 and 2,200, amongst them the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_duc_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans"><font>Duke of Orléans</font></a><font> (the famous poet Charles d'Orléans) and </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Le_Maingre"><font>Jean Le Maingre</font></a><font> (known as Boucicault) </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_of_France"><font>Marshal of France</font></a>.<font> Almost all these prisoners would have been nobles, as the less valuable prisoners were slaughtered.</font> <font><font>Although the victory had been militarily decisive, its impact was complex. It did not lead to further English conquests immediately as Henry's priority was to return to England, which he did on 16 November, to be received in triumph in London on the 23rd. Henry returned a conquering hero, in the eyes of his subjects and European powers outside of France, blessed by God. It established the legitimacy of the Lancastrian monarchy and the future campaigns of Henry to pursue his "rights and privileges" in France. Other benefits to the English were longer term. Very quickly after the battle, the fragile truce between the Armagnac and Burgundian factions broke down. The brunt of the battle had fallen on the Armagnacs and it was they who suffered the majority of senior casualties and carried the blame for the defeat. The Burgundians seized on the opportunity and within 10 days of the battle had mustered their armies and marched on Paris. This lack of unity in France would allow Henry eighteen months to prepare militarily and politically for a renewed campaign. When that campaign took place, it was made easier by the damage done to the political and military structures of Normandy by the battle.</font></font> <font>It took several years' more campaigning, but Henry was eventually able to fulfil all his objectives. He was recognised by the French in the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Troyes"><font>Treaty of Troyes</font></a><font> (1420) as the regent and heir to the French throne. This was cemented by his marriage to </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Valois"><font>Catherine of Valois</font></a><font>, the daughter of King Charles VI.</font></b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font></font></b></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2127" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/emr6A8WaL8Q" width="2559" youtube-src-id="emr6A8WaL8Q"></iframe></font></b></span></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font><br /></font></b></span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font style="background-color: black;"><br /></font></b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font style="background-color: black;"><br /></font></b></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2016732/Why-French-lost-Battle-Agincourt-Heavy-armour-troops-exhausted-fight.html"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><strong></strong></font></a></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 800px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="400"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><img alt="A mock up of how the Daily Mail would have looked the day after the battle" height="2691" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2011/07/20/article-2016732-0038DAC900000258-365_634x814.jpg" width="2096" /> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:01ccf3fd-dc67-4aa3-ae11-3eeb53a9e317" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="1609428f-f3fc-4026-b2d1-9139ae4f09b1" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/mmh9__mI51g&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div></b></span></td> <td valign="top" width="400"> <span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:5c15ce86-ed36-4e5d-a591-bc90c60672e7" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="6215d141-47c6-4d20-9919-d1480190dbee" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/HciOc2-nOQc&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:aaa08f44-4800-4705-9f66-6ae35d3bee8c" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="3fc6e996-709d-446c-8498-3790888d0acb" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/L38pCPka5LQ&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div></b></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><img height="2089" src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2040/2046238123_e4384f8018_b.jpg" width="2097" /> </b></span></p><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 999px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="499"> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font></font></b></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1738" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/DZd4cVpmto0" width="2091" youtube-src-id="DZd4cVpmto0"></iframe></font></b></span></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font><br />The battle of Agincourt had been particularly damaging for the nobility of the region. After this battle, the English regent </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Lancaster,_1st_Duke_of_Bedford"><font>John, Duke of Bedford</font></a><font>, given the titles of </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Anjou"><font>Duke of Anjou</font></a><font> and </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counts_and_Dukes_of_Maine"><font>Count of Maine</font></a><font>, ordered a systematic conquest, though this was not effected without resistance.</font> </b></span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>At the time of this battle, in September 1423, the English force commanded by </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_la_Pole,_1st_Duke_of_Suffolk"><font>William de la Pole</font></a><font>, who had returned to </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy"><font>Normandy</font></a><font> after a pillaging expedition to Anjou and Maine, suffered a crushing defeat. </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cousinot"><font>Cousinot</font></a><font> reports that "there were great deeds of arms done" and that the English "were beaten in the field and there were fourteen to fifteen hundred killed" </font> </b></span></p><h4 style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">William Pole</font></h4> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>In the month of September 1423, Lord William de la Pole, brother of the earl of Suffolk, left Normandy with 2000 soldiers and 800 archers to go raiding in Maine and Anjou. He seized </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segr%C3%A9"><font>Segré</font></a><font>, and there mustered a huge collection of loot and a herd of 1,200 bulls and cows, before setting off to return to Normandy, taking hostages as he went.</font> </b></span></p><h4 style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">To avenge the insult</font></h4> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>Queen </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolande_of_Aragon"><font>Yolande of Aragon</font></a><font>, mother-in-law to </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France"><font>Charles VII of France</font></a><font>, who was in her town of </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angers"><font>Angers</font></a><font>, had the first thought of avenging the affront and the damage to her </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comte"><font>county</font></a><font>, and gave orders for such a mission to the most valiant of the unlucky French king's partisans, </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambroise_de_Lor%C3%A9"><font>Ambroise de Loré</font></a><font>, who had been commander of </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte-Suzanne,_Mayenne"><font>Sainte-Suzanne</font></a><font> since 1422. Knowing that </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_VIII_of_Harcourt"><font>John VIII of Harcourt</font></a><font>, count of Aumale and governor of </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touraine"><font>Touraine</font></a><font>, Anjou and Maine, was then in </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tours"><font>Tours</font></a><font> and preparing an expedition into Normandy, Amboise despatched a message to Aumale by letter. The governor came in haste to </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laval,_Mayenne"><font>Laval</font></a><font><font>, bringing the troops he had already gathered "and summoning men from all the lands he passed through".</font></font> </b></span></p><h4 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font></font> </span></h4> <h4 style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">Preparations</font></h4> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>The promptest and best-armed response came from the baron of Coulonges, whose services were accepted despite his current disgrace with the governor, who merely enjoined Coulonges not to present himself to him. This whole concentration of force was all gathered together very rapidly. D'Aumale had not yet arrived in Laval on Friday 24 September, but set off again as early as the Saturday morning, on his way to take up a position on the road to follow the English, sending scouts to keep an eye on their march and to inform him of it exactly. It was early at the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bourgneuf-la-For%C3%AAt&action=edit&redlink=1"><font>Bourgneuf-la-Forêt</font></a><font>, from which he sent word to </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_de_Laval_(1385-1466)"><font>Anne de Laval</font></a><font> at </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitr%C3%A9_(Ille-et-Vilaine)"><font>Vitré</font></a><font> "to pray her that she would send him the army of her sons, named André of Lohéac, then a young man of twelve years; which she did very willingly, and sent him to accompany it, master </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_XIV_de_Laval"><font>Guy XIV de Laval</font></a><font><font>, lord of Mont-Jean, and all the people of the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiefdom">seigneurie</a></i> of Laval, with several other of their vassals that she could recover and bring in promptly from other parts".</font></font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>Aumale then took counsel from the bastard </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_Alen%C3%A7on"><font>duke of Alençon</font></a><font>, the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_XIV_de_Laval"><font>sire de Mont-Jean</font></a><font>, </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_of_Tr%C3%A9migon&action=edit&redlink=1"><font>Louis of Trémigon</font></a><font> and </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambroise_of_Lor%C3%A9"><font>Ambroise of Loré</font></a><font>. He appraised them that the English were three leagues off and that they would pass La Brossinière, following the main road from </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"><font>Brittany</font></a><font><font>, the following Sunday morning.</font></font> </b></span></p><h4 style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">Course of the battle</font></h4> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>Two hours after the troops had been drawn up in battle order, the English scouts who were giving chase arrived and met the French skirmishers. The scouts ran them down and forced them to withdraw into the line of battle, where they stood their ground. The English could no longer pursue them, since a massed body of cavalry was in front of them, withdrawing towards the count of Aumale; they could only form an arc when the troops unmasked themselves.</font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>The English, with a long baggage train but marching in good order, dug in strongly behind defences, behind which they could retire in case of cavalry attack. Trémigon, Loré and Coulonges wanted to make an attempt on the defences, but they were too strong; they turned there and bravely attacked the English in the flank, but were broken and cornered in a large ditch. The infantry moved to the front; the convoy of carts, and troops closed up and tried to escape behind but they were unable to withstand for long.</font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>The result was a butchery in which 1,200 to 1,400 men of the English forces perished. The others, including William Pole, </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Aubourg&action=edit&redlink=1"><font>Thomas Aubourg</font></a><font> and </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cliffeton&action=edit&redlink=1"><font>Thomas Cliffeton</font></a><font>, fled, though only 120 got away. On the French side, only a single knight was lost, </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Le_Roux&action=edit&redlink=1"><font>John Le Roux</font></a><font>, and "a few others [of no title]" ("peu d'autres"). </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_of_Loh%C3%A9ac"><font>André of Lohéac</font></a><font>, the future marshal, was knighted with several of his companions. The lady of Laval had the dead buried.</font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">The victory was a happy augury for the start of Charles VII's reign, and remains a glorious memory for the French</strong></font></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></font></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1724" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/_-oPpJ2lVQM" width="2074" youtube-src-id="_-oPpJ2lVQM"></iframe></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></td> <td valign="top" width="499"> <span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:f781c466-6d02-4183-9665-a0e7537396ae" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="75990b33-ccce-4569-8a35-3db82b16034b" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/ktzGn0GvWVA&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:ca3e313a-73f3-462c-9dd2-c94af4000481" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="4313ae8b-d669-4fc0-a6bb-8765a3d04bc7" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/eQZGvxM_Dq0&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div><br /><br /> </b></span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>The <i>Chemin de Cocaigne</i> was a </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallo-Roman"><font>Gallo-Roman</font></a><font> way restored under the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingians"><font>Carolingians</font></a><font>, that linked the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotentin"><font>Cotentin</font></a><font> peninsula of what would become </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy"><font>Normandy</font></a><font>, skirted </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"><font>Brittany</font></a><font> and ran eventually beyond </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquitaine"><font>Aquitaine</font></a><font> to the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gascogne"><font>Gascogne</font></a><font> in the southwest. The section called the <i>chemin gravelais</i> ("gravelled road") linked Normandy and </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjou"><font>Anjou</font></a><font>. The route was alluded to as the <i>chemin du Roy</i> (the "King's road") in a document of 1454. For pilgrims to </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela"><font>Santiago de Compostela</font></a><font> it was one of the feeder routes leading to </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitiers"><font>Poitiers</font></a><font>, where it joined the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Way_of_St_James"><font>Way of St James</font></a><font> beyond the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrenees"><font>Pyrenees</font></a><font>.</font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>This route, the only route that was fit for wheeled vehicles, was a long-range commercial link that gained strategic significance in wartime; where it crossed </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgon"><font>Bourgon</font></a><font> at the meadow of Le Pavement, the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_La_Brossini%C3%A8re"><font>Battle of La Brossinière</font></a><font> was fought along the <i>chemin</i> in September 1423, a victory for French in the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War"><font>Hundred Years' War</font></a><font>; the English forces were forced to abandon their baggage train, which had dictated their course with its heavily laden wagons.</font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>Parts of the route may be traced today from the north to south,<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-0">[1]</a></sup> starting from the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayenne"><font>département de la Mayenne</font></a><font>. Even where the road was ploughed up centuries ago, some </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponym"><font>toponyms</font></a><font> may still reveal its former passage. South of La Gravelle the route passed through Le Prtre, near which the hamlets of Saint-Cyr-le-Gravelais (1 km) and Ruillé-le-Gravelais (5.3 km) record the passage of the route, which still may be traced on a paved secondary route leading due south of Le Pertre to the crossroads at Saint-Poix. Two kilometers southeast of </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loroux&action=edit&redlink=1"><font>Loroux</font></a><font>, a place that still bears the name of <i>le Carrefour</i> appears to indicate the intersection with a way that led from </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carhaix"><font>Carhaix</font></a><font> to </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisieux"><font>Lisieux</font></a><font>. The village of <i>La Pellerine</i> recalls the throngs of strangers who passed as pilgrims; half a kilometer to the south is La Gascoignerie, recalling the route's southern destination. Often way-stations sited where roads intersected the main route bear names that indicated the side road's destination.</font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>The <i>Chemin de Cocaigne</i> still marks sections of the boundary between the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9partement"><font><strong>départements</strong></font></a><font><strong> of </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayenne"><font><strong>Mayenne</strong></font></a><font><strong> and </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ille-et-Vilaine"><font><strong>Ille-et-Vilaine</strong></font></a><font><strong>, for example the nine-kilometer stretch between Bourgon and the Forêt du Pertre, which formed a buffer in the Middle Ages between Mayenne and </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"><font><strong>Brittany</strong></font></a></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> </b></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> </b></span></p> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:d99ab13c-3067-415d-b2cd-aee828cde165" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="3067904e-51a6-4d03-a026-8e3858950feb" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/1qfns_aLrNY&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div><p></p><p></p><p></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong></strong></font></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong><br /></strong></font></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong><br />France was full of rovers--disbanded soldiers ready for anything that might turn up. Several times, at intervals, when Joan's dull captivity grew too heavy to bear, she was allowed to gather a troop of cavalry and make a health-restoring dash against the enemy. These things were a bath to her spirits. <br /> It was like old times, there at Saint-Pierre-le-Moutier, to see her lead assault after assault, be driven back again and again, but always rally and charge anew, all in a blaze of eagerness and delight; till at last the tempest of missiles rained so intolerably thick that old D'Aulon, who was wounded, sounded the retreat (for the King had charged him on his head to let no harm come to Joan); and away everybody rushed after him--as he supposed; but when he turned and looked, there were we of the staff still hammering away; wherefore he rode back and urged her to come, saying she was mad to stay there with only a dozen men. Her eye danced merrily, and she turned upon him crying out: <br /> "A dozen men! name of God, I have fifty-thousand, and will never budge till this place is taken! <br /> "Sound the charge!" <br /> Which he did, and over the walls we went, and the fortress was ours. Old D'Aulon thought her mind was wandering; but all she meant was, that she felt the might of fifty thousand men surging in her heart. It was a fanciful expression; but, to my thinking, truer word was never said.</strong></font></span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong></strong></font></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2120" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/whUe0ulBWy8" width="2549" youtube-src-id="whUe0ulBWy8"></iframe></strong></font></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong><br /></strong></font></span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong><br /></strong></font></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong><br /> Then there was the affair near Lagny, where we charged the intrenched Burgundians through the open field four times, the last time victoriously; the best prize of it Franquet d'Arras, the free-booter and pitiless scourge of the region roundabout. <br /></strong></font><a name="compiegne"><font><strong>Now and then</strong></font></a><font><strong> other such affairs; and at last, away toward the end of May, 1430, we were in the neighborhood of Compiegne, and Joan resolved to go to the help of that place, which was being besieged by the Duke of Burgundy. <br /> I had been wounded lately, and was not able to ride without help; but the good Dwarf took me on behind him, and I held on to him and was safe enough. We started at midnight, in a sullen downpour of warm rain, and went slowly and softly and in dead silence, for we had to slip through the enemy's lines. We were challenged only once; we made no answer, but held our breath and crept steadily and stealthily along, and got through without any accident. About three or half past we reached Compiegne, just as the gray dawn was breaking in the east. <br /> Joan set to work at once, and concerted a plan with Guillaume de Flavy, captain of the city--a plan for a sortie toward evening against the enemy, who was posted in three bodies on the other side of the Oise, in the level plain. From our side one of the city gates communicated with a bridge. The end of this bridge was defended on the other side of the river by one of those fortresses called a boulevard; and this boulevard also commanded a raised road, which stretched from its front across the plain to the village of Marguy. A force of Burgundians occupied Marguy; another was camped at Clairoix, a couple of miles above the raised road; and a body of English was holding Venette, a mile and a half below it. A kind of bow-and-arrow arrangement, you see; the causeway the arrow, the boulevard at the feather-end of it, Marguy at the barb, Venette at one end of the bow, Clairoix at the other. <br /> Joan's plan was to go straight per causeway against Marguy, carry it by assault, then turn swiftly upon Clairoix, up to the right, and capture that camp in the same way, then face to the rear and be ready for heavy work, for the Duke of Burgundy lay behind Clairoix with a reserve. Flavy's lieutenant, with archers and the artillery of the boulevard, was to keep the English troops from coming up from below and seizing the causeway and cutting off Joan's retreat in case she should have to make one. Also, a fleet of covered boats was to be stationed near the boulevard as an additional help in case a retreat should become necessary.</strong></font></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong><br /></strong></font></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong><br /> It was the 24th of May. At four in the afternoon Joan moved out at the head of six hundred cavalry--on her last march in this life! <br /> It breaks my heart. I had got myself helped up onto the walls, and from there I saw much that happened, the rest was told me long afterward by our two knights and other eye-witnesses. Joan crossed the bridge, and soon left the boulevard behind her and went skimming away over the raised road with her horsemen clattering at her heels. She had on a brilliant silver-gilt cape over her armor, and I could see it flap and flare and rise and fall like a little patch of white flame. <br /> It was a bright day, and one could see far and wide over that plain. Soon we saw the English force advancing, swiftly and in handsome order, the sunlight flashing from its arms. <br /> Joan crashed into the Burgundians at Marguy and was repulsed. Then she saw the other Burgundians moving down from Clairoix. Joan rallied her men and charged again, and was again rolled back. Two assaults occupy a good deal of time--and time was precious here. The English were approaching the road now from Venette, but the boulevard opened fire on them and they were checked. Joan heartened her men with inspiring words and led them to the charge again in great style. This time she carried Marguy with a hurrah. Then she turned at once to the right and plunged into the plan and struck the Clairoix force, which was just arriving; then there was heavy work, and plenty of it, the two armies hurling each other backward turn about and about, and victory inclining first to the one, then to the other. Now all of a sudden thee was a panic on our side. Some say one thing caused it, some another. Some say the cannonade made our front ranks think retreat was being cut off by the English, some say the rear ranks got the idea that Joan was killed. Anyway our men broke, and went flying in a wild rout for the causeway. Joan tried to rally them and face them around, crying to them that victory was sure, but it did no good, they divided and swept by her like a wave. Old D'Aulon begged her to retreat while there was yet a chance for safety, but she refused; so he seized her horse's bridle and bore her along with the wreck and ruin in spite of herself. And so along the causeway they came swarming, that wild confusion of frenzied men and horses--and the artillery had to stop firing, of course; consequently the English and Burgundians closed in in safety, the former in front, the latter behind their prey. Clear to the boulevard the French were washed in this enveloping inundation; and there, cornered in an angle formed by the flank of the boulevard and the slope of the causeway, they bravely fought a hopeless fight, and sank down one by one. <br /> Flavy, watching from the city wall, ordered the gate to be closed and the drawbridge raised. This shut Joan out. The little personal guard around her thinned swiftly. Both of our good knights went down disabled; Joan's two brothers fell wounded; then Noel Rainguesson--all wounded while loyally sheltering Joan from blows aimed at her. When only the Dwarf and the Paladin were left, they would not give up, but stood their ground stoutly, a pair of steel towers streaked and splashed with blood; and where the ax of one fell, and the sword of the other, an enemy gasped and died. <br /> And so fighting, and loyal to their duty to the last, good simple souls, they came to their honorable end. Peace to their memories! they were very dear to me. <br /> Then there was a cheer and a rush, and Joan, still defiant, still laying about her with her sword, was seized by her cape and dragged from her horse. She was borne away a prisoner to the Duke of Burgundy's camp, and after her followed the victorious army roaring its joy.</strong></font></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong></strong></font></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2021" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/XqUTbQcrBeQ" width="2432" youtube-src-id="XqUTbQcrBeQ"></iframe></strong></font></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong><br /></strong></font></span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong><br /></strong></font></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong><br /> The awful news started instantly on its round; from lip to lip it flew; and wherever it came it struck the people as with a sort of paralysis; and they murmured over and over again, as if they were talking to themselves, or in their sleep, "The Maid of Orleans taken! . . . Joan of Arc a prisoner! . . . the savior of France lost to us!"--and would keep saying that over, as if they couldn't understand how it could be, or how God could permit it, poor creatures! <br /> You know what a city is like when it is hung from eaves to pavement with rustling black? Then you know what Rouse was like, and some other cities. But can any man tell you what the mourning in the hearts of the peasantry of France was like? No, nobody can tell you that, and, poor dumb things, they could not have told you themselves, but it was there--indeed, yes. Why, it was the spirit of a whole nation hung with crape! <br /> The 24th of May. We will draw down the curtain now upon the most strange, and pathetic, and wonderful military drama that has been played upon the stage of the world. </strong></font><a href="http://www.maidofheaven.com/"><font><strong>Joan of Arc</strong></font></a><font><strong> will march no more. </strong></font></span></p> <div class="blogger-post-footer">http://<script async="async" src="http://jd.revolvermaps.com/2/1.js?i=3wd8fayvo9r&s=220&m=0&v=true&r=false&b=000000&n=false&c=ff0000" type="text/javascript"></script></div> <p></p><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript" src="//ra.revolvermaps.com/0/0/6.js?i=00bo1v8as3p&m=0&s=341&c=ff0000&cr1=ffffff&f=arial&l=0&bv=80" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3736852641690443895.post-21300000384185759222023-08-15T14:22:00.001-07:002023-09-27T14:22:44.879-07:00<p> </p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2348" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Dx-IPDlxblw" width="2827" youtube-src-id="Dx-IPDlxblw"></iframe></div><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="article-head-main" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(218, 218, 218); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 20px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="1602" src="https://images.summitmedia-digital.com/esquiremagph/images/2021/04/27/Esquire_Emilio-Aguinaldo_main.jpg" width="2847" /><div class="main-image-credits" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 16px; margin: 2px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face="libre franklin, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #999999;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">ILL</span></span></div><div class="main-image-credits" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 16px; margin: 2px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></div><div class="main-image-credits" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 16px; margin: 2px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></div><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><b style="background-color: black;">THE FAILURE OF THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION MADE BY THE TRAITOROUS JEALOUSY OF EMILIO </b></span><b style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">A</b><b style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">GUINALDO</b></span></h1><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The Philippine Revolution 1898</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">2. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#2">The Revolution began</a> in 1896 and really ended only in 1901. At first it was a war of independence against the SPAIN.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">3. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#3">The Revolution Begins </a> After the discovery of the katipunan, Bonifacio gathered his men in the hills of balintawak. August 26, 1896, the fiery Bonifacio stopped all the talking. “there is no other way,” he told them, “enough is enough!”</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">4. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#4">Causes of the</a> Revolution the abuses of Spanish officials and priests Persecution of Filipino leaders who defended the rights of their fellow countrymen Filipinos desire to regain their independence Discovery of the Katipunan and Bonifacio’s call for revolution</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">5. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#5">The Discovery of</a> the Katipunan Father Mariano Gil was the parish curate of Tondo Manila.He was one of the friars who had earlier warned the Spanish civil authorities about the existence of a secret society. He immediately rushed to the headquarters of the Manila Police.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">6. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#6">The Cry of</a> Pugadlawin Bonifacio wanted the wealthy Filipinos to help finance the Katipunan in its struggle to free the country from Spain .He ordered some of his trusted men to approach the rich Filipinos Like Francisco Roxas.Some refused to help the Katipunan,with a few exceptions like the physician ,Dr. Pio Valenzuela</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">7. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#7">The Cry of</a> Pugadlawin Bonifacio decided to move to Balintawak.He ordered his “Runners” to inform all Katipuneros that there would be a meeting in Balintawak with about 500 Katipuneros . This event which happened on Aug 23,is known as the Cry of Pugadlawin.It symbolized the determination of the Filipinos to fight for independence even unto death</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">8. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#8">The Fighting Begins </a> Bonifacio advised his men to retreat to another sitio called Pasong Tamo.The rebels,believing their weapons were inferior to those of the civil guards,also retreated towards Balara, From here they proceeded to Marikina and on to Hagdang Bato.On Aug 28,Bonifacio issued a manifesto telling the people to take up the Filipino cause.He also set the attack on the city of Manila for Aug 29,1896</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2262" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/0hfc_4Zo_Ik" width="2721" youtube-src-id="0hfc_4Zo_Ik"></iframe></div><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">9. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#9">Martial Law The</a> first shots of the Philippine Revolution were fired the next day between several Katipuneros and a patrol of Spanish civil guards. That happened in the sitio of Pasong Tamo in Kalookan. However, the first real battle of the revolution took place on August 30, 1896. Bonifacio, with about 800 Katipuneros, attacked the Spanish arsenal in San Juan del Monte, which is now the municipality of San Juan in Metro Manila. The Spaniards were outnumbered and weak. But reinforcements turned the tide in their favor. The Katipuneros were forced to retreat. They left more than 150 Katipuneros dead and many more captured. The revolution spread to several Luzon provinces nearby. This prompted Governor-General Ramon Blanco to place the first eight provinces to revolt against Spanish sovereignty under martial law. They were Manila, Laguna, Bulacan, Batangas, Cavite, Pampanga, Tarlac, and Nueva Ecija.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">10. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#10">Martial Law Governor-General</a> Blanco also included in the decree the condition that anyone who would surrender within 48 hours after its publication would not be tried in military courts. Some Katipuneros were duped into surrendering, only to be subjected to torture. Due to torture, some Katipuneros revealed the names of some of the other Katipuneros. Hundreds of suspects were arrested and imprisoned. Those from the provinces were brought to Manila. Fort Santiago became so crowded that many Filipinos who were thrown there for suspicion of involvement in the revolution were suffocated to death. Hundreds of heads of families were transported to the Carolines or to the Spanish penal colony in faraway Africa.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">11. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#11">Aguinaldo and Filipinos</a> victory The greatest victory in battle of the Filipino was won by Emilio Aguinaldo in the battle of Binakayan, Cavite on November 9 to 11, 1896 The Filipinos freedom fighters fought with crude weapons; bolos, clubs, stones, bamboo spears, old muskets, and homemade guns (paltik).</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">12. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#12">Emilio Aguinaldo At</a> 17 years old, he was elected a barangay head (cabeza de barangay) At 26 years old he became the captain (municipal mayor) of Kawit, like his late father He was also elected as a President of the first Revolutionary Government by the Tejeros Assembly</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">13. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#13"> On November</a> 1, 1897, Aguinaldo was again elected President of the Biak-na- bato Republic. On June 23,1898 to January 23, 1899 he became president of the second revolutionary Government. January 23, 1899 he became president of the first Philippine Republic President Aguinaldo was captured by the Americans at Palawan, Isabela on March 23, 1901.He surrendered and the Philippine became a colony of the United states</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">14. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#14"> Hilaria del</a> Rosario-The first wife of Aguinaldo. They had seven children. After his first wife died, he married Maria Agoncillo. President Aguinaldo died at the Veterans Hospital in Quezon City on February 6, 1964, at the age of 95. His mansion at Kawit Cavite is now a national shrine.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">15. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#15">Melchora Aquino Melchora'</a> Aquino de Ramos (January 6, 1812 – March 2, 1919) was a Filipina revolutionary who became known as "Tandang Sora" ("Elder Sora") because of her age. She is also known as the "Grand Woman of the Revolution" and the "Mother of Balintawak" for her contributions.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">16. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#16">Rizal Execution</a></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0000ee; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><u><br /></u></b></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#16"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2271" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/496uMSaDa0U" width="2732" youtube-src-id="496uMSaDa0U"></iframe></div><br /></a></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">17. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#17">•Tejeros Assembly On</a> March 22, 1897, the Magdiwang and Magdalo councils met once more, this time at the friar estate house in Tejeros, a barrio of San Francisco de Malabon. This convention proved even stormier than the Imus meeting and, as in Imus, the declared objective of the meeting was not even discussed. According to Jacinto Lumbreras, a Magdiwang and first presiding officer of the Tejeros convention, the meeting had been called to adopt measure for the defense of Cavite. Again this subject was not discussed, and instead, the assembled leaders, including the Magdiwangs, decided to elect the officers of the revolutionary government, thus unceremoniously discarding the Supreme Council of the Katipunan under whose standard the people had been fighting and would continue to fight.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">18. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#18">Another Meeting at</a> Tejeros Aguinaldo, who was at Pasong Santol, a barrio of Dasmariñas, was notified the following day of his election to the Presidency. At first, he refused to leave his men who were preparing to fight the enemy, but his elder brother, Crispulo Aguinaldo, persuaded him to take the oath of office, promising to take his place and would not allow the enemy to overrun the place without dying in its defense. Aguinaldo then acceded to his brother's request and proceeded to Santa Cruz del Malabon (now Tanza), where he and the others elected the previous day, with the exception of Bonifacio, took their oath of office.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">19. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#19"> Meanwhile, Bonifacio</a> and his men, numbering forty-five, again met at the estate-house of Tejeros on March 23. All of them felt bad about the results of the previous day's proceedings, for they believed that anomalies were committed during the balloting. Convinced that the election held was invalid, they drew up a document, now called the Acta de Tejeros, in which they gave their reasons for not adopting the results of the convention held the previous day. From Tejeros, Bonifacio and his men proceeded to Naik in order to be as far as possible from Magdalo men who, they thought, were responsible for the commission of anomalies during the Tejeros election. Aguinaldo, wanting to bring back Bonifacio to the fold, sent a delegation to him to persuade him to cooperate with the newly constituted government. But Bonifacio refused to return to the revolutionary fold headed by Aguinaldo.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">20. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#20">The Naik Military</a> Agreement Bonifacio's anger over what he considered an irregular election and the insult heaped on him by Daniel Tirona, a Magdalo, rankled for long. At Naik, they drew up another document in which they resolved to establish a government independent of, and separate from, that established at Tejeros. An army was to be organized "by persuasion or force" and a military commander of their own choice was to take command of it. Among the forty-one men who signed it were Bonifacio, Artemio Ricarte, Pio del Pilar and Severino de las Alas. The document posed a potential danger to the cause of the Revolution, for it meant a definite split in the ranks of the revolutionists and an almost certain defeat in the face of a united and well-armed enemy.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">21. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#21">The Execution of</a> Bonifacio</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">22. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#22">The Government of</a> Central Luzon</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">23. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#23">The Biak-na-bato Republic </a> Maragondon, Cavite, became the new rebel capital after the Spanish forces had captured Naic. However, many of the Spanish soldiers had just arrived from Spain and they suffered greatly from the tropical climate. General Camilo de Polavieja requested that he be relieved as governor-general. On April 23, 1897, he was replaced by former governor-general of the Philippines, Fernando Primo de Rivera. Against Primo de Rivera, Aguinaldo and his men were forced to retreat to Batangas Province by Spanish forces. The Spaniards gained control of practically the whole of Cavite. Thus, Primo de Rivera extended a decree granting pardon for those Filipinos surrendering beyond the initial deadline of May 17. There were some Filipinos who took advantage, but the others continued their fight.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">24. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#24">The Biak-na-bato Republic </a> After the death of Bonifacio, the revolutionary went from bad to worse for thefilipinos. Lasted only a short time, from November 1 to December 30, 1897. Aguinaldo was again elected as President of the biaknabato Republic</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">25. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#25">Pact of Biak-na-Bato </a> The Pact of Biak-na-Bato, signed on December 14, 1897, created a truce between Spanish colonial Governor-GeneralFernando Primo de Rivera and the revolutionary leader Emilio Aguinaldo to end the Philippine Revolution. Aguinaldo and his fellow revolutionaries were given amnesty and monetary indemnity by the Spanish Government, in return for which the revolutionary government would go into exile in Hong Kong. Aguinaldo had decided to use the money to purchase advance firearms and ammunition later on return to the archipelago</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">26. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#26">The Filipino negotiators</a> for the Pact of Biak-na- Bato. Seated from left to right: Pedro Paterno and Emilio Aguinaldo with five companions</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2263" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/SYWo6FoVacY" width="2723" youtube-src-id="SYWo6FoVacY"></iframe></div><br /><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">27. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#27">The Failure of</a> the Truce The death of Bonifacio was a turning point in the Revolution. The stewardship of the Revolution was left to Aguinaldo and the elite. But the Filipinos and the Spaniards faced a long haul. Aguinaldo’s troops were being routed in Cavite and, thus, his revolutionary government moved to the more secluded Biak-na- Bato in Bulacan. At this time, Aguinaldo’s commitment to the revolutionary cause became suspect. His military advisers persuaded him to issue a declaration that his Biak-na-Bato government was willing to return to the fold of law as soon as Spain granted political reforms. These reforms included the expulsion of the hated Spanish friars and the return of lands they appropriated from the Filipinos; Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes; freedom of the press and religious tolerance; equality in treatment and payment for both peninsular and insular civil servants; and equality for all before the law. This pronouncement by Aguinaldo proved that he and the ilustrados were willing to return to the Spanish fold provided there were reforms and the ilustrado interests were met.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">28. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#28"> The standoff</a> in the battlefield prompted both sides to agree to an armistice. The Truce of Biak-na-Bato stipulated that Spain would pay financial remuneration to the Filipino revolutionaries in exchange for the surrender of arms and the voluntary exile abroad of Aguinaldo and the other leaders. Toward the end of December 1898, Aguinaldo and the other revolutionary leaders went into voluntary exile in Hong Kong and they were given the initial sum of 400,000 pesos, most of which were deposited in a Hongkong bank and used later on to purchase more weapons. Distrust on both sides resulted in the failure of the truce. Both sides were only biding time until they could launch another offensive.</b></span><b style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large;">!<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2269" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/O7Y_wX3czfg" width="2730" youtube-src-id="O7Y_wX3czfg"></iframe></div><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large;"><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large;"><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><b style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2325" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/eUeKsjD35Ko" width="2798" youtube-src-id="eUeKsjD35Ko"></iframe></div><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large;"><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large;"><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2324" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/YByQ5GdowxY" width="2795" youtube-src-id="YByQ5GdowxY"></iframe></div><br /></div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript" src="//ra.revolvermaps.com/0/0/6.js?i=00bo1v8as3p&m=0&s=341&c=ff0000&cr1=ffffff&f=arial&l=0&bv=80" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3736852641690443895.post-24386134548540522152023-08-15T00:45:00.001-07:002023-09-27T00:45:25.855-07:00<p> </p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2334" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ydnC9JERczw" width="2808" youtube-src-id="ydnC9JERczw"></iframe></div><center><h1><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></h1><h1><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></h1><h1><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Summary Of The Bush Crime Family History</span></span></h1><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2320" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/jAD8T_ajvbg" width="2788" youtube-src-id="jAD8T_ajvbg"></iframe></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div></center><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">For any civilized endeavor to maintain its civility, there must be enforceable laws and/or rules; without which, there is anarchy. So, as we find ourselves struggling to regain our lost freedoms, perhaps we should take <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4YFBzjlFuFQ" target="first_window">a strategic review of how we arrived at this alarming state</a>, honestly apprise our current status, and as we depart from yet another major election, cast about for viable options for now as well as the foreseeable future.</span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Any objective observer with the barest awareness of contemporary history should be able to readily trace the rise of this powerful movement that has taken control of the reins of power in the United States. The most blatant initial historical record is when <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hTdx6vEUtIA&list=PLA30A900B0B8CFE15" target="first_window">Grandpa Prescott Bush and some of his cronies</a> tried to entice <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7NiQ38DW7gA" target="first_window">General Smedley Butler</a> to muster enough World War I veterans to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Plot" target="first_window">take over the Presidency of The United States in 1933</a>. Then again, in 1942 (a year after the U.S. joined World War II), <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=333&v=kBKMN-pdp6M" target="first_window">Prescott Bush</a> and this same cabal -- in their drive toward fascism -- were finally forced by the "<a href="http://www.tarpley.net/bush2.htm" target="first_window">Trading With the Enemy Act</a>" to terminate <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/sep/25/usa.secondworldwar">their extensive business dealings with Hitler</a>.</span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2378" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/crf7A7x-qC8" width="2858" youtube-src-id="crf7A7x-qC8"></iframe></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">After WWII, this American branch of the Nazis didn't lose the war, they just transformed the battleground. They expanded their <a href="http://www.brasschecktv.com/page/263.html">"connections" with Hitler's intelligence networks</a> from The War into the formation of our own CIA. It is also this same group that President Eisenhower opaquely identified as the "<a href="http://military.wikia.com/wiki/Military%C3%90industrial_complex" target="first_window">Military Industrial Complex</a>," in his dark farewell speech to us. Later, it was Poppy George H.W. Bush who sat on a boat (named Barbara) off-shore and directed the Cuban Bay Of Pigs fiasco. As a direct consequence of that largely unsolicited action, John Kennedy banished him and his CIA brothers from his administration, albeit only temporarily, as George H.W. Bush, then <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/11/us/63-fbi-memo-ties-bush-to-intelligence-agency.html" target="first_window">an active CIA agent,</a> was later <a href="http://tomflocco.com/fs/FbiMemoPhotoLinkBushJfk.htm" target="first_window">photographed in Dealey Plaza</a> that sunny November day in 1963.</span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2310" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/RMSNUX3n6yA" width="2779" youtube-src-id="RMSNUX3n6yA"></iframe></span></b></div><p><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></p><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><p><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></p><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">From FDR to today, <a href="http://www.communitycurrency.org/BushCrimeFamily.html" target="first_window">the Bush Crime Family</a> and their fixated core of <a href="http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article3995.htm" target="first_window">corporate fascists</a> have, using <a href="http://www.sonic.net/~taryfast/us.html">unbridled corporate power</a>, been tightening their grip on the throats of the American political, legal, <a href="http://www.proliberty.com/observer/20070119.htm" target="first_window">economic</a> and <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3SV_mvc4zKw&feature=related" target="first_window">media systems</a> -- as the following excerpt from the <a first_window="" href="http://www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php?az=show_topic&forum=132&topic_id=741764">Democratic Underground</a> so well outlines:</span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">"A Pocket History of the Bush Organized Crime Family Crime Line</span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Hitler's "Angel" -- Prescott Bush and his Wall Street cronies <a href="http://www.bartcop.com/421102.htm" target="first_window">helped finance and arm the Third Reich.</a>* Some continued trading with the enemy even after Germany declared war on America.</span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Bay of Pigs -- Bush the Oilman and his Cuban and Mafia friends raise hell in Miami, New Orleans and Houston. Nice fellahs. LBJ called their organization "A regular Murder Inc in the Caribbean."</span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2219" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/bUMHe0X78xE" width="2669" youtube-src-id="bUMHe0X78xE"></iframe></span></b></div><p><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></p><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://whowhatwhy.org/2013/10/02/bush-and-the-jfk-hit-part-3-where-was-poppy-november-22-1963/" target="first_window">22 November 1963, Dallas</a>* -- George DeMohrenschildt the "White Russian geologist" is friends with both Lee Harvey Oswald and George Herbert Walker Bush. Small world, as the coincidences get bigger. Almost 40 years later, FBI memos surface that detail how George Herbert Walker Bush fingered a young conservative the day of the assassination and "Mr. George Bush of the Central Intelligence Agency" cleared the anti-Castro Cubans in Miami days later.</span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Vietnam -- OK for poor kids to fight an illegal war started over the phony Gulf of Tonkin Incident, just as long as "W," the drunken coke-whore dim son, "destined" to become preznit some day, or the rest of his rich frat brothers don't have to go. Meanwhile Poppy's rich friends became very, very, very rich.</span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Watergate -- Nixon was willing to throw anyone and everyone to the wolves -- except George Herbert Walker Bush and "The Texans" because "They'll do anything for our side." Gee. Would "murder" qualify as "anything." Think so, especially seeing how Nixon got the ziggy and Bush ended up in the clear.</span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">October Surprise -- Carter probably would've beaten Reagan, but Bush and his buddies in INTEL and the military-industrial complex cut a deal with the Ayatollah to hold the hostages clear through the election. On inauguration day, they got to leave Tehran. A couple of weeks later, Israel starts sending US-supplied weapons. It proves so "profitable," that Ollie North cuts out the Israelis and decides to sell them US-direct.</span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Reagan survives assassination attempt --Just a couple of months after Reagan is sworn in, Reagan is ALMOST taken out and Bush stood ready to take charge. His son Neil was ready to have dinner that night with John Hinckley's brother, Scott. Odd how these "One Degree of Separation" coincidences always happen to Poppy.</span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">INSLAW/Promis -- The turd Ed Meese and cronies stole software that enabled the Justice Department to track criminal prosecutions, had their INTEL buddies add a trap door, and then sold it around the world, making it possible to track what every BFEE-connected dictator or friend from Saddam to d'Aubission is up to -- in FreedomŠ's name.</span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Iraq-gate / Banca Nazionale del Lavoro arms -- Just how do you think Iraq managed to run its war against Iran for all those years? Saddam had to be getting juice from somebody, so they found a low-level banker in Miami to take the fall. US taxpayers floated Saddam $5 billion in loans. Meanwhile the Iran-Iraq war is prolonged by years and several hundreds of thousands of lives are lost.</span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">BCCI International Money Laundering for Terrorists & Intelligence Community -- The terrorists' favorite bank, used by among others Abu Nidhal, Osama bin Laden, Ollie North, CIA, SIS and KGB. The Reagan and Bush administrations and friends on both sides of the aisle in Congress did all they could to keep it open. John Kerry got it shut down.</span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.brasschecktv.com/page/411.html" target="first_window">Savings & Loan Scandal</a> -- Legalized robbery in the form of "loans" made to the politically connected, Mafia and INTEL-huggers. Odd how even Neil Bush, who made millions while Silverado, the S&L he helped direct, lost billions in bad loans to Bush cronies, never spent a day in jail. Kid from Detroit steals a pair of shoes from the mall and it's OK to shoot him dead. Meanwhile, after the bailout "fixes" everything, Poppy's very, very, very rich friends become ultra-rich.</span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Iran-Contra -- Neo-con Michael Ledeen, Munacher Ghorbanifar and Adnan Khashoggi bend over backward to sell arms the Ayatollah and use the profits to arm the terrorist Contras. Most of the players should be in prison, but, thanks to Poppy's pardon, remain free to roam the streets, let alone corridors of power, and continue the terror.</span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Arbusto, HARKEN, Spectrum-7, Aloha -- Every company the crazy monkey's ever touched, he's run into the ground. Yet Poppy's family and friends, including James R Bath, the bin Mahfouz and bin Ladens, always help him out. No wonder the dim bulb went off thinking of ENRON, Kenny Boy and all the possibilities.</span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Gulf War I -- Poppy Bush gives April Glaspie the signal to greenlight Saddam's "border dispute" and push into Kuwait. No wonder Saddam felt betrayed when Cheney ordered the extermination of tens of thousands of fleeing Iraqi conscripts heading north on the "Highway of Death." Meanwhile, Poppy's ultra-rich friends become ultra-ultra-ultra rich.</span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Selection 2000 Shreds US Constitution -- After fixing things up so that 70,000 likely Democratic votes and voters are turned away or disenfranchised, the 2000 Florida Presidential "election" results in a "tie." Associate Justice Antonin Scalia gets the idea that maybe the GOP-packed Supreme Court should grant petitioner George W Bush's request for taking the Oval Office, anyway. Someone on DU wrote: "You don't steal elections to do good things." Prophetic words, those.</span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2080" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/g8fnVPcTrwQ" width="2502" youtube-src-id="g8fnVPcTrwQ"></iframe></span></b></div><p><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></p><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">ENRON Energy Policy -- Sneering Dick Cheney meets with Kenny Boy Lay to discuss ways of helping ENRON rip-off California and the rest of America. There were others there, like Chevron and EXXON, because they need oil, too. Besides, the ultra-, ultra-, ultra-rich can never have enough.</span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">9-11 -- After ignoring the warnings of outgoing President Bill Clinton, former National Security Advisor Sandy Berger, anti-Terror Chief Richard Clarke, and Director of Central Intelligence George Tenet, George W Bush ignores a report titled "Bin Laden Determined to Strike in the U.S." A month later, 3,000 innocent people are murdered. Two ways of looking at this one: 1.) Criminal Negligence, at best; 2.) Treason, most likely.</span></b></p><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Gulf War II -- George W Bush, Sneer, and most of "the bureaucracy" make a case for going to war in Iraq, stating there are clear-cut connections between <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Yx9NRX37SM" target="first_window">9-11</a>* and Saddam Hussein, who planned to use his arsenal of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons on America. (So far, the only bioweapon used on America was Anthrax that came from a US Army lab grown from a batch of the University of Iowa Strain.) Anwyay, it's not really odd to see how attacking Iraq was the Administration's number 1 priority, according to former Treasury Secretary Paul O'Neill and anti-Terror Chief Richard Clarke, from January 2001. The reason? There's money to be made there and power to be gained at home."(end of excerpt)</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2036" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/qmIMCx5F-_w" width="2449" youtube-src-id="qmIMCx5F-_w"></iframe></div><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">So much for <a href="http://www.spingola.com/Bush_Family_Project.htm" target="first_window">a historical perspective</a>; where do we currently stand? Well, our <a first_window="" href="http://www.pbs.org/moyers/journal/12212007/watch2.html">political, legal, governmental,</a> military and medical systems as well as our unions have all been thoroughly compromised. <a href="http://www.brasschecktv.com/page/291.html" target="first_window">Financially</a>, since <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_public_debt" target="first_window">we are deeply in debt</a> (mostly to China) "they" are <a href="http://www.mindfully.org/Reform/2006/Bush-Land-Sales10feb06.htm" target="first_window">selling off</a> our corporate and country assets and now simply "appropriating" cash to pay off their bad gambling debt to the tune of over $850 billion in a <a href="http://www.alternet.org/election08/101694/" target="first_window">"Bailout,"</a> our <a href="http://www.globalresearch.ca/world-bank-whistleblower-reveals-how-the-global-elite-rule-the-world/5353130" target="first_window">Federal Reserve Banking</a> and tax systems are beyond any <a href="http://www.theyrule.net/" target="first_window">controls,</a> the demoralized and frightened middle class is being rapidly dissolved, <a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/world-polls-us-reputation-falls/" target="first_window">our worldwide reputation</a> is sullied more than at any time in our history and the <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vVkFb26u9g8" target="first_window">value of the dollar</a> continues to fall. Our infrastructure and environment are deteriorating while <a href="http://www.sonic.net/~taryfast/us.html" target="first_window">corporate and political corruption</a> are rampant, bigotry and racism -- while receding -- still covertly abound, our <a first_window="" href="http://www.alternet.org/mediaculture/87376/">traditional news sources</a> have become cheering profit centers for the administration and our <a first_window="" href="http://www.thenation.com/doc/20010205/bugliosi">voting processes</a> are, at best, unreliable. Not the healthy picture of progress and hope that used to be the norm, prior to the sixties -- before <a first_window="" href="http://www.sonic.net/~taryfast/us1.html">someone</a> started <a first_window="" href="http://www.brasschecktv.com/page/71.html">killing off the Kennedy brothers</a> and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.</span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">--</span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">This may sound like a broken record, but the recent election is truly going to be critical to the <a href="http://www.alternet.org/blogs/video/69422/" target="first_window">survival of our democratic way of life -- and thus the world.</a> Perhaps we should begin to think of the <a first_window="" href="http://www.cloudbyte.com/traitors.html">individuals that supported the Bush administration</a> as bloated, self-absorbed and out-of-control addicts, in need of intervention. Now, in an intervention, the first thing that has to happen is that the addict must be subjected to the facts of reality until their wall of denial is first exposed and then accepted. The initial indication that that has occurred is when the addict admits that there is a problem and then becomes actively motivated to do something about it. It appears that the 2008 election demonstrated that a growing majority of Americans think things are broken and want a change. Now, is the time to <a href="http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-3765505738069202111&hl=%20en" target="first_window">educate and motivate</a> our fellow citizens to seek out and regain their lost sense of morality.</span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The next step -- and this is at the heart of the matter -- is what can/should be done to correct our dire situation. It is going to take some very strong, passionate, wise, emotional and motivating leadership. Emphasis here should be on "motivating," because our next leader(s) must circumvent the <a first_window="" href="http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=121">biased media</a> outlets while resisting the temptation to allow older, more corrupt influences, to regain control.</span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Elaborating on a phrase from the beginning of this statement, "... there must be enforceable laws and/or rules ..." ESPECIALLY in our <a first_window="" href="http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/10432334/was_the_2004_election_stolen">electoral</a> and <a first_window="" href="http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0308/9246.html">financial systems</a>. Even though Rove and his ilk may seem to have left Washington, we mustn't let our guard down. They are still practicing <a first_window="" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tuuYJIcQ2uY&feature=related">their nefarious deeds</a>, <a first_window="" href="http://www.thenation.com/blogs/notion?bid=15&pid=252091">somewhere.</a> Keep in mind that the thing about laws and rules is that they are usually created, modified and put into effect AFTER the fact. Also, be aware that it is VERY difficult to resist control when you don't have the money to buy food, shelter, or clothing -- much less the weapons of resistance. If Obama is able to follow through with just a bare majority of his campaign promises, perhaps we can still miss taking a bullet, this time. However, let this be a major lesson -- fascism and democracy don't mix ... so we had better RAPIDLY <a first_window="" href="http://www.fixcongressfirst.org/">fix our democracy/Congress</a> while we, hopefully, still can!</span></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Finally, should we work our way out of this <a first_window="" href="http://www.dissidentvoice.org/2008/05/beware-the-psychopath-my-son/">madness,</a> one of our first imperatives, as we repair the damage done, should be to <a href="http://www.prosecutegeorgebush.com/" target="first_window">prosecute</a> ALL of the criminal acts that <a href="http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-4799447112501062338&q=4799447112501062338&ei=aqJzSKXlE5SK2wLd6JGoAQ" target="first_window">this ruthless group of international thugs</a> has committed. This statement is not made with a sense of vengeance, but with an eye toward setting such a strong example with these individuals that they, <a href="http://educate-yourself.org/nwo/" target="first_window">and their minions,</a> will forever give up on any <a first_window="" href="http://www.nick2211.yage.net/chips.htm">future attempts</a> to corrupt this, our enlightened struggle for <a first_window="" href="http://www.zeitgeistmovie.com/">universal, renewable, human freedom</a>.</span></b></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b></b></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b></b></span></p><center style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-align: justify;"><br /></center><center style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-align: justify;"><b style="text-align: -webkit-center;"><img src="http://www.sonic.net/~taryfast/images/Bush_Finger.gif" /></b></center><center style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-align: justify;"><b style="text-align: -webkit-center;"><br /></b></center><center style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-align: justify;"><b style="text-align: -webkit-center;"><br /></b></center><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2123" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/iOiWuYQWPMs" width="2554" youtube-src-id="iOiWuYQWPMs"></iframe></span></div><p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript" src="//ra.revolvermaps.com/0/0/6.js?i=00bo1v8as3p&m=0&s=341&c=ff0000&cr1=ffffff&f=arial&l=0&bv=80" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3736852641690443895.post-82251241452908936782023-08-15T00:44:00.001-07:002023-09-12T00:45:13.355-07:00<p> </p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><span style="background-color: black;"><br />MAKE CHINA PAY FOR OUR MURDERED KINS<br /><br /></span></span><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2548" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/lKZQ-ZYyZ78" width="3065" youtube-src-id="lKZQ-ZYyZ78"></iframe><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><br />A recently uncovered bombshell dossier suggests Chinese scientists have been “preparing” for a Third World War fought with “biological and genetic weapons – including coronavirus,” according to Sky News host Alan Jones. “The paper by Chinese scientists describes these biological weapons as the core for victory and outlines the ‘perfect’ conditions to release them,” he said. “The documents obtained by US investigators indicate, presumably at the direction of President Xi, a complete lack of regulation in China’s laboratories, and that the infamous Wuhan Institute of Virology has been collecting numerous coronaviruses from bats ever since the SARS outbreak in 2002.” Mr Jones questioned where the “collective Western leadership” is to “lay it on the line and challenge China to come clean”. “The biggest weapon available to China today is an incoherent and cognitively deprived President of the United States,” he said. “Coronavirus may well be the thin edge of the wedge. Is coronavirus a preliminary test of this new biological strategy?</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /></h2><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><h2 style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 40px; margin: 0px 0px 4px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">“Do we have the scholarship in our parliaments to deal with this? I suspect not.”China was preparing for a Third World War with biological weapons - including coronavirus - 8 years ago, according to dossier produced by the People's Liberation Army in 2015 and uncovered by the US State Department</span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Beijing ha</span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">s considered the military potential of SARS coronaviruses since 2015</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The bombshell document was accessed by US State Department investigators</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Scientists examined manipulation of diseases 'in a way never seen before'</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Foreign affairs committee's Tom Tugendhat says evidence is a 'major concern'</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2490" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/0Q77qmML_K4" width="2996" youtube-src-id="0Q77qmML_K4"></iframe></div><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-9556415/China-preparing-WW3-biological-weapons-six-years-investigators-say.html#comments"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Chinese scientists have been preparing for a Third World War fought with biological and genetic weapons including <a href="https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/coronavirus/index.html">coronavirus</a> for the last 8 years, according to a document obtained by US investigators.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The bombshell paper, accessed by the US State Department, insists they will be 'the core weapon for victory' in such a conflict, even outlining the perfect conditions to release a bioweapon, and documenting the impact it would have on 'the enemy's medical system'.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">This latest evidence that <a href="https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/beijing/index.html">Beijing</a> considered the military potential of SARS coronaviruses from as early as 2015 has also raised fresh fears over the cause of Covid-19, with some officials still believing the virus could have escaped from a Chinese lab.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The dossier by People's Liberation Army scientists and health officials, details of which were reported in<a href="https://www.theaustralian.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?sourceCode=TAWEB_WRE170_a_GGL&dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fnation%2Fpolitics%2Fchinese-military-scientists-discussed-weaponising-sars-coronaviruses%2Fnews-story%2F850ae2d2e2681549cb9d21162c52d4c0&memtype=anonymous&mode=premium"> The Australian</a>, examined the manipulation of diseases to make weapons 'in a way never seen before'.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Senior government figures say it 'raises major concerns' over the intentions of those close to Chinese President Xi Jinping amid growing fears about the country's lack of regulation over its activity in laboratories.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1731" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2021/05/08/07/42723146-9556415-image-a-1_1620456272865.jpg" width="2595" /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Chinese scientists have been preparing for a Third World War fought with biological and genetic weapons including coronavirus for the last six years</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1915" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2021/05/08/13/42726374-9556415-This_latest_evidence_that_Beijing_considered_the_military_potent-a-3_1620478579819.jpg" width="3012" /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">This latest evidence that Beijing considered the military potential of SARS coronaviruses from as early as 2015 has also raised fresh fears over the cause of Covid-19, with some officials still believing the virus could have escaped from a Chinese lab</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Did coronavirus originate in Chinese government laboratory?</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The Wuhan Institute of Virology has been collecting numerous coronaviruses from bats ever since the SARS outbreak in 2002.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">They have also published papers describing how these bat viruses have interacted with human cells.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">US Embassy staff visited the lab in 2018 and 'had grave safety concerns' over the protocols which were being observed at the facility.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The lab is just eight miles from the Huanan wet market which is where the first cluster of infections erupted in Wuhan.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The market is just a few hundred yards from another lab called the Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control (WHCDC).</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The WHCDC kept disease-ridden animals in its labs, including some 605 bats.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Those who support the theory argue that Covid-19 could have leaked from either or both of these facilities and spread to the wet market.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Most argue that this would have been a virus they were studying rather than one which was engineered.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Last year a bombshell paper from the Beijing-sponsored South China University of Technology recounted how bats once attacked a researcher at the WHCDC and 'blood of bat was on his skin.'</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The report says: 'Genome sequences from patients were 96% or 89% identical to the Bat CoV ZC45 coronavirus originally found in Rhinolophus affinis (intermediate horseshoe bat).'</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">It describes how the only native bats are found around 600 miles away from the Wuhan seafood market and that the probability of bats flying from Yunnan and Zhejiang provinces was minimal.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">In addition there is little to suggest the local populace eat the bats as evidenced by testimonies of 31 residents and 28 visitors.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Instead the authors point to research being carried out within 300 yards at the WHCDC.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">One of the researchers at the WHCDC described quarantining himself for two weeks after a bat's blood got on his skin, according to the report. That same man also quarantined himself after a bat urinated on him.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">And he also mentions discovering a live tick from a bat - parasites known for their ability to pass infections through a host animal's blood.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">'The WHCDC was also adjacent to the Union Hospital (Figure 1, bottom) where the first group of doctors were infected during this epidemic.' The report says.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">'It is plausible that the virus leaked around and some of them contaminated the initial patients in this epidemic, though solid proofs are needed in future study.'</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The authors of the document insist that a third world war 'will be biological', unlike the first two wars which were described as chemical and nuclear respectively.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Referencing research which suggested the two atomic bombs dropped on Japan forced them to surrender, and bringing about the end of WWII, they claim bioweapons will be 'the core weapon for victory' in a third world war.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The document also outlines the ideal conditions to release a bioweapon and cause maximum damage.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2435" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/UmC4344enw4" width="2930" youtube-src-id="UmC4344enw4"></iframe></div><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The scientists say such attacks should not be carried out in the middle of a clear day, as intense sunlight can damage the pathogens, while rain or snow can affect the aerosol particles.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Instead, it should be released at night, or at dawn, dusk, or under cloudy weather, with 'a stable wind direction...so that the aerosol can float into the target area'.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Meanwhile, the research also notes that such an attack would result in a surge of patients requiring hospital treatment, which then 'could cause the enemy's medical system to collapse'.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Other concerns include China's 'Gain of Function' research at the Wuhan Institute of Virology - near where the first Covid outbreak was discovered - at which virologists are creating new viruses said to be more transmissible and more lethal.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">MP Tom Tugendhat, chairman of the foreign affairs committee, said: 'This document raises major concerns about the ambitions of some of those who advise the top party leadership. Even under the tightest controls these weapons are dangerous.'</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Chemical weapons expert Hamish de Bretton-Gordon said: 'China has thwarted all attempts to regulate and police its laboratories where such experimentation may have taken place.'</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The revelation from the book What Really Happened in Wuhan was reported yesterday.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The document, New Species of Man-Made Viruses as Genetic Bioweapons, says: 'Following developments in other scientific fields, there have been major advances in the delivery of biological agents.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">'For example, the new-found ability to freeze-dry micro-organisms has made it possible to store biological agents and aerosolise them during attacks.'</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">It has 18 authors who were working at 'high-risk' labs, analysts say.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Australian Strategic Policy Institute executive director Peter Jennings also raised concerns over China's biological research into coronaviruses potentially being weaponised in future.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">'There is no clear distinction for research capability because whether it's used offensively or defensively is not a decision these scientists would take,' he said.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">'If you are building skills ostensibly to protect your military from a biological attack, you're at the same time giving your military a capacity to use these weapons offensively. You can't separate the two.'</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Intelligence agencies suspect Covid-19 may be the result of an inadvertent Wuhan lab leak. But as yet there is no evidence to suggest it was intentionally released.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Only this week, Brazil President Jair Bolsonaro appeared to strongly criticise China by accusing it of creating Covid to spark a chemical 'warfare.'</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The comments were made during a press conference on Wednesday as the hardline leader sought to further distance himself from the growing attacks over his domestic handling of a pandemic that has produced the second-highest death toll in the world.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">'It's a new virus. Nobody knows whether it was born in a laboratory or because a human ate some animal they shouldn't have,' Bolsonaro said.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">'But it is there. The military knows what chemical, bacteriological and radiological warfare. Are we not facing a new war? Which country has grown its GDP the most? I will not tell you.'</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">While Bolsonaro did not name China in his speech, data from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development showed that China was the only G20 member whose GDP showed a growth during the pandemic in 2020, expanding by 2.3%.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1889" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2021/05/08/11/42726378-9556415-image-a-12_1620468068614.jpg" width="2832" /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">View gallery</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The dossier by People's Liberation Army scientists and health officials examined the manipulation of diseases to make weapons 'in a way never seen before'</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Brazil's hardline President appears to claim China created Covid to spark a 'chemical war'</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Only this week, Brazil President Jair Bolsonaro appeared to strongly criticise China by accusing it of creating Covid to spark a chemical 'warfare.'</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The comments were made during a press conference on Wednesday as the hardline leader sought to further distance himself from the growing attacks over his domestic handling of a pandemic that has produced the second-highest death toll in the world.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">'It's a new virus. Nobody knows whether it was born in a laboratory or because a human ate some animal they shouldn't have,' Bolsonaro said.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">'But it is there. The military knows what chemical, bacteriological and radiological warfare. Are we not facing a new war? Which country has grown its GDP the most? I will not tell you.'</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">While Bolsonaro did not name China in his speech, data from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development showed that China was the only G20 member whose GDP showed a growth during the pandemic in 2020, expanding by 2.3%.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">And the World Health Organization chief said as recently as March that all theories on the origins of Covid-19 remained open after reading the WHO-China study – despite the claim the report dismissed the notion that the virus escaped from a lab as 'extremely unlikely'.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said all of the hypotheses are 'on the table' and require further investigation after reading the report from the international experts' mission to Wuhan.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">But his comments came just hours after it emerged the report dismissed the lab leak theory and said the transmission of the virus from bats to humans through another animal is the most likely scenario.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The report's release was repeatedly delayed, raising questions about whether the Chinese side was trying to skew the conclusions to prevent blame for the pandemic falling on China.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Critics including ex-President Trump have accused the WHO of parroting Chinese propaganda on the virus since the outbreak was first announced to the world.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The comments by Dr Tedros came after New York Republican Representative Lee Zeldin slammed China for 'covering up to the world the pandemic's origins', while the WHO 'has played along time and time again'.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Meanwhile, Dr Anthony Fauci, President Biden's chief medical adviser, revealed he has 'concerns' over the WHO's controversial fact-finding mission.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Repeated delays in the report's release raised questions about whether the Chinese side was trying to skew its conclusions.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">'We've got real concerns about the methodology and the process that went into that report, including the fact that the government in Beijing apparently helped to write it,' U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken said in a recent CNN interview.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">China rejected that criticism and accused the US of 'exerting political pressure' on the fact-finding mission experts.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">'The US has been speaking out on the report. By doing this, isn't the U.S. trying to exert political pressure on the members of the WHO expert group?' asked Foreign Ministry spokesperson Zhao Lijian.</span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Worrying new clues about the origins of Covid: How scientists at Wuhan lab helped Chinese army in secret project to find animal viruses, writes IAN BIRRELL</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Scientists studying bat diseases at <a href="https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/china/index.html">China</a>'s maximum-security laboratory in Wuhan were engaged in a massive project to investigate animal viruses alongside leading military officials – despite their denials of any such links.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Documents obtained by The Mail on Sunday reveal that a nationwide scheme, directed by a leading state body, was launched nine years ago to discover new viruses and detect the 'dark matter' of biology involved in spreading diseases.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">One leading Chinese scientist, who published the first genetic sequence of the <a href="https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/coronavirus/index.html">Covid-19</a> virus in January last year, found 143 new diseases in the first three years of the project alone.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The fact that such a virus-detection project is led by both civilian and military scientists appears to confirm incendiary claims from the United States alleging collaboration between the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV) and the country's 2.1 million-strong armed forces.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The scheme's five team leaders include Shi Zhengli, the WIV virologist nicknamed 'Bat Woman' for her trips to find samples in caves, and Cao Wuchun, a senior army officer and government adviser on bioterrorism.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Prof Shi denied the US allegations last month, saying: 'I don't know of any military work at the WIV. That info is incorrect.'</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1910" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2021/05/08/13/42170288-9556415-Colonel_Cao_Wuchun_a_WIV_adviser-a-1_1620478579798.jpg" width="1279" /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img height="2025" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2021/05/08/13/42170292-9556415-Major_General_Chen_Wei_China_s_top_biodefence_expert-a-2_1620478579804.jpg" width="1356" /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">QUESTIONS: Colonel Cao Wuchun, a WIV adviser, and, right, Major General Chen Wei, China's top biodefence expert</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Yet Colonel Cao is listed on project reports as a researcher from the Academy of Military Medical Sciences of the People's Liberation Army, works closely with other military scientists and is director of the Military Biosafety Expert Committee.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Cao, an epidemiologist who studied at Cambridge University, even sits on the Wuhan Institute of Virology's advisory board. He was second-in-command of the military team sent into the city under Major General Chen Wei, the country's top biodefence expert, to respond to the new virus and develop a vaccine.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The US State Department also raised concerns over risky 'gain of function' experiments to manipulate coronaviruses at the Wuhan lab and suggested researchers fell sick with Covid-like symptoms weeks before the outbreak emerged more widely in the Chinese city.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Last month, Britain, the US and 12 other countries criticised Beijing for refusing to share key data and samples after a joint World Health Organisation and Chinese study into the pandemic's origins dismissed a lab leak as 'extremely unlikely'.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Filippa Lentzos, a biosecurity expert at King's College London, said the latest disclosures fitted 'the pattern of inconsistencies' coming from Beijing.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">'They are still not being transparent with us,' she said. 'We have no hard data on the pandemic origins, whether it was a natural spill-over from animals or some kind of accidental research-related leak, yet we're unable to get straight answers and that simply does not inspire confidence.'</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The documents obtained by The Mail on Sunday detail a major project called 'the discovery of animal-delivered pathogens carried by wild animals', which set out to find organisms that could infect humans and investigate their evolution.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">It was launched in 2012 and funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China. The project was led by Xu Jianguo, who boasted at a conference in 2019 that 'a giant network of infectious disease prevention and control is taking shape'.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The professor also headed the first expert group investigating Covid's emergence in Wuhan. He denied human transmission initially, despite evidence from hospitals, then insisted in mid-January 'this epidemic is limited and will end if there are no new cases next week'.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">One review of his virus-hunting project admitted 'a large number of new viruses have been discovered, causing great concern in the international virology community'.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">It added that if pathogens spread to humans and livestock, they could cause new infectious diseases 'posing a great threat to human health and life safety and may cause major economic losses, even affect social stability'.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">An update in 2018 said that the scientific teams – who published many of their findings in international journals – had found four new pathogens and ten new bacteria while 'more than 1,640 new viruses were discovered using metagenomics technology'. Such research is based on extraction of genetic material from samples such as those collected by Prof Shi from bat faeces and blood in the cave networks of southern China.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Such extensive sampling led to Prof Shi's rapid revelation last year of RaTG13, the closest known relative to the new strain of coronavirus that causes Covid.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">It was stored at the Wuhan lab, the biggest repository of bat coronaviruses in Asia.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1624" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2021/05/08/14/42170556-9556415-Pictured_Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology_in_Wuhan_in_China_s_central-a-10_1620480152572.jpg" width="2442" /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Pictured: Wuhan Institute of Virology in Wuhan, in China's central Hubei province, during a visit by members of the World Health Organization (WHO) team investigating the origins of the COVID-19 coronavirus</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">It later emerged she changed its name from another virus identified in a previous paper, thus obscuring its link to three miners who died from a strange respiratory disease they caught clearing bat droppings.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Prof Shi also admitted that eight more unidentified SARS viruses had been collected in the mine. The institute took its database of virus samples offline in September 2019, just a few weeks before Covid cases exploded in Wuhan.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">A comment was made on social media after Colonel Cao published a paper on a fatal tick bite, saying he and Prof Shi 'can always find a virus that has never been found in humans', adding: 'I suspect this is another so-called 'scientific research' made in the laboratory.'</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">In recent years, China's military has ramped up its hiring of scientists after President Xi Jinping said this was a key element in the nation's march for global supremacy.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Lianchao Han, a dissident who used to work for the Chinese government, said Cao's involvement raised suspicions that military researchers who are experts in coronaviruses might also be involved in bio-defence operations.</span></b></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript" src="//ra.revolvermaps.com/0/0/6.js?i=00bo1v8as3p&m=0&s=341&c=ff0000&cr1=ffffff&f=arial&l=0&bv=80" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3736852641690443895.post-71314633269064004312023-08-14T21:41:00.002-07:002023-09-07T09:10:25.404-07:00<p> </p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2399" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/T0kALyOOZu0" width="2887" youtube-src-id="T0kALyOOZu0"></iframe></div><br /><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2259" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/RiPWip_hc_8" width="2717" youtube-src-id="RiPWip_hc_8"></iframe></div><br /><p><br /></p><h4 style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">HOW TO TAKE RUSSIA BEFORE THE CHINESE DO IT: CAPTURE VLADIVOSTOK FIRST</span></b></h4><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b><b><br /></b><b><br /></b><b><br /></b><b>A new map of <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/topic/china">China</a>'s national borders has sparked protests from governments in Asia after its boundaries drew in the territories of its neighbors—including a small chunk of Russia.</b><b><br /></b><b>The map, published on Monday by China's Ministry of Natural Resources, lays claim to disputed land on its <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/india-china-himalayas-border-dispute-boundary-ladakh-arunachal-pradesh-tibet-xinjiang-1767263">southern border with India</a> and encompasses all of Taiwan. Off its southern coast, Beijing's so-called "dashed line" captures huge tracts of the South China Sea, where islands, reefs and maritime zones are contested by half a dozen countries.</b><b><br /></b><b>Beijing's longstanding territorial claims on its periphery aren't new. Under Chinese leader <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/topic/xi-jinping">Xi Jinping</a>, however, China has employed its <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/china-warship-us-destroyer-uus-chung-hoon-taiwan-strait-video-1804339">growing hard power</a> to consolidate its ambitions. In recent years, its neighbors have also faced the ramped-up presence of the Chinese coast guard.</b></span></h1><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2396" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/08YoVeWjUJQ" width="2883" youtube-src-id="08YoVeWjUJQ"></iframe></div><br /><b><br /></b></span></div><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b><b>Russia</b></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b><b>Moscow and Beijing put aside their centuries-old boundary disagreements for the sake of political stability two decades ago. The last territorial settlement, finally ratified by the parliaments of both nations in 2005, resolved their shared eastern border, now under renewed scrutiny because of China's map service.</b><b><br /></b><b><br /></b><b><br /></b><b>Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island, or Heixiazi, sits at the confluence of two border rivers, and ownership is legally shared between the two countries. China's official map paints the entire 135-square mile piece of strategic land into its easternmost territory.</b><b><br /></b><b>The Kremlin has <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/putin-powerless-complain-about-china-claiming-russia-territory-1823513">yet to comment</a> on the map, which Beijing said was compiled using "national boundaries of China and various countries in the world."</b><b><br /></b><b><br /></b><b><a href="https://www.newsweek.com/topic/russia">Russia</a>'s Foreign Ministry didn't return an emailed request for comment.</b></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://www.newsweek.com/newsletter?subref=incontent_web_7"><b><br /></b></a><b>India</b></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b><b>Xi and Prime Minister <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/topic/narendra-modi">Narendra Modi</a> of <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/topic/india">India</a> met days earlier, seemingly cordially, at the recent <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/topic/brics">BRICS</a> summit in South Africa, and China's map controversy comes two weeks before they are set to meet again in New Delhi for the upcoming <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/topic/g20">Group of 20</a> forum.</b><b><br /></b><b>The Indian government and <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/india-mp-threatens-surgical-strike-china-annexing-territory-map-1823072">at least one lawmaker</a> were the first to respond to what they considered a cartological land grab of India's northern state of Arunachal Pradesh, at the eastern end of the 2,100-mile disputed border commonly known as the line of actual control.</b><b><br /></b><b>Beijing considers the region part of Tibet and announced new Chinese place names there in April. Its map also includes Aksai Chin in the west, controlled by China but claimed by India.</b><b><br /></b><b>"We have today lodged a strong protest through diplomatic channels with the Chinese side on the so called 2023 'standard map' of China that lays claim to India's territory," Arindam Bagchi, a spokesperson for India's External Affairs Ministry, said on Wednesday.</b><b><br /></b><b>"We reject these claims as they have no basis. Such steps by the Chinese side only complicate the resolution of the boundary question," Bagchi said.</b></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b><b>Subrahmanyam Jaishankar, India's foreign minister, called Beijing's move "an old habit." He told Indian broadcaster NDTV: "This government is very clear what our territories are. Making absurd claims doesn't make others' territories yours."</b><b><br /></b><b><br /></b><b>"India cannot afford to remain a mute spectator to such Chinese activities," said defense analyst Ashok Kumar, a retired major general of India's armed forces.</b></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b><b>"India has to re-strategize to counter such actions in a proactive manner. It will be ironic to host the Chinese premier as part of the G20 summit when such an action has been taken just before this meet," </b></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b><b><img height="2607" src="https://d.newsweek.com/en/full/2276117/china-unveils-controversial-new-map.jpg?w=790&f=a8bfe633e57ef2e7d5702d306e7df5c7" width="2212" /></b></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>The map shows new territorial borders, but the land grab has sparked protest from India, Malaysia and others MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES, CHINA</b></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b><b>South China Sea</b></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b><b>"A correct national map is a symbol of national sovereignty and territorial integrity," Li Yongchun, a senior resources ministry official, said of the newly released map, on which 10 dashes can be seen encircling the entirety of the <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/topic/south-china-sea">South China Sea</a>.</b><b><br /></b><b><br /></b><b>"The publicity and education of national territory awareness is an important content of patriotic education and an integral part of ideological work in the new era," Li said. "Maps, text, images and paintings can all describe national territory, but maps are the most common and intuitive form of expression of national territory."</b><b><br /></b><b><a href="https://www.newsweek.com/topic/malaysia">Malaysia</a> was the first of the littoral states on the energy-rich sea to come out in opposition to the Chinese map, which claims disputed features and most of the country's exclusive economic zone. International law recognizes a state's right to the maritime resources within its EEZ, which extends up to 200 nautical miles from the coastline.</b><b><br /></b><b>"Malaysia does not recognize China's 2023 standard map, which outlines portions of Malaysian waters near Sabah and Sarawak as belonging to China," the Malaysian Foreign Ministry said in a statement. "Malaysia is not bound to China's 2023 standard map in any way."</b><b><br /></b><b>"Malaysia is of the view that the South China Sea issue is a complex and sensitive matter. It must be handled in a peaceful and rational manner through dialogues and negotiations based on international laws, including the <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/us-dismisses-china-maritime-claims-south-china-sea-state-department-report-1668973">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a> (UNCLOS)."</b><b><br /></b><br /></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><a href="https://www.newsweek.com/tensions-simmer-between-poland-belarus-after-incursion-reported-1824178">Tensions simmer between Poland and Belarus after incursion reported<br /></a></b><a href="https://www.newsweek.com/mormon-onlyfans-church-christianity-1823640"><b>I'm a Mormon on OnlyFans<br /></b></a><a href="https://www.newsweek.com/china-not-contributing-global-security-poll-west-1815786"><b>The West isn't buying into China's year of diplomacy<br /></b></a><a href="https://www.newsweek.com/russian-forces-unable-return-ukrainian-fire-key-area-isw-1824167"><b>Russian forces unable to return Ukrainian fire in key area: ISW</b></a><b><br /></b><b>The <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/topic/philippines">Philippines</a>—frequently blockaded by China's coast guard vessels while attempting to resupply a Manila-held outpost in the Spratly Islands—said its foreign affairs department would lodge a diplomatic protest because the map "infringes upon the sovereignty, the sovereign rights and the territorial integrity of the Philippines," according to Jonathan Malaya, the assistant director of President Ferdinand Marcos Jr.'s National Security Council.</b><b><br /></b><b>Beijing's extensive maritime claims in the region were roundly rejected in 2016 after the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague ruled in Manila's favor in <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/us-philippines-china-south-china-sea-arbitration-1723806">Philippines v. China</a>. The Chinese government refused to participate in the case and has never recognized the tribunal's verdict.</b></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b><b>China's Foreign Ministry said the map publication was "a routine practice in China's exercise of sovereignty in accordance with the law." Ministry spokesperson Wang Wenbin said on Wednesday: "We hope relevant sides can stay objective and calm, and refrain from overinterpreting the issue."</b><b><br /></b><b><br /></b><b><a href="https://www.newsweek.com/topic/indonesia">Indonesia</a> considers itself a non-claimant when it comes to physical territory in the South China Sea, but it remains in dispute with China over fishing rights in the Indonesian EEZ. Its Foreign Ministry said on Thursday that depictions of territorial boundaries should comply with UNCLOS.</b></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b><b>The governments of Brunei and Vietnam didn't return separate written requests for comment.</b></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b><b>Taiwan</b></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b><b><a href="https://www.newsweek.com/topic/taiwan">Taiwan</a>'s inclusion in the Chinese map would have surprised few. Beijing maintains a long-running claim to the democratically government island, whose Republic of China government retains control over Taiwan proper as well as a number of outlying island groups, including two off China's east coast.</b><b><br /></b><b>Taipei has spent decades rebuffing Beijing's sovereignty claims but has only recently hiked up its defense spending to meet China's enlarged military footprint in and around the Taiwan Strait. The geopolitical and geoeconomic ramifications of any move to take the island by force aren't lost on Taiwan's neighbors, or its backers in the United States.</b><b><br /></b><b><br /></b><b>Jeff Liu, a spokesperson for Taiwan's Foreign Mionistry, told reporters on Wednesday that "the People's Republic of China has never ruled Taiwan. That is the fact and the status quo universally recognized by the international community."</b><b><br /></b><b>"Regardless of how the Chinese government distorts its claims to Taiwan's sovereignty, it cannot change the objective reality of our country's existence," Liu said.</b></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b><b>Japan</b></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b><b>China and neighboring <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/topic/japan">Japan</a> have a long history of disagreements. This week, a renewed war of words followed Beijing's decision to ban all Japanese seafood products in response to Tokyo's discharge of <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/japan-china-fukushima-nuclear-waste-water-release-brick-attack-1823056">diluted waste water</a> from the Fukushima nuclear plant, which was damaged by an earthquake and tsunami in 2011.</b><b><br /></b><b>But just northeast of Taiwan in the <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/topic/east-china-sea">East China Sea</a>, barely visible on China's new map, lies the disputed Senkaku Island group, which China calls Diaoyu and Taiwan claims as Diaoyutai. The uninhabited islets are under Japanese administration—and protected by a U.S. defense treaty.</b><b><br /></b><b><br /></b><b>The territorial dispute, which Taipei now rarely engages in due to warming ties with Tokyo, flared up a decade ago when the Japanese government nationalized the islands. Since then, China's largest maritime law enforcement ships—some equipped with autocannons—have <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/japan-china-senkaku-diaoyu-islands-east-china-sea-1792101">staked Beijing's claim</a> to the islets by circling them on a near-daily basis, often anchoring in their territorial waters for days.</b><b><br /></b><b>It is just one of several potential flashpoints in Asia involving territorial disputes between China and its neighbors.</b><b><br /></b><b>Li, the Chinese government official, said Beijing's new map had "serious political and strict legal nature" as well.</b><b><br /></b><b><br /></b></span></h1><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2327" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ANZPQ9fhRXM" width="2798" youtube-src-id="ANZPQ9fhRXM"></iframe></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: 700;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1859" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2014/07/04/opinion/map/map-articleLarge.png" width="2788" /></span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /><b><span>Why China Will Reclaim Siberia</span></b></span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;">“A land without people for a people without land.” At the turn of the 20th century, that slogan promoted Jewish migration to Palestine. It could be recycled today, justifying a Chinese takeover of Siberia. Of course, Russia's Asian hinterland isn't really empty (and neither was Palestine). But Siberia is as resource-rich and people-poor as China is the opposite. The weight of that logic scares the Kremlin.</span></b><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;">Moscow recently restored the Imperial Arch in the Far Eastern frontier town of Blagoveshchensk, declaring: “The earth along the Amur was, is and always will be Russian.” But Russia's title to all of the land is only about 150 years old. And the sprawl of highrises in Heihe, the Chinese boomtown on the south bank of the Amur, right across from Blagoveshchensk, casts doubt on the “always will be” part of the old czarist slogan.</span></b><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;">Like love, a border is real only if both sides believe in it. And on both sides of the Sino-Russian border, that belief is wavering.</span></b><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;">Siberia – the Asian part of Russia, east of the Ural Mountains – is immense. It takes up three-quarters of Russia's land mass, the equivalent of the entire U.S. and India put together. It's hard to imagine such a vast area changing hands. But like love, a border is real only if both sides believe in it. And on both sides of the Sino-Russian border, that belief is wavering.</span></b><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;">The border, all 2,738 miles of it, is the legacy of the Convention of Peking of 1860 and other unequal pacts between a strong, expanding Russia and a weakened China after the Second Opium War. (Other European powers similarly encroached upon China, but from the south. Hence the former British foothold in Hong Kong, for example.)</span></b><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;">The 1.35 billion Chinese people south of the border outnumber Russia's 144 million almost 10 to 1. The discrepancy is even starker for Siberia on its own, home to barely 38 million people, and especially the border area, where only 6 million Russians face over 90 million Chinese. With intermarriage, trade and investment across that border, Siberians have realized that, for better or for worse, Beijing is a lot closer than Moscow.</span></b></span></h3><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><br /><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2444" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/3E17wr77ffM" width="2938" youtube-src-id="3E17wr77ffM"></iframe></div><br /></span></b></span></h3><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b></span></h3><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b></span></h3><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;">The vast expanses of Siberia would provide not just room for China's huddled masses, now squeezed into the coastal half of their country by the mountains and deserts of western China. The land is already providing China, “the factory of the world,” with much of its raw materials, especially oil, gas and timber. Increasingly, Chinese-owned factories in Siberia churn out finished goods, as if the region already were a part of the Middle Kingdom's economy.</span></b><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;">One day, China might want the globe to match the reality. In fact, Beijing could use Russia's own strategy: hand out passports to sympathizers in contested areas, then move in militarily to "protect its citizens." The Kremlin has tried that in Transnistria, Abkhazia, South Ossetia and most recently the Crimea, all formally part of other post-Soviet states, but controlled by Moscow. And if Beijing chose <a href="https://www.dod.gov/pubs/foi/International_security_affairs/china/09-F-0759theGreatSiberianWarOf2030.pdf">to take Siberia by force</a>, the only way Moscow could stop would be using nuclear weapons.</span></b><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;">There is another path: Under Vladimir Putin, Russia is increasingly looking east for its future – building a <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/30/world/europe/putin-signs-economic-alliance-with-presidents-of-kazakhstan-and-belarus.html?_r=0">Eurasian Union</a> even wider than the one inaugurated recently in Astana, the capital of Kazakhstan, a staunch Moscow ally. Perhaps two existing blocs – the Eurasian one encompassing Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization – could unite China, Russia and most of the 'stans. Putin's critics fear that this economic integration would reduce Russia, especially Siberia, to a raw materials exporter beholden to Greater China. And as the Chinese learned from the humiliation of 1860, facts on the ground can become lines on the map.</span></b></span></h3></div><h4 style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2317" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/dMQKLODOmAM" width="2788" youtube-src-id="dMQKLODOmAM"></iframe></span></b><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></span></h4><div><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">see and click below</span></b></span></div><div><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div><span><b><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/1384797616926091562/5268929682986684028" style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">A U.S. SECURITY STRATEGY FOR THE ARCTIC, CAPTURING THE EASTERN COAST OF RUSSIA:TO INCLUDE VLADIVOSTOK, SAKHALIN, KAMCHATKA AND PART OF SIBERIA, THIS WILL DIMINISH ACCESS OF RUSSIA AND CHINA TO THE ARCTIC ALSO WILL SECURE US AND JAPANESE SOVEREINTY</span></a><br /></span></b></span></div><p style="text-align: left;"><br /></p><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript" src="//ra.revolvermaps.com/0/0/6.js?i=00bo1v8as3p&m=0&s=341&c=ff0000&cr1=ffffff&f=arial&l=0&bv=80" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3736852641690443895.post-81437442896576985602023-08-11T16:10:00.002-07:002023-09-04T12:03:50.211-07:00<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><b style="color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="sciencetech-ccox mol-style-medium mol-style-bold"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">PREPARING THE US NAVY IN THE ARCTIC</span></span></span></b><div><b style="color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="sciencetech-ccox mol-style-medium mol-style-bold"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></b></div><div><b style="color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="sciencetech-ccox mol-style-medium mol-style-bold"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2572" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/mid_jNgq6kg" width="3096" youtube-src-id="mid_jNgq6kg"></iframe></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></b><div><b style="color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="sciencetech-ccox mol-style-medium mol-style-bold" style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="sciencetech-ccox mol-style-medium mol-style-bold" style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></span></b></div><div><div class="small-12 columns wotr_article_head" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; float: left; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0.9375rem; width: 1320px;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="sciencetech-ccox mol-style-medium mol-style-bold"><div class="row" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 24px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px -0.9375rem; max-width: none; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase;"><div class="small-12 columns wotr_title" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; float: left; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0.9375rem; width: 1320px;"><h1 style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 3.4rem; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">A U.S. SECURITY STRATEGY FOR THE ARCTIC</span></h1><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; color: #0a0a0a; font-family: "Unica One", Arial, sans-serif;"><br /></div></div></div><div class="row" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: #fefefe; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0a0a0a; font-family: "Unica One", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px -0.9375rem; max-width: none; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase;"><br /><br /></div></span></span></b><img height="2022" src="https://warontherocks.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/PODVODKA_Umka-1200_1-1024x654.jpg" width="3166" /></div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">In March 2021, three Russian submarines simultaneously <a href="https://twitter.com/rianru/status/1375451906949144589">broke through the ice</a> near the North Pole. Each boat could carry <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00963402.2020.1728985">16 ballistic missiles</a>, and each missile could field multiple nuclear warheads. The submarines were soon joined by two MiG-31 aircraft and ground troops participating in <a href="https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/39953/three-russian-ballistic-missile-submarines-just-surfaced-through-the-arctic-ice-together">Umka-2021</a>, a Russian military exercise.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">The exercise in March highlighted increased Russian military activity in the Arctic, but that was <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/russian-military-seeks-to-outmuscle-u-s-in-arctic-11621935002?mod=djemCapitalJournalDaybreak">not the sole Russian signal</a>. U.S. Alaska Command, under U.S. Northern Command, reported that they had <a href="https://www.airforcetimes.com/news/your-air-force/2021/04/28/spike-in-russian-aircraft-intercepts-straining-air-force-crews-in-alaska-three-star-says/">intercepted more Russian military aircraft</a> near the Alaska Air Defense Identification Zone in 2020 than at any other time since the end of the Cold War. In April, Secretary of State Antony <a href="https://apnews.com/article/arctic-europe-russia-business-technology-b67c5b28d917f03f9340d4a7b4642790">Blinken stated</a> that Russia is trying “to exert control over new spaces. It is modernizing its bases in the Arctic and building new ones.” Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov responded by saying, “We hear whining about Russia expanding its military activities in the Arctic. But everyone knows that it’s our territory, our land.”</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Russia is not the only authoritarian power with increased interest in Arctic affairs. In January 2018, Chinese officials published their <a href="https://www.uaf.edu/caps/resources/policy-documents/china-arctic-policy-2018.pdf">first Arctic strategy</a> document and attempted to buy and greatly expand Finland’s <a href="https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/climate-crisis/2021/03/china-wanted-buy-airport-lapland-north-pole-climate-research-flights">Kemijärvi air base</a> for use by large Chinese aircraft, ostensibly for Arctic research. Their offer was rejected, supposedly because the northern airfield is next to Finland’s Rovajärvi artillery range. This fits a pattern. China has built Arctic research stations, conducted ongoing oceanographic surveys, and attempted infrastructure development across the region, projects that <a href="https://www.defensenews.com/opinion/commentary/2020/05/11/chinas-strategic-interest-in-the-arctic-goes-beyond-economics/?utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=EBB%2005.12.20&utm_term=Editorial%20-%20Early%20Bird%20Brief">some believe</a> have geostrategic or military purposes.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">In order to better position the United States for geopolitical competition in the region, the Biden administration should write and publish a new national security strategy for the Arctic. The United States has a moribund <a href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/docs/nat_arctic_strategy.pdf">2013 Arctic strategy</a> that was superseded by events and ignored by the Trump administration. In 2019, the Office of the Secretary of Defense released an <a href="https://media.defense.gov/2019/Jun/06/2002141657/-1/-1/1/2019-DOD-ARCTIC-STRATEGY.PDF">Arctic strategy</a>, and the <a href="https://www.af.mil/Portals/1/documents/2020SAF/July/ArcticStrategy.pdf">Air Force</a>, <a href="https://media.defense.gov/2021/Jan/05/2002560338/-1/-1/0/ARCTIC%20BLUEPRINT%202021%20FINAL.PDF/ARCTIC%20BLUEPRINT%202021%20FINAL.PDF">Navy</a> and <a href="https://api.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/2021/03/15/9944046e/regaining-arctic-dominance-us-army-in-the-arctic-19-january-2021-unclassified.pdf">Army</a> each released their own subordinate strategies. However, these individual strategies were not coordinated before being released, did not fully integrate efforts with civilian foreign policy agencies, and in some cases were produced only because of pressure from <a href="https://www.sullivan.senate.gov/">Sen. Dan Sullivan</a> from Alaska.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">It is time to rectify those omissions. A new Arctic security strategy should focus on deterring Russian and Chinese military attacks and preventing their attempts to weaken the established Arctic international order. To avoid mistakes from past Arctic national security, the Biden administration should build an Arctic strategy that responds to future security threats, can be resourced within constrained national budgets, and that integrates military and civilian actions across the government and private sector.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Goals for an Arctic Strategy</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Though the Biden administration has yet to release a National Defense Strategy and National Military Strategy, guideposts exist to begin conceptualizing a new Arctic security strategy. <a href="https://www.state.gov/secretary-antony-j-blinken-intervention-at-arctic-council-ministerial/">Blinken expressed</a> the U.S. desire to keep the Arctic peaceful when speaking at the May 2021 Arctic Council ministerial meeting. The administration’s March 2021 <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/NSC-1v2.pdf">Interim National Security Strategic Guidance</a> focuses on deterring and preventing adversaries from threatening the United States and its allies, inhibiting access to the global commons, or dominating key regions (i.e., the Indo-Pacific, Europe, and the Western Hemisphere). Even though the document does not mention the region, its priority actions are applicable to the Arctic, such as leading a stable and open international system underwritten by alliances, partnerships, multilateralism, and international rules.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Any new U.S. Arctic security strategy should have three goals: deter military attacks against U.S. or allied territory originating from the Arctic, prevent China or Russia from weakening existing rules-based Arctic governance through coercion, and prevent regional hegemony by either China or Russia. To accomplish these goals, U.S. strategy should develop military capabilities for use in the North American and European Arctic subregions and then demonstrate the ability to use them in harsh Arctic conditions. The U.S. government should persuade regional allies and partners that the United States can be a trusted security partner in the region. Finally, the strategy should contain inducements to the private sector to build dual-use Arctic infrastructure that benefits the private sector while giving the military platforms from which to observe and operate in the Arctic.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">The Arctic’s Geopolitical Context</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Any Arctic strategy is constrained by the region’s harsh terrain and weather conditions. High latitudes and harsh weather make communications, global positioning, and domain awareness a significant challenge across the Arctic. In the Alaskan Arctic, <a href="https://infrastructurereportcard.org/state-item/alaska/">ground-based infrastructure</a> outside the Anchorage-Fairbanks-Prudhoe corridor is localized rather than interconnected and is dependent on bulk summer resupply. U.S. security infrastructure in the Arctic comprises aging <a href="https://www.aviationtoday.com/2020/11/23/air-force-examining-modernization-early-warning-radars/">early warning radars</a> in Alaska and Greenland, <a href="https://www.mda.mil/system/gmd.html">missile defenses</a> and significant <a href="https://www.aviationtoday.com/2021/03/15/fifth-generation-fighters-vital-respond-future-crises-pacific-theater-commander-says/">5th-generation fighter aircraft</a> in Alaska, <a href="https://seapowermagazine.org/as-arctic-sea-ice-melts-deputy-cno-says-u-s-subs-will-become-more-important/">submarines in Arctic waters</a>, and modest rotational forces in <a href="https://thebarentsobserver.com/ru/node/437">Iceland</a> and <a href="https://www.marines.mil/News/News-Display/Article/2435403/us-marines-complete-norway-deployment-for-arctic-warfare-training/">Norway</a>. U.S. relations with Arctic nations have been generally cooperative, with the exception of relations with Russia on non-Arctic issues since 2014. Finally, different security issues are associated with the <a href="https://inss.ndu.edu/Media/News/Article/1024908/charting-a-course-strategic-choices-for-a-new-administration/">three Arctic subregions</a> — the North American, European, and Russian Arctic — with the European Arctic subregion being the area with the greatest security challenges.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">A new Arctic strategy should factor in <a href="https://warontherocks.com/2021/03/a-blueprint-for-the-department-of-defenses-strategic-assessment-of-climate-change/">climate change</a>, protect the Arctic Council’s viability, and assume a future budget-constrained environment. It’s safe to assume that <a href="https://www.amap.no/documents/doc/arctic-climate-change-update-2021-key-trends-and-impacts.-summary-for-policy-makers/3508">Arctic warming</a> will continue and regional activity — shipping, mining, commercial fishing, tourism, etc. — will increase as a result. Transnational cooperation on Arctic science and soft-security issues (search and rescue, oil spill prevention, etc.) is a valued behavior. As a result, maintaining the Arctic Council as a viable international forum serves the continued interests of Arctic states both because of the substantive work done by the council’s working groups and as a venue for transarctic consultations. A new strategy should not needlessly threaten this progress.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Finally, the next U.S. Arctic strategy will be means-constrained. The Arctic will be a relatively low budget priority for the U.S. government and its military services. None of the recent U.S. military strategies for the Arctic obligate significant spending in the region for new capabilities or permanent presence.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Below I list the main goals and new or promised capabilities of recent U.S. defense strategies for the Arctic. With the exception of the Air Force’s strategy, none of the strategies commit the United States to major defense investments in the Arctic, and the Air Force expenditures are not aimed at the Arctic per se, but are instead global capabilities that happen to be based in the Arctic or in space. Indeed, the gaps identified below are big-ticket items. The assumption, then, is that any new Arctic security strategy will be means-constrained going forward but should compensate for the gaps identified in the table.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">U.S. Arctic military strategies (2019 to 2021)</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Goals and Priorities Arctic Capabilities</span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Office of the Secretary of Defense</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Arctic Strategy (2019)Defend the homeland and U.S. sovereignty in the Arctic</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Maintain a credible deterrent in the Arctic</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Shape the Arctic’s geopolitical landscape</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Respond effectively to regional contingencies</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Maintain flexibility for U.S. power projection</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Ensure freedom of navigation and overflight</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Limit the ability of China and Russia to engage in malign or coercive behavior</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Intent: “The U.S. will require an agile, capable and expeditionary force with the ability to project power into and operate within the [Arctic] region.”</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">New capabilities: Funding for one <a href="https://www.dcms.uscg.mil/Our-Organization/Assistant-Commandant-for-Acquisitions-CG-9/Programs/Surface-Programs/Polar-Icebreaker/">Polar Security Cutter</a>; <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2018/05/05/the-navy-is-resurrecting-a-fleet-to-protect-the-east-coast-and-north-atlantic-from-russia/">reactivation of Navy’s 2nd Fleet headquarters</a>; and <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/the-air-forces-f35-fleet-at-eielson-alaska-is-growing-2020-6">stationing two F-35 squadrons</a> at Eielson air base in Alaska.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Gaps: Dedicated funding for Arctic military capabilities.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Air Force Arctic Strategy (July 2020)</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">• Vigilance via warning and defense capabilities</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">• Power projection from Alaska and Greenland</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">• Cooperation with allies and partners</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">• Preparation via exercises, training, and research and development</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Intent: Expand Air Force Arctic capabilities.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">New capabilities: Missile warning and defense; satellite communications and data links (<a href="https://www.defensedaily.com/10-starlink-satellites-enhance-arctic-communications-northcom/space/">Starlink</a>); expanded weather forecasting; adoption of expeditionary, modular infrastructure.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Gaps: Cruise missile early warning system, unmanned intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance systems.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Navy Strategic Blueprint (January 2021)Defend the homeland</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Deter aggression and discourage malign behavior</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Ensure strategic access and freedom of the seas</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Strengthen existing and emerging alliances</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Intent: Maintain enhanced presence and partnerships and build a more capable Arctic naval force.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">New capabilities: The Navy will “find new ways to integrate and apply naval power with existing forces,” and “invest in key capabilities that enable naval forces to maintain enhanced presence and partnerships;” <a href="https://news.usni.org/2021/02/01/navy-hopes-to-deploy-its-early-razorback-uuvs-soon-even-as-development-continues-on-updated-capability">development of unmanned underwater vehicles</a> and buoys for mobile sensing; <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2019/07/us-expands-icelandic-airfield-for-tankers-big-cargo-lift/">Keflavik airfield expansion</a>.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Gaps: Acquisition of “key capabilities,” ice-hardened surface vessels, Navy icebreaking capabilities, Arctic port(s).</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Army Regaining Arctic Dominance (January 2021)Homeland defense of Alaska</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Defense support to civilian authorities</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Support for search and rescue operations</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">International partnerships</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Intent: Ensure land dominance in the Arctic; “Generate Arctic-capable forces ready to compete and win in extended operations in extreme cold weather and high-altitude environments.”</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">New capabilities: Creation of an Arctic Multi-Domain Task Force; recasting two Alaska-based brigade combat teams to operate for extended periods in the Arctic winter; increased winter training; development of a new <a href="https://www.defensenews.com/smr/frozen-pathways/2021/04/05/us-army-embarks-on-competitive-prototyping-journey-for-arctic-vehicle/">Arctic small-unit support vehicle</a>.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Gaps: Logistical and infrastructure capabilities for sustained Arctic operations.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Arctic Threats and Opportunities</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">The key threats to U.S. interests in the region are from Russian military forces in the Arctic and from Chinese influence attempts. Russian military activity in the Barents and Greenland Seas (the northern part of the Greenland-Iceland-United Kingdom gap) poses the most direct threat to U.S. security interests. Russian forces there could attack the U.S. homeland, ships and data links crossing the North Atlantic, and <a href="https://warontherocks.com/2020/10/nato-in-the-arctic-keep-its-role-limited-for-now/">threaten NATO allies</a> in northern Europe. Russian forces in the Bering and Chukchi Seas off the Alaskan coast are equally concerning. Russian capabilities could also be used to flout international law through <a href="https://warontherocks.com/2019/10/now-is-not-the-time-for-a-fonop-in-the-arctic/">unilateral assertions of control along the Northern Sea Route</a> or the undersea Lomonosov Ridge, should the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf rule against <a href="https://www.highnorthnews.com/en/russia-considers-extended-claim-arctic-seabed">Russia’s recent expansive claims</a> to the Arctic seabed.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><a href="https://warontherocks.com/2019/05/chinas-multifaceted-arctic-strategy/">China’s regional actions</a> are troubling, particularly its use of government-linked investments, loans, and trade deals to influence Arctic states or populations. Threats could also arise from the <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/research/northern-expedition-chinas-arctic-activities-and-ambitions/">military potential</a> in China’s bathymetric mapping or its polar research stations across Scandinavia. Any U.S. security strategy in the Arctic should alleviate these threats.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">The most obvious opportunities for the United States in the Arctic are in private-sector infrastructure development and security coordination with allies. Poor infrastructure and <a href="https://oaarchive.arctic-council.org/bitstream/handle/11374/1924/2017-04-28-ACSTelecomsREPORTWEB-2.pdf?sequence=1">communications</a> plague Alaska. A hard-security strategy that prioritized infrastructure development in the name of national security, a green-energy transformation, or broadband connectivity initiatives could improve infrastructure and resilience in Alaska. Internationally, security coordination among U.S. allies and partners could generate momentum on nonsecurity behavioral norms for resource extraction, investments, and economic cooperation across the Arctic.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">The Strategy’s Ways and Means</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">To deter Russia and China from threatening U.S. interests in the Arctic, the U.S. military needs to demonstrate presence in the region beyond submarines. Submarines can deter large-scale attacks but are less useful against coercion and intimidation. Deterring Russia will require Navy surface assets (manned and unmanned) and a more robust air and ground presence in the European and North Atlantic Arctic. It is difficult to police fisheries, monitor potentially hostile surface ships, or target airborne intruders without capabilities in the region. As Adm. <a href="https://www.defense.gov/Explore/News/Article/Article/1656517/natos-trident-juncture-exercise-tests-deterrence-capabilities/">James Foggo said</a> of the Arctic when commanding Allied Joint Forces Command in Italy, “In order to deter, you have to be present. You’ve got to be there and you’ve got to be there quickly.” Gen. Glen VanHerck, commander of U.S. Northern Command and the North American Aerospace Defense Command, made <a href="https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/39953/three-russian-ballistic-missile-submarines-just-surfaced-through-the-arctic-ice-together">similar remarks</a> in late April 2021.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Capabilities</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Budget constraints, however, will prevent large-scale acquisition of military equipment designed for the Arctic. There are just too many competing demands on the defense budget. A handful of <a href="https://www.dcms.uscg.mil/Our-Organization/Assistant-Commandant-for-Acquisitions-CG-9/Programs/Surface-Programs/Polar-Icebreaker/">modern icebreakers</a> and limited numbers of the <a href="https://www.defensenews.com/smr/frozen-pathways/2021/04/05/us-army-embarks-on-competitive-prototyping-journey-for-arctic-vehicle/">Army’s new cold-weather vehicle</a> may be the extent of new, manned Arctic capabilities funded for the foreseeable future. That said, the United States could shift cold-weather-capable equipment to the region, especially <a href="https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/36821/the-navy-is-building-a-network-of-drone-submarines-and-sensor-buoys-in-the-arctic">unmanned</a> intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance platforms. Unmanned capabilities need not have been developed for the Arctic per se but could be adapted for use in the region.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">There is a role for the U.S. private sector in developing Arctic capabilities and infrastructure if given the right government inducements. One promising area is satellite communication and positioning systems. Satellite companies are potentially attractive government partners. The U.S. military is looking into private-sector efforts such as the <a href="https://spacenews.com/oneweb-gets-u-s-air-force-contract-for-arctic-broadband/">OneWeb</a> and <a href="https://www.defensedaily.com/10-starlink-satellites-enhance-arctic-communications-northcom/space/">Starlink</a> polar communication satellites. The European Space Agency is doing the same with <a href="https://www.geospatialworld.net/news/esas-new-arctic-weather-satellite-flies-with-a-power-system-by-ruag-space/">Arctic weather satellites</a>. There is no reason these initiatives could not be expanded.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">The Biden administration’s Arctic strategy should consider the role of extractive industries (oil, mining, timber, fishing) in the region. Those industries have built much of the nonmilitary infrastructure in Alaska. In the future, as the global economy shifts from hydrocarbons to green energy, government efforts to foster infrastructure development could focus on distributed electricity grids, port facilities, and overland freight transport associated with mineral extraction (particularly rare earth minerals) rather than on oil and gas. All are consistent with the <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/04/22/fact-sheet-president-biden-sets-2030-greenhouse-gas-pollution-reduction-target-aimed-at-creating-good-paying-union-jobs-and-securing-u-s-leadership-on-clean-energy-technologies/">Biden climate plan</a>. New ports and rail lines could be funded through cost-sharing agreements between the government and business, which could make infrastructure cost-effective for business while saving the taxpayer money. The private sector could use the infrastructure during normal times, with the U.S. military having priority use during military exercises or national emergencies.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Political Will</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Demonstrating the political will to use Arctic capabilities unilaterally or in conjuncture with allies and partners is the other prerequisite for successful deterrence and defense. The most important priority should be to convince allies that the United States is a reliable security partner. Some of that persuasion has already begun with the Biden administration’s <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/01/26/readout-of-president-joseph-r-biden-jr-call-with-secretary-general-jens-stoltenberg-of-nato/">reaffirmation</a> of the U.S. commitment to NATO’s Article 5 security guarantees and <a href="https://www.state.gov/secretary-antony-j-blinken-and-danish-foreign-minister-jeppe-kofod-at-a-joint-press-availability/">Blinken’s consultations</a> in Denmark before the May 2021 Arctic Council ministerial meeting.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></div><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2500" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/0u27-sJ_OJ0" width="3007" youtube-src-id="0u27-sJ_OJ0"></iframe></div><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Persuading allies also requires demonstrating the ability to come to their defense if needed, regardless of climate conditions. Unilateral, bilateral, and “mini-multilateral” military <a href="https://warontherocks.com/2020/10/nato-in-the-arctic-keep-its-role-limited-for-now/">exercises are all useful</a> as practice and as international signals in the Arctic. Unilaterally, the U.S. Army is starting to relearn how to operate in the Arctic, as highlighted in its Arctic strategy. The U.S. Navy and Marine Corps learned important lessons from NATO’s <a href="https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2019/march/trident-juncture-2018-lessons-north-atlantic">Trident Juncture</a> exercise in 2018 and smaller <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2020/09/us-nato-warships-exercise-off-russias-arctic-coast/">exercises since then</a>. More exercises are needed to demonstrate to friend and foe alike that the U.S. military can again operate in cold climates.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">In addition, the United States should expand its use of flexible basing and deployment agreements with allies. The recent <a href="https://www.state.gov/u-s-norway-supplementary-defense-cooperation-agreement-sdca/">agreement</a> covering the U.S. military’s use of the Ramsund naval facility and Evenes air base in northern Norway are a good start. A similar arrangement could be made for the Danish air force to have permanent facilities at the U.S. base in Thule, Greenland, for search and rescue, air surveillance, anti-submarine warfare, and air interdiction missions, something that could tie allied forces more closely together, better defend this early warning facility, and improve surveillance in the Greenland-Iceland-United Kingdom gap. Expansion of the runway and facilities on Norway’s <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/us-air-force-fixing-up-norwegian-base-arctic-near-russia-2020-1">Jan Mayen island</a> and refurbishing an additional airfield in Greenland in conjunction with the Danes could serve similar purposes. Finally, the United States could coordinate existing niche capabilities amongst Arctic allies, an Arctic version of NATO’s <a href="https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_98527.htm">Connected Forces Initiative</a>.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">The Way Forward</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">The Biden administration should publish a new Arctic national security strategy. The last U.S. Arctic strategy was written in 2013, before the country refocused on geopolitical competition with Russia and China. The strategy should prioritize deterring attacks from the Arctic on U.S. or allied territory, minimizing and defending against Russian or Chinese coercion, and preventing either country from achieving future regional hegemony. The United States could achieve these objectives through cost-effective military acquisition, incentives for private-sector infrastructure development, activities that demonstrate military presence, and political and military commitments to Arctic allies.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">The Biden administration has a lot on its plate, and has yet to produce a final National Security Strategy, National Defense Strategy, or National Military Strategy. Nevertheless, the government should begin crafting an updated national strategy for the Arctic. The region is important for U.S. national security, and is increasingly a theater for competition with Russia and China</span></b>.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span></div><div><b style="color: orange;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2523" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/aSp9OlnGsNE" width="3033" youtube-src-id="aSp9OlnGsNE"></iframe></div><br /></span></b><h1 style="text-align: left;"><b style="color: orange;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="sciencetech-ccox mol-style-medium mol-style-bold" style="background-color: black; font-family: times;"><br /></span></span></b><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="color: orange;"><span><span class="sciencetech-ccox mol-style-medium mol-style-bold">MODIFY THE DREADNOUGHTS AS ICEBREAKERS</span><span class="mol-style-medium sciencetech-ccox mol-style-bold"> </span></span></b></span></span></h1></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">
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</span><header style="box-sizing: border-box;"><img height="1197" src="https://www.armytimes.com/resizer/JXx_-v0eA5huo8xnFeS0kabmhQo=/1200x0/filters:quality(100)/arc-anglerfish-arc2-prod-mco.s3.amazonaws.com/public/XNU7U35IBNCTRKEPNUR5HUH4S4.JPG" width="2757" /><figure style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: lato, sans-serif; margin: 0px;"><h1 style="font-family: "times new roman";"><b style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange;">WASHINGTON — Barely two weeks after the US Navy commissioned its newest and most futuristic warship, armed with two huge guns that can hit targets 80 miles away, the service is moving to cancel the </span><span style="color: orange;">Zumwalt class destroyers plans for more than 32 ships. </span></span></b></h1><h1 style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange;">Supported by the old Iowa class BBGs can be more an excellent supply. logistics tanker and as a </span></span></b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Multi-Mission Surface Combatant (MMSC):</b></span></span></h1><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div></figure></header><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div style="text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: black;">DESIGN OF THE HULL REMOVE ALL THE 16" GUN TURRETS AND MAKE IT NUCLEAR POWERED</b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: black;"><b style="color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /><br /><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2289" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/zKCbhgLxW_U" width="2754" youtube-src-id="zKCbhgLxW_U"></iframe><br /><br /><div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div style="text-align: center;"><b>DESIGN OF THE HULL REMOVE ALL THE 16" GUN TURRETS AND MAKE IT NUCLEAR POWERED</b></div></span></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large;"><ul style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>Converted old carriers and battleships shoud be used like </b></span><b style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">Arctic Ocean Icebreaker which should be nuclear powered also.</b></span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><br /></b></span></li></ul><ul style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>Amphibious assault ship and </b></span><b style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">Nuclear Aircraft Carrier, CVN.</b></span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><br /></b></span></li></ul><ul style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Missiles platform located around and between the double hull of the ships.</b></span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></li></ul><ul style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Forward Force Projection Ship</b></span></li></ul></span></div></div></span></b></b></div></span></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2359" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/fVGDYeKO6bs" width="2837" youtube-src-id="fVGDYeKO6bs"></iframe></div><br /></b></span><div style="font-family: lato, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;">
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</div><div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>Additional 16" steel armor from top to bottom the whole length of the ship,</b></span></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<li><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Arctic Ocean Icebreaker </b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Amphibious assault ship</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Nuclear Aircraft Carrier, CVN</b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Missiles platform </b></span></li>
<li><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Forward Force Projection Ship</b></span></li>
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<b style="color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;">From this battleship to a Multi Role Combatant ship</b><br />
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<span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="color: orange;"><b style="background-color: black;">The addition of a 16 inch thick protective armor on all the surface of the ship ie. Flight deck, bridge, sides etc. </b></b></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="color: orange;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></b></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="color: orange;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></b></span></span></div><div itemprop="articleBody" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;">
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<b style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><img alt="HMS Daring, a new £1 billion warship: Using the new material, future ships could look radically different - and be able to survive multiple hits without sinking" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="1522" id="i-d028059ccf2027cb" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/05/14/23/016FE320000004B0-0-image-a-46_1431642646989.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="2289" /></b></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">HMS Daring, a new £1 billion warship: Using the new material, future ships could look radically different - and be able to survive multiple hits without sinking</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">The secret of this syntactic foam starts with a matrix made of a magnesium alloy, which is then turned into foam by adding strong, lightweight silicon carbide hollow spheres developed and manufactured by DST. </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">A single sphere's shell can withstand pressure of over 25,000 pounds per square inch (PSI) before it ruptures—one hundred times the maximum pressure in a fire hose.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">The hollow particles also offer impact protection to the syntactic foam because each shell acts like an energy absorber during its fracture. </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">The composite can be customized for density and other properties by adding more or fewer shells into the metal matrix to fit the requirements of the application. </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">This concept can also be used with other magnesium alloys that are non-flammable.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">The new composite has potential applications in boat flooring, automobile parts, and buoyancy modules as well as vehicle armor.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Add 400 feet at the stern, to provide an elevator to a hangar below deck and below the hangar install an LSD type attack amphibious assault module, thus creating a multi role ship.</span><span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></span></span></b><br />
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<img height="1648" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2016/04/12/23/331D24D700000578-3536797-LPDs_can_be_used_as_a_landing_ship_helicopter_platform_and_well_-a-104_1460500217977.jpg" width="2466" />
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">LPDs can be used as a landing ship, helicopter platform and well deck. This system would give LPD-28 air defenses and the ability to hit inland and other enemy ships in the water. The ship could also provide fire support for vehicles that cannot reach certain areas - such as AH-1 attack helicopters. Pictured is an LPD-19</b></span></span></div>
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<b style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><img alt="Lockheed Martin wants to outfit LPD-28 with the Aegis Combat System, giving it the ability to defend itself as well as pick up vehicles. Pictured is the LPD-26" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="1709" id="i-c50484a22f2bc3e4" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2016/04/12/23/331D0F1800000578-3536797-Lockheed_Martin_wants_to_outfit_LPD_28_with_the_Aegis_Combat_Sys-a-100_1460500217972.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="2562" /></b></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Lockheed Martin wants to outfit LPD-28 with the Aegis Combat System, giving it the ability to defend itself as well as pick up vehicles. Pictured is the LPD-26</b></span></span></div><div class="imageCaption" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); clear: both; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 0px; padding: 4px 0px; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">Currently, the 'Baseline 9' Aegis equipped ships are the only vessels capable of defending against these threats.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">This new system would also give LPD-28 air defenses and the ability to hit inland and other enemy ships in the water.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">The ship could also provide fire support for vehicles that cannot reach certain areas.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">Lockheed sees this as a 'Navy in a box' or a self-contained fight unit that could reach even the most dangerous areas.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">Although this type of technology does substantially increase the ship's cost, it would give the Navy and Marines other resources for deployment..</b></span></div>
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<b style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><img alt="It consists of four large SPY-1D phased array radars and is designed with sensors and communication nodes that transmits information to a combat information center. The LPD-28 would be used for enhanced amphibious operations, as it can defend itself and other ships around it from threats" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="1768" id="i-968da114edd25298" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2016/04/12/23/331D0F0C00000578-3536797-It_consists_of_four_large_SPY_1D_phased_array_radars_and_is_desi-a-102_1460500217975.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="2754" /></b></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">It consists of four large SPY-1D phased array radars and is designed with sensors and communication nodes that transmits information to a combat information center. The LPD-28 would be used for enhanced amphibious operations, as it can defend itself and other ships around it from threats</b></span></span></div>
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<img height="1568" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2016/04/12/23/331D0F3400000578-3536797-The_Aegis_Combat_System_is_an_integrated_naval_weapons_system_th-a-103_1460500217976.jpg" width="2382" />
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The Aegis Combat System is an integrated naval weapons system that is capable of simultaneously attacking land targets, submarines and surface ships 'while automatically protecting the fleet against aircraft, cruise missiles and ballistic missiles, says Lockheed Martin</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">This line is set to replace the aging group of Whidbey Island and Harpers Ferry class amphibious ships, which will all be over 40 years old by 2025.</b></span></div>
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<span><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b>'The primary function of Navy amphibious ships is to lift (i.e., transport) U.S. Marines and their equipment and supplies to distant operating areas, and enable Marines to conduct expeditionary operations ashore in those areas,' reads a <a href="https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/weapons/R43543.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="cursor: pointer; letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">report </a>from the Congressional Research Service. </b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b>Conversion from this USS Missouri (BB) to a trimaran to accommodate beefing at least a 24 inch armor at the prow as an icebreaker; </b></span><br /></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwjH9X03Po1EclZUEsZaw-LNVWwy9jjNBnUqib7OXqBIBmxKhkhtgZ59Bp0Su7OWevCn6K3tlUBA3uOvDTimHfuNxOAhSu3TTkuZK6j42twNUQ8wxL1RORbaY6EQZ3QedKebp_1BsgMf6Z/s1600/Missouri_post_refit.jpg" style="background-color: black; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="578" data-original-width="803" height="1806" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwjH9X03Po1EclZUEsZaw-LNVWwy9jjNBnUqib7OXqBIBmxKhkhtgZ59Bp0Su7OWevCn6K3tlUBA3uOvDTimHfuNxOAhSu3TTkuZK6j42twNUQ8wxL1RORbaY6EQZ3QedKebp_1BsgMf6Z/w2508-h1806/Missouri_post_refit.jpg" width="2508" /></a></div>
<span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b><br /></b></span><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start;">Converted to like USS <i>Essex</i> (LHD-2)</span><span style="letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start;"> a </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a><span style="letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start;"> multipurpose </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_assault_ship" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Amphibious assault ship">amphibious assault ship</a><span style="letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start;">, and the lead ship of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasp-class_amphibious_assault_ship" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wasp-class amphibious assault ship">her class</a><span style="letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start;">.</span></b></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDS2qslOFbRTO6k1rLuSKfZMKqg049ZbDL4dDuF0j2VV1cmjyMndKue1tcGOfoT-D0155lr6waqpSejsZgi2hWIjcSlvvZUTNtRO28KxIuCwrHcZ1SdNXq0bx1i-HJq-rr6fujd9xWRvNE/s1600/1599px-USS_Essex_Thailand.jpg" style="background-color: black; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1066" data-original-width="1599" height="1259" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDS2qslOFbRTO6k1rLuSKfZMKqg049ZbDL4dDuF0j2VV1cmjyMndKue1tcGOfoT-D0155lr6waqpSejsZgi2hWIjcSlvvZUTNtRO28KxIuCwrHcZ1SdNXq0bx1i-HJq-rr6fujd9xWRvNE/w1888-h1259/1599px-USS_Essex_Thailand.jpg" width="1888" /></a></div>
<span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start;"><br /></span></b></span></span></span><h1><span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start;">The converted dreadnought will have the same configuration, but with an angle deck and 400 feet longer than the USS <i>Essex</i> (LHD-2) above which</span><span style="letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start;"> is a </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasp-class_amphibious_assault_ship" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wasp-class amphibious assault ship"><i>Wasp</i>-class</a><span style="letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_Helicopter_Dock" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Landing Helicopter Dock">Landing Helicopter Dock</a><span style="letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start;"> in service with the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a><span style="letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start;">. The </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_assault_ship" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Amphibious assault ship">amphibious assault ship</a><span style="letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start;"> was built at what is now </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_Ingalls_Industries" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Huntington Ingalls Industries">Huntington Ingalls Industries</a><span style="letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start;"> in </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascagoula,_Mississippi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pascagoula, Mississippi">Pascagoula, Mississippi</a><span style="letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start;">. She was </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_naming_and_launching" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ship naming and launching">launched</a><span style="letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start;"> 23 February 1991 and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ship commissioning">commissioned</a><span style="letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start;"> on 17 October 1992 while moored at </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_North_Island" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Naval Air Station North Island">North Island NAS</a><span style="letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start;">. She is the fifth ship named for </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_County,_Massachusetts" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Essex County, Massachusetts">Essex County, Massachusetts</a><span style="letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start;">.</span></b></span></span></span></h1><span>
<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Wasp_(LHD-1)_Osprey_2.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none;"><b></b></a></span><br />
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><i style="letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start;">Wasp</i><span style="letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start;"> and her </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_ship" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sister ship">sister ships</a><span style="letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start;"> are the first specifically designed to accommodate new </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_Craft_Air_Cushion" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Landing Craft Air Cushion">Landing Craft Air Cushion</a><span style="letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start;"> (LCAC) for fast troop movement over the beach, and </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AV-8_Harrier_II" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="AV-8 Harrier II">Harrier II</a><span style="letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start;"> (AV-8B) Vertical/Short Take-Off and Landing (V/STOL) jets which provide close air support for the assault force. She can also accommodate the full range of Navy and Marine Corps helicopters, the tiltrotor </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-22_Osprey" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="V-22 Osprey">MV-22 Osprey</a><span style="letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start;">, the </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-35B_Lightning_II" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="F-35B Lightning II">F-35B Lightning II</a><span style="letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start;"> multi-role fighter, conventional landing craft, and amphibious vehicles.</span></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">'Although amphibious ships are designed to support Marine landings against opposing military forces, they are also used for operations in permissive or benign situations where there are no opposing forces.'</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Lockheed sees this as a 'Navy in a box' or a self-contained fight unit that could reach even the most dangerous areas. Although this type of technology does substantially increase the ship's cost, it would open the door for more concepts, give the Navy and Marines other resources for deployment. Pictured is Nasa's Orion capsule in the well deck of LPD USS Anchorage</b></span></span><br />
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<br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><img border="0" height="1412" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguY7Mn0F90VvFH1MONYrxb2QuPxcsEqUNEgFFnWphuT-jrd7QsLtW8MK718XhqlP793LKh-YsNbPPit44R26p8NEz9-fsPl3uZxvWujodA2C06chSJbwgM8p0fwRTeTfs3Qh0mB0XKrPjU/w1962-h1412/Missouri_post_refit.jpg" width="1962" /><img border="0" height="1193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguY7Mn0F90VvFH1MONYrxb2QuPxcsEqUNEgFFnWphuT-jrd7QsLtW8MK718XhqlP793LKh-YsNbPPit44R26p8NEz9-fsPl3uZxvWujodA2C06chSJbwgM8p0fwRTeTfs3Qh0mB0XKrPjU/w1657-h1193/Missouri_post_refit.jpg" width="1657" /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguY7Mn0F90VvFH1MONYrxb2QuPxcsEqUNEgFFnWphuT-jrd7QsLtW8MK718XhqlP793LKh-YsNbPPit44R26p8NEz9-fsPl3uZxvWujodA2C06chSJbwgM8p0fwRTeTfs3Qh0mB0XKrPjU/s1600/Missouri_post_refit.jpg" style="background-color: black; letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="578" data-original-width="803" height="1281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguY7Mn0F90VvFH1MONYrxb2QuPxcsEqUNEgFFnWphuT-jrd7QsLtW8MK718XhqlP793LKh-YsNbPPit44R26p8NEz9-fsPl3uZxvWujodA2C06chSJbwgM8p0fwRTeTfs3Qh0mB0XKrPjU/w1779-h1281/Missouri_post_refit.jpg" width="1779" /></a></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Large and small craft are also onboard - capable of ferrying people, emergency supplies and several vehicles across shallow waters (pictured: Landing Craft Utility Vehicles)" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="1925" id="i-bf1a45ae87332f53" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2018/11/18/18/6345350-6403327-Large_and_small_craft_are_also_onboard_capable_of_ferrying_peopl-a-33_1542567014041.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;" width="2884" /></b></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: black; letter-spacing: -0.01em; text-align: left;">Large and small craft are also onboard - capable of ferrying people, emergency supplies and several vehicles across shallow waters (pictured: Landing Craft Utility Vehicles)</span></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img alt="The Navy has also dispatched two amphibious assault ships, the USS Iwo Jima (pictured in a file photo) and the USS New York, to help with recovery efforts" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="2267" id="i-a88dfcce18d24a02" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2017/09/12/17/442E92BC00000578-0-image-a-24_1505232200965.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="3017" /></b></span></span><br />
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The Navy has also dispatched two amphibious assault ships, the USS Iwo Jima (pictured in a file photo) and the USS New York, to help with recovery efforts</b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">'We are ready to defend any NATO country or whatever country that needs our help.' </b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">A landing craft assigned to Assault Craft Unit 4 (ACU 4) and attached to the San Antonio-class amphibious transport dock ship USS New York in the Norwegian Sea </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img alt="The USS Iwo Jima and USS New York (pictured in a file photo) homeported in Mayport, Florida, as they gathered supplies before supporting relief operations" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="1879" id="i-ef7f63ccedd65392" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2017/09/12/17/442E937A00000578-0-image-a-26_1505232202615.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="2816" /></b></span></span><br />
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The USS Iwo Jima and USS New York (pictured in a file photo) homeported in Mayport, Florida, as they gathered supplies before supporting relief operations</b></span></span></div>
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<h2 style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 40px; margin: 0px 0px 4px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">The go anywhere craft set to take US Marines into battle: BAE reveals $6.2 billion amphibious combat vehicle</span></span></h2>
<ul class="mol-bullets-with-font" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 8px; min-height: 1px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 16px; text-align: left;">
<li class="class" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; list-style: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; text-align: justify;"><strong style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">The new vehicles will replace the aging fleet of vehicles that have been in service since 1972</span></strong></li>
<li class="class" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; list-style: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; text-align: justify;"><strong style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">The new vehicle can carry 13 embarked Marines plus a crew of three to operate it</span></strong></li>
<li class="class" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; list-style: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; text-align: justify;"><strong style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">16 wheel craft can 65mph on land and has a range of more than 325 miles</span></strong></li>
<li class="class" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; list-style: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; text-align: justify;"><strong style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">In sea, the craft can reach 6 knots and travel 12 nautical miles</span></strong></li>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></b><br />
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The U.S. Marine Corps has revealed a radical next generation armored amphibious vehicle designed to protect Marines in transit from sea to shore.</b></span></span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin-bottom: 18px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">It awarded BAE Systems a lucrative contract to build the amphibious combat vehicle.</b></span></span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin-bottom: 18px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The new vehicles will replace the aging fleet of expensive-to-maintain flat-bottomed amphibious assault vehicles in service since 1972.</b></span></span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin-bottom: 18px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">PLC a contract for wheeled amphibious combat vehicles (ACV) that transport Marines from ship to shore under hostile conditions, the defense contractor said on Tuesday.</b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></span></div>
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<b style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><img alt="The new vehicles will replace the aging fleet of expensive-to-maintain flat-bottomed amphibious assault vehicles in service since 1972. It is designed to protect Marines in transit from sea to shore." class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="1716" id="i-badf5b1ea5ee653b" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/newpix/2018/06/20/17/4D74185600000578-5866147-image-a-1_1529510622693.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="2710" /></b></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The new vehicles will replace the aging fleet of expensive-to-maintain flat-bottomed amphibious assault vehicles in service since 1972. It is designed to protect Marines in transit from sea to shore.</b></span></span></div>
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<div class="art-ins mol-factbox floatRHS sciencetech" data-permabox-url="https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-5866147/The-craft-set-Marines-battle-revealed.html" data-version="2" id="mol-741cc7c0-74a1-11e8-859e-3510483c5026" style="border-top: 4px solid rgb(255, 102, 0); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none; float: right; letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px 0px 16px 16px; min-height: 50px; padding: 12px 16px 0px; width: 308px;">
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<span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">THE ACV SPECS </span></span></h3>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span class="mol-style-bold" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;">Weight </span>67,500 lbs 30,617 kg</b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span class="mol-style-bold" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;">Payload </span>Up to 7,280 lbs/3,302 kg Personnel capacity 13 + 3 crew </b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span class="mol-style-bold" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;">Road Speed</span>: 65 mph/105 km/h </b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span class="mol-style-bold" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;">Ocean Speed</span>: 6 knots</b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span class="mol-style-bold" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;">Range </span><span class="mol-style-bold" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;">on road</span> at 55MPH/89KPH: Up to 325 miles/ 523 km </b></span></span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin-bottom: 12px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span class="mol-style-bold" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;">Range at sea </span>followed by land: Up to 12NM followed by 250+ miles on land T</b></span></span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin-bottom: 12px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span class="mol-style-bold" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;">Length </span>350 inches/8.9 m</b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span class="mol-style-bold" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;">Width </span>124 inches/3.1 m </b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span class="mol-style-bold" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;">Height </span>(hull) 113 inches/2.8 m <span style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;">BAE confirmed the $198 million deal in a statement and said the company has already produced 16 prototypes. </span></b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">A U.S. official and a person familiar with the decision earlier told Reuters that BAE had been awarded the deal.</b></span></span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin-bottom: 18px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The award is a blow to defense services company Science Applications International Corp (SAIC), which was competing to be lead contractor on the vehicle.</b></span></span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin-bottom: 18px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The Department of Defense estimated that procurement and maintenance of all 208 vehicles in the program will be about $6.2 billion over their lifetime.</b></span></span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin-bottom: 18px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">SAIC said it was 'disappointed' that its vehicle was not selected.</b></span></span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin-bottom: 18px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The award for an initial batch of 30 vehicles shifts the program from the prototype and testing phase into low-rate production, which is scheduled to begin this year.</b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">A recent report by the U.S. Government Accountability Office cautioned the Marine Corps from entering a second year of low-rate production until the contractor demonstrates the vehicles produced have consistently high quality manufacturing standards.</b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">THE US MARINE'S NEW AMPHIBIOUS COMBAT VEHICLE </span></span></h3>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Designed as an amphibious vehicle with open-ocean ship launch and recovery capability, the ACV can carry 13 embarked Marines plus a crew of three.</b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The 8x8 amphibious platform has a special 'H-Drive' System to provide full time all-wheel traction both on land and in the surf zone. </b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The craft is equipped with a robust 690HP engine, providing a significant power increase over the Assault Amphibious Vehicle (AAV) – has a range of more than 325 miles on land before refueling and can travel at speeds in excess of 65 miles per hour. </b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">A blast resistant hull and energy absorbing seats are key elements of the ACV 1.1, and protect it from mine, improvised explosive device (IED), kinetic energy (KE), and overhead protection.</b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The 8x8 amphibious platform has a special 'H-Drive' System to provide full time all-wheel traction both on land and in the surf zone.</b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">A blast resistant hull and energy absorbing seats are key elements of the ACV 1.1, and protect it from mine, improvised explosive device (IED), kinetic energy (KE), and overhead protection. </b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">An Automatic Fire Suppression System is also included.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;">In 2015, it awarded SAIC and BAE development and testing contracts for the wheeled amphibious combat project.</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The program will be a replacement for the tracked Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle (EVF) that was being developed for the Marines by General Dynamics Corp before its cancellation in 2011 following large cost increases and technical issues.</b></span></span></div>
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<h1 style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: orange;">The bridge/superstructure should be extended all the way to the stern, creating a flat top for emergency aircraft landings or home for 20 F-35B and attack helicopters. The additional 400 feet at the stern will be two times the width of the beam making the ship more stable due to increase armor and the heavy flat top. The shape of the bottom at the stern is like a trimaran with deeper V-plow aft more than the existing main hull, a possible protection from torpedos and ice hitting the main body of the ship.</span></span></b></span></span></span></h1><span>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The Congressional Research Service said the Navy wants to spend no more than $950 million per ship, while Clarke put the target at $800 million per ship after the first ship.</b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Working in the ship's favor in terms of affordability: The proposal calls for no new technologies. </b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">That's a far cry from littoral combat ships and larger, stealthy Zumwalt-class destroyers that incorporated new designs and technologies that contributed to significant cost overruns.</b></span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><br />
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Now for the proposed complement of 20 F-35B aboard this cnverted BBG, one F-35 pilot recently explained: “Five to eight years ago, we would plan an entire force package of [fourth-generation] aircraft, about 20-30 aircraft, all to maybe have a slim hope of taking down a modern surface-to-air threat — just one. Now, we train to accomplish the same mission with far greater certainty using just a few F-35s, while continuing to execute a host of other tasks.” Mission costs matter, and by this measure the F-35 is a far more prudent choice.</b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">As for standoff weapons, while they afford comanders with valuable options, the Navy has no shortage of standoff weapons carriers. They need more stand-in airplanes. The entire legacy fighter force of over 1,000 aircraft, along with B-1 and B-52s, can carry standoff munitions. Nor are more modern types like the B-2, B-21, F-22, and F-35 precluded from employing these weapons. There is also a basic monetary consideration when balancing stand-in and standoff capabilities. The latter is far more expensive on a per unit cost — in excess of $1 million a missile versus thousands of dollars for an air dropped munition. A theater-level air campaign involves upward of 40,000 aim points — do the math. Nor are many of these standoff munitions stealthy. They stand a high risk of being shot down.</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold;">At $ 4.3 billion each for the Zumwalt, this can save a considerable amount of money to modernize this multi role BBG's. </span><a href="https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/air-warfare-symposium/2019/02/27/congressional-supporters-stand-ready-to-protect-f-35-from-f-15x-budget-threats/" style="background-color: black; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold;">Congress needs to take these points into consideration</a><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold;"> as it assesses the best surface and air superiority path. </span><b style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;">Second, the battleships would return to the field just as firepower is transitioning from being gunpowder-based to electricity-based. The ship will need all the power it can get to power the new generation of weapons systems that will go onboard. A nuclear power plant would provide power in the megawatts range, while requiring fewer crew to operate it. An alternative is the electric drive system that powers the Zumwalt class, albeit on a larger scale, delivering even greater power.</b></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Third, the battleships need to be able to sink ships at ranges of at least 1500 miles and hit land targets at least 2 thousand miles. At 887 feet long, the battlewagons will be prime targets for land- and sea-based antiship missiles and must have a reasonable chance of operating from beyond their ranges. While the effective range of antiship missiles will only continue to grow, a long-distance striking capability will still be useful against other targets, including island garrisons, air bases and enemy ships.</b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Fourth, the battleships will be purely offensive weapons designed to attack targets on land and at sea. They will have advanced radar systems aboard, will be equiped with the Standard family of missiles, and will jump on the ballistic-missile defense bandwagon. In order to justify their existence, they must be able to contribute as much offensive firepower as possible.</b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">A reactivated battleship would replace a carrier—but the two can operate separately symbiotically. A guided-missile battleship’s long-range firepower would suppress enemy air defenses, allowing carrier aircraft a freer hand over enemy territory. In return, carriers would provide antisubmarine and antiair cover for the battleship.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Our upgrade for the Iowa-class battleships would turn them from battleships (BBs) to guided missile battleships (BBGs). </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-weight: 700;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange;">My proposed extension of 400 feet at the stern of the Iowa class battleship will provide for a multi role (LSD amphibious assault ship, Elevator at the stern for helicopters, marine version of the F-35 vertical take off.</span></span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Big ships still have some lethality advantages. For example, bigger ships can carry larger magazines of missiles, which they can use for both offensive and defensive purposes. Advances in gun technology (such as the 155mm Advanced Gun System to be mounted on the Zumwalt class destroyer) mean that large naval artillery can strike farther and more accurately than ever before. </span></b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-weight: bold;"><span style="background-color: black;">But the most important advances may come in survivability.The biggest reason to build big ships may be the promise of electricity generation. The most interesting innovations in naval technology involve sensors, unmanned technology, lasers, and railguns, most of which are power intensive. Larger ships can generate more power, increasing not only their lethality (rail guns, sensors) but also their survivability (anti-missile lasers, defensive sensor technologies, close-defense systems). The missile magazines that large ships can carry allow them to draw together these elements and lethality and survivability better than their smaller counterparts.</span> </span></div></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Taking a cue from the Pentagon, making the ship’s main battery more efficient means that we can cut it. The aft sixteen-inch gun turret has to go, in order to give the ship a long-range strike capability. In its place we will put a field of <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MUivGFjYUqEC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=iowa+class+harrier+320&source=bl&ots=80TuZSTXve&sig=OEb7hhP6TIwgicwMIWXi8SQjEek&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDQQ6AEwBGoVChMI2aDA1fvnxwIVVjSICh2Mmgqy#v=onepage&q=iowa%20class%20harrier%20320&f=false">320 to 470 </a>Mk. 41 variant vertical-launch systems that will accommodate a purely offensive loadout: <a href="http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/the-us-navys-new-long-range-anti-ship-missile-just-got-even-16469">Long Range Anti-Ship Missiles </a>with a two-hundred-plus-mile range and <a href="http://www.navair.navy.mil/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.display&key=F4E98B0F-33F5-413B-9FAE-8B8F7C5F0766">Tactical Tomahawk</a>missiles with a thousand-mile range. Even longer-range missiles would be welcome additions to the BBG’s new arsenal, and could even be stored in deck-mounted armored box launchers if necessary.</b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The remaining five-inch gun turrets on the Iowa-classes’ port and starboard sides are obsolete. The solution: ripping out the turrets and replacing them with <a href="http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/the-us-navys-next-super-weapon-railguns-21668">a pair of railguns </a>. Four railguns would increase the battleship’s firepower against land targets, helping make up for the loss of the aft sixteen-inch turret.</b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The BBGs would not be totally defenseless: the upgrade of the early 1980s saw four Phalanx CIWS guns installed. In their place we could install newer SeaRAM point defense missile launchers, or even defensive laser weapons in the hundred-kilowatt range, fed power from the nuclear reactors.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">The BBGs will retain their helicopter landing pad. The battlewagons will rely on cruiser and destroyer escorts to fend of air and subsurface threats, and P-8 Poseidon maritime patrol aircraft, MQ-4 Triton drones and other unmanned aircraft, and submarines and unmanned underwater vehicles for targeting data. One outside possibility is the battleships being equipped with <a href="http://breakingdefense.com/2016/12/tailsitter-drone-tern-pilot-not-included/">TERN tailsitter drones </a>capable taking off and landing vertically, providing an organic, long-distance scouting capability not unlike the Vought OS2U Kingfisher seaplanes that equipped the Iowas in the 1940s.</span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">US officials and commanders in the Coast Guard and Naval forces have pushed for an expansion of the US military presence in the Arctic.</b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">UN Commission to Consider RussianArctic Shelf Claim in February</b></span></span></div>
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<span><b style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;">The US Coast Guard and two US Senators have called for the construction of a new billion-dollar icebreaker ship to counter Russia in the Arctic, </b></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The US operates two icebreakers in the Arctic, but its military claims that Russia's increased presence in the area is cause for more equipment. US commanders claim that Russia seeks to establish its presence in the area through its military.</b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">In fact, Russia's border-related claims in the area are handled through the UN committee on maritime borders.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>"Russia is watching what China does in the East China Sea with the 'nine-dash line' and is working to define what the continental shelf looks like, to establish a claim and declare its sovereignty," commander of US Naval Forces Europe Admiral Mark Ferguson told CNN.</b></span></span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img alt="Kremlin dispatched a series of warships from its Northern Fleet base in Severomorsk, sending them on a summer patrol through polar waters above the Arctic circle" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="1323" id="i-acf6c26312ff796" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/newpix/2018/08/16/13/4F232E2700000578-6067141-image-a-66_1534423605209.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;" width="2421" /></b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Kremlin dispatched a series of warships from its Northern Fleet base in Severomorsk, sending them on a summer patrol through polar waters above the Arctic circle</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img alt="The fleet of Russian Navy ships is expected to patrol across nine time zones, taking advantage of the polar waters being largely free of thick ice this summer" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="1309" id="i-1d9d8f0216f6eb84" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/newpix/2018/08/16/14/4F232E3200000578-6067141-The_fleet_of_Russian_Navy_ships_is_expected_to_patrol_across_nin-a-18_1534426878012.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="2371" /></b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The fleet of Russian Navy ships is expected to patrol across nine time zones, taking advantage of the polar waters being largely free of thick ice this summer</b></span></div>
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<img alt="Northern Fleet exercises" height="375" src="https://cdn3.img.sputniknews.com/images/102311/69/1023116919.jpg" style="border: 0px; display: block; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: middle; width: auto;" title="Northern Fleet exercises" width="705" /></div>
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<span><b style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;">The nine-dash line is a term for China's claim in the South China Sea, although the US Naval Commander apparently confused it with the East China Sea, where China, Japan and South Korea are involved in an unrelated territorial dispute.</b></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The statements, however, go directly against those made by Vice Commandant of the US Coast Guard Vice Adm. Charles Michel's statement at an Arctic cooperation round table on January 15. Michel noted that the US Coast Guard and Russia have continued cooperation despite recent political disagreements.</b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">"Relations between the US Coast Guard and Russian partners are a model of international cooperation. Together we are much more efficient than by ourselves," Michel was quoted by RIA Novosti as saying in comments translated into Russian.</b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Russia has been paying more attention to the Arctic in its national security strategy, as Russia has considerable economic interests and a largely unsecured border in the area. The Deputy Secretary of Russia's Security Council confirmed on Monday that Russia's national defense strategy includes the Arctic.</b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">As an icebreaker shipbuilder, they should beef up the prow of the boat, using its original lines as a framework, construct a sort of V-plow bow, which runs the length of the ship from its prow to its beam. The Iowa with its thick armor is suitable for use as an icebreaker.</b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Remove one half the height of its superstructure but lengthrn it to the #1 gun turret, in order to decrease topside weight, and center of gravity. Also, install the armor around around the superstructure as discussed above. That topside weight will balance out after the removal of the 3 gun turrets.</b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Remove the #2 and #3 turrets and all of their ammunition bunker machinery. </b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Install nuclear power systems in the #3 turret. Remove old traditional propulsion systems and replace with steam, cooling and gearing for a Nuclear plant.</b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Under the #2 turret install a multi directional Azipod (propeller) system.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">If you took an anti ship missile and fired it at a WWII battleship, it would do superficial damage but not penetrate the armor protecting the bridge, the main battery gun turrets, the sides or deck covering the magazines and engine space. The armor protecting these areas was often as thick as the diameter of the guns, in hardened steel plates. So it struck head on would have to traverse 16 inches of steel, if struck at an oblique angle, even more.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Very possibly an antiship missile would simply bounce off the armor and explode harmlessly. If the missile had a lot of fuel left, it could start a surface fire with that fuel and its explosive charge,</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">WWII armor piercing shells were reduced explosion charge with delayed fuses and hardened cases and points to penetrate armor and explode within. A 16 inch shell was massive, a 2000 lb projectile and these are what the armor I described above is designed to protect against.</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">I suppose its possible to defeat armor with enough kinetic energy from a large antiship missile and shaped charges but the question is, what would they be used against? There are no more battleships.</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: bold;"></span></span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: bold;"></span></span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">The result of this conversion is a BBG that could sink any enemy surface action group protecting an enemy island or coastline, then strike antiaccess/area-denial targets such as antiship ballistic missiles, surface-to-air missile batteries, radars, air bases and and other enemy targets. Once it was safe enough to close within a hundred miles of the enemy coast, sixteen-inch guns with hypervelocity shells would come into play, destroying a half-dozen targets at a time with precision.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a action_mousedown="QuestionLinkClickthrough" class="question_link" href="https://www.quora.com/Could-North-Korea-or-Iran-launch-a-nuclear-tipped-missile-to-hit-the-US-from-a-disguised-container-ship" id="__w2_wfoLONIa28_link" rel="noopener" style="display: block;" target="_blank"><span class="ui_content_title unstyled_ui_title" style="user-select: text;"><span class="ui_qtext_rendered_qtext" style="tab-size: 4;"><b>Could North Korea or Iran launch a nuclear-tipped missile to hit the US from a disguised container ship?</b></span></span></a></span></span><br />
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">This is North Korea’s KN-18* MaRV ship killer missile. It has a maneuvering Hypersonic Glide vehicle with a 4 kiloton warhead and an accuracy of 7m CEP. Three of these were demonstrated on 26 August 2017.* [corrected missile name]</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Their warhead reentry vehicle was obtained by cyber espionage from plans for the American Pershing -II missile and may have been copied by DPRK from the Chinese DF-21D missile after they obtained plans for the Pershing II.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Physical overpressure would likely kill the ship’s crew in the same way that a Thermobaric bomb does.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">The KN-18 warhead has a radar seeker that can detect and identify the shapes of targets and terrain matching these with RCS templates stored in its memory. This means that it does not require active targeting updates.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">It is very similar to the EMAD warhead seen on Iran’s missiles</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">China calls their version the WU-14</span></b></div>
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<span class="qlink_container"><a class="external_link" data-qt-tooltip="sputniknews.com" href="https://sputniknews.com/military/201506141023358426/" rel="noopener nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("//qsf.c7.quoracdn.net/-3-images.new_grid.external_link.svg-26-7f84ed22dfd7e97b.svg"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 10.5px; padding-right: 15px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Faster Than Light: China's Hypersonic WU-14 Getting on Pentagon's Nerves</span></b></a></span></div>
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<span class="qlink_container"><a class="external_link" data-qt-tooltip="wikipedia.org" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WU-14" rel="noopener nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("//qsf.c7.quoracdn.net/-3-images.new_grid.external_link.svg-26-7f84ed22dfd7e97b.svg"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 10.5px; padding-right: 15px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">WU-14 - Wikipedia</span></b></a></span></div>
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<span class="qlink_container"><a class="external_link" data-qt-tooltip="cetusnews.com" href="http://www.cetusnews.com/tech/China-To-Test-Hypersonic-Weapons-That-Could-Reach-U-S--In-14-Minutes.SJE2IbckM.html" rel="noopener nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("//qsf.c7.quoracdn.net/-3-images.new_grid.external_link.svg-26-7f84ed22dfd7e97b.svg"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 10.5px; padding-right: 15px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">17.11.15 China To Test Hypersonic Weapons That Could Reach US In 14 Minutes</span></b></a></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">The point of the nuclear warhead is to create an over pressure that breaks the back of a ship.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Torpedoes are designed to do much the same by exploding under a ship’s keel, not actually hitting the ship.</span></b></div>
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<span class="qlink_container"><a class="external_link" data-qt-tooltip="sputniknews.com" href="https://sputniknews.com/military/201511281030919618-china-military-hypersonic-glide-vehicle-us-defense/" rel="noopener nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("//qsf.c7.quoracdn.net/-3-images.new_grid.external_link.svg-26-7f84ed22dfd7e97b.svg"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 10.5px; padding-right: 15px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">China’s New Hypersonic Weapon Capable of Defeating US Air Defense System</span></b></a></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">In terms of intercept by an Aegis BMD vessel, this type of interceptor missile depends upon a radar operator predicting the Ballistic trajectory. If there is no ballistic trajectory interception by an Aegis missile becomes much more complicated.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">This article below refers to the same missile incorrectly named as the KN-17 (designation subsequently revised by the Pentagon to KN-18):</span></b></div>
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<span class="qlink_container"><a class="external_link" data-qt-tooltip="38north.org" href="http://www.38north.org/2017/05/jschilling050117/" rel="noopener nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("//qsf.c7.quoracdn.net/-3-images.new_grid.external_link.svg-26-7f84ed22dfd7e97b.svg"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 10.5px; padding-right: 15px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">North Korea's "Carrier-Killer" May Be No Such Thing | 38 North: Informed Analysis of North Korea</span></b></a></span></div>
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<span class="qlink_container"><a class="external_link" data-qt-tooltip="38north.org" href="http://www.38north.org/2010/05/master-proliferator-or-simple-front-company/" rel="noopener nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("//qsf.c7.quoracdn.net/-3-images.new_grid.external_link.svg-26-7f84ed22dfd7e97b.svg"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 10.5px; padding-right: 15px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Master Proliferator or Simple Front Company?</span></b></a></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">the Soviet Union first developed a very primitive Anti Ship Ballistic Missile in 1962 known as the R-27K in Russia and as the SS-NX-13 in the west. This missile was abandoned due to SALT treaty negotiations, however it gave a lot of clues as to what a more modern Hypersonic Glide Vehicle could accomplish.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">The R-27K used satellite targeting and then once launched homed in on the radar emissions from surface vessels. It was launched in a high lofted trajectory and could make targeting corrections of up to 30nm on re-entry. Against a target emanating radio-frequency transmissions, the SS-NX-13 was capable of a CEP of 0.1 to 0.2 nm.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">The R-27K however did not have a hypersonic glide reentry vehicle. The chief advantage of a Hypersonic glide vehicle is to extend the range for engagement</span></b></div>
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<span class="qlink_container"><a class="external_link" data-qt-tooltip="globalsecurity.org" href="https://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/ss-n-13.htm" rel="noopener nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("//qsf.c7.quoracdn.net/-3-images.new_grid.external_link.svg-26-7f84ed22dfd7e97b.svg"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 10.5px; padding-right: 15px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">SS-NX-13 [KY-9] SLBM</span></b></a></span></div>
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<i><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">(Chinese intelligence identified DPRK missile warhead yield in 2014. Accuracy of 7m CEP in August 26 tests was reported in Korean language news articles derived from ROK military intelligence disclosures)</span></b></i></div>
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</span><img height="1608" src="https://nationalinterest.org/sites/default/files/styles/desktop__1486_x_614/public/main_images/RTXI80W.jpg?itok=Q8a-uoHu" width="2364" />
<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: bold;"></span></span><span><span><b><br /><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><br /><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In an all out war, nuclear tipped missles could render the Iowa class battleship defensible because of its thick armor, also, these can be used in a limited war. </span></span></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><br />
<span><span><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></b></span></span><span><span><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">To reinforce the protection of this BBG, in the future, it will be escorted by F-35B, a new type of task force, more advance than that of a typical carrier escorts of destroyers and cruisers.</span></b></span></span><br />
<span><span><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">see below....</span></b></span></span></span><br />
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<li style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; list-style: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><strong style="background-color: black; letter-spacing: -0.01em;">The 600-foot-long destroyer cruised along the Kennebec River to the Atlantic on its first voyage</strong></span></li>
<li style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; list-style: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><strong style="background-color: black; letter-spacing: -0.01em;">The ship, which weighs 15,000 tons, has taken four years to build at an estimated cost of $4.3 billion</strong></span></li>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">The Navy destroyer is designed to look like a much smaller vessel on radar, and it lived up to its billing during recent builder trials.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span>F</span><span>ILE - In this March 21, 2016 file photo, Dave Cleaveland and his son, Cody, photograph the USS Zumwalt as it passes Fort Popham at the mouth of the Kennebec River in Phippsburg, Maine, as it heads to sea for final builder trials. The ship is so stealthy that the U.S. Navy resorted to putting reflective material on its halyard to make it visible to mariners during the trials. (AP Photo/Robert F. Bukaty, File)</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">He watched as the behemoth came within a half-mile while returning to shipbuilder Bath Iron Works.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">'It's pretty mammoth when it's that close to you,' Pye said.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">Despite its size, the warship is 50 times harder to detect than current destroyers thanks to its angular shape and other design features, and its stealth could improve even more once testing equipment is removed, said Capt. James Downey, program manager.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">During sea trials last month, the Navy tested Zumwalt's radar signature with and without reflective material hoisted on its halyard, he said. </b></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;">The goal was to get a better idea of exactly how stealthy the ship really is, Downey said from Washington, D.C.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;">The reflectors, which look like metal cylinders, have been used on other warships and will be standard issue on the Zumwalt and two sister ships for times when stealth becomes a liability and they want to be visible on radar, like times of fog or heavy ship traffic, he said.</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">The possibility of a collision is remote. </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">The Zumwalt has sophisticated radar to detect vessels from miles away, allowing plenty of time for evasive action.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">But there is a concern that civilian mariners might not see it during bad weather or at night, and the reflective material could save them from being startled.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">The destroyer is unlike anything ever built for the Navy.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">Besides a shape designed to deflect enemy radar, it features a wave-piercing 'tumblehome' hull, composite deckhouse, electric propulsion and new guns.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">More tests will be conducted when the ship returns to sea later this month for final trials before being delivered to the Navy. </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">The warship is due to be commissioned in October in Baltimore, and will undergo more testing before becoming fully operational in 2018. </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b>Future version of the radical design are expected to be used to test a futuristic 'Star Wars' railgun that uses electromagnetic energy to fire a shell weighing 10kg at up to 5,400mph over 100 miles – with such force and accuracy it penetrates three concrete walls or six half-inch thick steel plates. </b></span><br />
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The largest destroyer ever built for the U.S. Navy is currently undergoing sea trials. Future versions of the radical design will be fitted with 'star wars' railguns, if tests go according to plan.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">More than 200 shipbuilders, sailors and residents gathered to watch as the futuristic 600-foot, 15,000-ton USS Zumwalt glided past Fort Popham, accompanied by tugboats on Monday.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">The $4.3bn ship departed from shipbuilder Bath Iron Works in Maine and carefully navigating the winding Kennebec River before reaching the open ocean where the ship will undergo sea trials.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">Kelley Campana, a Bath Iron Works employee, said she had goose bumps and tears in her eyes.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">'This is pretty exciting. It's a great day to be a shipbuilder and to be an American,' she said. </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">'It's the first in its class. There's never been anything like it. It looks like the future.'</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">Larry Harris, a retired Raytheon employee who worked on the ship, watched it depart from Bath.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">'It's as cool as can be. It's nice to see it underway,' he said. </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">'Hopefully, it will perform as advertised.'</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">Bath Iron Works will be testing the ship's performance and making tweaks this winter. </b></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;">For the crew and all those involved in designing, building, and readying this fantastic ship, this is a huge milestone,' the ship's skipper, Navy Capt. James Kirk, said before the ship departed.</span></b></span></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin-bottom: 18px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><img alt="The ship has electric propulsion, new radar and sonar, powerful missiles and guns, and a stealthy design to reduce its radar signature" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="2084" id="i-2237e7c2adb4c5f2" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/12/08/21/2F2F32D800000578-0-image-m-12_1449610697598.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="2290" /></b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Advanced automation will allow the warship to operate with a much smaller crew size than current destroyers.</b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Warship of the future: Future versions of the radical design are expected to be used to test a futuristic 'Star Wars' railgun (advanced gun system) that uses electromagnetic energy to fire a shell weighing 10kg at up to 5,400mph over 100 miles</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">The ship has electric propulsion, new radar and sonar, powerful missiles and guns, and a stealthy design to reduce its radar signature. </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">Advanced automation will allow the warship to operate with a much smaller crew size than current destroyers.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">All of that innovation has led to construction delays and a growing price tag. </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">The Zumwalt, the first of three ships in the class, will cost at least $4.4 billion.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">The ship looks like nothing ever built at Bath Iron Works.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">The inverse bow juts forward to slice through the waves. </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">Sharp angles deflect enemy radar signals. Radar and antennas are hidden in a composite deckhouse.</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">THE FIRST SHIP TO BE FITTED WITH A RAILGUN? </span></span></h3>
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<b style="color: orange; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="A prototype of the BAE railgun which could be fitted to future versions of the Zumwalt" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="304" id="i-aff0794b66e1a13e" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/12/08/21/2F2F60AC00000578-3351736-image-a-19_1449611624614.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="470" /></span></b></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">A prototype of the BAE railgun which could be fitted to future versions of the Zumwalt</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">Described as 'Star Wars technology' by researchers, the railgun can fire shells at seven times speed of sound, and penetrate concrete 100 miles away.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">The weapon was on display to the public for the first time at the Naval Future Force Science and Technology EXPO at the Walter E. Washington Convention Center in Washington, D.C. earlier this year</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">Using electromagnetic energy, the gun can fire a shell weighing 10kg at up to 5,400mph over 100 miles – with such force and accuracy it penetrates three concrete walls or six half-inch thick steel plates.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">Two prototypes of the weapon have been developed for the US Navy – one by British arms manufacturer BAE Systems and the second by a US firm.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">Rear Admiral Matthew Klunder, head of US Naval Research, has previously said said the futuristic electromagnetic railgun – so called because it fires from two parallel rails – had already undergone extensive testing on land.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">It will eventually be mounted on the third Zumwalt class ship. </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">The likely candidate for the weapon would be the third planned Zumwalt, Lyndon B. Johnson (DDG-1002) currently under construction at General Dynamics Bath Iron Works (BIW) with an expected delivery date of 2018.</b></span></div>
<img height="1736" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/12/08/21/0C792B50000005DC-3351736-image-a-21_1449611723335.jpg" width="2020" />
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">He said the first two ships – Zumwalt (DDG-1000) and Michael Monsoor (DDG-1001) – would be less likely to field the capability initially due to the schedule of testing with the new class.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">'It's firing. An electromagnetic railgun is a gun that uses just electricity – no gun powder – and … can shoot a projectile well over 100 miles at Mach 7. Energetic weapons, such as EM railguns, are the future of naval combat.'</b></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;">Electromagnetic launchers were one of the areas researched by Ronald Reagan's Strategic Defence Initiative, nicknamed 'Star Wars' after the science fiction film franchise.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;">The builder sea trials will answer any questions of seaworthiness for a ship that utilizes a type of hull associated with pre-dreadnought battleships from a century ago.</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">Critics say the 'tumblehome' hull's sloping shape makes it less stable than conventional hulls, but it contributes to the ship's stealth and the Navy is confident in the design.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">Eric Wertheim, author and editor of the U.S. Naval Institute's 'Guide to Combat Fleets of the World,' said there's no question the integration of so many new systems from the electric drive to the tumblehome hull carries some level of risk.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">Operational concerns, growing costs and fleet makeup led the Navy to truncate the 32-ship program to three ships, he said. </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">With only three ships, the class of destroyers could become something of a technology demonstration project, he said. </b></span></div>
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<span class="mol-style-bold" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">USS ZUMWALT: EQUIPPED TO DOMINATE THE SEAS FOR DECADES</span></span></h3>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">A model of the Zumwalt Class destroyer built by Bath Iron Works and Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding is seen displayed during a contract signing ceremony at the Pentagon</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span class="mol-style-bold" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;">Displacement: </span>14,564 long tons (14,798 t)</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span class="mol-style-bold" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;">Length:</span> 600 ft (180 m)</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span class="mol-style-bold" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;">Beam:</span> 80.7 ft (24.6 m)</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span class="mol-style-bold" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;">Draft:</span> 27.6 ft (8.4 m)</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span class="mol-style-bold" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;">Propulsion: </span>Two Rolls-Royce Marine Trent-30 gas turbines driving Curtiss-Wright generators and emergency diesel generators, 78 MW (105,000 shp); two propellers driven by electric motors</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span class="mol-style-bold" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;">Speed:</span> Over 30 kn (56 km/h; 35 mph)</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><span class="mol-style-bold" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">Weapons:</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">20 × MK 57 VLS modules, with a total of 80 launch cells</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">RIM-162 Evolved Sea Sparrow Missile (ESSM), four per cell</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">Tactical Tomahawk, one per cell</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">Vertical Launch Anti-Submarine Rocket (ASROC), one per cell</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">Two × 155 mm/62 caliber Advanced Gun System</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">920 × 155 mm rounds total; 600 in automated store with Auxiliary store room with up to 320 rounds (non-automatic) as of April 2005</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">70–100 LRLAP rounds planned as of 2005 of total</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">Two × Mk 110 57 mm gun (CIGS)</b></span></div>
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<b style="color: orange; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="The Zumwalt looks like no other U.S. warship, with an angular profile and clean carbon fiber superstructure that hides antennas and radar masts, among many other features" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="1343" id="i-de397d5c19142868" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/12/08/21/2F256FAF00000578-3351736-The_Zumwalt_looks_like_no_other_U_S_warship_with_an_angular_prof-a-15_1449610980450.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="2628" /></span></b></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The Zumwalt looks like no other U.S. warship, with an angular profile and clean carbon fiber superstructure that hides antennas and radar masts, among many other features </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">The Zumwalt looks like no other U.S. warship, with an angular profile and clean carbon fiber superstructure that hides antennas and radar masts. </b></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;">Originally envisioned as a 'stealth destroyer,' the Zumwalt has a low-slung appearance and angles that deflect radar. Its wave-piercing hull aims for a smoother ride. </span></b></span></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin-bottom: 18px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin-bottom: 18px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Local news organizations report that the ship was supposed to get underway for training at sea, but as the crew prepared for the voyage, it detected the leak" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="1783" id="i-64f1f1f0766116d1" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/12/07/16/E88L5UDXj7feca0b884394df904-3349443-The_first_Zumwalt_class_destroyer_USS_Zumwalt_the_largest_ever_b-a-13_1449506093887.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="2677" /></b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Heading out to sea: The 600-foot-long destroyer cruised along the Kennebec River to the Atlantic on its maiden voyage</b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Big moment: The first Zumwalt-class destroyer, the USS Zumwalt is the largest ever built for the Navy and cost an estimated $4.3 billion</b></span></span></div><div class="imageCaption" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); clear: both; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 18px; min-height: 0px; padding: 4px 0px; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Spectators line the shore in Phippsburg, Maine, on Monday morning to witness the ship is headed out to sea for sea trials</b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">'IIt's the first in its class. There's never been anything like it. It looks like the future': said Kelley Campana, a Bath Iron Works employee</b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Futuristic: Resembling a 19th century ironclad warship the, USS Zumwalt uses a 21st century version of a 'tumblehome' hull</b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Hulking: First-in-class USS Zumwalt is the largest U.S. Navy destroyer ever built and took four years to complete. It is now being tested </b></span></span></div>
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<span><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"></span></b></span></div>
<span style="color: #e69138; font-size: large;"><br /></span><img height="1796" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/12/07/16/E88L5UDXj7feca0b884394df3f6-3349443-The_first_Zumwalt_class_destroyer_the_largest_ever_built_for_the-a-11_1449506093864.jpg" width="2699" /><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: large;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;"> My proposed BBG's will have one half the height of the Superstructure or bridge but will have it extended all the way to the stern. Thus creating a flat top suitable for F -35B and helicopters. The first Zumwalt-class destroyer, the largest ever built for the U.S. Navy, heads down the Kennebec River after leaving Bath Iron Works, This future battleship would give the Navy— and by extension the president—warfighting options other than the total annihilation of the enemy. Regular FONOPs already demonstrate the need for such options. The A2/AD threat will likely generate even more dangerous missions that only a durable battleship of the future can safely perform.</span></span></div>
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</div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript" src="//ra.revolvermaps.com/0/0/6.js?i=00bo1v8as3p&m=0&s=341&c=ff0000&cr1=ffffff&f=arial&l=0&bv=80" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3736852641690443895.post-32128639846114468682023-08-10T11:21:00.002-07:002023-08-10T11:21:55.603-07:00<br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2262" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/pGsEFoG0zLI" width="2722" youtube-src-id="pGsEFoG0zLI"></iframe></div><br /><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">An eruption would be capable of returning humanity to a pre-civilisation state <br />The mammoth explosions could release over 1,000 gigatons of ash into the air <br />Super eruptions may occur as regularly as once every 17,000 years <br />The window between super-eruptions could be as short as every 5,200 years <br /> <br /> The next volcanic 'super eruption' with the power to return humanity to a pre-civilised state could be due much sooner than previously thought. <br /> Experts have previously predicted that the massive eruptions are likely to occur roughly once every 45,000 to 714,000 years. <br /> This assessment, made in 2004, is now being challenged by new findings which say that the most likely time frame is just 17,000 years. <br /> Researchers also estimate the eruptions could happen as often as once every 5,200 years. <br /></b></span><div itemprop="articleBody" style="line-height: 23px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="The next volcanic 'super-eruption' with the power to return humanity to a pre-civilised state could be due much sooner than previously thought. New findings suggest that the most likely time frame is just 17,000 years" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="1825" id="i-bf50dfc1f6a5d83" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2017/11/29/13/46CDA01300000578-5125109-The_next_volcanic_super_eruption_with_the_power_to_return_humani-m-10_1511962932385.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); color: orange; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="2678" /></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The next volcanic 'super-eruption' with the power to return humanity to a pre-civilised state could be due much sooner than previously thought. New findings suggest that the most likely time frame is just 17,000 years</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">SUPER ERUPTIONS </span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>In human history there have been thousands of sizeable eruptions, but not a genuine super eruption, at least not yet.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>These extra large eruptions posses devastating power, capable of releasing enough volcanic ash to cover a whole continent and have the potential to wreak havoc with the weather, as weather patterns would change for decades to come.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The largest eruption of the last two million years ago was the eruption at Toba Caldera in Sumatra, Indonesia which spewed 671 cubic miles (2,800 cubic km) of volcanic ash into the atmosphere.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>That's enough to cover about half of the United States.<span class="mol-style-bold"> </span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The island in the middle of Lake Toba is thought to be a direct result of the earth bulging due to increasing pressure from the increasingly active</b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 12px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 12px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 12px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br style="font-weight: 700;" /></div></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 12px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 12px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 12px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 12px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 12px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b> magma chambers below the Earth's surface. Geological records studied by researchers from the University of Bristol shows that the most recent volcanic super-eruptions occurred on Earth between 20,000 and 30,000 years ago.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>They looked at a database of eruptions, called the LaMEVE database, to make the findings.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>By using statistical analysis they discovered that, while large eruptions of around 100 million metric tonnes are less frequent than previously thought, the very largest eruptions of 1,000 gigatonnes or more are much more frequent. </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Jonathan Rougier, professor of statistical science at the university, said: 'According to geological records, the two most recent super-eruptions were between 20,000 and 30,000 years ago. </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>'On balance, we have been slightly lucky not to experience any super-eruptions since then.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>'It is important to appreciate that the absence of super-eruptions in the last 20,000 years does not imply that one is overdue.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>'What we can say is that volcanoes are more threatening to our civilization than previously thought.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>'The technology and techniques used to determine the average time between super-eruptions can also be used to change the approach of seismologists looking at earthquakes.' </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The full findings of the study were published in the journal <span class="mol-style-italic"></span><a href="https://www.journals.elsevier.com/earth-and-planetary-science-letters" rel="nofollow" style="cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Earth and Planetary Science Letters</a>.<span class="mol-style-italic"></span> </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>In human history there have been thousands of sizeable eruptions, but not a genuine super eruption, at least not yet.</b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2236" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/PMm_ht1VSnU" width="2690" youtube-src-id="PMm_ht1VSnU"></iframe></div><br /><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="The largest eruption of the last two million years ago was the eruption at Toba Caldera in Sumatra, Indonesia which spewed 671 cubic miles (2,800 cubic km) of volcanic ash into the atmosphere" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="1969" id="i-f53016194bd85c54" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2017/11/29/12/46C498E300000578-5125109-image-a-2_1511956874080.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); color: orange; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="1876" /></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The largest eruption of the last two million years ago was the eruption at Toba Caldera in Sumatra, Indonesia which spewed 671 cubic miles (2,800 cubic km) of volcanic ash into the atmosphere </b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="Experts have previously predicted that the massive super-eruptions are likely to occur roughly once every 45,000 to 714,000 years. The supervolcano in Yellowstone National Park is the most closely monitored in the world" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="976" id="i-1d79d1b07b41794c" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2017/11/29/09/46C4A38E00000578-5125109-The_North_American_behemoth_is_the_most_closely_monitored_volcan-a-7_1511948751595.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); color: orange; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="1895" /></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Experts have previously predicted that the massive super-eruptions are likely to occur roughly once every 45,000 to 714,000 years. The supervolcano in Yellowstone National Park is the most closely monitored in the world</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>These extra large eruptions posess devastating power, capable of releasing enough volcanic ash to cover a whole continent and have the potential to wreak havoc with the weather, as weather patterns would change for decades to come.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The largest eruption of the last two million years ago was the eruption at Toba Caldera in Sumatra, Indonesia which spewed 671 cubic miles (2,800 cubic km) of volcanic ash into the atmosphere. </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>That's enough to cover about half of the United States.<span class="mol-style-bold"> </span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The island in the middle of Lake Toba is thought to be a direct result of the earth bulging due to increasing pressure from the increasingly active magma chambers below the Earth's surface. </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>According to the new best-estimate, Earth passed it's due date between 3,000 and 13,000 years ago.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">NASA'S PLAN TO PREVENT A SUPERVOLCANIC ERUPTION </span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Nasa believes drilling up to six miles (10km) down into the supervolcano beneath Yellowstone National Park to pump in water at high pressure could cool it.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Despite the fact that the mission would cost $3.46 billion (£2.63 billion), Nasa considers it 'the most viable solution.' </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Using the heat as a resource also poses an opportunity to pay for plan - it could be used to create a geothermal plant, which generates electric power at extremely competitive prices of around $0.10 (£0.08) per kWh.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>But this method of subduing a supervolcano has the potential to backfire and trigger the supervolcanic eruption Nasa is trying to prevent.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>'Drilling into the top of the magma chamber 'would be very risky;' however, carefully drilling from the lower sides could work. </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Even besides the potential devastating risks, the plan to cool Yellowstone with drilling is not simple.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Doing so would be an excruciatingly slow process that one happen at the rate of one metre a year, meaning it would take tens of thousands of years to cool it completely. </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>And still, there wouldn't be a guarantee it would be successful for at least hundreds or possibly thousands of years. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6GLNi47nQ_E" rel="nofollow" style="cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Super-volcanoes</a> like Yellowstone is constantly showing signs of potential eruption and recent evidence suggests it could be primed for an eruption in the near future. </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Despite a notable increase in seismic activity and the associated risks, the park's geysers prove to still be a prominent tourist attraction. </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The potential devastation of a super-volcano can only be speculated as there has never been one through all of human history. Volcanic eruptions have caused huge damage and loss of life. Famous examples include: St. Helens, Etna and Vesuvius.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>In recent memory, volcanic activity has had huge implications of modern life. </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Icelandic volcano Bárðarbunga was so active back in 2014 to 2015 that it's ash clouds grounded flights in Western Europe for six months. </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">The timebomb under Yellowstone: Experts warn of 90,000 immediate deaths and a 'nuclear winter' across the US if supervolcano erupts</span></h3>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">It could release 1 ft layer of molten ash 1,000 miles from the National Park</strong></span></div>
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<li><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">It would be 1,000 times as powerful as the 1980 Mount St Helens eruption</strong></span></div>
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<li><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">A haze would drap over the United States, causing temperatures to drop</strong></span></div>
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<li><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Experts say there is a 1 in 700,000 annual chance of a eruption at the site</strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3189619/What-happen-Yellowstone-s-supervolcano-erupted-Experts-warn-90-000-immediate-deaths-nuclear-winter-US.html#comments"></a></b></span><br />
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<a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3189619/What-happen-Yellowstone-s-supervolcano-erupted-Experts-warn-90-000-immediate-deaths-nuclear-winter-US.html#comments"><span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong></strong></span></a></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">A supervolcano in the heart of America's northwest has the potential to blanket the US in a 'nuclear winter'.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">If it were to erupt, the Yellowstone supervolcano would be one thousand times as powerful as the 1980 Mount St Helens eruption, experts claim.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">While it has lain dormant for more than 70,000 years, scientists say that we can't rule out the possibility eruption this may some day take place - although they say the chances are extremely slim.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Scroll down for video</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="The Grand Prismatic hot spring in Yellowstone National Park is among the park's many hydrothermal features created by the Yellowstone supervolcano. Experts say there is a one in 700,000 annual chance of a volcanic eruption at the site" height="1512" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/08/07/18/2B2FCDE900000578-3189619-image-a-7_1438970061113.jpg" width="2290" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The Grand Prismatic hot spring in Yellowstone National Park is among the park's many hydrothermal features created by the Yellowstone supervolcano. Experts say there is a one in 700,000 annual chance of a volcanic eruption at the site</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The volcano at Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming and Montana sits atop a huge reserve of molten rock and last erupted 640,000 years ago.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">It is one of the largest active continental silicic volcanic fields in the world. Silicic is used to describe magma or igneous rock rich in silica.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Experts say there is a one in 700,000 annual chance of a volcanic eruption at the site.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>An in-depth report by </strong></span><a href="http://science.howstuffworks.com/science-vs-myth/what-if/what-if-yellowstone-supervolcano-erupted.htm"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>HowStuffWorks </strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>has revealed the process that would take place if the volcano were to blow.</strong></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">It says that a mixture of magma, rocks, vapour, carbon dioxide and other gases would eventually push out from the ground, creating a dome shape with cracks.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The dissolved gases would them explode, releasing the magmaacross the park.</strong></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="video"><span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong></strong></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"></a></b></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Drone captures aerial view of Grand Prismatic Spring</strong></span></a></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="1031" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/08/07/video-undefined-205821FE00000578-531_636x358.jpg" width="1833" /></strong></span></a></div>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="This USGS graphic shows how a 'super eruption' of the molten lava under Yellowstone National Park would spread ash across the United States" height="1417" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/08/07/18/2B2FCE1700000578-3189619-image-a-6_1438970054862.jpg" width="1838" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">This USGS graphic shows how a 'super eruption' of the molten lava under Yellowstone National Park would spread ash across the United States</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Experts say there is a one in 700,000 annual chance of a volcanic eruption at the site. Pictured is an artist's impression" height="1294" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/08/07/18/2B2FD6A800000578-3189619-image-a-10_1438970353192.jpg" width="1832" /></strong></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Experts say there is a one in 700,000 annual chance of a volcanic eruption at the site. Pictured is an artist's impression</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The eruption, the say, could kill as many as 90,000 people almost instantly and release a 10 ft (3-meter) layer of molten ash 1,000 miles (1,609km) from the park.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">'The ash would block off all points of entry from the ground, and the spread of ash and gases into the atmosphere would stop most air travel, just as it did when a much smaller volcano erupted in Iceland in 2010,' the magazine writes.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">'Sulphuric gases released from the volcano would spring into the atmosphere and mix with the planet's water vapour.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">'The haze of gas that could drape the country wouldn't just dim the sunlight — it also would cool temperatures.'</strong></span></div>
<h5 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">SCIENTISTS FIND MASSIVE NEW MAGMA CHAMBER UNDER YELLOWSTONE</span></h5>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Previous research found a relatively small magma chamber, known as the upper-crustal magma reservoir, beneath the surface" height="1022" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/08/07/17/2B2FCDD900000578-0-image-a-2_1438966187386.jpg" width="1320" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Previous research found a relatively small magma chamber, known as the upper-crustal magma reservoir, beneath the surface</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">In the heart of Yellowstone National Park, a supervolcano releases around 45,000 metric tonnes of carbon dioxide each day.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">But the magma chamber lying directly beneath its surface is not considered large enough to produce such levels, so researchers have been searching for an alternative source for years.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">In April, by tracking seismic waves, geophysicists discovered a huge secondary chamber deeper underground that's so large its partly-molten rock could fill the Grand Canyon 11 times over.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Previous research found a relatively small magma chamber, known as the upper-crustal magma reservoir, directly beneath the surface in 2013 that measures 2,500 cubic miles (10,420 cubic km).</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">To discover the latest chamber, Hsin-Hua Huang from the University of Utah and his colleagues tracked seismic waves from almost 5,000 earthquakes.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">These readings combined data from the University of Utah Seismograph Stations, which collected shallow readings from nearby quakes in Utah, Idaho, the Teton Range and Yellowstone, and from the Earthscope array, which revealed deeper readings from temblors from more further afield.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Each of these quakes created waves that echoed around the supervolcano.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The movement and structure of these waves could then be used to map the earth beneath.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>The researchers said in their </strong></span><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2015/04/22/science.aaa5648.abstract"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>paper</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>: 'The Yellowstone magmatic system from the mantle plume to the upper crust', published in the journal Science, that the reservoir contains around 98 per cent hot rock.</strong></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The remaining 2 per cent is molten rock and is too deep to directly cause an eruption, they added.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"></a></b></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Huge magma chamber discovered beneath Yellowstone National Park</strong></span></a></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="1012" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/04/24/09/27EF088600000578-0-image-m-6_1429865735413.jpg" width="1798" /></strong></span></a></div>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">It adds that falling temperatures would damage our food supply, destroying crops and causing a worldwide food shortage. </strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">But not every believes a Yellowstone eruption would be as catastrophic as this. </strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Last year, a study by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) concluded that a volcanic eruption at Yellowstone would cover cities across the country with ash and shut down air travel and communications.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">But it added that it would not herald the end of the United States as we know it, as the latest report has claimed.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The scientists used the program called Ash 3D to model the effects of a Yellowstone 'super eruption' and found that cities up to 300 miles from the park would be covered by up to three feet of ash.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Cities further afield in the Midwest would be covered by a few inches and coastal cities such as New York and California would get only a fraction of an inch.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Yellowstone National Park spans the midwestern US states of Wyoming, Idaho and Montana (pictured)" height="1124" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/08/07/18/2B2FCDF200000578-3189619-image-a-8_1438970070301.jpg" width="1272" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Yellowstone National Park spans the midwestern US states of Wyoming, Idaho and Montana (pictured)</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">An eruption at Yellowstone would create an 'umbrella cloud' of ash which would expand evenly in all directions driven by the force of the seismic event.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">'In essence, the eruption makes its own winds that can overcome the prevailing westerlies, which normally dominate weather patterns in the US,' said Larry Mastin, the lead author of the new paper.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Even these smaller levels of ash would be a disaster for the US.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The USGS study says that electronic communication and air travel throughout the country would be shut down by an eruption.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">A huge cloud of ash thousands of miles across would also likely cause a year-long winter, say the study authors.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora in the Pacific produced an ash cloud tens of miles across caused 'a year without a summer' across the globe with snowfall in the North Eastern United States in June.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Areas covered in feet of ash would see buildings at risk of collapse and sewer and water lines blocked, and winds would form large dunes of ash that would cover roads and buildings.</span> </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="If it were to erupt, the Yellowstone supervolcano would be one thousand times as powerful as the 1980 Mount St Helens eruption, experts claim. The volcano at Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming and Montana sits atop a huge reserve of molten rock and last erupted 640,000 years ago" height="1654" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/08/07/18/2B2FCE3500000578-3189619-image-a-3_1438970009785.jpg" width="2534" /></strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">If it were to erupt, the Yellowstone supervolcano would be one thousand times as powerful as the 1980 Mount St Helens eruption, experts claim. The volcano at Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming and Montana sits atop a huge reserve of molten rock and last erupted 640,000 years ago</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Farming in the Midwest would be devastated by the cloud of ash, and highways across the country would become slippy and treacherous.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The Yellowstone volcano has had three super eruptions - which produce more than 240 cubic miles of ash' in the past.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">One was 2.1 million years ago, another 1.3 million years ago and a third 640,000 years ago.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Ash from these eruptions has been found across the US on the east and west coasts.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The last volcanic activity at Yellowstone was 70,000 years ago which produced a lava flow in the south of the park.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">In April, scientists at the University of Utah discovered an enormous secondary chamber deeper beneath Yellowstone National Park that's so large it is partly-molten rock could fill the Grand Canyon 11 times over</strong></span></div>
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<h3>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">Escape on foot because roads will liquefy and start running when you hear dogs barking</span></h3>
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<li><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Cascadia 'megathrust' faultline is 1,000km-long from California to Canada</strong></span></div>
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<li><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">It will clash with 700-square-mile plate in Pacific Ocean causing tsunami</strong></span></div>
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<li><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Only way to escape is on foot as roads will 'liquefy', geographers say</strong></span></div>
</li>
<li><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Start running when you hear dogs barking, they will be reacting to the sound of compressional waves which humans cannot hear</strong></span></div>
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<li><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Citizens will have 20 minutes to walk or run to higher ground</strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3161264/Escape-foot-roads-liquify-start-running-hear-dogs-barking-Geographers-offer-advice-survive-earthquake-predicted-obliterate-Pacific-Northwest.html#comments"></a></b></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3161264/Escape-foot-roads-liquify-start-running-hear-dogs-barking-Geographers-offer-advice-survive-earthquake-predicted-obliterate-Pacific-Northwest.html#comments"><span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong></strong></span></a></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Scientists have outlined their alarmingly unhelpful tips on how to survive the earthquake that will hit the Pacific Northwest.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The killer quake along Cascadia, a fault line which runs from Cape Mendocino, California, to Vancouver Island, Canada, is 72 years overdue, according to peer-reviewed studies.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The 'Big One' will hit when Juan de Fuca, a 700-mile chunk of the Pacific Ocean, slides under Canada and America, causing the entire coastal region to sink at least six feet.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">When - not if - it arrives, it is unlikely the people of coastal Oregon, Washington and California will be able to escape.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">But if they want to try, there are a few tips they should keep in mind.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Scroll down for video</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Devastation: Experts say citizens have 20 minutes to run when a tsunami of around 9.0 on the Richter scale will hit the Pacific Northwest when the Juan de Fuca plate, a 700-mile chunk of ocean, slips under the region" height="2269" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/07/14/19/2A874F1000000578-3161264-image-a-64_1436899157220.jpg" width="2286" /></strong></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Devastation: Experts say citizens have 20 minutes to run when a tsunami of around 9.0 on the Richter scale will hit the Pacific Northwest when the Juan de Fuca plate, a 700-mile chunk of ocean, slips under the region</strong></span></div>
<h5 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">WHAT WILL CAUSE KILLER QUAKE?</span></h5>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The Cascadia Subduction Zone (CSZ) 'megathrust' fault is a 1,000km-long line that stretches from Northern Vancouver Island to Cape Mendocino California.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">It separates the Juan de Fuca, a 700-mile chunk in the Pacific Ocean, and North America plates.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">For more than 300 years, the two plates have been pushing against one another.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Eventually, the Juan de Fuca will be pushed underneath the North America plate, causing the region to sink at least six feet.</span> </b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Run, don't drive, to higher ground, says Kevin Cupples, the city planner for the town of Seaside, Oregon, in an interview with the </strong></span><a href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/07/20/the-really-big-one"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>New Yorker</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>.</strong></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The force of the quake will cause liquefaction, when solid ground acts like liquid, across vast swathes of the porous region.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">In the areas that aren't 'liquefied', the highways will likely be crumpled by landslides, with 30,000 avalanches set to hit Seattle alone.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Citizens will have a 20-minute interval to climb to the highest altitude possible before the full force of the tsunami hits, scientists predict.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Their alert will be when dogs start barking.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The first sign the quake is coming will be a set of compressional waves, only audible by dogs. Then there will be the quake, then 20 minutes later, the tsunami.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Geographers estimate that many could survive just by walking - however, they need to be going at least 3.5mph.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">If everyone ups their average speed from 2.5mph to 3.5mph, the death toll drops to 15,970. About 70 per cent of them would be in Washington, nearly 30 per cent in Oregon and only 4 per cent in California.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">And there is no point being a hero.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">'When that tsunami is coming, you run,' Jay Wilson, the chair of the Oregon Seismic Safety Policy Advisory Commission, tells the New Yorker.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">'You protect yourself, you don't turn around, you don't go back to save anybody. You run for your life.'</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The only other safety measure is to relocate away from the Pacific north west.</strong></span></div>
<h5 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">TRACKING THE CASCADIA</span></h5>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The Cascadia earthquake fault zone lies underwater between 40 and 80 miles offshore of the Pacific Northwest coastline.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Earthquake scientists have listening posts along the coast from Vancouver Island to Northern California, and have been using ships to drop off and later retrieve ocean bottom seismographs. </span> </b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">These record for up to a year right on top of the fault zone.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">However, they have detected few signs of the grinding and slipping they expected.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="The Cascadia Initiative (CI) is an onshore/offshore seismic and geodetic experiment that takes advantage of an Amphibious Array to study questions ranging from megathrust earthquakes to volcanic arc structure to the formation, deformation and hydration of the Juan De Fuca and Gorda plates." height="1360" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/07/14/20/2A87D06000000578-3161264-image-a-1_1436902541857.jpg" width="2417" /></strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The Cascadia Initiative (CI) is an onshore/offshore seismic and geodetic experiment that takes advantage of an Amphibious Array to study questions ranging from megathrust earthquakes to volcanic arc structure to the formation, deformation and hydration of the Juan De Fuca and Gorda plates.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">It is 'a puzzle,' according to University of Oregon geophysics professor Doug Toomey.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Two teams have been examining the area.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">A joint Japanese-Canadian team dropped instruments offshore of Vancouver Island, while Toomey's team is in its fourth year of deployments.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Named the Cascadia Initiative, it is rotating among subduction zone segments offshore of Washington, Oregon and Northern California.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">That is where the advice ends.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Experts insist they have been lobbying city planners to take more affirmative action, such as ban construction on the targeted coastal areas.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Some parts of Oregon have made it illegal to build schools in the red zone, but not hotels or retirement homes.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Ocasta Elementary School south of Westport, Washington, is building a new gymnasium tall enough for the roof to serve as a tsunami evacuation structure.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Pacific County is seeking a grant to build a large berm next to Long Beach Elementary School for the same purpose.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" height="3068" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/07/14/20/2A874F1800000578-0-image-a-4_1436901360412.jpg" width="2152" /></strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Inevitable: Due to the porous nature of the land, many roads will turn to liquid when the quake hits. This diagram show the areas where land will be most affected by the shocks, causing landslides or liquefaction</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">In areas such as - with high proportions of elderly and disabled citizens - Ocean Shores, Long Beach and Pacific County, Washington, and Seaside, Oregon - vertical evacuation structures might be considered.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Meanwhile, local groups are constructing post-tsunami plans, such as how to forage for food, what should be in a 'survival kit', and how to 'anchor' a home for $5,000.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">'In a six-month scenario,' writes the Portland Monthly, 'five people would need at least 900 gallons of water. Thousand-gallon storage tanks can be had for $500.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">'Costco sells a "one person, one year" food kit. 9,697 servings, $1,500.'</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Other tips include stocking a hand-crank radio, a can opener, protective goggles and work gloves, and plenty of socks.</span> </b></span></div>
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<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/2014/05/08/yellowstone-eruption-report-claims-that-us-has-contingency-deal-with-brazil-australia-to-move-millions-of-americans/"><span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">Yellowstone eruption: Report claims that US has contingency deal with Brazil, Australia to move millions of Americans</span></a></h4>
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<h6>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="" height="1655" src="http://www.thelibertybeacon.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/eruption.png" width="2206" /></span></h6>
<h6>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">May 2014 – WYOMING - If the Yellowstone super volcano erupts then millions of U.S. citizens could end up in Brazil, Australia, or Argentina. That’s according to the South African news website Praag, which said that the African National Congress was offered $10 billion a year for 10 years if it would build temporary housing for Americans in case of an eruption. The potential eruption of the supervolcano, one of the biggest in the world, has been a hot topic ever since videos of animals allegedly fleeing the area before an earthquake were posted online. Although the veracity of the claims haven’t been backed up, dozens of bloggers and others have been trying to figure out what, if anything, is going on. One of the latest theories is that the U.S. Geological Service and its partners, which keep an eye on the caldera, are hiding data from the public. The Praag article says that the South African government fears that placing so many Americans in South Africa could dramatically change the country.</span></h6>
<h6>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">“South Africa will not be part of the plan, because there is a risk that millions of white Americans could be sent to South Africa in an emergency situation and that this would pose a risk to black national culture identity,” Dr. Siph Matwetwe, spokesman for the Department of Foreign Affairs, is quoted as saying. “We have our own challenges, even if there is enough housing and infrastructure available, it will destabilize the country and may even bring back apartheid.” The gigantic volcano in Yellowstone has erupted three times over the last two million years, covering a huge area of surrounding land. Maps from educational institutions and government officials project that up to 17 states could be fully or partially impacted if the volcano erupted again. The far south of Canada could also get hit, as well as the far north of Mexico. Scientists aren’t sure when it will erupt next, although many have sought to assure the public that it probably won’t for a while. In reality, the volcano could erupt at any time, though officials would in theory be able to detect an impending eruption and alert Americans to the threat.</span></h6>
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The cavern of molten rock in the super volcano lurking underneath Yellowstone is even bigger that scientists had thought.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">A study measuring earthquake activity around the 3,468 sq mile national park revealed that the magma chamber was 2.5 times bigger than previous estimates.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Stretching 55 miles across and 30 miles wide, and reaching depths of up to 9 miles, any eruption from the super volcano would be catastrophic for the whole world.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Monster eruption: Signs of the active Yellowstone volcano can be seen in the park's thermal pools and earthquake activity" height="1698" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/12/11/article-2522224-1A0A7A0F00000578-739_634x405.jpg" width="2657" /></strong></span><br /><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Monster eruption: Signs of the active Yellowstone volcano can be seen in the park's thermal pools and earthquake activity</strong></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>'We’ve been working there for a long time, and we’ve always thought it would be bigger ... but this finding is astounding,' Professor Bob Smith, from the University of Utah, told the </strong></span><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-25331875"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>BBC</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>.</strong></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">When the super volcano last erupted about 640,000 years ago a cloud of ash covered the whole of North America, affecting the climate.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">But if the enlarged volcano were to erupt today, the consequences would be devastating for the whole world. 'All the material that is shot up into the atmosphere [during an eruption] would eventually circle the Earth and affect the climate,' Dr James Farrell, from the University of Utah, said.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The closest scientists can come to predicting the effect of an eruption is estimating that previous examples were 2,000 times more powerful than the one in Mount St Helens in 1980.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The extent of the molten lava brewing under the national park, which covers parts of Wyoming, Montana and Idaho, was discovered by recording seismic activity caused by the active volcano.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Far-reaching: When the super volcano erupts the whole world will be affected but scientists say there will be plenty of warning signs despite what films such as 2012, above, suggest" height="1288" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/12/11/article-2522224-1A0A812C00000578-678_634x308.jpg" width="2651" /></strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Far-reaching: When the super volcano erupts the whole world will be affected but scientists say there will be plenty of warning signs despite what films such as 2012, above, suggest</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Explosive: The force of previous eruptions are estimated to be about 2,000 times more powerful than that of Mount St Helens, above" height="1525" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/12/11/article-2522224-1A0A7A2900000578-415_634x422.jpg" width="2291" /></strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Explosive: The force of previous eruptions are estimated to be about 2,000 times more powerful than that of Mount St Helens, above</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">By measuring seismic waves as they travel through the ground, scientists were able to plot the course of lava.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">'The waves travel slower through hot and partially molten material … with this, we can measure what’s beneath,' Dr Farrell explained.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The team's findings, which were presented at the American Geophysical Union meeting in San Francisco, also found that the lava chamber reached further into the northeast of the park than previously thought.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">While no one is sure when the active volcano will next burst back into life, Professor Smith said their findings didn't make 'the Yellowstone hazard greater'.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Some have predicted that an eruption is imminent and will occur every 700,000 years but the scientist said these figures were based on only three known eruptions, which happened 2.1 million years ago, 1.3 million years ago and 640,000 years ago.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The national park has also said that scientists would have plenty of warning that the volcano was warming up to something big, as earthquake activity and other indicators would increase.</strong></span><br />
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<a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/2014/07/30/if-yellowstone-supervolcano-erupts-two-thirds-of-america-will-be-left-uninhabitable/"><span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">If Yellowstone supervolcano erupts, two-thirds of America will be left uninhabitable</span></a></h4>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">July 2014 – MONTANA - Deep in America’s northwest, there lies a super volcano that, if erupted, has the potential to wipe out the majority of the United States. What is a supervolcano exactly? I think the name says it all, but officially, scientists define it as a volcano capable of an eruption thousands of times greater than any ordinary volcanic explosion. These super volcanoes burst when a growing pressure of molten rock, or magma, rises up from the Earth’s mantle. When the crust can’t contain the buildup anymore — boom. In historic times, we luckily haven’t experienced a supervolcano explosion. The most recent eruption occurred 27,000 years ago in New Zealand. But, mankind isn’t out of the woods yet. Deep below Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming lies a supervolcano that is very much alive.</span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">A volcanic winter: A massive underground chamber filled with magma sits miles below the surface in America’s oldest national park. Though scientists are mixed as to whether the place could blow anytime soon, there is one thing they do agree on — if it did, it would push much of Earth to the verge of extinction. Its immediate effects would be deadly enough, with some estimates saying that 87,000 people would be killed instantly. A 10-foot layer of ash would spread up to 1,000 miles away, leaving two-thirds of the country completely uninhabitable. Once the plume rises high into the stratosphere, the released sulfuric gases would mix with the Earth’s water vapor, which National Geographic reports could launch the country and other parts of the globe into a “volcanic winter.” Essentially, the United States and much of the world would be brought to its knees.</span></h6>
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<a href="https://www.facebook.com/pages/The-Extinction-Protocol/151489344873301?ref=hl"><span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="Storm is Coming" height="1826" src="http://theextinctionprotocol.files.wordpress.com/2014/07/storm-is-coming.png?w=226&h=211" width="1956" /></span></a></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">But the carnage doesn’t stop there. The spread of volcanic ash, rocks and gas would immediately cease any sort of air transportation in much of the world. Just take into account the traffic shutdown following the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption in Iceland. The relatively small explosion caused the closure of large swaths of European airspace, as well as a six-day travel ban in the impacted area. Those who do survive would be left with a big bill too. Doug Bausch, a senior scientist at FEMA, told WND that such a scenario would cause an estimated $3 trillion in damage for North America. The last time Yellowstone erupted — roughly 640,000 years ago — the American continent was devastated, with volcanic materials reaching as far as Louisiana, over 1,500 miles away. In the past decade, there has been some increased activity at the site. Since 2004, the supervolcano has been rising and just this month, roads were closed in Yellowstone after extreme heat from below was melting the asphalt on roads up above.</span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">An explosion of “volcanic winter” magnitude; however doesn’t seem likely according the U.S. Geological Survey. They say that the chances of a large-scale eruption at Yellowstone “are exceedingly small in the next few thousand years.” However other geologists told the Huffington Post in a 2014 interview: “The bulging pocket of magma swishing around beneath Old Faithful might never blow its lid again. Or, it might put on a surprise fireworks show next Independence Day. Scientists just don’t know.” -</span><a href="http://www.ryot.org/supervolcano-yellowstone-volcano-will-it-erupt/765673"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">RYOT</span></a></span></h6>
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<a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/2014/05/12/newly-discovered-active-volcano-could-erupt-underneath-ice-in-antarctica-and-add-to-effects-of-global-warming/"><span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">Newly-discovered active volcano could erupt underneath ice in Antarctica and add to effects of global warming</span></a></h4>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="" height="309" src="http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/multimedia/dynamic/01067/STN_VOLCANO_2_11_0_1067695k.jpg" width="580" /></span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">May 2014 – ANTARCTICA – Antarctic ice sheet is being threatened by an undersea volcano. Antarctica’s ice sheets may face a far more imminent threat than climate change: scientists have found a new volcano forming a mile under the ice, which is threatening a full eruption. The volcano appears to be a part of much larger system that is generating earthquakes and releasing heat into the ice above. Volcanic activity was discovered around 30 miles from Antarctica’s highest volcano, Mount Sidley, and although an eruption would be unlikely to breach the ice – the accompanying heat could have an effect on the landscape. Even a sub-glacial eruption would still be able to melt ice, creating huge amounts of water which could flow beneath the ice and towards the sea – hastening the flow of the overlying ice and potentially speed up the rate of ice sheet loss. “Numerous volcanoes exist in Marie Byrd Land, a highland region of West Antarctica,” said Amanda Lough, of Washington University in St Louis in the team’s paper on the subject, published in the Nature Geoscience journal.</span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">“High heat flow through the crust in this region may influence the stability of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.” The Antarctic ice sheet is one of the Earth’s two polar ice caps and covers an area of 5.4 million square miles – around 98 percent of the continent, making it the largest single mass of ice on earth. Although scientists have suggested that sea ice around the continent is increasing, land ice appears to be decreasing and the area is very sensitive to global warming. Seismologists had set up two crossing lines of seismographs across Marie Byrd Land in 2010 – the first time such instruments able to withstand the cold temperatures year-round had been used. –</span><a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2625583/Newly-discovered-active-volcano-erupt-underneath-ice-Antarctica-add-effects-global-warming-say-scientists.html"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Daily Mail</span></a></span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="" height="450" src="http://1-ps.googleusercontent.com/h/newsinfo.inquirer.net/files/2014/05/600x450xphivolcs.jpg.pagespeed.ic.nI3XFo1L4-.jpg" width="622" /></span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">May 2014 – PHILIPPINES - A magnitude 4.2 earthquake has hit the northern shores of Camarines Norte and Catanduanes provinces early morning on Sunday, the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (Phivolcs) reported. The tremor’s epicenter was at 93 kilometers northwest of Pandan town, Catanduanes and was tectonic in origin, the Phivolc’s Seismological Observation and Earthquake Prediction Division said on its official online quake recording site. It was felt at around 4:07 a.m. on Sunday, the bulletin said. The quake was too far from the mainland to affect residents and property and no aftershocks were expected, the Phivolcs bulletin said. Meanwhile, Phivolcs, in an 8 a.m. bulletin on Sunday, said it has recorded three volcanic earthquakes on Mt. Mayon during the past 24-hour observation period. Moderate emission of white steam plumes that drifted west-northwest and west-southwest was also noted over the same period but no crater glow was observed on Saturday night.</span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">The volcano’s sulfur dioxide flux was measured at an average of 487 tons/day on May 6 while its geodetic results from ground deformation survey showed that its edifice, which showed swelling in November last year, has deflated and has returned to its 2010 level. Mayon Volcano’s alert status remains at Alert Level 1, which means that it is still at abnormal condition but no magmatic eruption is imminent, the bulletin said. However, the public was strongly advised anew to refrain from entering the 6-km radius Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ) due to the perennial life-threatening dangers of rockfalls, landslides or avalanches at the middle to upper slope, and sudden ash puffs and steam-driven or phreatic eruptions from the summit, Phivolcs said. -</span></h6>
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<a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/2014/06/23/volcanoes-are-waking-up-in-the-aleutians-the-most-activity-seen-in-26-years/"><span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">Volcanoes are waking up in the Aleutians: the most activity seen in 26 years</span></a></h4>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="" height="1716" src="http://www.mining.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/volcanoes-aleutians.jpg" width="2441" /></span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">June 2014 – ALASKA – Sharply increased seismic activity and volcanic eruptions in the Aleutian Islands and the far western Brooks Range are being investigated by scientists. The Alaska Volcano Observatory says the activity over the past few months is the most seen by the station in 26 years. On the Alaska Volcano Observatory three volcanoes are classified with a yellow alert level—signifying signs of elevated unrest above known background levels—and three are at an orange alert level—heightened unrest with increased likelihood of eruption. Orange is the second-highest alert level after red signifying an eruption that is imminent or underway.</span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Pavlof Volcano released an ash plum in May that diverted aircraft. The 8,262-foot (2,518-meter) tall volcano erupted sending ash plumes as high as 30,000 feet (9,144 meters). Aircraft were advised to avoid the area since ash could damage airplane engines. With heightened activity from all volcanoes, scientists still don’t have enough information to point to any larger trend or activity. “At this point, you know, we have to say it’s coincidental,” he said in an interview with radio station KTOO News. “It could be that there is a larger process at work, but we’re not able to say what that is at this point in time, or if there is such a process. You know, perhaps the answer is we haven’t been looking long enough to know.” –</span><a href="http://www.mining.com/volcanoes-are-waking-up-in-the-aleutians-73096/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Mining</span></a></span></h6>
<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Posted in </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/earthquake-omens/dormant-fault-activation/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Dormant fault activation</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/earth-changes/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Earth Changes</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/earth-watch/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Earth Watch</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/earthquake-omens/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Earthquake Omens?</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/environmental-threat/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Environmental Threat</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/high-risk-potential-hazard-zone/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">High-risk potential hazard zone</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/volcano-watch/magma-plume-activity/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Magma Plume activity</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/potential-earthchange-hotspot/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Potential Earthchange hotspot</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/seismic-tremors/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Seismic tremors</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/signs-of-magnetic-field-weakening/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Signs of Magnetic Field weakening</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/landslide-geological-deformation/tectonic-plate-movement/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Tectonic plate movement</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/earth-changes/time-event-acceleration/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Time - Event Acceleration</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/environmental-threat/volcanic-ash/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Volcanic Ash</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/volcanic-eruption/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Volcanic Eruption</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/volcano-watch/volcano-unrest/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Volcano unrest</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">,</span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/volcano-watch/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Volcano Watch</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"> | </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/2014/06/23/volcanoes-are-waking-up-in-the-aleutians-the-most-activity-seen-in-26-years/#respond"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Leave a comment</span></a></b></span><br />
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<a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/2014/06/22/40-reunion-island-volcano-wakes-up-after-4-years-with-major-eruption/"><span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">40: Reunion Island volcano wakes up after 4 years with major eruption</span></a></h4>
<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Posted on </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/2014/06/22/40-reunion-island-volcano-wakes-up-after-4-years-with-major-eruption/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">June 22, 2014</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">by </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/author/theextinctionprotocol/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">The Extinction Protocol</span></a></b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">June 2014 – REUNION ISLAND – This morning at 1:35 am tourists on the French Indian Ocean Islands La Reunion tourists witnessed a spectacular many had been waiting to see for some time. The Piton de la Fournaise volcano erupted. “It made a few days that we were waiting for it, said Pascal Viroleau, CEO of Reunion Island Tourism, about the eruption of the volcano of Reunion Island, the Piton de la fournaise. According to Viroleau, “the volcano entered in activity this morning at 1:35 am.” Most recently, an eruption occurred on December 9, 2010 and lasted for two days. The volcano is located within Réunion National Park, a World Heritage site. It is considered one of the major attractions of the Indian Ocean Vanilla Islands. “Sleeping since December 2010,” Piton de la fournaise is considered as one of the major attractions of the Indian Ocean Vanilla Islands. Situated in the national park, classified in the World heritage by the UNESCO, its visit, combined with the attractions of the other islands constitutes a “must-seen” at the world level, added Viroleau. Piton de la Fournaise, a typical basaltic shield volcano, located on the French island La Réunion, is one of the world’s most active and productive volcanoes. It is in a phase of frequent but short-lived eruptions that start with lava fountains and produce large lava flows. Since the active areas of the volcano are not inhabited, its eruptions pose little danger and cause little damage. Piton de la Fournaise is a typical example of a hot-spot volcano. The volcano is about 530,000 years old and during much of this time, its activity overlapped with eruptions of its older neighbor, the deeply dissected Piton des Neiges shield volcano to the NW.</span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">Three calderas formed at about 250,000, 65,000, and less than 5000 years ago by progressive eastward slumping of the volcano. Numerous pyroclastic cones dot the floor of the calderas and their outer flanks. Most historical eruptions have originated from the summit and flanks of Dolomieu, a 400-m-high lava shield that has grown within the youngest caldera called the Enclos, which is 8 km wide and breached to below sea level on the eastern side.More than 150 eruptions, most of which have produced fluid basaltic lava flows, have occurred since the 17th century. Only six eruptions, in 1708, 1774, 1776, 1800, 1977, and 1986, have originated from fissures on the outer flanks of the caldera. The Piton de la Fournaise Volcano Observatory, one of several operated by the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, monitors this very active volcano. La Reunion is a French province in the Southern Indian Ocean and a member of the newly formed Vanilla Island group.</span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">June 2014 – RENO, NV – In less than 30 minutes, the Lake Tahoe area had 5 earthquakes ranging in magnitude from 0.8 to 2.8 Friday evening. The first quake hit at 5:13 and was the strongest of the quintet, while the epicenter was 4.4 miles from Mt. Rose. A tsunami-producing fault in Lake Tahoe is overdue for another earthquake, scientists said in 2012 at the annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union. The West Tahoe Fault is capable of producing a magnitude-7.3 earthquake and tsunamis up to 30 feet (10 meters) high in the clear blue lake, where million-dollar homes line the shore, researchers said. Earthquakes strike every 3,000 to 4,000 years on the fault, and the most recent shaker was 4,500 years ago, indicating the fault is overdue for another earthquake, said Jillian Maloney, a graduate student at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in San Diego.</span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">Because the fault crosses the lake, scientists worry a future earthquake will cause a tsunami in Lake Tahoe. The monster waves could form in two ways: by the fault displacing ground under the lake, similar to Japan’s Tohoku tsunami, or by causing landslides that displace the water. A combination of both could also create an even bigger wave. The most recent earthquake in the Tahoe region was about 575 years ago, on the Incline Fault, which becomes active about every 10,000 to 15,000 years. Scientists estimate its earthquake size potential at magnitude 7. At more than 1,645 feet (501 meters) deep, Lake Tahoe, which straddles the California and Nevada border in the seismically active Sierra Nevada region, is one of the world’s deepest freshwater lakes. We will continue to monitor this increased earthquake activity.</span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="" height="457" src="http://e.peruthisweek.e3.pe//ima/0/0/0/2/4/24469/624x468.jpg" width="609" /></span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">June 2014 – PERU - Geological authorities are reporting that the Sabancaya volcano in southern Peru has become active after 15 years of silence. According to information released by the Peruvian Geophysical Institute (IGP), Sabancaya has erupted several times. The first recorded activity at Sabancaya was in 1750, and the volcano became active again in 1784. 200 years later, in 1986, the volcano once again displayed activity. Now, the volcano is once again active, having gradually intensified since late February. Speaking to El Comercio, IGP investigator Orlando Macedo said “All this activity is part of an expected process. Before the eruption, tremors were occurring closer and closer to the volcano and the crater. However, the process is taking longer than that which we saw at the Ubinas Volcano, when everything happened in a matter of days. In the case of Sabancaya, this could go on for several months.” In addition to seismic activity, Sabancaya has also emitted plumes of smoke. No thermic anomalies have been observed by the IGP. According to the IGP, three seismic monitoring stations are keeping watch over activity at Sabancaya. Sabancaya, located in the southern region of Arequipa, is part of a volcanic complex that includes Hualca-Hualca and Ampato. –</span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="" height="400" src="http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/352/cache/volcano-eruption-lava-tungurahua-ecuador-smoke_35258_600x450.jpg" width="600" /></span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">June 2014 – Quito, ECUADOR – The National Secretariat for Risk Management of Ecuador today decided to change from orange to yellow the alert in Tungurahua Volcano, 80 km south of Quito, given the decline in activity. According to a report of the Geophysical Institute of the National Polytechnic School, the volcanic activity at Tungurahua has remained low in the recent days, so the authorities decided to change the level of the alert. In the first months of the year, the volcano showed an increased activity with columns of ash and gases that rose reaching four kilometers above the crater, causing the orange alert to be declared in the affected areas. Although the alert level was changed, the Secretariat said that provintial and cantonal Emergency Operations Committees should keep on alert in order to react to any situation to protect the citizens. At an altitude of five thousand 20 meters above the sea level, Tungurahua volcano erupted in 1999 and since then high activity periods with others of relative calm have been interspersed. –</span><a href="http://www.plenglish.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2799691&Itemid=1"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Prensa Latina</span></a></span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">June 2014 – ITALY - Mt Etna, one of the world’s most active volcanoes, has erupted, spewing lava and ash into the night sky. Footage shows a spectacular display as red hot lava pours down the southern crater of the volcano. The new eruption forced the closure of an airport in Sicily, but no other disruptions have been reported. Several villages dot the mountain’s slopes, and the last major eruption of the volcano occurred in 1992.</span></h6>
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<a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/2014/06/14/after1-30-years-hawaiis-mauna-loa-volcano-showing-signs-of-stirring/"><span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">After 30 years: Hawaii’s Mauna Loa Volcano showing signs of stirring</span></a></h4>
<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Posted on </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/2014/06/14/after1-30-years-hawaiis-mauna-loa-volcano-showing-signs-of-stirring/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">June 14, 2014</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">by </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/author/theextinctionprotocol/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">The Extinction Protocol</span></a></b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">Geologist warn the sleeping giant known as Mauna Loa may be awakening. Mauna Loa is the largest active volcano on Earth. </span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">June 2014 - HAWAII - After a 30-year repose, Mauna Loa may be slowly stirring to life. While there are no signs of impending eruption, the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory has recorded an increased level of seismic activity on the flanks and summit of Mauna Loa over the past 13 months. Four distinct earthquake swarms — clusters of earthquakes occurring closely in time and location — have occurred since March 2013. Each swarm began with earthquakes northwest of the summit (Moku‘āweoweo Crater) at 4 to 15 km (2.5-9 mi) deep, followed by shallow earthquakes at the summit from several days to one month later. These earthquakes have all been less than magnitude-2.2, except for a magnitude-3.5 earthquake on May 9, 2014. The recent swarms have not been associated with the deformation of the ground surface that we would expect from intrusion of significant amounts of magma into shallow levels beneath Mauna Loa. However, ground deformation indicating shallow magma accumulation has been measured during many of the past 30 years, including two episodes of very rapid inflation immediately following the most recent eruption in 1984, and again from 2004-2006. The latter inflation started with a swarm of deep, long-period earthquakes at 45 km (28 mi) under the volcano. Prior to the 1984 eruption, seismicity was elevated for at least three years, with 28 earthquakes greater than magnitude 3, and 2 earthquakes greater than magnitude 4. The magnitude-6.7 earthquake on November 16, 1983, may also have been triggered by the pressurizing magma system of Mauna Loa. Earthquakes prior to the 1984 eruption were typically located northwest of the summit at depths greater than 5 kilometers (3 miles) and on the upper Southwest Rift Zone at depths less than 5 km (3 mi).</span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">The seismic network that monitors Mauna Loa has been significantly improved since 1984. As part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act in 2011, all of the seismic stations in the HVO seismic network were upgraded to use technology that results in less noise and better recordings. The current seismic network is better able to detect and locate smaller earthquakes than the network prior to these upgrades. It is likely that many of the small earthquakes that we currently observe would not have been detected by HVO’s seismic monitoring prior to the 1984 eruption. Though the size and number of earthquakes observed over the past 13 months has been significantly smaller than those observed in the three years prior to the 1984 eruption, they have been occurring in the same general areas of the volcano. The swarm in September-October 2013 occurred on the northwest flank, the same location as one of the swarms that occurred prior to the 1984 eruption. The May 9, 2014, magnitude-3.5 earthquake occurred in the same area of the upper Southwest Rift Zone as many magnitude 3 or greater earthquakes prior to the 1984 eruption. Interestingly, the March 2013 and April 2014 swarms occurred on the northwest flank in areas that were not active prior to the 1975 or 1984 eruptions. So why are earthquakes happening in these different areas?</span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Mauna Loa consists of a hot and plastic core that is composed of overlapping dikes intruded during the construction of the volcano’s edifice. Stresses arising from an intrusion of magma or gases under the volcano may be transmitted through the mushy core to the cooler and more brittle crust outside the core of the volcano. The earthquake activity present during the past 13 months has consisted entirely of earthquakes arising from brittle failure of the crust. The swarms below 4 km (2.5 mi) deep have occurred outside the core of the volcano and, thus, are consistent with a model requiring rocks around the core to adjust to stress changes within the core. The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory continues to monitor Mauna Loa for signs of an impending eruption. The likelihood of detecting a short-term change in activity that would lead to a successful eruption forecast is enhanced with a quality geophysical network that can monitor changes in earthquake occurrence, ground deformation and gas chemistry both in the summit and rift zones of Mauna Loa. –</span><a href="http://bigislandnow.com/2014/06/12/volcano-watch-mauna-loa-showing-signs-of-stirring/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Big Island</span></a></span></h6>
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<a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/2014/06/14/awakening-seismic-unrest-reported-at-alaskas-remote-semisopochnoi-volcano/"><span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">Awakening? seismic unrest reported at Alaska’s remote Semisopochnoi Volcano</span></a></h4>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">June 2014 – ALASKA - Another remote volcano in Alaska is showing signs of unrest or possible activity. The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) sent out the following alert: “A swarm of earthquakes at Semisopochnoi volcano that started at 10:00 AKDT (18:00 UTC) on June 9 escalated yesterday, June 12, at approximately 12:00 AKDT (20:00 UTC). The continuation of this anomalous seismic activity through the night prompts AVO to raise the Aviation Color Code to YELLOW and the Volcano Alert Level to ADVISORY. No eruptive activity is currently indicated. AVO is closely monitoring the situation and will issue further updates as conditions change.”</span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">“Semisopochnoi volcano is monitored by a 6-station seismic network as well as satellite imagery. Five of the seismic stations on Semisopochnoi are currently operational. The telemetry system for the Semisopochnoi stations, located on Amchitka Island, was just repaired in late May. Semisopochnoi Island is located 65 km (40 mi) northeast of Amchitka and 200 km (130 mi) west of Adak in the remote western Aleutian Islands. The last eruption of Semisopochnoi occurred in 1987.” –</span><a href="http://www.volcanodiscovery.com/semisopochnoi/news/45187/Semisopochnoi-volcano-Aleutian-Islands-Alaska-seismic-unrest.html"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Volcano Discovery</span></a></span></h6>
<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Posted in </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/earth-changes/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Earth Changes</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/earth-watch/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Earth Watch</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/earthquake-omens/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Earthquake Omens?</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/high-risk-potential-hazard-zone/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">High-risk potential hazard zone</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/potential-earthchange-hotspot/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Potential Earthchange hotspot</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/seismic-tremors/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Seismic tremors</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/signs-of-magnetic-field-weakening/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Signs of Magnetic Field weakening</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/landslide-geological-deformation/tectonic-plate-movement/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Tectonic plate movement</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/earth-changes/time-event-acceleration/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Time - Event Acceleration</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">,</span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/volcano-watch/volcano-unrest/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Volcano unrest</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/volcano-watch/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Volcano Watch</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"> | </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/2014/06/14/awakening-seismic-unrest-reported-at-alaskas-remote-semisopochnoi-volcano/#respond"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Leave a comment</span></a></b></span><br />
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<a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/2014/06/13/vast-ocean-lays-under-earth-mantle-may-be-wellspring-for-worlds-oceans/"><span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">Vast ocean lays under Earth mantle, may be wellspring for world’s oceans</span></a></h4>
<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Posted on </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/2014/06/13/vast-ocean-lays-under-earth-mantle-may-be-wellspring-for-worlds-oceans/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">June 13, 2014</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">by </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/author/theextinctionprotocol/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">The Extinction Protocol</span></a></b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="" height="1679" src="http://theextinctionprotocol.files.wordpress.com/2014/06/93cb3-noahsflood.jpg?w=609&h=386" width="2650" /></span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">“In the six hundredth year of Noah’s life, in the second month, the seventeenth day of the month, the same day were all the fountains of the great deep broken up.” Genesis 7:11</span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">June 2014 – GEOLOGY – A reservoir of water lying deep under the Earth’s surface may contain triple the volume of every one the world’s oceans and may even be the “wellspring” source of them, U.S. researchers say. Although not in a liquid form most familiar to all of us — it is instead bound within rocks deep in the Earth’s mantle — it likely represents the largest reservoir of water on Earth, scientists at the University of New Mexico and Northwestern University say. Writing in the journal Science, they report finding pockets of melted magma 400 miles underneath the North American continent that are likely signatures that water exists at those depths. Scientists have long questioned whether the mantle, the rocky, hot layer between the Earth’s crust and its core, might contain water bound up and trapped within rare minerals. The new discovery is evidence water can be transported from the surface of the Earth to great depth by plate tectonics, the movement of continents and plates over the Earth’s surface. “Geological processes on the Earth’s surface, such as earthquakes or erupting volcanoes, are an expression of what is going on inside the Earth, out of our sight,” says geophysicist and study co-author Steve Jacobsen at Northwestern. “I think we are finally seeing evidence for a whole-Earth water cycle, which may help explain the vast amount of liquid water on the surface of our habitable planet.” Movement and partial melting of rocks in the mantle’s transition zone — a region between the mantle’s lower and upper layers from around 250 to 400 miles deep — could allow water to become tightly bound to the minerals there, the researchers said.</span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">To test if the transition zone could be a possible deep water reservoir, the researchers used seismic waves recorded during earthquakes to analyze the structure of the mantle in the zone and to detect if melting is taking place as tectonics drives rocks ever deeper. “If we are seeing this melting, then there has to be this water in the transition zone,” University of New Mexico seismologist Brandon Schmandt says. “Melting is just a mechanism of getting rid of the water,” he says. If the surface water the Earth possesses today came from such degassing of molten rock, the researchers say, that’s in contrast to the theory held by some scientists that water came to a young Earth by way of large, icy comets. It is of course the existence of liquid water on the surface of the Earth that makes our planet habitable and capable of supporting life, which is why its origin is of such interest to science. The latest findings are strong evidence of a process where water has long been cycling between deep interior reservoirs and the surface through the action of plate tectonics, the researchers say. “Scientists have been looking for this missing deep water for decades,” Jacobsen says. And they may just have found it.</span></h6>
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<a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/2014/06/06/37-alaskas-pavlof-volcano-blows-its-top-threatens-air-flights/"><span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">Alaska’s Pavlof volcano blows its top, threatens air flights</span></a></h4>
<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Posted on </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/2014/06/06/37-alaskas-pavlof-volcano-blows-its-top-threatens-air-flights/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">June 6, 2014</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">by </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/author/theextinctionprotocol/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">The Extinction Protocol</span></a></b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="" height="345" src="https://s3.yimg.com/bt/api/res/1.2/Cih45nTawrUJxVHsXOlPPA--/YXBwaWQ9eW5ld3M7Zmk9ZmlsbDtoPTQzMTtweW9mZj0wO3E9NzU7dz01NzU-/http://media.zenfs.com/en_US/News/LiveScience.com/pavlof.jpg1401812446" width="616" /></span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">JUNE 2014 – ALASKA – Alaska’s Pavlof volcano turned up the volume on its new eruption yesterday (June 2), sending up a billowy ash plume that could threaten local flights, according to the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO). The AVO tracks eruptions at Pavlof, a snowy cone on the Alaska Peninsula, using satellite imagery and earthquake monitors. The most recent eruption started Saturday, when heat-tracking by satellite shows a rise in surface temperatures at the volcano. NASA’s Landsat satellite also snapped lava streaming from the volcano’s peak. Pilots flying to nearby villages also called in reports to the AVO, and yesterday, local aviators said the volcano’s ash column had reached 22,000 feet (6,700 meters).</span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">When Pavlof erupted in May 2013, ash fall forced regional airlines to cancel flights to communities such as Cold Bay, Sand Point and King Cove, the AVO reports. No flights have been reported canceled this week. The 8,262-foot (2,518 m) mountain is one of Alaska’s most frequently erupting volcanoes. On the opposite side of the Pacific Ocean, geologists are also monitoring the ongoing eruption at Indonesia’s Sangeang Api volcano. The volcano awoke with a spectacular blast on May 30. A NASA satellite image shows a thick plume of ash and volcanic gas drifting southeast. The airport in Bima, Indonesia, remains closed because of the glassy particles, which can destroy jet engines, NASA’s Earth Observatory reports.</span></h6>
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<a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/2014/05/17/u-s-scientists-explore-grenadas-huge-underwater-volcano-poses-dangerous-tsunami-risk-to-u-s-coast/"><span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">U.S. scientists explore Grenada’s huge underwater volcano – poses dangerous tsunami risk to U.S. coast</span></a></h4>
<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Posted on </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/2014/05/17/u-s-scientists-explore-grenadas-huge-underwater-volcano-poses-dangerous-tsunami-risk-to-u-s-coast/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">May 17, 2014</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">by </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/author/theextinctionprotocol/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">The Extinction Protocol</span></a></b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="" height="308" src="http://www.cubadebate.cu/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/kick-em-jenny.jpg" width="618" /></span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">The dangerous Kick’em Jenny volcano has erupted 10 times since 1939, with the most recent eruption in 1990.</span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">May 2014 – CARIBBEAN - A team of scientists from the United States have traveled to Grenada, exploring the darkest corners of a huge underwater volcano off the island’s coast hoping to better understanding the mysteries of earthquakes and tsunamis, and ultimately saving lives. President of US Ocean Exploration Trust, Robert Ballard, famous for discovering the Titanic 12,000 feet below the surface of the icy North Atlantic in 1985, has set his sights on exploring the volcano, ‘Kick’em Jenny’, studying its eruption history and learn more about how underwater volcanoes can pose a threat. Ballard, who is also director of the Centre for Ocean Exploration at the University of Rhode Island’s Graduate School of Oceanography, said the Kick’em Jenny volcano has a history of explosive eruptions, which could have the potential to trigger tsunamis, the effects from which could be felt as far away as the northeastern United States. According to the US Geological Survey (USGS), the Kick’em Jenny volcano has erupted 10 times since 1939, with the most recent eruption in 1990. “This is the most hazardous part of our planet, where (tectonic) plates are head-on,” said Ballard, noting that the devastating 2011 Japanese earthquake and the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami were both underwater earthquakes. The American television network, ABC TV, said reporters from its ‘Nightline’ program accompanied Ballard and his team of 40 explorers aboard their exploration vessel Nautilus during the final 48 hours of their 90-day voyage, which was documented for an upcoming National Geographic special, ‘Caribbean’s Deadly Underworld’, which premieres Sunday on the US network, Nat Geo WILD.</span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><img alt="" height="268" src="http://www.uwiseismic.com/Images/kejhazard_3.gif" width="278" />The conditions around the Kick’em Jenny volcano are so dangerous to humans that Ballard and his team relied on the Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) ‘Hercules’, a 5,000-pound submersible, to be their “eyes and ears inside the volcano,” ABC TV reported. It said as Hercules descends into the volcano, Ballard and his team watched the robot’s live cameras from a control room aboard the Nautilus. After hours of searching, the team made a startling discovery. “It means that places that we thought there was very little life existing on our plant, we’ve just opened up a whole other area where life seems to be thriving,” Ballard said, adding “a lot of the deep sea is sort of like you know you can think of it as a desert. We just found an oasis in that desert.” On its journey, Hercules took pictures of its surroundings, made maps and collected samples, including organisms living inside the volcano and even reaching inside the volcano’s bubbling plume to gather materials, ABC TV said. It said such discoveries on Ballard’s trip could allow scientists to better understand the threats posed by underwater volcanic eruptions. “And there’s no reason to stop, there’s 72 per cent of the planet hardly explored. I like to tell children that their generation is the generation that will explore more of earth than all previous generations combined,” Ballard said. –</span><a href="http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/latestnews/US-scientists-explore-Grenada-s-huge-underwater-volcano"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Jamaica Observer</span></a></span></h6>
<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Posted in </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/earthquake-omens/dormant-fault-activation/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Dormant fault activation</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/earth-changes/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Earth Changes</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/earth-watch/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Earth Watch</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/earthquake-omens/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Earthquake Omens?</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/environmental-threat/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Environmental Threat</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/high-risk-potential-hazard-zone/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">High-risk potential hazard zone</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/potential-earthchange-hotspot/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Potential Earthchange hotspot</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/seismic-tremors/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Seismic tremors</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/signs-of-magnetic-field-weakening/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Signs of Magnetic Field weakening</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/strange-high-tides-freak-waves/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Strange high tides & freak waves</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/volcanic-eruption/submarine-volcanic-eruption/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Submarine volcanic eruption</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/volcano-watch/submarine-volcano/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Submarine Volcano</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/earth-changes/time-event-acceleration/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Time - Event Acceleration</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/volcano-watch/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Volcano Watch</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"> |</span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/2014/05/17/u-s-scientists-explore-grenadas-huge-underwater-volcano-poses-dangerous-tsunami-risk-to-u-s-coast/#respond"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Leave a comment</span></a></b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="" height="1470" src="http://www.trbimg.com/img-5373a774/turbine/la-me-san-andreas-20140514-001/550/16x9" width="2612" /></span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">May 2014 – CALIFORNIA - For years, scientists have wondered about the forces that keep pushing up California’s mighty Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges, causing an increase in the number of earthquakes in one part of Central California. On Wednesday, a group of scientists offered a new, intriguing theory: The quakes are triggered in part by the pumping of groundwater in the Central Valley, which produces crops that feed the nation. “These results suggest that human activity may give rise to a gradual increase in the rate of earthquake occurrence,” said the study published in the journal Nature. “During wet periods of time when the fault is loaded down, the forces that are keeping the fault clamped down are greater. It inhibits the sliding of the fault,” says Colin B. Amos, assistant professor of geology at Western Washington University. Using new GPS data, the scientists found that mountains closest to California’s thirsty Central Valley were growing at a faster-than-expected rate compared to nearby ranges. The growth spurt — about 1 to 3 millimeters a year — was enough to lift them by half a foot over the last 150 years. Groundwater is very heavy, and its weight depresses the Earth’s upper crust. Remove the weight, and the crust springs upward — and that change in pressure can trigger more small earthquakes, the researchers said. “It reduces the forces that are keeping the fault clamped together — leading to more small earthquakes during dry periods of time,” said Colin B. Amos, assistant professor of geology at Western Washington University, the study’s lead author.</span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">Other scientists studying a seismically active area of southern Monterey County near Parkfield observed that there tend to be more earthquakes during dry months than during wet months. The number of earthquakes there every year has roughly doubled between 1984 and 2005. “During wet periods of time when the fault is loaded down, the forces that are keeping the fault clamped down are greater. It inhibits the sliding of the fault,” Amos said. But the question as to why earthquakes have been increasing in Parkfield over time has been a mystery. The groundwater theory introduced by Amos and his colleagues gives one possible answer. “Over the long term, because we’re losing more groundwater, it could give rise to more seismicity by reducing these overall forces,” Amos said. Groundwater has been slowly depleted in the Central Valley to quench the thirst of farms and cities since the mid-1800s. That irrigation has already caused dramatic changes. In the 1930s, water diversions prompted the disappearance of Tulare Lake, once the largest body of fresh water west of the Mississippi, which was 60 miles across. Over the last hundred and fifty years, the Central Valley’s groundwater reserve has lost about 38 cubic miles of water — enough to drain Lake Tahoe. According to the U.S. Geological Survey, Central Valley aquifers supply about 20% of the nation’s groundwater needs, making it the second-most-pumped aquifer system in the United States. The Central Valley produces one-quarter of the nation’s food, including 40% of its fruits and nuts.</span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">The study published Wednesday does not suggest the next Big One to hit Los Angeles or San Francisco will be caused by human activity, Amos said. “Large earthquakes are going to occur on the San Andreas fault no matter what we do,” Amos said. But what is important is the idea that human activity could trigger more seismic movement. “It’s really opening up a possibility that humans are changing stresses on faults,” Amos said. “It’s a simple realization that human use of groundwater is having small but perhaps measurable impacts on the San Andreas Fault.” U.S. Geological Survey seismologist Susan Hough, who was not affiliated with the study, said the idea that groundwater depletion can trigger earthquakes is very plausible. Hough went a step further than the researchers, saying it’s possible that smaller earthquakes in the Parkfield area could eventually trigger larger earthquakes that head south toward Los Angeles. “If you raise the rate of little earthquakes, you also raise the probability of a bigger earthquake,” Hough said. Parkfield was the starting point of a magnitude 7.9 earthquake that hit the San Andreas fault in 1857. The fault unzipped south for nearly 200 miles, down to the San Gabriel Mountains and ending near Wrightwood. That fault was so massive that shaking lasted from 1 to 3 minutes, trees were uprooted, and buildings were destroyed. “As near as we can tell, the foreshocks were in the Parkfield area,” Hough said. “It won’t necessarily happen that way” again in our lifetime, she said. “But the fact that it did happen once means that it could happen.” Hough said further study was needed to determine whether groundwater depletion in other areas could also trigger earthquakes. The part of the San Andreas Fault around Parkfield is fairly weak — meaning not much change in pressure is needed to loosen the fault and cause earthquakes. In contrast, sections of the San Andreas closer to San Francisco and Los Angeles are much stronger and more locked. Steve Ingebritsen, hydrogeologist with the U.S. Geological Survey who was also unaffiliated with the study, called the theory “an interesting hypothesis from a credible group of investigators that will drive more research.” He called the suggestion that groundwater depletion could lead to more earthquakes “somewhat controversial” and that more study is needed elsewhere in California and around the world to see if the findings can be replicated.</span></h6>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">In Indonesia's North Sumatra province, Mount Sinabung, a 2,600-meter (8,530-foot) tall volcano, has erupted several times over the past few days, spewing massive clouds of superheated gas and ash into the sky, and down its slopes in deadly pyroclastic flows. Sinabung has been active off and on since September, following a re-awakening in 2010, after more than 400 years of dormancy. Thousands of villagers and farmers living nearby have been evacuated, hoping to be able to return home soon.</strong></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/11/the-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100630/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s_s01_RTX15I7I.jpg" /></strong></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>A woman looks on as Mount Sinabung spews ash, viewed from Sibintun village in Karo district, Indonesia's north Sumatra province, on November 18, 2013. Mount Sinabung continued to spew volcanic ash throwing a plume 8,000 meters into the atmosphere on Monday as thousands of residents remained in temporary shelters fearful of more eruptions. (Reuters/Roni Bintang) </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s01_RTX15I7I.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="img02"></a></b></span><br />
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s_s02_80863487.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Indonesian farmers rush to harvest crops in the district of Karo as an ash cloud rises during a fresh eruption of the Mount Sinabung volcano, on September 17, 2013. Thousands of villagers fled after Mount Sinabung's series of volcanic eruptions on Indonesia's Sumatra island, spewing rocks and red-hot ash onto surrounding villages, officials said. (Sutanta Aditya/AFP/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/11/the-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100630/#img02"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s02_80863487.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Trees and vegetation are covered with volcanic ash in the Karo district of Indonesia's Sumatra island, on November 5, 2013, after the eruption of Mount Sinabung volcano. (Kharisma Tarigan/AFP/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/11/the-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100630/#img03"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s03_86961221.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s_s04_65785914.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>A kitten sits on the roof of a house that is covered with volcanic ash from the eruption of Mount Sinabung in Mardingding, North Sumatra, on November 6, 2013. (AP Photo/Binsar Bakkara) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/11/the-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100630/#img04"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s04_65785914.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s_s05_95863576.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>This picture made with slow shutter speed shows Mount Sinabung spewing volcanic ash as seen from Tiga Pancur, North Sumatra, on November 5, 2013. (AP Photo/Binsar Bakkara) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/11/the-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100630/#img05"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s05_95863576.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Sinabung erupts and throws hot gas into the air, in Karo, North Sumatra, on November 6, 2013. Hundreds of residents have been evacuated to safer areas as the volcano erupted anew following September eruptions. (Atar/AFP/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/11/the-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100630/#img06"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s06_87106951.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>A hand print on the hood of a car covered with volcanic ash from the eruption of Mount Sinabung in Tiga Nderket village, North Sumatra, on November 4, 2013. (AP Photo/Binsar Bakkara) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/11/the-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100630/#img07"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s07_91550134.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Refugees sleep inside a church set up as a temporary evacuation center on November 15, 2013 in Karo district. Up to 4,300 residents have been evacuated from five villages in North Sumatra due to the volcanic eruptions of Mount Sinabung.(Ulet Ifansasti/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/11/the-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100630/#img08"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s08_88095793.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Pyroclastic flows race down the slope of Mount Sinabung as it spews volcanic materials, viewed from Beras Tiga Pancur, North Sumatra, on November 11, 2013. (AP Photo/Dedy Zulkifli) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/11/the-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100630/#img09"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s09_30827213.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Villagers ride a motorcycle on a road covered with volcanic ash from the eruption of Mount Sinabung in Kuta Mbaru, North Sumatra, on November 18, 2013. (AP Photo/Mafa Yuli Ramadani) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/11/the-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100630/#img10"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s10_26227946.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Students wear masks to protect from airborne volcanic ash, as they play with hula hoops at an elementary school in Sukandebi, North Sumatra, on November 7, 2013. (AP Photo/Binsar Bakkara) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/11/the-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100630/#img11"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s11_10887437.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/11/the-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100630/#img12"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">12</strong></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Students walk through fields covered by ash from Sinabung, as they return home at Kuta Rakyat village in Karo district, on November 8, 2013. (Reuters/Roni Bintang) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/11/the-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100630/#img12"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s12_RTX155HS.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/11/the-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100630/#img13"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">13</strong></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>A flower blossoms from vegetation covered with volcanic ash after an eruption of Mount Sinabung in Mardingding, North Sumatra, on November 6, 2013. (AP Photo/Binsar Bakkara) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/11/the-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100630/#img13"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s13_20003147.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>A man uses his mobile phone as Mount Sinabung continues to erupt, with hot gas spewing from the volcano, in the Karo district, on November 18, 2013. (Sutanta Aditya/AFP/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/11/the-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100630/#img14"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s14_50321345.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s_s15_RTX150HI.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>The ash from Sinabung volcano covers trees and houses at Mardingding village in Karo district, on November 5, 2013.(Reuters/Roni Bintang) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/11/the-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100630/#img15"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s15_RTX150HI.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s_s16_88078899.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>A puppy sits in abandoned Mardinding village, located just less than three kilometers from mount Sinabung on November 15, 2013 in Sumatra's Karo district. (Ulet Ifansasti/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/11/the-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100630/#img16"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s16_88078899.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s_s17_87965205.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Mount Sinabung spews ash and gas, photographed from Berastagi village in Karo district, on November 14, 2013.(Ulet Ifansasti/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/11/the-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100630/#img17"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s17_87965205.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s_s18_87965197.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Mount Sinabung spews a column of hot gas and ash skyward, as seen from Tigapancur village in Karo district, on November 14, 2013. (Ulet Ifansasti/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/11/the-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100630/#img18"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s18_87965197.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s_s19_RTX13Q74.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Lightning strikes as Mount Sinabung volcano spews ash and hot lava, at Simpang Empat village in Karo district, on September 18, 2013. (Reuters/YT Haryono)</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Mount Sinabung, in Indonesia's North Sumatra province, has been erupting sporadically since last September, spewing massive clouds of superheated gas and ash into the sky and down its slopes in deadly pyroclastic flows. The most recent series of eruptions began January 4, with hundreds of eruptions recorded in the days since. Further evacuations have been ordered, with more than 20,000 people now displaced. Gathered here are recent images from the region and of those affected.</strong></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s01_61540863.jpg" /></strong></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Mount Sinabung spews volcanic ash and lava near Karo, North Sumatra on January 9, 2014. An Indonesian volcano that has erupted relentlessly for months shot volcanic ash into the air 30 times on January 4, forcing further evacuations with more than 20,000 people now displaced, an official said. (ATAR/AFP/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s01_61540863.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s02_61542065.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>A cat sits in an area covered by ash as following a further eruption of the Mount Sinabung in Sebintun village on January 9, 2014 in Karo District, North Sumatra, Indonesia. (Ulet Ifansasti/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img02"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s02_61542065.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s03_61368861.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>People watch as Mount Sinabung spews pyroclastic gas and ash on January 8, 2014 in North Sumatra, Indonesia. Eleven deaths have now been recorded as a result of the eruptions with hundreds more falling ill. Officials expect the number of evacuees to rise as volcanic activity remains high. (Ulet Ifansasti/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img03"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s03_61368861.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s04_60719967.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Children wear plastic bags to cover their faces from ash following a further eruption of the Mount Sinabung on January 4, 2014 in North Sumatra. (Ulet Ifansasti/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img04"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s04_60719967.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s05_60875031.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Hot lava runs down Mount Sinabung from a newly-formed lava dome on January 5, 2014 in North Sumatra.(Ulet Ifansasti/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img05"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s05_60875031.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s06_61359309.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Sinabung spews ash into the air during an eruption near Karo, North Sumatra, on January 8, 2014.(Sutanta Aditya/AFP/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img06"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s06_61359309.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s07_60700113.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>A woman carries her daughter in a nearby field as Mount Sinabung spews pyroclastic gas and ash in North Sumatra, on January 4, 2014. (Ulet Ifansasti/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img07"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s07_60700113.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s08_61147293.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Sinabung spews ash during an eruption near Karo, North Sumatra, on January 7, 2014. (Sutanta Aditya/AFP/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img08"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s08_61147293.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s09_RTX173WN.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Mount Sinabung volcano spews ash during an eruption as seen from Tiga Pancur village in Karo district, on January 6, 2014.(Reuters/Roni Bintang) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img09"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s09_RTX173WN.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s10_71167857.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Villagers watch as Mount Sinabung releases pyroclastic flow in Sibintun, North Sumatra, on January 6, 2014.(AP Photo/Binsar Bakkara) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img10"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s10_71167857.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s11_60719979.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>An ash covered a motorcyclist as drives on a road covered with ash following a further eruption of the Mount Sinabung, on January 4, 2014. (Ulet Ifansasti/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img11"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s11_60719979.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s12_RTX177BG.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Coffee beans, covered by ash from Mt Sinabung, near Sibintun village on January 9, 2014. (Reuters/Beawiharta) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img12"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s12_RTX177BG.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s13_62754851.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>A bicycle is caked with volcanic ash from the eruption of Mount Sinabung outside a house in Sibintun, North Sumatra, on January 7, 2014. (AP Photo/Binsar Bakkara) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img13"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s13_62754851.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s14_RTX177CG.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Abandoned bottles covered with ash from Mount Sinabung, near Berastepu village, on January 9, 2014. (Reuters/Beawiharta) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img14"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s14_RTX177CG.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>A farmer's foot, covered with ash from Mount Sinabung, in Payung village, on January 9, 2014. (Reuters/Beawiharta) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img15"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s15_RTX177GZ.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s16_60344053.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Mount Sinabung spews pyroclastic gas and ash above Karo District, North Sumatra, on on January 3, 2014.(Ulet Ifansasti/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img16"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s16_60344053.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s17_60719963.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Hot lava runs down Mount Sinabung from a newly-formed lava dome, on January 4, 2014. (Ulet Ifansasti/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img17"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s17_60719963.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s18_RTX176D8.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>A dead dog lies on a street covered in ash from Mount Sinabung, near Tiga Pancur village, on January 8, 2014.(Reuters/YT Haryono) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img18"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s18_RTX176D8.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s19_61542141.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>A woman shows rice covered by ash during harvest following a further eruption of Mount Sinabung in Payung village, on January 9, 2014. (Ulet Ifansasti/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img19"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s19_61542141.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s20_RTX178K3.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>An orange, covered in ash from Mount Sinabung, Sibintun village, January 10, 2014. (Reuters/Roni Bintang) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img20"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s20_RTX178K3.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s21_61542115.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>A chicken stands in an area covered by ash as following a further eruption of Mount Sinabung in Sebintun village, on January 9, 2014. (Ulet Ifansasti/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img21"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s21_61542115.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s22_53369671.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Mount Sinabung spews ash into the air, as seen from Karo, North Sumatra, on December 4, 2013.(Ade Sinuhaji/AFP/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img22"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s22_53369671.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s23_64476985.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Elementary school students wear masks to protect them from volcanic ash from Mount Sinabung, seen in the background, in Sukan Debi, North Sumatra, on November 26, 2013. (AP Photo/Binsar Bakkara) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img23"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s23_64476985.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s24_RTX178G4.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>A pyroclastic flow races down the slope of Mount Sinabung, viewed from Berastepu village, on January 10, 2014.(Reuters/Beawiharta) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img24"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s24_RTX178G4.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s25_61367921.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Women carry their children as they are evacuated to a temporary evacuation center after their village was hit by ash from Mount Sinabung in Payung village, on January 8, 2014. (Ulet Ifansasti/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img25"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s25_61367921.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s26_61542093.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Villagers evacuate their pig following a further eruption of Mount Sinabung in Sebintun village, on January 9, 2014.(Ulet Ifansasti/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img26"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s26_61542093.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s27_60875049.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Hot lava runs down Mount Sinabung from a lava dome on January 5, 2014 in Karo District, North Sumatra.(Ulet Ifansasti/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img27"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s27_60875049.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s28_61359261.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>A pyroclastic flow races down Mount Sinabung, near Karo, North Sumatra, on January 8, 2014.(SUTANTA ADITYA/AFP/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img28"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s28_61359261.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s29_RTX1765K.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img29"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">29</strong></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Hot gases and ash from Mount Sinabung impact trees, viewed from Berastepu village, North Sumatra, on January 8, 2014.(Reuters/Beawiharta) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img29"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s29_RTX1765K.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s30_RTX177B9.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img30"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">30</strong></span></a></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">A flower, surrounded by ash from Mt Sinabung, near Sibintun village, on January 9, 2014. (Reuters/Beawiharta)</strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/ngtpc062414/s_n01_0kilauea.jpg" /></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Kilauea, Big Island, Hawaii. The most extreme place we put our kayakers to paddle to date.</strong></span></div>
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<a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/ngtpc062414/n02_0alizard.jpg"><span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong></strong></span></a></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/ngtpc062414/s_n03_theworld.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">This photo, taken at the "end of the world" swing in Banos, Ecuador, captures a man on the swing overlooking an erupting Mt. Tungurahua. The eruption took place on February 1, 2014. Minutes after the photo was taken, we had to evacuate the area because of an incoming ash cloud</span></strong></span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript" src="//ra.revolvermaps.com/0/0/6.js?i=00bo1v8as3p&m=0&s=341&c=ff0000&cr1=ffffff&f=arial&l=0&bv=80" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3736852641690443895.post-44373858396322652812023-08-10T10:40:00.002-07:002023-08-29T23:45:52.948-07:00<p> </p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><h1><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">A U.S. SECURITY STRATEGY FOR THE ARCTIC, </b></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">CAPTURING THE EASTERN COAST OF RUSSIA:</b></span><b style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large;">TO INCLUDE VLADIVOSTOK, SAKHALIN, KAMCHATKA AND PART OF SIBERIA, THIS WILL DIMINISH ACCESS OF RUSSIA AND CHINA TO THE ARCTIC ALSO WILL SECURE US AND JAPANESE SOVEREINTY</b></h1><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2304" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/qmYteyr7ibY" width="2772" youtube-src-id="qmYteyr7ibY"></iframe></div><br /><p><br /></p><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">US capturing the eastern coast of Russia with the help of Japan to avoid threats to Alaska and limit the access of China to the Arctic</b></span></h1><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Maritime Friction</b></span></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><header class="Header Header--bottom" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: subpixel-antialiased; color: rgba(23, 23, 23, 0.9); font-family: garamond-premier-pro; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 0.36px; text-align: start;"><div class="Header-inner Header-inner--bottom" data-nc-collapse="" data-nc-group="bottom" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; background-color: black; box-sizing: border-box; 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flex-direction: column;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><h1 class="BlogItem-title" data-content-field="title" style="background-color: black; font-size: 42px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 32px; order: 2; text-align: center; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">The Russian Occupation of The Kuriles The Same Way with Ukraine: Examining the Legality of US Interference</h1></b></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>The Russian invasion of Ukraine initiated this past February 2022 was the culmination of significant regional tension that had been brewing for several years. Ukraine regained independence when the Soviet Union fell in 1991. A decade later, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) began expanding further into Eastern Europe; in 2004, former Soviet states Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia became members of the organization. NATO also adopted an “Open Door Policy,” meaning that any European State that wishes to embody the principles of NATO and its treaty can apply to join the organization. These developments implied that Ukraine, as a post-Soviet European state, could also one day join NATO—such a possibility was first put on paper at the 2008 Bucharest Summit. At this summit, the allies reaffirmed Ukraine’s right to determine its own security dispositions, a right that Russia had also accepted through treaties such as the NATO-Russia Founding Act in 1997. [1] The recent Russian invasion of Ukraine thus raises the question of whether the United States is legally allowed to interfere in the event that Russia takes over Ukraine; this question arises due to the conflict behind US military intervention. [2] Due to the violation of the law of aggression during armed conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the principle of collective self-defense, the United States is legally able to intervene in the conflict of the Russian occupation of Ukraine.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2217" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/aT0w5sLkZ3c" width="2666" youtube-src-id="aT0w5sLkZ3c"></iframe></div><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>Even though Russia has technically acknowledged the sovereignty of Ukraine, they have not respected it in practice, particularly given Ukraine’s clear pro-Western political trajectory. [3] President Vladimir Putin has expressed his concern over Ukraine’s proximity to Western powers on numerous occasions and claimed that a Ukrainian-Western alliance would be hostile to Russia. [4] Furthermore, Putin does not see Ukraine as a sovereign nation but as a Russian entity, which brings up the international legal concern regarding the independence of states. Moreover, by annexing the formerly Ukrainian peninsula of Crimea in 2014, the current Russian government has historically acted on this belief, demonstrating their commitment to reclaiming Russian territories of prior decades. [5] However, despite their close ancestral ties to both the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union, a majority of the Ukrainian people favor a closer alliance with the West and NATO. [6] In fact, according to a 2017 public opinion survey by Rating Group Ukraine, 57 percent of Ukrainians have a “very cold or cold attitude” towards Russia, demonstrating a growing anti-Russian sentiment in the country. </b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2248" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/wfrxVuJdFc4" width="2706" youtube-src-id="wfrxVuJdFc4"></iframe></div><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>Although Russia is a permanent member of the UN Security Council, the country’s invasion of Ukraine constitutes a violation of humanitarian law, especially as it relates to acts of aggression and war crimes. According to Article 8 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC), an act of aggression is defined as “the use of armed force by a State against the sovereignty, territorial integrity or political independence of another State.” [8] Though neither Russia nor Ukraine are a state party to the Rome Statute, its jurisdiction still applies to both nations due to Article 12 of the Statute. According to Article 12, a non-member state can accept the court’s rulings over a specific topic, which Ukraine has already done twice. [9] Thus, Russia’s violation of this statute could cause them to face legal repercussions at the ICC. [10] Furthermore, Russia can be considered to violate the Law of Armed Conflict, also known as International Humanitarian Law. The Law of Armed Conflict states that during times of war, militaries must guarantee that humanitarian values–such as the safety of civilians–are being upheld. [11] Given the threat to the civilian population of Ukraine, the United States is justified in considering “collective self-defense,” a term within the UN charter that relates to a state defending another state from military force. This principle can be legally applied if one state takes aggressive military action against another state that violates international law.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2406" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/zxTZ2IuXaCg" width="2893" youtube-src-id="zxTZ2IuXaCg"></iframe></div><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>Because of certain principles within collective self-defense, the United States could legally defend Ukraine and counteract Russian aggression. The law of collective self-defense under the UN charter is defined as the right to defend other states, whereas collective self-defense in the “Standing Rules of Engagement” used by the U.S. military defines the term as “the act of defending designated non-U.S. citizens, forces, property, and interests from a hostile act or demonstrated hostile intent.” The “citizens” defined here can include citizens of an allied country of the United States. However, because this definition is vague, it is important for the United States to follow the rules of jus ad bellum–defined in Article 51 of the UN Charter as a state using force against another state with the consent of the state being invaded–when specifying the amount of force they will use against Russian opposition. As such, the second legal question regarding an invasion is the extent to which a state can use force when defending another state. According to the Law of Armed Conflict, the conflict among groups must reach the level of a “non-international armed conflict” in order to have an intervention, defined as a conflict where governments and several armed entities engage militarily, threatening the sovereignty of a state. [14] Russia has committed the crime of aggression, expressing hostile intent to hurt Ukrainian sovereignty. Thus, if the US were to intervene in the conflict with support from Ukraine, they would have to follow the rules of jus ad bellum.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2414" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/LRN6qQyusJc" width="2905" youtube-src-id="LRN6qQyusJc"></iframe></div><br /><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>This open the northern border with limited defense because of Chinese forces at the border. This is the openning to a land attack of North Korea which General MacArthur was prevented in doing more than seven decades ago. </b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div><span style="color: #e69138; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">We can think at least 20 to 60 reasons why and they all come down to the following two words, heavily defended DMZ and their nuclear weapons. Unfortunately, this is just two of the many reasons this country appears to be impenetrable. Even without nuclear weapons, North Korea possesses other forms of deterrence. So, why is invading North Korea so difficult? What other forms of deterrence does North Korea possess? And how do these factors contribute to North Korea's reputation as an impossible-to-invade nation? </span></b></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: start;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>Furthermore, following the legal doctrine of collective self defense, the United States could use considerable military force to prevent North Korea, China and Russia from committing war crimes. A similar case of invoking collective self defense can be seen in the Nuremberg Trials, which tried German atrocities, from 1945 to 1946. An international treaty signed on August 8th, 1945 by the United Kingdom, the United States, France, and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) contained articles that details specific violations of international law that Germany had violated. In Article 6, for example, the Allies argued that “the following acts, or any of them, are crimes coming within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal which there shall be individual responsibility,” referring to punishing Germany for war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes against peace under a court of international law. </b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2325" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/PM6f80fwnE4" width="2798" youtube-src-id="PM6f80fwnE4"></iframe></div><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>This demonstrates that in the case of extreme violations of international human rights of China and North Korea, such as illegal armed conflict, foreign intervention is allowed—a criteria met by the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Furthermore, in this instance, intervention by the United States would not be unilateral, as the Russian invasion of Ukraine concerns a coalition of countries that wish to uphold the United Nations’s principles regarding armed conflict, such as NATO.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2316" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/c8jtECzK3gk" width="2785" youtube-src-id="c8jtECzK3gk"></iframe></div><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>Russia’s invasion of sovereign entities is similar to other international military conflicts, such as the 2008 conflict between Russia and the Republic of Georgia. Similar to Ukraine, Georgia left the Soviet Union, declared independence in 1991, and pursued a new political path forward to build stronger ties with Western nations—which eventuated in the Russian invasion of Georgia. Russia’s 2008 war against Georgia brought up similar legal consequences as the Russia-Ukraine war, including violations of International Human Rights Law and the Law of Armed Conflict. </b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>When the European Court of Human Rights heard the judgment of war in Georgia v. Russia (2021), it ruled that the Russian Federation was guilty of a number of charges, including ethnic cleansing, civilian attacks and illegal occupation. These crimes include destruction of public facilities, such as schools, that would harm Georgian civilians. However, Russia ignored most of these rulings, including the requirement of 10 million Euros to compensate Georgia for war damage. </b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2139" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/qR7jICmkUG0" width="2574" youtube-src-id="qR7jICmkUG0"></iframe></div><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>The legal grounds for U.S. intervention further draws upon international humanitarian law. The Russian invasion of Ukraine is an international armed conflict, violating the legal terms within the 1977 Additional Protocol I, the Hague Convention of 1908, and the Geneva Conventions. [18] Because Russia and Ukraine attended Protocol I and the 1949 Geneva Conventions, they are subject to international humanitarian law. Furthermore, Russia and Ukraine have signed numerous human rights treaties, including the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT) and the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), illustrating that they have agreed to adhere to laws guaranteeing basic human rights. International human rights law and the laws of war strictly prohibit military attacks from targeting civilians. However, the Russian invasion of Ukraine has made civilians the direct targets of military combat; for example, Russian missiles have targeted the Freedom Square in Kharkiv, Ukraine’s second largest city. [20] Additionally, a fundamental tenet of the law of armed conflict is that civilians must be separate from military conflict, yet many Ukrainian civilians have had to forcibly leave their homes to protect themselves from war and find suitable refuge.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2182" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/-IO_c9TvHLc" width="2625" youtube-src-id="-IO_c9TvHLc"></iframe></div><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>Capture the port and airport of Vladivostok before the Chinese could react during the collapse of Russia. </b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>A further case that relates to the Russia-Ukraine war is Namibia v. South Africa (1971), which dictates the implications of an international court of law determining the actions of countries in the UN. In October of 1966, the UN General Assembly ruled that South Africa was illegally occupying the territory of Namibia, and that, as a result, other countries should not establish deals with the South African government. Namibia used to be an area under South Africa as it was captured during World War 1, though it officially became independent in 1990. Despite this, South Africa has continued to treat Namibia as a province of the country. [21] South Africa’s occupation was thus in direct conflict with the UN Security Council Mandate: Namibia was its own separate country. This court case bears similarities with the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, as it shows that when one country’s invasion of another is against UN doctrine, international law acts as an “order” that dictates specific action for other countries so that they may counteract a state’s illegal behavior. If the US military were to assist Ukraine, they could legally justify use of force against Russia by referencing Russian violations of several UN doctrines.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>The events unfolding in Ukraine raises questions regarding how the world will respond: will international pressure, from the United States or other nations, be enough to stop the invasion? With Russia’s history of ignoring international rulings, it seems that the international community must do more than just rely on economic sanctions or the invocation of international humanitarian law to condemn the state’s actions. In particular, the Russian violations of international law in its invasion of Ukraine could allow for a direct U.S. military response to the conflict. Even still, international humanitarian law must continue to determine what an effective US response will look like, particularly considering the impacts of Russian actions on Ukrainian civilians and sovereignty.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></article></section></main></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Russian lawmakers loyal to President Vladimir Putin have threatened to <a href="https://nypost.com/2022/03/15/putins-spin-doc-wants-reparation-from-u-s-and-alaska-back/">claw back Alaska from the US </a>if Western countries continue to impose sanctions as punishment for the war in Ukraine.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Russia’s most senior lawmaker Vyacheslav Volodin warned Wednesday that Kremlin could claim back the state, which was sold to the US in 1867.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">“Decency is not weakness,” said the speaker of the State Duma, Russia’s lower house of parliament, during a parliamentary session. “We always have something to answer with. Let America always remember, there is part of its territory… Alaska.”</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">He warned: “When they start trying to dispose of our resources abroad, let them think before they do so that we also have something to reclaim.”</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">He urged other members of the Duma to “keep an eye on Alaska.”</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;">Melting sea ice has opened new shipping pathways, and nations have eyed the vast hydrocarbon and mineral reserves below the Arctic sea floor. As a result, the complicated treaties, claims and boundary zones that govern the region have been opened to fresh disputes.</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b><b style="background-color: black;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2342" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/DkKIoXMmuMA" width="2818" youtube-src-id="DkKIoXMmuMA"></iframe></div><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Japan’s new defense strategy and their already existing massive economic influence in Southeast Asia will make them the west's secret weapon against communist authoritarian China. Japan’s Prime Minister Fumio Kishida recently unveiled on December 16th 2022 his country's new 5 year $320 billion dollar defense plan that will acquire 500 US made tomahawk cruise missiles that can strike Chinese territory for the first time. It will effectively double the size of Japan's military budget and make them the world’s third-largest military spender right after the United States and China. It’s not just an increase in weapons, their publicly released historic 2022 National Defense outlines sound justifications and legal arguments for this rearmanet as well as a change in their defense posture to deter aggression. Oh no! Sound the alarms! The Japanese empire has woken up from its slumber and they’re getting ready to take over the world again! ” Obviously that’s absolutely ridiculous but tell that to North Korea, Russia and China who all took turns coming out to publicly denounce Japan’s new military plan as “dangerous” and alluding to Japan's history as an expansionist empire. Chinese Communist Party tabloid Global Times said “Japan has a history of straying into militarism and committing aggression and crimes against humanity, which has brought disaster to the region and the world and is now deviating from the track of post-war peaceful development. Apparently it’s only okay for China to increase defense spending and no one else. Yes Even 80 years after the last world war it’s hard for some people to forget. people don’t forget meme In most modern discussions about great power politics we completely overlook Japan but I think a closer analysis will show you that this great nation holds the keys to keeping China in check. Many people do not understand just how much economic influence and soft power Japan projects despite having a somewhat self imposed limited military. Even though China’s GDP surpassed Japan’s in 2010. Japan is still the largest sponsor of infrastructure projects in Southeast Asia. Yes, that's even bigger than China’s massive efforts to expand with their Belt and Road Initiative throughout the region. As of 2021 Japan's investments in projects in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam is $259 billion compared to China’s $157 billion. This means Japanese banks lend more to Southeast Asia's five largest economies than the United States, UK and France combined. Doesn’t explain why my loan requests to Japanese banks are always denied but fair enough. Japan's massive construction projects across Asia give them tremendous credibility, respect, and influence in foreign policy decisions in the region. This makes Japan a closer rival to China than the US in this regard. Tokyo is the undisputed heavyweight champ of infrastructure investments in South East Asia even though China gets all the news reports about their belt and road initiative. These projects include a subway system for Manila and a new East-west southern economic corridor that will link up Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand and Myanmar to promote free trade. These are some of the projects Japan is changing the world with. So how does Japan compete against China in this field? They offer low interest rates of around .25% for 30 year loans which is way better than the 4% interest rates on China’s projects which have been criticized for debt trapping developing countries.</b></span></div></div><p><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2319" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/OhP4vZPJdTY" width="2790" youtube-src-id="OhP4vZPJdTY"></iframe></p><p><br /></p><div id="fullBleedHeaderContent" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><header class="css-bhl1m5 evmxed20" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; height: 100vh; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 7px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="css-9fsmc8" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 100vw; z-index: 0;"><figure aria-label="media" class="sizeFull layoutHorizontal css-1wyt60f" role="group" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px auto 2.5rem; max-width: none; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1536px;"><div class="css-1wgfp4k" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; height: 100vh; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><picture><img alt="Army Specialist Joseph Salas works from a vantage point during recent cold-weather military exercises in Alaska." class="css-1k4o54s" decoding="async" height="493" sizes="100vw" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2022/03/24/us/00ARCTIC-ARMY-3/merlin_204282588_0b7a9cda-b12b-48fb-a440-9f3f6f8d3ce9-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2022/03/24/us/00ARCTIC-ARMY-3/merlin_204282588_0b7a9cda-b12b-48fb-a440-9f3f6f8d3ce9-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp 600w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2022/03/24/us/00ARCTIC-ARMY-3/merlin_204282588_0b7a9cda-b12b-48fb-a440-9f3f6f8d3ce9-jumbo.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp 1024w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2022/03/24/us/00ARCTIC-ARMY-3/merlin_204282588_0b7a9cda-b12b-48fb-a440-9f3f6f8d3ce9-superJumbo.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp 2048w" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; height: 100vh; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; object-position: 50% 50%; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: top; width: 100vw;" width="600" /></picture></div><figcaption class="css-1ifeaca e1maroi60" style="border: 0px; color: var(--color-content-quaternary,#727272); font-family: nyt-imperial, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 10px 20px 0px; max-width: 900px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span aria-hidden="true" class="css-jevhma e13ogyst0" color="var(--color-content-quaternary,#727272)" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.25rem; margin: 0px 7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Army Specialist Joseph Salas works from a vantage point during recent cold-weather military exercises in Alaska.</span><span class="css-1u46b97 e1z0qqy90" color="var(--color-content-quaternary,#727272)" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 0.8125rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.01em; line-height: 1.125rem; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="css-1ly73wi e1tej78p0" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;">Credit...</span><span style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span aria-hidden="false" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Ash Adams for The New York Times</span></span></span></figcaption></figure></div><div class="css-7z7nxy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent 0px, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25) 15%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.38) 33%); background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; bottom: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 50px 0px 70px 50px; pointer-events: auto; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; transition: background 0.5s ease-in-out 0s; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1519.2px; z-index: 2;"><p class="css-1jj40oj e6idgb70" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px; color: #f8f8f8; font-family: nyt-franklin, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.05em; line-height: 1.125rem; margin: 35px auto 0.625rem 0px; max-width: 600px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; text-transform: uppercase; transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: 600px;"></p><div class="css-1vkm6nb ehdk2mb0" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><h1 class="css-p4vqp6 e1h9rw200" data-testid="headline" id="link-30c7dee6" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px; font-family: nyt-cheltenham, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 49px; margin: auto auto 0.6rem 0px; max-width: 800px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-size-adjust: 100%; transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: 800px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;">With Eyes on Russia, the U.S. Military Prepares for an Arctic Future</span></h1></div><p class="css-y47omd e1wiw3jv0" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px; font-family: nyt-cheltenham, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: normal; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 1.75rem; margin: 0px auto 0.6rem 0px; max-width: 700px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: 600px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">As climate change opens up the Arctic for transit and exploration, Russia has increasingly militarized the region. The U.S. is preparing a more aggressive presence of its own.</b></span></p></div></header><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Tensions have been growing in the region for years, as nations stake claims to shipping routes and energy reserves that are opening up as a result of climate change. Now, with the geopolitical order shifting after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, the competition over sovereignty and resources in the Arctic could intensify.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">On the West Coast of Alaska, the federal government is investing hundreds of millions of dollars to expand the port at Nome, which could transform into a deepwater hub servicing Coast Guard and Navy vessels navigating into the Arctic Circle. The Coast Guard expects to deploy three new icebreakers — although Russia already has more than 50 in operation.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><img height="2028" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2022/03/28/us/00ARCTIC-ARMY-2/merlin_204281436_20bfa66a-4d58-473b-8e0a-4e89a7a181a5-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale" width="2469" /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Military personnel practiced digging trenches, setting up outposts and conducting combat maneuvers.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Around 8,000 soldiers participated in the exercises.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">And while the United States has denounced Russia’s aggressive military expansion in the Arctic, the Pentagon has its own plans to increase its presence and capabilities, working to rebuild cold-weather skills neglected during two decades of war in Iraq and Afghanistan. The Air Force has transferred dozens of F-35 fighter jets to Alaska, announcing that the state will host “more advanced fighters than any other location in the world.” The Army last year released its first strategic plan for “<a href="https://api.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/2021/03/15/9944046e/regaining-arctic-dominance-us-army-in-the-arctic-19-january-2021-unclassified.pdf">Regaining Arctic Dominance</a>.”</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">More on U.S. Armed ForcesLaid to Rest: Ian Fishback, an anti-torture whistle-blower during the U.S. occupations of Afghanistan and Iraq, was <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/08/us/ian-fishback-army-burial-arlington-cemetery.html?action=click&pgtype=Article&state=default&module=styln-us-armed-forces&variant=show&region=MAIN_CONTENT_1&block=storyline_top_links_recirc">buried with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery</a>. He died at age 42 after entering a <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/21/magazine/ian-fishback.html?action=click&pgtype=Article&state=default&module=styln-us-armed-forces&variant=show&region=MAIN_CONTENT_1&block=storyline_top_links_recirc">dizzying mental health spiral</a>.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Affirmative Action: Students for Fair Admissions won its Supreme Court case against Harvard and the University of North Carolina. Now, it’s focusing on a possible new target: <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/03/us/affirmative-action-military-academies.html?action=click&pgtype=Article&state=default&module=styln-us-armed-forces&variant=show&region=MAIN_CONTENT_1&block=storyline_top_links_recirc">military academies</a>.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Space Command: The Pentagon said that President Biden <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/31/us/biden-space-force-alabama-colorado.html?action=click&pgtype=Article&state=default&module=styln-us-armed-forces&variant=show&region=MAIN_CONTENT_1&block=storyline_top_links_recirc">had canceled an order by former President Donald Trump</a> to move the United States Space Command headquarters to Alabama.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Military Justice Code: President Biden <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/28/us/politics/biden-military-sexual-assault.html?action=click&pgtype=Article&state=default&module=styln-us-armed-forces&variant=show&region=MAIN_CONTENT_1&block=storyline_top_links_recirc">gave final approval to the biggest reshaping of the military legal system</a>, stripping commanders of their authority over cases of sexual assault, rape and murder to ensure prosecutions that are independent of the chain of command.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The Navy, which this month conducted exercises above and below the sea ice inside the Arctic Circle, also has developed a plan for protecting American interests in the region, warning that weakness there would mean that “peace and prosperity will be increasingly challenged by Russia and China, whose interests and values differ dramatically from ours.”</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><img height="2805" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2022/03/25/arctic-army-map/d014d77304d5790ef1b69ad76c4c6f787bc43d37/0327-for-webARCTIC-ARMYmap-Artboard_335.png" width="2415" /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The preparations are costly in both resources and personnel. While Captain Iannone’s company was able to finish setting up tents before midnight and survived the night without incident, other companies did not fare so well: Eight soldiers suffered cold-weather injuries, and four soldiers were taken to a hospital after a fire inside a personnel carrier.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Meanwhile, at another recent cold-weather exercise, in Norway, four U.S. Marines died when their aircraft <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/19/world/europe/us-marines-crash-norway-aircraft.html">crashed</a>.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Russia, whose eastern mainland lies just 55 miles across the Bering Strait from the coast of Alaska, for years has prioritized an expanded Arctic presence by refurbishing airfields, adding bases, training troops and developing a network of military defense systems on the northern frontier.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">With a warming climate shrinking sea ice in the region, valuable fish stocks are moving northward, while rare minerals and the Arctic’s substantial reserves of fossil fuels are becoming a growing target for exploration. Boat traffic is poised to increase from both trade and tourism.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><img height="1910" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2022/03/24/us/00ARCTIC-ARMY-top/00ARCTIC-ARMY-top-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale" width="2325" /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">A soldier rides in a small unit support vehicle. During the exercises, a dozen soldiers suffered injuries. </b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Two years ago, Moscow brought its own war games barreling through the Bering Sea, with Russian commanders testing weapons and <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/12/us/russia-military-alaska-arctic-fishing.html">demanding that American fishing boats operating in U.S. fishing waters get out of the way</a> — an order the U.S. Coast Guard advised them to comply with. Russia has repeatedly sent military aircraft to the edge of U.S. airspace, leading U.S. jets to scramble to intercept them and warn them away.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2232" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/dkMlLkCRmRQ" width="2684" youtube-src-id="dkMlLkCRmRQ"></iframe></div><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">This month, in response to escalating international sanctions against Russia, a member of the Russian parliament demanded that Alaska, purchased by the United States from Russia in 1867, be returned to Russian control — a possibly rhetorical gesture that nonetheless reflected the deteriorating relationship between the two world powers.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">For centuries, the vast waters of the offshore Arctic were largely a no man’s land locked in by ice whose exact territorial boundaries — claimed by the United States, Russia, Canada, Norway, Denmark and Iceland — remained unsettled. But as melting sea ice has opened new shipping pathways and as nations have eyed the vast hydrocarbon and mineral reserves below the Arctic sea floor, the complicated treaties, claims and boundary zones that govern the region have been opened to fresh disputes.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Canada and the United States have never reached agreement on the status of the Northwest Passage between the North Atlantic and the Beaufort Sea. China, too, has been working to establish a foothold, declaring itself a “near-Arctic state” and <a href="http://static.kremlin.ru/media/events/files/en/Bo3RF3JzGDvMAPjHBQAuSemVPWTEvb3c.pdf">partnering with Russia</a> to promote “sustainable” development and expanded use of Arctic trade routes.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Russia has made it clear it intends to control the so-called Northern Sea Route off its northern shore, a route that significantly shortens the shipping distance between China and Northern Europe. U.S. officials have complained that Russia is illegally demanding that other nations seek permission to pass and threatening to use military force to sink vessels that do not comply.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">“We are stuck with a pretty tense situation there,” said Troy Bouffard, director of the Center of Arctic Security and Resilience at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. “Either we acquiesce to Russia, to their extreme control of surface waters, or we elevate or escalate the issue.”</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The focus in recent years had been to expand diplomatic channels, collaborating on a range of regional challenges through the Arctic Council. That work was put on pause, however, after Russia invaded Ukraine.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">In Nome, which hopes to position itself as a maritime gateway to the Far North, there has long been evidence that a new era for the Arctic was arriving. Mayor John Handeland said winter sea ice that once persisted until mid-June may now be gone by early May and does not reappear before Thanksgiving.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div><img height="2491" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2022/03/28/us/00ARCTIC-ARMY-4/merlin_204280848_16b50988-869b-4e31-9fe0-72ce0768a35a-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale" width="3031" /><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Working at a tactical operations center created during the exercises.</b></span></div><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><img height="2556" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2022/03/28/us/00ARCTIC-ARMY-4/merlin_204280848_16b50988-869b-4e31-9fe0-72ce0768a35a-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale" width="3111" /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><img height="1597" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2022/03/28/us/00ARCTIC-ARMY-5/merlin_204290436_c12f9a96-f67b-478e-ad27-864debd0ca60-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale" width="1945" /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Lucas Stotts, Nome’s harbormaster, gestures to the plans for the port expansion.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><img height="1430" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2022/03/28/us/00ARCTIC-ARMY-5/merlin_204290436_c12f9a96-f67b-478e-ad27-864debd0ca60-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale" width="1740" /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">A record 12 cruise ships docked in Nome’s existing port in 2019. That number was poised to double this year, although some cruises that had expected to sail along Russia’s northern coast have canceled plans. For Mr. Handeland, the time is right to strengthen U.S. capabilities.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">“As things escalate, I think the need for expansion of our military is now,” Mr. Handeland said. “I think we kind of had a period of time where we thought everything was cool, that we can let our guard down, so to speak. And now we’re seeing that that maybe was not a wise idea.”</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">But there are multiple local constituencies to navigate as development moves further into the Arctic. Alaska Natives are wary about impacts to the region’s fragile environment, on which many depend for hunting and fishing, said Julie Kitka, president of the Alaska Federation of Natives.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">“I think that our people realize that our military needs to protect our country and our military does need to invest in a presence in the Arctic,” Ms. Kitka said. “But it has got to be done smart.”</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Dan Sullivan, Alaska’s junior Republican U.S. senator, said that while there may be little threat of a Russian invasion of Alaska, there is concern about Russia’s military buildup in the region.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">“Ukraine just demonstrates even more, what matters to these guys is presence and power,” Mr. Sullivan said. “And when you start to build ports, when you start to bring up icebreakers, when you start to bring up Navy shipping, when you have over 100 fifth-gen fighters in the Arctic in Alaska, we’re starting to now talk Putin’s language.”</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Alaska is already one of the nation’s most militarized states, with more than 20,000 active-duty personnel assigned to places such as Eielson Air Force Base and Fort Wainwright in the Fairbanks area, Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson in Anchorage, and Coast Guard Air Station Kodiak. The Army’s large training exercise — the first Combat Training Center rotation to be held in Alaska — took place around Fort Greely, about 100 miles southeast of Fairbanks. Alaska is also home to critical parts of the nation’s missile-defense system.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Mr. Bouffard said the fracture in relations caused by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine could open the door to a variety of future problems that can only be guessed at right now. While there is no imminent conflict in the Arctic, there could well be friction over how Russia manages offshore waters or disputes over undersea exploration. The United States also needs to be prepared to aid northern European allies that share an uncertain future with Russia in Arctic waterways, he said.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">That will mean being prepared for a range of potential problems. In a separate Alaska military exercise in recent weeks, teams from the Marines and the Army practiced cold-weather strategies for containing chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear contamination.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">As Russian President <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/topic/vladimir-putin">Vladimir Putin</a>'s war in Ukraine continues to rage, United States commanders and military observers are sounding the alarm about the activity of Russia's submarine fleet thousands of miles away, off the U.S. coast.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">Throughout the war, which began when Putin launched a <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/putin-catastrophic-war-ukraine-numbers-1783156">full-scale invasion</a> of neighboring Ukraine last February, there has been a buildup of Russian Navy forces in the Black Sea. There has also been an increasing presence of Russian submarines off of U.S. coasts and in the Mediterranean, according to officials.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">The Russian Navy commands one of the most diverse submarine fleets in the world. Some are capable of carrying ballistic missiles with nuclear warheads, which Moscow considers key to its strategic deterrent.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">The nation has been working to improve its submarine fleet since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Over the past several years in particular, Moscow produced a series of submarines that have the capability to reach the most critical targets in the U.S. and continental Europe.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">Above, the Russian nuclear submarine "Kursk" travels in the Barents Sea near Severomorsk, Russia. The "Kursk" was one of the biggest submarines in the Russian </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">In December, Putin said his country would be building more nuclear-powered submarines, "which will ensure Russia's security for decades to come."</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">There are indications that "nuclear-powered submarines have been <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/russia-submarine-strategy-putin-rule-beneath-waves-1785412">deploying off the coast of the United States</a> and into the Mediterranean and elsewhere along Europe periphery," </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">Their deployments "mirror Soviet style submarine deployments in the Cold War," he said.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">Last October, U.S. Air Force General Glen VanHerck, the head of U.S. Northern Command and NORAD, warned about the growing presence of the nuclear-powered Severodvinsk-class submarines off of U.S. coasts. He characterized Russia as the primary threat to the country right now.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">"They just moved subs, their first [Severodvinsk submarine] into the Pacific," VanHerck told the Association of the U.S. Army Conference. "Another [Severodvinsk] is out in the Mediterranean right now and another that's out on its way into the Atlantic. That will be a persistent, proximate threat capable of carrying a significant number of land-attack cruise missiles that can threaten our homeland."</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">A month earlier, OSINT and Naval analyst HI Sutton said there has been a build-up of Russian Navy forces in the Mediterranean.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">VanHerck in 2021 described the submarines as being "on par with" domestic submarines in terms of quietness.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">Moscow's slow, bloody march to defeat</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">In February 2020, U.S. Navy Vice Admiral Andrew "Woody" Lewis told the U.S. Naval Institute and the Center for Strategic and International Studies think tank that the increasing presence of Russian submarine activity in the Atlantic Ocean means that his service no longer considers the East Coast as an "uncontested" area or an automatic "safe haven" for its vessels.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">"We have seen an ever-increasing number of Russian submarines deployed in the Atlantic, and these submarines are more capable than ever, deploying for longer periods of time, with more lethal weapons systems," Lewis said at the time. "Our sailors have the mindset that they are no longer uncontested and to expect to operate alongside our competitors each and every underway."</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">The U.S. Navy is also undergoing a modernization drive. It has a total of 64 submarines in its fleet, including 50 nuclear-powered attack submarines, which are tasked with engaging and destroying enemy vessels; supporting on-shore operations and carrier groups; and carrying out surveillance, according to nonprofit Nuclear Threat Initiative.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">The U.S. began building its largest and most advanced Columbia-class nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine (SSBN) in June 2022.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">Three of the country's most powerful attack submarines were reportedly deployed by the U.S. Navy in July 2021.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">And in October 2022, the U.S. Navy deployed its stealthiest U.S. submarine in the Arabian Sea, the Ohio-class SSBN. Former submariner Tom Shugart, the adjunct senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security, said its deployment could be "to show whomever needs to be reminded that the U.S. is willing and able to send SSBNs to virtually any ocean area it chooses, undetected."</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">The exact scale of Russia's submarine underwater activity remains unclear, though Peterson said there has been a clear increase over the past 20 years.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">Peterson noted, however, that he believes a "weakness" will be in place for the Russian Navy for at least the next three to five years due to <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/russia-ukraine-timeline-year-war-1783274">Putin's war in Ukraine</a>.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">"The [Russian] Navy is running out of munitions, I think that's clear. Their campaign against strategic infrastructure targets has slowed down. They're not shooting as frequently anymore, and I think that's an indication that they are running out of weapons or are in short supply," he told Newsweek.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">He added: "So that's going to be a weakness going forward for the next several years until the conflict is over, and the Navy is able to reconstitute."</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div></b></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2316" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/mHBoCf5mPjY" width="2785" youtube-src-id="mHBoCf5mPjY"></iframe></div><br /><p class="css-at9mc1 evys1bk0" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 1.875rem; margin: 0px 0px 0.9375rem; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 600px;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">CHINA YOU ARE NOT WELCOME IN THE ARCTIC.</span></b></p><p class="css-at9mc1 evys1bk0" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 1.875rem; margin: 0px 0px 0.9375rem; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 600px;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">In its 2018 white paper on Arctic policy, China described itself as a “near-Arctic” state, a definition that has proven controversial and that, earlier this year, was publicly rejected by U.S. Secretary of State Pompeo at an Arctic Council (AC) ministerial: “Beijing claims to be a ‘Near-Arctic State,’ yet the shortest distance between China and the Arctic is 900 miles.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">This report explores China’s internal discourse on the Arctic as well as its activities and ambitions across the region. It finds that China sometimes speaks with two voices on the Arctic: an external one aimed at foreign audiences and a more cynical internal one emphasizing competition and Beijing’s Arctic ambitions. In examining China’s political, military, scientific, and economic activity — as well as its coercion of Arctic states — the report also demonstrates the seriousness of China’s aspirations to become a “polar great power.”1 China has sent high-level figures to the region 33 times in the past two decades, engaged or joined most major Arctic institutions, sought a half dozen scientific facilities in Arctic states, pursued a range of plausibly dual-use economic projects,</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">expanded its icebreaker fleet, and even sent its naval vessels into the region. The eight Arctic sovereign states — Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the United States — exercise great influence over the Arctic and its strategically valuable geography. China aspires to be among them.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">The report advances several primary findings:</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1737" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/aX5UNkGZO6Y" width="2089" youtube-src-id="aX5UNkGZO6Y"></iframe></div><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">China seeks to become a “polar great power” but downplays this goal publicly. Speeches by President Xi Jinping and senior Chinese officials with responsibility for Arctic policy are clear that building China into a “polar great power” by 2030 is China’s top polar goal. Despite the prominence of this goal in these texts, China’s externally facing documents — including its white papers — rarely if ever mention it, suggesting a desire to calibrate external perceptions about its Arctic ambitions, particularly as its Arctic activities become the focus of greater international attention.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2309" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Yt3vns42Nd8" width="2778" youtube-src-id="Yt3vns42Nd8"></iframe></div><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">China describes the Arctic as one of the world’s “new strategic frontiers,” ripe for rivalry and extraction.2 China sees the Arctic — along with the Antarctic, the seabed, and space — as ungoverned or undergoverned spaces. While some of its external discourse emphasizes the need to constrain competition in these domains, several others take a more cynical view, emphasizing the need to prepare for competition within them and over their resources. A head of the Polar Research Institute for China, for example, called these kinds of public spaces the “most competitive resource treasures,” China’s National Security Law creates the legal capability to protect China’s rights across them, and top Chinese Communist Party (CCP) officials have suggested China’s share of these resources should be equal to its share of the global population.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2328" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/06n9b0V9dkY" width="2800" youtube-src-id="06n9b0V9dkY"></iframe></div><br /><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">Chinese military texts treat the Arctic as a zone of future military competition. Although several externally facing Chinese texts downplay the risk of military competition in the Arctic, which would likely be harmful to Chinese goals, military texts take the opposite perspective. They note that, “the game of great powers” will “increasingly focus on the struggle over and control of global public spaces” like the Arctic and Antarctic and argue that China “cannot rule out the possibility of using force” in this coming “scramble for new strategic spaces.”4 Chinese diplomats describe the region as the “new commanding heights” for global military competition too while scholars suggest controlling it allows one to obtain the “three continents and two oceans’ geographical advantage” over the Northern Hemisphere.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2322" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Q2P3KnXkKy8" width="2794" youtube-src-id="Q2P3KnXkKy8"></iframe></div><br /><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">Chinese texts make clear that its investments in Arctic science are intended to buttress its Arctic influence and strategic position. Although externally facing messaging indicates China’s desire to pursue scientific research for its own benefit and for global welfare, China’s top scientific figures and high-level CCP members are clear that science is also motivated by a drive for “the right to speak,” for cultivating China’s “identity” as an Arctic state, and for securing resources and strategic access.6 China’s polar expeditions and various research stations assist Beijing with its resource extraction, with Arctic access, and with acquiring experience operating in the Arctic climate.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">5</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">China supports existing Arctic governance mechanisms publicly but complains about them privately. Several Chinese texts indicate frustration with Arctic mechanisms and concern that the country will be excluded from the region’s resources. Official texts suggest gently that the region’s importance now transcends “its original inter-Arctic States,” while scholars once feared Arctic states would launch an admittedly unlikely “eight-state polar region alliance” or institutionalize the Arctic Council in ways that “strengthen their dominant position” at China’s expense.7 These texts stress China’s pursuit of “identity diplomacy,” namely, terming China a “near-Arctic State” because it is affected by climate change.8 They also indicate an interest in pushing alternative Chinese governance concepts — in some cases to supplement and other cases to run outside the Arctic Council — including a “Polar Silk Road” and China’s “community with a shared future for mankind,” though specifics are often lacking.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2309" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/J1yHSjoY-y4" width="2779" youtube-src-id="J1yHSjoY-y4"></iframe></div><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">Accommodating China’s Arctic ambitions rarely produces enduring goodwill. Norway was the first country to allow China to build an Arctic science station and Sweden was the first worldwide to allow China to build its own completely China-owned satellite facility. Both these efforts, which were richly praised by China at the time, did not protect either country from later economic coercion and harsh condemnation by China. In both cases, China punished these countries not only for the actions of their governments but also for the independent actions of their civil societies, which were to award Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo the Nobel Peace Prize and to investigate China’s kidnapping of Swedish citizen Gui Minhai. Efforts by both Norway and Sweden to reverse the slide — with Sweden keeping relatively quiet about the rendition of its citizen and Norway vigorously backing China’s pursuit of Arctic Council observer status — were only met with restrictions on Norwegian fish exports and colorful threats of coercion against Sweden.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">7</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">Arctic dependence on trade with China is often overstated, and trade flows are smaller than with other powers. Chinese economic statecraft is feared by some in the Arctic and around the world, but the region’s dependence on China is remarkably small. For the five smallest Arctic economies — Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, and Iceland — China accounts for an average of only 4.0% of their exports, less than the United States (6.2%) and far less than the NATO and EU economies excluding the United States (70.3%).10</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">8</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">China has invested significantly in Arctic diplomacy to boost its regional influence. China has sent high-level figures — at the levels of president, premier, vice president, foreign minister, and defense minister — to visit Arctic countries other than the United States and Russia 33 times over the last 20 years. Beijing lobbied heavily to become an Arctic Council observer, became a strong presence at many other regional Track II fora, and launched its own diplomatic and Track II regional efforts, including a China-Russia Arctic Forum and the China-Nordic Arctic Research Center, to deepen relations with governments and sub-national actors.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">9</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">China’s military profile in the Arctic has increased, and its scientific efforts provide strategic advantages too. China has dispatched naval vessels to the Arctic on two occasions, including to Alaska and later to Denmark, Sweden, and Finland for goodwill visits. It has built its first indigenously produced icebreaker, has plans for more conventional heavy icebreakers, and is considering investments in nuclear-powered icebreakers too.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">10</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">China’s scientific activities in the Arctic give it greater operational experience and access. China has sent 10 scientific expeditions into the region on its Xuelong icebreaker, generally with more than 100 crew members, that officials acknowledge give it useful operational and navigational experience. China has also established science and satellite facilities in Norway, Iceland, and Sweden while pursuing additional facilities in Canada and Greenland — with its facility in Norway able to berth more than two dozen individuals and provide resupply. Finally, China has used the Arctic as a testing ground for new capabilities whether related to satellites coverage, fixed-wing aircraft, autonomous underwater gliders, buoys, and even an “unmanned ice station” configured for research.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">11</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">China’s infrastructure investments in the Arctic sometimes appear dual-use. Several Chinese infrastructure projects that have little economic gain have raised concerns about strategic motivations and dual-use capabilities. These include efforts by a former Chinese propaganda official to purchase 250 square kilometers of Iceland to build a golf course and airfield in an area where golf cannot be played and later to buy 200 square kilometers of Norway’s Svalbard archipelago. Chinese companies have also sought to purchase an old naval base in Greenland; to build three airports in Greenland; to build Scandinavia’s largest port in Sweden; to acquire (successfully) a Swedish submarine base; to link Finland and the wider Arctic to China through rail; and to do the same with a major port and railway in Arkhangelsk in Russia.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">12</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">China’s commodity investments in the Arctic have a mixed track record. Despite some important successes, a large number of Chinese investments have failed. For example, a major Chinese firm abandoned a Canadian zinc mine, refused to pay creditors, and left local governments to pay to clean up an environmental disaster. Another firm disappointed in its investment later sued, saying it had overpaid. In Greenland, a Chinese conglomerate abandoned its iron mine after running into legal trouble in China. In Iceland, a Chinese company withdrew from an Arctic exploration partnership due to poor initial resource estimates.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">The challenges Barents faced are similarly elemental. Tacking against an Arctic wind between towering icebergs while feeling one’s way through uncharted waters is a profoundly nerve-racking task, and Barents’s men did it day and night for weeks on end, fighting fatigue, scurvy, boredom and loneliness. The 11 months they spent huddled in the dark in a windowless makeshift cabin, slowly starving to death, makes quarantining during the pandemic seem like an endless spa day.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">Pitzer writes with care about the Arctic landscape Barents encountered — a dangerous world teeming with life and all that relentless ice, which would interest anyone who’s sailed in bad weather or, say, scraped ice off a windshield in subzero temperatures. But “Icebound” is curiously dispassionate about its human subjects. Over some 200 pages, events are dutifully logged, hewing closely to de Veer’s account. Yet Pitzer seems reluctant to venture into the minds of the individuals who gambled so much and took such pains to tell their stories. Her book follows “the men” — often unnamed and undifferentiated; in doing so, this spare retelling revels in the monotony of 16th-century exploration. It took a lot of time to get from here to there and sometimes you were forced to sit still and shiver.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">“Icebound” arrives in the midst of a second polar revival, a moment steeped in wistfulness. In the 19th century, when humanity first grappled with the promise and threat of technology, tales like Barents’s offered a road map into the frozen frontier. In the 21st century, we find ourselves equally ambivalent, but we now know what’s at stake. Pytheas’ ancient vision of a polar sea <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/08/climate/arctic-climate-change.html?searchResultPosition=3">may well become a reality in our lifetime</a>.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">“Icebound” is a reminder that there was once a time when things were unknown. And when their ships bumped up against the edge of the Arctic, the Europeans gazed with horror and awe at the sparkling ice and wondered what Edens lay beyond, waiting to be discovered.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><h1 class="title style-scope ytd-video-primary-info-renderer" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #bbbbbb; display: -webkit-box; line-height: 2.6rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 5.2rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: start; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-shadow: var(--ytd-video-primary-info-renderer-title-text-shadow,none); transform: var(--ytd-video-primary-info-renderer-title-transform,none);"><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-video-primary-info-renderer" force-default-style="" style="word-break: break-word;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f6b26b;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Alaska: America’s Strategic Frontier</span></span></yt-formatted-string></h1><div style="color: #bbbbbb; font-weight: 400; text-align: start;"><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-video-primary-info-renderer" force-default-style="" style="background-color: black; word-break: break-word;"><br /></yt-formatted-string></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: #539bcd; clear: both; color: #bbbbbb; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2285" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/JLVlTks8v4w" style="display: inline;" width="2749" youtube-src-id="JLVlTks8v4w"></iframe></div><br style="background-color: #539bcd; color: #bbbbbb; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; text-align: start;" /><p style="background-color: #539bcd; color: #bbbbbb; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f6b26b; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>SHOW OF FORCE: 200 CARGO PLANES EACH CARRIES AN ARSENAL OF MISSILES TO DEFEND ALASKA OR TAIWAN</b></span></p><div class="separator" style="background-color: #539bcd; clear: both; color: #bbbbbb; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2273" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/WZLDDpIzGvg" style="display: inline;" width="2736" youtube-src-id="WZLDDpIzGvg"></iframe></div><span style="background-color: black;"><br style="color: #bbbbbb; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; text-align: start;" /></span><div style="color: #bbbbbb; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-weight: 400;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f6b26b; font-family: times;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="color: #bbbbbb; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-weight: 400;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f6b26b; font-family: times;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="color: #bbbbbb; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-weight: 400;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f6b26b; font-family: times;"><b>Increasingly capable long-range air-launched munitions have already granted new life to elder statesmen like the B-52 Stratofortress, but the Air Force's Rapid Dragon program aims to take this concept to the next level. Rather than relying solely on heavy payload bombers and strike fighters to deliver stand-off munitions, Rapid Dragon will allow America's large fleets of cargo aircraft to join the fight as missile-packing arsenal ships. In fact, this system could even turn cargo aircraft into incredibly potent warship hunters if a conflict were ever to break out over the Pacific.</b></span></div><div style="font-weight: 400;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div><div style="font-weight: 400; text-align: start;"><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; line-height: 1.63158;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>O</b></span><b>ver the past decade, nations bordering on the Arctic have found themselves with a big new security problem. The melting of the arctic ice has opened up shipping lanes and opportunities for the exploitation for undersea resources, but has also exposed vulnerabilities for countries that have long considered their northern frontier secure.<br /><br /><br />It’s not surprising that <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/21/russia-arctic-military-oil-gas-putin" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Russia has prepared its military</a> for arctic operations better than any other country. During the Cold War, the Soviet Union prepared to fight across the Arctic, both in the air and at sea. Many of the weapons and much of the expertise from that era have remained, leaving the Kremlin with a lethal set of capabilities. Here are five systems we can expect Russia to use in order to defend its interests in the Arctic Ocean, in case the unthinkable ever occurred.<br /><br />Icebreakers:<br /><br /><br />The single most important vessel for access to the arctic is the icebreaker, and Russia retains the most extensive fleet of icebreakers anywhere in the world. Warming does not eliminate arctic ice, but instead makes the movement of ice more fluid and less predictable. As access to the Arctic improves, and as the commercial interest in exploiting the region increases, the movement of ice and increased frequency of military and civilian use will make icebreakers more necessary than ever. Both civilian and military ships will require the support of icebreakers in order to proceed with their regular tasks, and for the foreseeable future, Russia is best equipped to serve as the guarantor of global access to the Arctic.</b></span></p></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div></b></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><div class="date-outer" style="font-weight: 400; margin-bottom: 2em; text-align: start;"><div class="date-posts"><div class="post-outer"><div class="post hentry uncustomized-post-template" itemprop="blogPost" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/BlogPosting" style="min-height: 0px; position: relative;"><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-7491814902646347476" itemprop="description articleBody" style="line-height: 1.4; position: relative; width: 1300px;"><div><div><div><span style="background-color: black;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2381" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/dV67yJHoPvw" style="display: inline;" width="2862" youtube-src-id="dV67yJHoPvw"></iframe></div><br /></span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div></div><div style="clear: both;"></div></div><div class="post-footer" style="line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></b></span><div class="date-outer" style="margin-bottom: 2em; text-align: start;"><div class="date-posts"><div class="post-outer"><div class="post hentry uncustomized-post-template" itemprop="blogPost" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/BlogPosting" style="min-height: 0px; position: relative;"><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-5653102854331879564" itemprop="description articleBody" style="line-height: 1.4; position: relative; width: 1300px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><div style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><br /><br /><br /><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1337" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/DhEIucb9d0w" style="display: inline;" width="1606" youtube-src-id="DhEIucb9d0w"></iframe><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div></b></span><div class="td-post-header" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><header class="td-post-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><h1 class="entry-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px 0px 7px; overflow-wrap: break-word; position: relative; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-large;">US Icebreakers Apparently Needs LASERS and Missiles Now</span></h1></b></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br />The US Coast Guard is seeking to equip icebreaker vessels operating near the Arctic Ocean with cruise missiles for the first time as Washington hopes to gain a leg up in the “Cold War” brewing in the world’s coldest waters.<br />Coast Guard Commandant Paul Zukunft confirmed the service was looking for new icebreakers capable of storing and firing heavy weapons </b></span></header></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript" src="//ra.revolvermaps.com/0/0/6.js?i=00bo1v8as3p&m=0&s=341&c=ff0000&cr1=ffffff&f=arial&l=0&bv=80" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3736852641690443895.post-27057508636478098042023-08-07T18:11:00.002-07:002023-08-07T18:11:34.539-07:00<br />
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<br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2599" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/3GQCxlkGUxs" width="3126" youtube-src-id="3GQCxlkGUxs"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="style-scope ytd-watch-metadata" id="info-container" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: inline-flex; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: top; width: 860.612px;"><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-watch-metadata" id="info" style="white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string bold" dir="auto" style-target="bold" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b>Aug 6, 2023</b></span></yt-formatted-string></div></span><ytd-text-inline-expander always-show-expand-button="" class="style-scope ytd-watch-metadata" id="description-inline-expander" is-expanded="" style="contain: content; display: block; line-height: 2rem; overflow: hidden; position: relative;"><yt-attributed-string class="style-scope ytd-text-inline-expander"><span class="yt-core-attributed-string yt-core-attributed-string--white-space-pre-wrap" role="text" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span class="yt-core-attributed-string--link-inherit-color" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: black; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>In a shocking turn of events, the already tense situation in the South China Sea has escalated dramatically as the United States Air Force allegedly dropped a B61 nuclear bomb near Chinese islands in the region. This provocative act has sent shockwaves across the globe, triggering deep concern among the international community. The potential ramifications of such an action are enormous, threatening regional stability, global security, and diplomatic relations between the world's two largest economies.</b></span></span></span></yt-attributed-string></ytd-text-inline-expander></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2611" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Qa_FH-qM6IM" width="3140" youtube-src-id="Qa_FH-qM6IM"></iframe><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2607" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/v8gJGaSEQXE" width="3137" youtube-src-id="v8gJGaSEQXE"></iframe></div><br />Don't Allow China to grow militarily, Destroy their armed forces now and hopefully the CCP. Let our air force (B21 bombers mostly then Rapid Dragons) and submarines do their job first after all allies and US surface ships are in safe distance from Chinese missiles.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times;"><span><span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large; font-weight: bold;">This is the time to do this planned control of a potential Nazi Germany in the making. and just as what Gen. Douglas MacArthur planned to do during the Korean war. If we do not control it it will be worse in the coming years</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><b>.</b></span></span></span></div><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span><span style="white-space-collapse: preserve;">The air combat command portion of the nuclear design certification process with the F-35A fighter jet was led by the 422nd and 59th test and evaluation squadrons. At the same time, the 926th aircraft maintenance squadron led the maintenance efforts for the process.</span> </span><span style="white-space-collapse: preserve;"> </span></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><br />COORDINATE THE COALITION OF NATO AND ASEAN COUNTRIES PROMINENT ARE UK, FRANCE, INDIA, CANADA AND JAPAN SHOULD MEET IN THE US BEFORE WAR IS DECLARED AGAINST CHINA</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b>The Western block would consist of the US, NATO, Japan, South Korea, Australia, AND Israel. The Eastern block would consist of Russia, China, North Korea, Iran, basically all of the Middle East, Serbia, and Belarus. There will unlikely be any large scale fighting near American soil in a strictly conventional war situation. Firstly, let us start with Asia. The United States, Japan, and South Korea. would send their navy to counter North Korea, and China. South Korea would strictly focus on North Korea and would win with relative ease. The United States would focus on China, and Japan would focus on North Korea and China. The United States, India and Japan would form a blockade around China. This would lead to the US and Japan destroying their nuclear launch sites and all aircraft that can carry nuclear weapons. The US air-force, assisted by Japan, would control the skies over China. They would launch devastating airstrikes and would pierce their land defenses. This would all lead to the withdrawal of China, as they would probably not want to surrender. This would be a major victory for the US and Japan in Asia. </b><b> Overall, it would be a costly US led coalition victory. China, would be recovering from the massive Japanese/American bombardment. North Korea would be under South Korean rule and they would begin to slowly recover and become prosperous. Japan would be trying to recover from the Chinese. They would still remain prosperous. The United States and Canada would remain relatively safe. America, being a war based economy, would profit greatly. Australia would be safe and would not really change at all. </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2478" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/6Huq12mhljY" width="2981" youtube-src-id="6Huq12mhljY"></iframe></div><br />Japan is very much the flavor of the current Indian season. Especially when juxtaposed against China, Japan is acknowledged by New Delhi as being one of the most significant maritime players in the Indo-Pacific. Indeed, Japan’s steadily deteriorating and increasingly fractious relationship with China is a prominent marker of the general fragility of the geopolitical situation prevailing almost throughout the Indo-Pacific. Within this fragile environment, New Delhi is seeking to maintain its own geopolitical pre-eminence in the IOR and relevance in the Indo-Pacific as a whole by adroitly managing China’s growing assertiveness. In this process, Japan and the USA (along with Australia, Vietnam, South Korea, and Indonesia) collectively offer India a viable alternative to Sino-centric hegemony within the region. However, before it places too many of its security eggs in a Japanese basket, it is important for India to examine at least the more prominent historical and contemporary contours of the Sino-Japanese relationship. As India expands her footprint across the Indo-Pacific and examines the overtures of Japan and the USA to seek closer geopolitical coordination with both, it is vital to ensure that our country and our navy are not dragged by ignorance, misinformation or disinformation, into the law of unintended consequences.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">Before the shooting war begins, and after a hostile action made by China, activate naval and air forces in blocading Chinese economic access to the western Pacific and the sources of oil in the Sumatran Straights. In effect all US forces are in their full readiness without the time element of transporting from the distant mainland of the US. At the outset of the shooting war, sink all surface Chinese ships and submarine, after radar and SAM coastal batteries have been neutralized using our airforce stealth bombers and jet fighters.</span><br /><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><br /></span></span></b></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1384797616926091562" style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"></a><span face=""Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif" style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2450" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Yt3vns42Nd8" width="2946" youtube-src-id="Yt3vns42Nd8"></iframe></div><br />Continue to limit the access of the Chinese Surface ships to the Western Pacific islands by mining the ports and islands. Limit the energy resource and commercial maritime intercourse which China is so dependent upon. </span><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">The primary objective here is to effectively neutralize certain elements of PRC military power by starving it of energy. </span><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">In contrast with maritime </span><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">interdiction, strategic interdiction is not an airtight blockade but a targeted effort to interdict primarily the production and transport of energy resources all the way back to the source. A campaign would have four elements:</span></span></b></span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 25px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><b style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><br /><br /></span></span></b></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">A “counterforce” effort designed to stop the adversary air forces (particularly bombers), naval forces (gray hulls) and naval auxiliaries (replenishment) to the point where they can neither project military power nor defend against U.S. power projection, at least far beyond the PRC continental shelf.<br /><br /><br />Chinese military force design has been built specifically to counter the U.S. Air Force’s reliance on stealth and forward basing, and to reduce the threat of carrier aviation by developing weapons designed to keep the carriers far away from the action. Our response has been to plan to fight symmetrically, matching our technological widgets against theirs in a battle in the PRC’s front yard.</b></span></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 25px; padding: 0px;"><span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif"><span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 25px; padding: 0px;"><span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif"><span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2462" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/WUXBq48HPis" width="2963" youtube-src-id="WUXBq48HPis"></iframe></div><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Strategy to Defeat China in The SCS</span></b></span></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><div><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">One mistake China made was being too aggressive in SCS, especially with the Philippines. The PH was already distancing itself from the US, starting as far as the 90s during the shutdown of US naval and air bases in the PH. They are really trying to be neutral and independent, until now. Even the recent president tried warming up with China (and was really hostile with the US) but to no avail. Now, even the doves and anti-US politicians in the Philippines are losing their influence on the general population. It's hard to imagine having 4 new US bases (temporary and limited) in the PH, especially before the SCS issue, there's no way the PH government can get away with that. The Filipinos are fearful and angry and now returning to their oldest ally. They know war is inevitable especially when Chinese bases are just a couple of miles away from their homes, locals hear sounds of explosions and see the silhouette of Chinese ships from their shores, and their fishermen are told to scurry away by the Chinese coast guard. And even now as of writing, the PH president is in the US, strengthening their alliance. If only China left the PH alone with their sea territories, the PH will not have to resort to allowing a substantial US military presence in their country. They would have an easier time with Taiwan, with a neutral PH. I won't be surprised if the PH in the future will agree to give the US, proper and permanent bases, let's say reopening the Subic Naval Base (the largest US naval base back then in Asia) and the Clark Air Base.</span></b></div><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2571" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/K7yQWE57PAI" width="3093" youtube-src-id="K7yQWE57PAI"></iframe></div><br /></span></b></div><div><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2058" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Uoo-jrZ5c0I" style="display: inline;" width="2476" youtube-src-id="Uoo-jrZ5c0I"></iframe></div><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2477" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/w_I7O45ieYk" width="2980" youtube-src-id="w_I7O45ieYk"></iframe></div><br /><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2064" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Ltud5zvBYg0" style="display: inline;" width="2482" youtube-src-id="Ltud5zvBYg0"></iframe></div><br /></b></span><div><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><p style="background-color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>THE GUNS OF BATAN </b></span></p><p style="background-color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>A FUTURE STRATEGIC US MISSILE BASE GUARDING THE BASHI CHANNEL</b></span></p><p style="background-color: black; color: #bbbbbb; text-align: start;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b></b></span></p><div class="separator" style="background-color: #539bcd; clear: both; color: #bbbbbb; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2005" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/GruMx3cN_tY" style="display: inline;" width="2413" youtube-src-id="GruMx3cN_tY"></iframe></b></span></div><span style="background-color: #539bcd; color: #e69138; text-align: start;"><b><br /></b></span><p style="background-color: #539bcd; color: #bbbbbb; text-align: start;"></p><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1959" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/-sLNP_kZwL4" style="display: inline;" width="2357" youtube-src-id="-sLNP_kZwL4"></iframe></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; text-align: start;"><b></b></span></span></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; text-align: center;"><br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b></b></span></span></span></header><span face=""Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif" style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span><div class="content-wrapper-narrow entry-content" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; margin: 2rem auto 0px; max-width: 700px; padding: 0px 1rem;">
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<span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">Defense spending is one of the most direct ways of measuring a country’s potential military capability. Comparing defense spending between countries — whether nominally or as a percent of government expenditure — is a useful gauge of relative military strength. Spending patterns can also reveal key political events that have prompted an increase or decrease in defense allocations. No matter how much a country spends on its military, it still must translate its potential capability for power into desired outcomes.<a href="https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex" style="text-decoration-line: none;"></a></span></span><br /><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">Understanding the connection between Chinese military spending and Chinese military power is complicated by a lack of transparency. Although Beijing provides figures for its defense spending each year, outside estimates of China’s defense budget are often significantly higher than the official numbers. China provides limited information on the distribution of its military spending, which further obscures spending patterns.</span></span><br /><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">Defense Spending Giants</span></span><br /><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">This interactive compares China’s defense spending from 2000 to 2019 with other key countries. Use the filtering options to select other measures of spending or to look at another country grouping. Data provided by the </span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;">Tracking Chinese Military Spending</span></span></h2>
<span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"></span></span><br /></b></span><div style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 1rem;">
<span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;">There is no universally accepted standard for reporting military spending. While international mechanisms exist, such as the <a class="external" href="https://www.un.org/disarmament/convarms/milex/" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">UN Report on Military Expenditures</a>, participation is voluntary. This allows governments to report their expenditure with varying degrees of detail. China <a class="external" href="http://eng.mod.gov.cn/publications/2017-04/11/content_4778231_16.htm" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">joined</a> the UN instrument in 2007, but it remains less transparent than many countries.</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;">The Chinese government reports expenditure information annually. In May 2020, China announced a yearly defense budget of RMB 1.268 trillion ($178.6 billion),<span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust" id="easy-footnote-1-142" style="box-sizing: inherit;"></span></span><span class="easy-footnote" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><a aria-describedby="qtip-0" data-hasqtip="0" href="https://chinapower.csis.org/military-spending/#easy-footnote-bottom-1-142" oldtitle="Calculated based on an average exchange rate of 7.10 RMB per USD." style="box-sizing: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;" title=""><span style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">1</span></a></span> marking a 6.6 percent<span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust" id="easy-footnote-2-142" style="box-sizing: inherit;"></span></span><span class="easy-footnote" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><a aria-describedby="qtip-1" data-hasqtip="1" href="https://chinapower.csis.org/military-spending/#easy-footnote-bottom-2-142" oldtitle="Based on nominal growth in RMB. In nominal US dollars, the growth rate was just 0.6 percent." style="box-sizing: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;" title=""><span style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span></a></span> increase from the 2019 budget of 1.19 trillion yuan ($177.5 billion).<span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust" id="easy-footnote-3-142" style="box-sizing: inherit;"></span></span><span class="easy-footnote" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><a aria-describedby="qtip-2" data-hasqtip="2" href="https://chinapower.csis.org/military-spending/#easy-footnote-bottom-3-142" oldtitle="Calculated based on an average exchange rate for 2019 of 6.70 RMB per USD." style="box-sizing: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;" title=""><span style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">3</span></a></span> This follows a recent trend that has seen yearly percent increases in spending fall to single digits.</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"></span><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">Yet, how much China actually spends on its military is widely debated. The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) estimates the overall 2018 figure at nearly $254 billion and the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) puts the number at $225 billion. The US Department of Defense (DoD) <a href="https://media.defense.gov/2019/May/02/2002127082/-1/-1/1/2019_CHINA_MILITARY_POWER_REPORT.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none;">concludes</a> that China’s 2018 defense budget likely exceeded $200 billion.</span><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"> <iframe class="interactive-iframe js-iframeResizeEnabled" frameborder="no" id="chinas-defense-spending" scrolling="no" src="https://csis-ilab.github.io/cpower-viz/military-spending/milspending/" style="border-style: none; border-width: initial; box-sizing: inherit; height: 516px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden;" width="100%"></iframe><span style="font-style: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.7px; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase;"> </span></span></span></b></span><div class="sharing-inline" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0.5rem 0px 2rem; text-align: center;">
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-title="China’s Defense Spending " data-a2a-url="https://chinapower.csis.org/military-spending/#chinas-defense-spending" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline; line-height: 32px; touch-action: manipulation;">
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<span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"></span><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><br /><br />Notwithstanding these differences, Beijing’s official figures may now more accurately represent defense expenditures than in the past. In 2002, the DoD <a href="https://archive.defense.gov/news/Jul2002/d20020712china.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none;">reported </a>that China’s actual defense spending may have been upwards of four times larger than its officially announced budget. In comparison, the 2019 estimate from SIPRI pegs China’s nominal defense spending at $261 billion – 1.5 times larger than the official figure.<br /><br />Varying levels of transparency from Beijing compound outside efforts to estimate China’s defense budget. The publication of 11 <a href="http://eng.mod.gov.cn/Database/WhitePapers/" style="text-decoration-line: none;">defense white papers </a>since 1995 has provided some insight into the nature of Chinese military spending, but with varying degrees of specificity. White papers published between 1998 and 2008 included comparative budget breakdowns between China and countries like Japan and Russia. These comparisons were removed from white papers after 2008, but reappeared in the most recent <a href="http://eng.mod.gov.cn/publications/2019-07/24/content_4846452.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none;">white paper</a> that was released in July 2019.<br />Chinese Defense Expenditure Breakdown<br />Billions of Dollars (2017)<br />Total<br />Amount Percentage (%)<br />Personnel 47.51 30.8<br />Training & Maintenance 43.41 28.1<br />Equipment 63.47 41.1<br />Total 154.39 100Source:<a href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/unoda-web/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/MilEx-2017-China.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none;">United Nations</a></span></span></b></span><table class="striped" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 2rem auto; overflow-x: scroll; text-align: justify; width: 659.632px;"><thead style="border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(114, 140, 153); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(114, 140, 153); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(114, 140, 153); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 0px; box-sizing: inherit;">
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<span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Most defense white papers – except those released in 2013 and 2015 – also outline three spending categories: personnel, training and maintenance, and equipment.<a href="https://chinapower.csis.org/military-spending/#easy-footnote-bottom-4-142" style="text-decoration-line: none;">4</a> Beijing states that it annually reports categorized military spending information to the UN; however, this information is only available from the UN in one-page reports for fiscal years <a href="https://undocs.org/A/62/158/Add.1" style="text-decoration-line: none;">2006</a>, <a href="https://undocs.org/A/63/97/Add.1" style="text-decoration-line: none;">2007</a>, <a href="https://undocs.org/A/64/113/Add.1" style="text-decoration-line: none;">2008</a>, and <a href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/unoda-web/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/MilEx-2017-China.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none;">2017</a>. <a href="https://chinapower.csis.org/military-spending/#easy-footnote-bottom-5-142" style="text-decoration-line: none;">5</a> The reports from the mid-2000s show roughly equal spending between each of these three categories. The 2019 white paper, which includes spending breakdowns between 2010 and 2017, reveals a noticeable shift away from this even distribution. Spending on equipment now accounts for the largest share of the defense budget, accounting for just over 41 percent of total spending in 2017. <span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><iframe class="interactive-iframe js-iframeResizeEnabled" frameborder="no" id="breakdown-of-chinas-official-defense-spending" scrolling="no" src="https://csis-ilab.github.io/cpower-viz/china-defense-spending/" style="border-style: none; border-width: initial; box-sizing: inherit; height: 516px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden;" width="100%"></iframe></span></span></b></span><div class="has-text-align-center" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-style: italic; line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 1rem; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;">Please note that the figures in the graph above are based on spending figures provided in the 2019 defense white paper and do not match with figures provided by the Ministry of Finance.</span></b></span></span></div>
<span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"></span><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><br /><br />Official military spending is further complicated by the Chinese government’s inconsistent reporting of figures. Figures provided by the Ministry of Finance differ from the expenditures reported in the 2019 defense white paper.<a href="https://chinapower.csis.org/military-spending/#easy-footnote-bottom-6-142" style="text-decoration-line: none;">6</a> This discrepancy may be the result of the Ministry of Finance not including the costs associated with militia forces in its defense figures. In 2017, this inconsistency resulted in a difference of $2.9 billion.<br /><br />China’s lack of transparency leads to discrepancies between official figures and outside estimates due to differences in what expenditures are included in the budget. Official figures do not account for a number of <a href="http://www.adamphailliff.com/documents/LiffErickson2013_ChinaQuarterly_Demystifying%20Chinas%20Defence%20Spending.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none;">military-related outlays</a>, including aspects of China’s space program, extra-budgetary revenues from military-owned commercial enterprises, defense mobilization funds, authorized sales of land or excess food produced by some units, <a href="https://www.csis.org/analysis/chinese-strategy-and-military-modernization-2016" style="text-decoration-line: none;">recruitment bonuses</a> for college students, and provincial military base operating costs.<br />Comparison of Official Military Spending Figures</span></span></b></span><table class="striped" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 2rem auto; overflow-x: scroll; text-align: justify; width: 659.632px;"><thead style="border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(114, 140, 153); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(114, 140, 153); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(114, 140, 153); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 0px; box-sizing: inherit;">
<tr style="box-sizing: inherit;"><th class="show-xs" colspan="3" style="box-sizing: inherit; padding: 10px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;">Billions of RMB (Billions of USD)</span></span></th></tr>
<tr style="box-sizing: inherit;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 208, 203); box-sizing: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; padding: 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;">Year</span></b></span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 208, 203); box-sizing: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; padding: 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;">Ministry of Finance</span></b></span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 208, 203); box-sizing: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; padding: 10px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;">2019 Defense White Paper</span></b></span></span></td></tr>
<tr style="box-sizing: inherit;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 208, 203); box-sizing: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; padding: 10px;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;">2017</span></b></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 208, 203); box-sizing: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; padding: 10px;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;">¥1023.7 ($151.5)</span></b></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 208, 203); box-sizing: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; padding: 10px;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;">¥1043.2 ($154.4)</span></b></span></td></tr>
<tr style="box-sizing: inherit;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 208, 203); box-sizing: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; padding: 10px;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;">2016</span></b></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 208, 203); box-sizing: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; padding: 10px;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;">¥954.6 ($143.7)</span></b></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 208, 203); box-sizing: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; padding: 10px;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;">¥976.6 ($147.0)</span></b></span></td></tr>
<tr style="box-sizing: inherit;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 208, 203); box-sizing: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; padding: 10px;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;">2015</span></b></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 208, 203); box-sizing: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; padding: 10px;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;">¥886.9 ($142.4)</span></b></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 208, 203); box-sizing: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; padding: 10px;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;">¥908.8 ($145.9)</span></b></span></td></tr>
<tr style="box-sizing: inherit;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 208, 203); box-sizing: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; padding: 10px;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;">2014</span></b></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 208, 203); box-sizing: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; padding: 10px;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;">¥805.5 ($131.1)</span></b></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 208, 203); box-sizing: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; padding: 10px;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;">¥829.0 ($134.9)</span></b></span></td></tr>
<tr style="box-sizing: inherit;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 208, 203); box-sizing: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; padding: 10px;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;">2013</span></b></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 208, 203); box-sizing: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; padding: 10px;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;">¥720.2 ($116.3)</span></b></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 208, 203); box-sizing: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; padding: 10px;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;">¥741.1 ($119.6)</span></b></span></td></tr>
<tr style="box-sizing: inherit;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 208, 203); box-sizing: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; padding: 10px;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;">2012</span></b></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 208, 203); box-sizing: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; padding: 10px;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;">¥650.6 ($103.1)</span></b></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 208, 203); box-sizing: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; padding: 10px;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;">¥669.2 ($106.0)</span></b></span></td></tr>
<tr style="box-sizing: inherit;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 208, 203); box-sizing: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; padding: 10px;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;">2011</span></b></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 208, 203); box-sizing: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; padding: 10px;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;">¥583.0 ($90.2)</span></b></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 208, 203); box-sizing: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; padding: 10px;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;">¥602.8 ($93.3)</span></b></span></td></tr>
<tr style="box-sizing: inherit;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 208, 203); box-sizing: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; padding: 10px;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;">2010</span></b></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 208, 203); box-sizing: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; padding: 10px;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;">¥518.2 ($76.5)</span></b></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(212, 208, 203); box-sizing: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; padding: 10px;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;">¥533.3 ($78.8)</span></b></span></td></tr>
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<tr style="box-sizing: inherit;"><td class="source" colspan="3" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; padding: 5px 0px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;">Source: Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Defense.</span></b></span></td></tr>
<tr style="box-sizing: inherit;"><td class="source" colspan="3" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; padding: 5px 0px; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;">USD values are based on average annual RMB-USD conversions using data provided by the IMF.</span></b></span></td></tr>
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<span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><br /><br />Official military spending also excludes spending on public security, which includes the People’s Armed Police (<a href="https://inss.ndu.edu/Portals/82/China%20SP%2014%20Final%20for%20Web.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none;">PAP</a>). The PAP is a paramilitary police component of China’s armed forces that is charged with internal security, law enforcement, and maritime rights protection. The Central Military Commission maintains direct control of the PAP. The official budget for the PAP was RMB 179.78 billion ($26.8 billion) in 2019.<br /><br />China is not alone in excluding elements of defense-related spending from its official defense budget. India’s paramilitary forces, which make up the <a href="https://mha.gov.in/about-us/central-armed-police-forces" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Central Armed Police Forces</a>, fall under the Ministry of Home Affairs, not the Ministry of Defense. India is also not forthcoming about space and nuclear weapons expenditures. The United States funds its nuclear weapons through the Department of Energy and does not include these details in its defense budget. However, the US government maintains a high level of budgetary transparency, which enables analysts to readily account for discrepancies.<br /><br />Estimates of China’s military budget are further complicated by the reporting of costs not typically included in many Western defense budgets. Historically, expenses incurred by military infrastructure construction were assumed to be included in the official figures, although many of these projects are designed to be dual-use and use funding from local and national non-defense budgets. <a href="https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/publication/161208_Chinese_Strategy_Military_Modernization_2016.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Disaster relief</a> is likewise funded through the defense budget and is to be reimbursed by non-defense agencies, but the mechanisms and effectiveness of this reimbursement remain unclear.<br />A Conversation With Richard Bitzinger</span><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"></span></span><br /><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></b></span><figure class="wp-block-embed-youtube aligncenter wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio" style="box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; margin: 1em auto;"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper" style="box-sizing: inherit;">
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<span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b></b></span></span></span></figure><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><br /><br />Prerequisites for retired senior officers — including offices, assistants, and special access to hospital facilities — are all funded through China’s defense budget. Many of these functions and associated costs are typically incurred in Western countries by nonmilitary organizations, a discrepancy that further complicates estimates of China’s military budget. It remains unclear what percentage these expenditures constitute of China’s total defense budget.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />The inconsistencies in estimates are further complicated by a lack of pricing information. Beijing does not release accurate cost data for military goods and services, making it difficult to make <a href="https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/publication/160928_AHC_Estimates_Chinese_Military_Spending.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none;">calculations</a> based on purchasing power parity (PPP). Some of the chief challenges are uncertainty over which goods to place in China’s <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/just-the-facts-maam-the-challenge-of-analysing-and-assessing-chinese-military-expenditures/33E13BB688CE85AEA1C355446EF58AC1" style="text-decoration-line: none;">defense spending basket</a>, and which goods to compare between China and other countries. Independent organizations, such as IISS, caveat their PPP estimates, noting that no specific PPP rate applies to the Chinese military sector and that there is no definitive means through which elements of military spending can be calculated using PPP rates.<br />Comparing Chinese Military Spending<br /><br /><br />Calculations in this section are derived from the SIPRI <a href="https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Military Expenditure Database</a>.<a href="https://chinapower.csis.org/military-spending/#easy-footnote-bottom-8-142" style="text-decoration-line: none;">8</a><br /><br /><br />China’s defense spending has seen a nearly seven-fold increase over the past two decades, jumping from $39.6 billion in 1999 to $266.4 billion in 2019. China currently spends more on defense than Japan, South Korea, the Philippines, and Vietnam combined, and China’s military spending is second only to the United States.<br /><br /><br />This growth in military spending is tied to China’s rising gross domestic product (GDP). Since 2000, China’s defense expenditures as a share of its GDP has hovered at around 2 percent. In comparison, Japan’s military spending remains set at approximately 1 percent of its GDP, but this could change in the future as Prime Minister Abe has pushed for a spending <a href="http://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/AJ201805260034.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;">increase.</a></span><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"> <iframe class="interactive-iframe js-iframeResizeEnabled" frameborder="no" id="military-spending-as-percent-of-gdp" scrolling="no" src="https://csis-ilab.github.io/cpower-viz/military-spending/milspending-gdp/" style="border-style: none; border-width: initial; box-sizing: inherit; height: 516px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden;" width="100%"></iframe></span></span></b></span><div class="sharing-inline" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0.5rem 0px 2rem; text-align: center;">
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-title="Military Spending as Percent of GDP " data-a2a-url="https://chinapower.csis.org/military-spending/#military-spending-as-percent-of-gdp" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline; line-height: 32px; touch-action: manipulation;">
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<span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"></span><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><br /><br />China’s rising defense spending follows from over two decades of modernization efforts. China began military modernization in earnest after the 1995–1996 Taiwan Strait crisis, which exposed fundamental weaknesses in China’s ability to deter foreign intervention in sovereignty <a href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R44196.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none;">disputes</a>. The increase in China’s defense spending during this period was, in part, also a response to domestic policies that left China’s defense budget relatively stagnant prior to the 2000s.<br /><br />Aggregate spending increases have corresponded with several high-profile procurement programs, military reforms, and doctrinal and strategic <a href="https://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/China_Military_Power_Report_2009.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none;">shifts</a> within the People’s Liberation Army. These shifts have facilitated China playing a larger role in regional and international security. Some of these efforts, such as China’s participation in UN peacekeeping operations, antipiracy efforts, and humanitarian assistance and disaster relief are welcome contributions to global governance. On the other hand, defending China’s growing security interests in the East and South China Seas has strained relations with other regional actors.<br /><a href="https://chinapower.csis.org/military-spending/china-naval-modernization/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><img src="https://chinapower.csis.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/GettyImages-452631580-compressor.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" /></a><br /><br /><br />China’s naval expansion allows it to play a greater role in international security issues. As of 2018, the Chinese Navy consists of over 300 ships, making it larger than the US Navy’s 287 deployable vessels.<a href="https://chinapower.csis.org/china-naval-modernization/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"> Learn more</a>.<br /><br /><br /><a href="https://chinapower.csis.org/china-naval-modernization/" style="text-decoration-line: none;">EXPLORE MORE</a><br /><br />Despite considerable increases over the past fifteen years, China’s military budget pales in comparison to that of the US. The US spent 3.4 percent of its GDP on defense in 2019, and its nominal expenditure was more than two and a half times higher than that of China. Even when accounting for reporting discrepancies, China would have to raise its spending considerably to match the US defense budget. However, it is worth noting that the United States maintains a global military presence while China remains primarily focused on security issues within the Indo-Pacific.</span><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><iframe class="interactive-iframe js-iframeResizeEnabled" frameborder="no" id="military-spending-by-region" scrolling="no" src="https://csis-ilab.github.io/cpower-viz/military-spending/milspending-byregion/" style="border-style: none; border-width: initial; box-sizing: inherit; height: 516px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden;" width="100%"></iframe><span style="font-style: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.7px; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase;"> </span></span></span></b></span><div class="sharing-inline" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0.5rem 0px 2rem; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;">When considering military spending as a percent of total government expenditure, Chinese military spending has dropped noticeably — from 12.0 percent in 2001 to 5.4 percent in 2019. After a marked increase from 2002 to 2011, US spending has likewise decreased and returned to pre-September 11 levels (9.6 percent in 2001 and 9.4 percent in 2019). Although Russia’s spending remains high, it declined from 14.8 percent in 2016 to 11.4 percent in 2019. For the most part, spending elsewhere in the region either dipped in 2019 or remained steady.</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;">Looking at broader regional trends, East Asia spends close to the same amount as Western and Eastern Europe combined. East Asian spending has increased from $92.8 billion in 1990 to $363 billion in 2019. Much of this growth in expenditure has been driven by China. In 1990, China constituted 23.6 percent of total East Asian expenditure. As of 2019, this number stands at 70.5 percent. In terms of the broader regional context, the Chinese military budget constitutes 52.2 percent of the total cumulative spending across all of Asia (including those in the Middle East)</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;">What Do Chinese and Russians Think of the U.S. Military?</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-size: x-large;">A recent article touches on U.S. perceptions of its military. But how do other countries view it?</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">In the article “The Tragedy of the American Military,” author James Fallows posits that the U.S. military escapes external scrutiny due to a growing gap between those who have and those who have not served. The result of this gulf is that “outsiders treat it both too reverently and too cavalierly, as if regarding its members as heroes makes up for committing them to unending, unwinnable missions…” Fallows <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/features/archive/2014/12/the-tragedy-of-the-american-military/383516/" style="text-decoration-line: none;">postulates</a> that this results in the creation of a “Chickenhawk Nation, based on the derisive term for those eager to go to war, as long as someone else is going. It would be the story of a country willing to do anything for its military except take it seriously.”</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Fallows appears to have re-ignited a new discussion on civil-military relations in the United States as illustrated by the <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/james-fallows/" style="text-decoration-line: none;">many thoughtful responses</a> by readers of the article. However, after reading the article and going over some of the comments, what appears to be missing so far in the discussion is the view of the genuine outsiders: How do people in countries such as China and Russia view the U.S. military?</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The default answer to that question is simple: They view it as a threat.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">According to a <a href="http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/07/14/global-opposition-to-u-s-surveillance-and-drones-but-limited-harm-to-americas-image/" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Spring 2014 Attitudes Survey</a> by the PEW Research Center, China sees the United States as its biggest threat. Another survey conducted in Russia <a href="https://themoscowtimes.com/news/article/russians-more-afraid-of-u-s-than-islamic-terrorism-survey-shows/509808.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;">showed</a> that Russians are more afraid of the United States than the Islamic State. This should not come as a surprise. The one thing any foreigner cannot do is to refuse to take the U.S. military “seriously” – after all it is the most deadly force in the world and, given the history of U.S. civil-military relations, more likely to be used outside the United States than inside the country. So if, as Fallows postulates, there is a growing gap between the civilian and military worlds in the United States, and – most importantly – if the cost of war is only shared by a tiny percentage of the population, foreigners may be excused for assuming that this will perhaps lead to increased U.S. bellicosity.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">While there is of course a difference in perceptions between U.S. allies and U.S. adversaries, I posit that the sensation of this latent fear holds true, in varying degrees, for a diverse range of countries (in 2013 another survey <a href="http://www.wingia.com/en/services/end_of_year_survey_2013/global_results/7/33/" style="text-decoration-line: none;">found</a> that the United States was seen as the greatest threat to peace in the world). The United States is the indispensable military power, but this seldom translates into genuine gratitude and more often than not slides into open anti-Americanism, as history has illustrated time and again. Based on my own discussions with policymakers in Europe and Asia, the attitude of most U.S. allies is that the only thing worse than fighting with the United States is to fight without her.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">No matter how much American pundits and scholars of U.S. civil-military relations point to the marginalization of the military within the United States, to outsiders, the perception is often that of a “<a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/franzstefan-gady/the-koepenick-syndrome-is_b_831954.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;">New Prussia</a>” – partially brought about by the everyday veneration of U.S. service personal, but more importantly by the sheer preponderance of U.S. military power. As I have pointed out elsewhere, a <a href="http://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/diplomacy/99774.htm" style="text-decoration-line: none;">report</a> by the Advisory Committee on Transformational Diplomacy illustrates how superior resources may cause a skewed perception:</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">DoD’s regional combatant commanders have come to be perceived by states and other actors as the most influential U.S. government regional representative. It is argued that the resources that combatant commanders control, their presence and frequent travel throughout the region, and even the symbolic impact of their aircraft and accompanying service members, all combine to place them in perceived position of preeminence.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">This assertion is supported by a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/item/2009/0103/comm/pnsr_report.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;">study</a> of The Project on National Security Reform (PNSR), the most comprehensive effort to date to analyze the U.S. national security system and propose recommendations to alleviate many of its bureaucratic problems (disclaimer: I worked as a research analyst for PNSR). Its report conclusion emphasizes that an inequality of resources leads to an inequality in policy; i.e., the militarization of U.S. foreign policy.A</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">True or not, this perception is also widespread outside the United States. Consequently, the alleged militarization of U.S. Foreign Policy paired with Fallows’ assertion of the United States as a “chickenhawk nation” should cause some consternation among security analysts – not only in Beijing and Moscow, but perhaps also in Western European capitals.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">China Threatens to Throw America 'Into the Mighty Sea of the Coronavirus.'</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">China is threatening to wreak havoc on America’s drug supply amid the Wuhan coronavirus outbreak. Thanks to our globalist elite and especially missteps during the Obama-Biden administration, Beijing has the power to do just that.</b></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">China is threatening to wreak havoc on America’s drug supply amid the Wuhan coronavirus outbreak. Thanks to our globalist elite and especially missteps during the Obama-Biden administration, Beijing has the power to do just that.</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">In an <a href="https://twitter.com/YanzhongHuang/status/1235300037875335170?s=20" style="text-decoration-line: none;">article</a> in Xinhua, one of the Chinese Communist Party’s mouthpieces, Beijing threatened that it can impose pharmaceutical export controls after which America will be “plunged into the mighty sea of coronavirus.”</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Unfortunately, Beijing isn’t bluffing about this capability.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">As Rosemary Gibson, co-author of “China Rx: Exposing the Risks of America’s Dependence on China for Medicine,” <a href="https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/RosemaryGibsonTestimonyUSCCJuly152019.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none;">testified</a> to a congressional commission last summer, China has a dominant role in the manufacture of the generic drugs that comprise 90 percent of what Americans take.</b></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">Even finished drugs from other sources are dependent on China. Another major source of generic drugs is India, and 80 percent of that country’s drug ingredients come from China.</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">There are many culprits behind this betrayal, but some deserve special mention. </b></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">Foremost is the globalist cabal that exported our industries to China in the name of “free trade.” As Gibson also reports, within four years of passage of the Clinton-era law giving China unfettered access to U.S. markets and WTO membership, “the last penicillin fermentation plant in the U.S. closed; China’s vitamin C cartel forced the closure of the last U.S. production facility, and the last aspirin manufacturing facility ceased business because of predatory pricing by Chinese firms.”</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The Chinese government has used its favorite playbook to make the world dependent on its drugs: protecting and subsidizing domestic manufacturers to undersell American competitors, aided by Chinese industrial espionage. Indeed, biotechnology is one of ten categories of Beijing’s “Made in China 2025” industrial strategy which has driven so much of its theft of intellectual property and dumping of goods at below-market prices to kill U.S. businesses.</b></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">Among the globalists, the former Obama-Biden administration is particularly culpable for putting America at risk. During the eight years of that administration, then-Vice President Biden was often the frontman for responding to the increasing number of foreign outbreaks to which America has been exposed.</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">During the H1N1 (swine flu) pandemic in 2009, Biden incorrectly addressed the public about the outbreak, “I would tell members of my family, and I have, I wouldn’t go anywhere in confined places right now… It’s that you are in a confined aircraft. When one person sneezes, it goes everywhere through the aircraft.”</b></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">Speaking about the 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak, Biden recently said, “I was part of making sure that pandemic did not get to the United States, saved millions of lives.” In fact, the Obama administration admitted people known to have the disease to America.</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">During the Zika virus outbreak, Biden was in charge of pressuring Congress for funds. </b></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">Are we to believe that amid all of this attention to outbreak that Biden and his globalist colleagues didn’t know of America’s growing inability to make even the most basic pharmaceuticals? Throughout the Obama-Biden administration, our dependence on China got much worse. </span></b></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Last month, Biden criticized the Trump administration’s response to Wuhan coronavirus. Initially, he slammed the president’s unprecedented decision to stop flights from China: “This is no time for Donald Trump’s record of hysteria and xenophobia--hysterical xenophobia--and fearmongering.”</b></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">Later he flip-flopped to accusing Trump of not doing enough, imagining if he were president that, “I would be on the phone with China making it clear we are going to need to be in your country. You have to be open. You have to be clear. We have to know what’s going on.”</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Of course, Beijing’s unwillingness to allow anything of the sort is a reason their coronavirus has spread far and wide. Oddly, Biden and his fellow globalists remain sanguine about China and their ability to influence its communist government. Last year, he said of China, “they’re not bad folks,” and “they’re not competition for us.” </b></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">Of course Biden was not alone, and neither were the Democrats. The House of Bush was always fond of the myth that economic engagement of China, evidently on terms favorable to Beijing, would turn an adversary into an ally. The myth lives on. Bob Zoellick, who was George W. Bush’s trade kingpin, has been an outspoken opponent of Trump’s effort to end U.S. dependence on China, lamely claiming, “You can’t contain China.”</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">To fix this medical vulnerability, Trump should apply gradually increasing, permanent tariffs on Chinese drugs and ingredients. He should also establish a strategic reserve of drugs by requiring the Defense Department and Veterans Affairs to buy only drugs that are 100 percent made in America. This domestic demand would create domestic supply.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">Trump should also press drug companies to start a crash program to achieve supply chain independence from China. If would be great if he could achieve this through an appeal to patriotism. If not, he should use the Defense Production Act of 1950 to force the issue.</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">It’s time to reverse the globalist sellout of America that has put Beijing in charge of our drug supply chain.</b></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">"China Is A Threat To The World, Building Military Rapidly": Donald Trump</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">China has hiked its military spending by seven per cent to USD 152 billion as Beijing aims at countering America's push into the disputed South China Sea.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><img src="https://c.ndtvimg.com/2018-09/i3hf8gi8_xi-jinping-reuters_625x300_22_September_18.jpg" /></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">"China is a threat to the world...they are building a military faster than anybody," Trump said </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Expressing concern over China's growing military might, US President Donald Trump has said the Communist nation is a threat to the world and blamed his predecessors for not stopping it from stealing America's intellectual property to bolster its defence capabilities.</b></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">China has hiked its military spending by seven per cent to USD 152 billion as Beijing aims at countering America's push into the disputed South China Sea.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">"Obviously China is a threat to the world in a sense because they are building a military faster than anybody and frankly they are using US money," Donald Trump, who was accompanied by visiting Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison, told reporters in Washington on Friday.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">Donald Trump said the US Presidents before him allowed China to take out USD 500 billion a year and more than that. "They have allowed China to steal our intellectual property and property rights and I'm not doing that," he said.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">However, President Trump said the two countries were very close to having a trade deal.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">"We work very closely, had intellectual property, all of the tough things work negotiated and then at the last moment, they said we cannot agree to this," he alleged, referring to the abrupt collapse of the trade deal with China early this year.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">"I said that's all right we are charging you 25 per cent tariffs and then it's going up and it will continue to go up. Frankly we are making so many hundreds of the numbers that we are taking in to our treasury...Look at the great reports that came out two days ago on retailing, on consumers, on numbers that nobody believes," he added.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">The world's two largest economies are locked in a trade war since Donald Trump in March last year imposed tariff hikes of up to 25 per cent on USD 250 billion of Chinese goods. In response, China, the world's second largest economy after the US, imposed tit-for-tat tariffs on USD 110 billion of American goods.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">The two countries have resumed their trade negotiations.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">Donald Trump has said that he will enter into a trade deal with Beijing only if he is confident that it is good for the US.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">"We are taking hundreds of millions potentially over a short period of time, hundreds of billions of dollars worth of money is coming in from China that never came in before so China wants to make a deal, I think we want to make a deal," Donald Trump said.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">"We will see what happens, but I view China in many different ways, but right now I am thinking about trade. But you know trade equals military because if we allow China to take USD 500 billion out of the hide of the United States that money goes into military and other things," said the US president.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">Donald Trump went on to say that "They're having a bad year. Worst year in 57 years. Their tariffs aren't coming into us. We're taking in billions and billions of dollars of tariffs. They are devaluing their currency, which means the tariffs are not costing us probably anything, but certainly not very much. They're also adding a lot of money into their economy. They're pouring money into their economy, but were taking in many billions of dollars," he said.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">"At some point in the not-too-distant future, it'll be over USD 100 billion. We've never taken in 100 cents from China. It was always the other way around. With that, they lost over 3 million jobs there. Supply chain is crashing, and they have a lot of problems. And want to make a deal. So, we'll see what happens," Donald Trump said.</span></b></div>
<!--Blogger automated replacement: "https://images-blogger-opensocial.googleusercontent.com/gadgets/proxy?url=http%3A%2F%2Fcimsec.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F11%2Fe97237788b41-1.jpg&container=blogger&gadget=a&rewriteMime=image%2F*" with "https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEhuWuAV-vB9AnDZJpptlNHc6fNuxndlainsoe20pqu21U7t7hgdHNmL9W-c7OYXa2SBThlfw71Au79cVGrLzjwxxkNqDK3eEMbN0t9iiIwDAGeAC6jYSUXrFa2uA97BRIJNzvDLlpkInRzXNU0G61z_jKHMjuxM7ctH9CNjP4vA="--><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript" src="//ra.revolvermaps.com/0/0/6.js?i=00bo1v8as3p&m=0&s=341&c=ff0000&cr1=ffffff&f=arial&l=0&bv=80" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3736852641690443895.post-89262243805139174652023-07-30T20:37:00.002-07:002023-07-30T20:37:42.939-07:00<p><small></small> </p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p> <p><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="7">The Song of Roland: The Battle of Roncevaux Pass</font></strong></p><p><strong></strong></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><strong><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2386" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/0e1JJvLP9PA" width="2871" youtube-src-id="0e1JJvLP9PA"></iframe></strong></div><strong><br /><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="7"><br /></font></strong><p></p> <p><img height="2155" src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3218/3143223810_938f776fba_o.jpg" width="2881" /></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 950px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="475"> <p><font color="#ff8000" size="4"><strong><img height="1595" src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2278/1733354744_1e11a95b09_o.jpg" width="1077" /></strong></font> </p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Roncesvalles (French: Roncevaux, Basque: Orreaga) is a small village and municipality of northern Spain (Navarrese Towns), in the province of Navarre. It is situated on the small river Urrobi at an altitude of 900 meters (2,950 ft.) among the Pyrenees, and within five miles of the French frontier. Population in (2007) was 24. Roncesvalles is famous in history and legend for the defeat of Charlemagne and the death of Roland in 778, during the battle of Roncevaux Pass, when Charlemagne's rear guard was destroyed by Basque tribes. The small collegiate church contains several curious relics associated with Roland. The battle is said to have been fought in the picturesque valley known as Valcarlos, which is now occupied by a hamlet bearing the same name, and in the adjoining pass of Ibañeta (Roncevaux Pass). Both of these are traversed by the main road leading north from Roncesvalles to Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port, in the French Basque Country. Since the Middle Ages, this collegiate church has been a favorite resting place for Catholic pilgrims along the Way of St. James, since it is the first place to have a rest after crossing the French Pyrenees. Every year thousands of pilgrims begin their way to Santiago de Compostela at Roncesvalles.</strong></font></p><p></p></td> <td valign="top" width="475"> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="2100" src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3218/3142414697_87571f1b02_b.jpg" width="1571" /></strong></font></p> <blockquote> <p><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">The statue of Roland, the favorite nephew of Charlemagne is located at the centre of the town hall square in Riga. Roland died in the famous battle of Roncevaux pass in 778 in the pyrenees in the border between France and Spain ! Roland is now a symbol of freedom and justice. </strong></font></p> <p><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">La statue de Roland de Roncevaux, symbole de justice et de liberte. Cette statue se trouve sur la place de l'hotel de ville a Riga en face de la maison aux tetes noires.</strong></font></p></blockquote><p></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" height="0" src="http://geo.yahoo.com/f?s=792600099&t=b4e620118c689981d1d35ff7ee258356&r=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2F9777917%40N03%2F3142414697%2Fin%2Fset-72157611700363287%2F&fl_ev=0&lang=en&intl=us" width="0" /></strong></font></p> <div align="justify"> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 950px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="475"> <blockquote> <p><br /></p><h3><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"></font> </span></h3> <h3 align="left"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><font>The Battle of Roncevaux Pass</font> </font></h3> <h3><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"></font> </span></h3> <h3><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">In his 46 year reign as the king of the Franks and emperor of the Romans, Charlemagne engineered glorious military victories but, in August 778, he suffered one stunning defeat. This great battle—the Battle of Roncevaux Pass—is best remembered through the oldest extant piece of French literature, the <em>Song of Roland</em>. The <em>Song of Roland</em> was written several centuries after the actual battle and greatly mythologizes the real events of 15 August 778.</font></h3> <span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:a5b4655e-8dcc-42a9-b1c5-e4c0ab082c78" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="637d7fd4-3933-4def-bc2b-b9b0ed0c8e90" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/0e1JJvLP9PA&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div> </span><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong><img alt="" height="0" src="http://geo.yahoo.com/f?s=792600099&t=5055bc6cbe691f6ad800fcedc047d658&r=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fpatrickmayon%2F1733354744%2F&fl_ev=0&lang=en&intl=us" width="0" /></strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>By the eighth century, the Muslims had gained a strong foothold in Europe on the Iberian Peninsula, with the Umayyad capital at Córdoba. In 711, Charlemagne’s grandfather Charles Martel routed the invading Muslims in southwest France at the Battle of Tours (sometimes referred to as the Battle of Poitiers). Pepin the Short, father of Charlemagne and son of Martel, assured Frankish control north of the Pyrenees by subduing Aquitaine in 759. Charlemagne later assumed the title Duke of Aquitaine. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>It was against this backdrop that around 777 the anti-Umayyad governor of Barcelona and Girona, Sulayman al-Arabi, requested military help from Charlemagne in return for his submission as well as that of the governors of Zaragoza and Huesca. The Umayyad ruler, Abd ar-Rahman I, had the upper hand in Iberia and there were indications that another anti-Umayyad force would soon arrive from Baghdad. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p> <span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="wlWriterEditableSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:7a6becb2-e4fa-42cd-a1cf-a8ee1f412069" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="d6a6e21d-0ad0-41ff-9ebc-2bfbf35361ab" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hnFctcpZIKM" target="_new"><img alt="" galleryimg="no" onload="var downlevelDiv = document.getElementById('d6a6e21d-0ad0-41ff-9ebc-2bfbf35361ab'); downlevelDiv.innerHTML = "<div><object width=\"425\" height=\"355\"><param name=\"movie\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/hnFctcpZIKM&hl=en\"><\/param><embed src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/hnFctcpZIKM&hl=en\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" width=\"425\" height=\"355\"><\/embed><\/object><\/div>";" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5C3lFGmoHOzUnSinlYpqfI8yS1315AjmDhcewuPiJ6jC2AzJDwWKRkLpww3UX-pVC_xrqS8rW7e22pJJlBHSuqIFFCOnDH50Xr4U2Nxxf-YzCtEhU6R7CXIgMZ_0mkhVPqZVSK3dFwJd0/?imgmax=800" style="border-style: none;" /></a></div></div></div> </span><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>After a </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquests"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Muslim invasion</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> in 711 and the rise of the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingians"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Carolingians</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>, the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Vasconia"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Duchy of Vasconia and Aquitaine</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> had been severely punished by both sides. The last double Duke, </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waifer_of_Aquitaine"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Waifer</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>, had been defeated by </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_the_Short"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Pepin the Short</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> and the Frankish domain north of the Pyrenees seemed consolidated. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong> </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulayman_al-Arabi"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Sulayman al-Arabi</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>, the pro-</strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Abbasid</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%81li"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Wali</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> (governor) of </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Barcelona</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> and </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girona"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Girona</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>, sent a delegation to </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Charlemagne</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> in </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paderborn"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Paderborn</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>, offering his submission, along with the allegiance of </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husayn_of_Zaragoza"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Husayn of Zaragoza</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> and </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Taur_of_Huesca"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Abu Taur of Huesca</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> in return for military aid. Their masters had been cornered in the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Iberian</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> peninsula by </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_ar-Rahman_I"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Abd ar-Rahman I</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>, the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Umayyad</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir_of_C%C3%B3rdoba"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>emir of Córdoba</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>. The three rulers also conveyed that the caliph of </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Baghdad</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>, </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mahdi"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Muhammad al-Mahdi</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>, was preparing an invasion force against Abd ar-Rahman.</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Seeing an opportunity to extend </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christendom"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Christendom</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> and his own power and believing the Saxons to be a fully conquered nation, Charlemagne agreed to go to Spain. It seems that al-Arabi induced him to invade </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Andalus"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Al Andalus</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> by promising him an easy surrender of its Upper March, of which Zaragoza was the capital. The King did not make up his mind until the winter, but he finally decided to launch an expedition into the Iberian peninsula the next year.</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Following the sealing of this alliance at Paderborn, Charlemagne marched across the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrenees"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Pyrenees</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> in 778 "at the head of all the forces he could muster".<sup> </sup>Charlemagne led the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neustria"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Neustrian</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> army across the Western </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrenees"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Pyrenees</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> that crossed </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gascony"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Vasconia</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> and went into the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(historical_territory)"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Basque Country</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>, while the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrasia"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Austrasians</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>, </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombards"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Lombards</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>, and </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundians"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Burgundians</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> passed over the Eastern Pyrenees through </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Catalonia</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>. His troops were welcomed in </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Barcelona</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> and </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girona"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Girona</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> by Sulayman al-Arabi. As he moved towards </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaragoza"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Zaragoza</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>, the troops of Charlemagne were joined by troops led by al-Arabi.</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Abd ar-Rahman of Córdoba sent his most trusted general, </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thalaba_Ibn_Obeid&action=edit&redlink=1"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Thalaba Ibn Obeid</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>, to take control of the possibly rebellious city and to prevent the Frankish invasion. Husayn and Ibn Obeid clashed repeatedly; eventually Husayn managed to defeat and to imprison Ibn Obeid. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Reinforced in his autonomous position, Husayn became reluctant to yield his new privileged status to the Frankish monarch and refused to surrender the city to Charlemagne, claiming that he had never promised Charlemagne his allegiance. He seems to have tried to appease Charlemagne by giving him the prisoner General Ibn Obeid and a large tribute of gold, but Charlemagne was not easily satisfied, putting Sulayman al-Arabi in chains. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Meanwhile, the force sent by the Baghdad caliphate seems to have been stopped near </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Barcelona</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6">[7]</a></sup> After a month of siege at Zaragoza, Charlemagne decided to return to his kingdom.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7">[8]</a></sup> </strong></font> </span></p><h5><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">The retreat</font></h5> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>As the Frankish army retreated towards Pamplona they suffered an ambush led by the relatives of al-Arabi. Sulayman al-Arabi was liberated and brought to Zaragoza, where both conspirators jointly resisted a new attack by Abd ar-Rahman. Sulayman al-Arabi would eventually be murdered by al Ansari. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Charlemagne also suffered an attack from the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_people"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Basques</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> in central </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navarre"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Navarra</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>. After stopping at Pamplona, Charlemagne ordered the walls of this strategic city be destroyed, possibly fearing that it could be used by the Basques in future rebellions. Some primary sources suggest that he destroyed the city altogether. Thereafter, Charlemagne marched for the Pyrenees and home. In the mountains, the army's rear guard was attacked. </strong></font> </span></p><ul></ul> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="photo" height="1586" src="http://farm6.static.flickr.com/5294/5542649459_f79d50f12a_z.jpg" width="1189" /> </span></p><h4><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"> </font></h4> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The battle itself took place in the evening of Saturday 15 August 778, causing numerous losses among the Frankish troops, including several most important aristocrats and the sack of the baggage, probably with all the gold given by the Muslims at Zaragoza. After their success, the attackers took advantage of the night to flee. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The sources are somewhat contradictory, yet the second version of the <i>Annales Regii</i> (falsely attributed to Eginhard) reads:</strong></font> </span></p><blockquote> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Having decided to return, [Charlemagne] entered the mountains of the Pyrenees, in whose summits the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascones"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Vascones</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> had set up an ambush. They attacked the rearguard, causing confusion which spread to all the army. And, while the Franks were superior to the Vascones both in armament and in courage, the roughness of the terrain and the difference in the style of combat made them generally weaker. In this battle were killed the majority of the paladins that the King had placed in command of his forces. The baggage was sacked, and suddenly the enemy vanished, thanks to their knowledge of the terrain. The memory of the injury so produced overshadowed in the King's heart that of the feats done in Hispania.</strong></font></span></p></blockquote> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The <i>Vita Karoli</i> mentions the names of the most important </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paladin"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>paladins</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> killed <i>among many others</i>: Eggihard, </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_the_Palace"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Mayor of the Palace</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>, Anselmus, </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_Count"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Palatine Count</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> and Roland, Prefect of the March of </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Brittany</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>. </strong></font> </span></p><h5><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">The Basque army</font></h5> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>guerrilla</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> army of the Basques is not well known. A later source, the anonymous <i>Saxon Poet</i>, talks of the Basque spears, which fits with the Pyrenean and Basque tradition that would be present much later among the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almogavars"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>almogavars</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>. A typical such mountain warrior would have two short spears and a knife or short sword as his main weapons, and would not normally wear armour. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_de_Marca"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Pierre de Marca</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>, a </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9arn"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Béarnese</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> author, suggests that the attackers were a <i>reduced number</i> of mostly local </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Navarre"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Low Navarrese</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>, </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soule"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Souletines</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>, and </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baztan"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Baztanese</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>, whose main motivation may well have been plunder. Nevertheless he also suggests that the Duke of Vasconia, </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupo_II_of_Gascony"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Lop</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>, may have been their commander.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11">[12]</a></sup> This opinion is also held by the authors of the General History of </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languedoc"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Languedoc</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> who claim that Duke Lop was the leader of the <i>Gascons</i> that attacked Charlemagne.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12">[13]</a></sup> </strong></font></span></p> <span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:43997467-7d73-4535-a45a-117db270dd1f" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="a7f997dc-f675-460f-ba01-5385dda764b1" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/S9AMpIU-JYw&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div> </span><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The presence of people from other areas beyond those mentioned by de Marca is very likely anyhow. It is difficult to imagine why Bazatanese were there and not, for instance, the people of the nearby </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aezkoa"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Aezkoa</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> or </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salazar"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Salazar</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> valleys. There are even attributions to Guipuzcoans, such as a dedication in a chapel of </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasaia"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Pasaia</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> that gives thanks to </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_mother_of_Jesus"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Our Lady of Piety</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> because of her support to their alleged participation in this battle (although the date mentioned (814) may be that of the Second Battle of Roncevaux: see below). </strong></font> </span></p><h5><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">Location</font></h5> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iberian_Peninsula_in_125.svg"><font color="#ff8000"><strong><img alt="" height="160" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Iberian_Peninsula_in_125.svg/200px-Iberian_Peninsula_in_125.svg.png" width="200" /></strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iberian_Peninsula_in_125.svg"><font color="#ff8000"><strong><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Map of the Roman roads in Hispania. A suggested location for the battle is on the road <i>Via Caesar Augusta</i> that led from Caesaraugusta to Benearnum and joined another to Burdigala. This crossed the Pyrenees through the valley of </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hecho&action=edit&redlink=1"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Hecho</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>. On the other hand, the pass of Roncesvalles is located on the <i>Ab Asturica Burdigalam</i> road that started in </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Spain"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Castra Legiones</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> and went on to </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9arn"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Benearnum</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>, where it joined the first-mentioned road to </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Burdigala</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roncevaux-Ibaneta.jpg"><font color="#ff8000"><strong><img alt="" height="131" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Roncevaux-Ibaneta.jpg/200px-Roncevaux-Ibaneta.jpg" width="200" /></strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roncevaux-Ibaneta.jpg"><font color="#ff8000"><strong><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Ibaineta (Roncevaux) pass </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>There have been many different theories as to where this battle actually took place, some suggesting various places in the High Pyrenees ranging from Navarre and </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragon"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Aragon</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> to as far as </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Catalonia</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>. The mainstream opinion is that the battle took place somewhere not far from Roncevaux itself, as it is not just on one of the easiest routes but also the traditional one. Indeed, the Roman road <i>"Via ab Asturica Burdigalam"</i> which started in Castra Legiones (current León) and went to </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9arn"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Benearnum</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>, crossed the Pyrenees through Roncevaux. However, the traditional Roman road (also called the <i>Route of Napoleon</i>) followed a route different from that of the modern one, not crossing at Ibaineta (the traditional location) but heading eastwards and crossing instead the Lepoeder and Bentartea passes, not far from the mountain of Urkuilu, at Aezkoa. It might well have been at one of these narrow passages that the actual battle took place.</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Another possible location that has been suggested for the battle is that of the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selva_de_Oza&action=edit&redlink=1"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Selva de Oza</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> pass, in the valley of </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hecho&action=edit&redlink=1"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Hecho</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>, on the border between Aragon and Navarre, since the old Roman road called <i>"Via Caesar Augusta"</i> that led from Caesaraugusta (</strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaragoza"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Zaragoza</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>) to Benearnum (</strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9arn"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Béarn</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>) crosses the Pyrenees there. Since Charlemagne was retreating from Caesaraugusta, it has been seen as a very possible location. Apart from tradition, which points to Roncesvaux as the place of the battle, the main argument provided against the Selva de Oza location is that according to the chronicles, Charlemagne retreated from </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamplona"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Pamplona</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> after arriving there from Zaragoza. This would suggest that he took the "<i>Ab Asturica Burdigalam"</i> road which passed through Pamplona, instead of that coming from Zaragoza. However, when physical descriptions of the battle site are taken on account, the Selva de Oza location seems to fit descriptions that tell about gorge-like passages wide enough for an army to pass easily and with several high vantage points from which to attack the enemy, whereas the Roncevaux pass is regarded as dubious, being too narrow or difficult to permit an attack. Nevertheless, the Roncesvaux and Selva de Oza passes are only about 30 kilometers apart. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Other locations have also been suggested, some as far away as in Catalonia, indicating that it is not established that Charlemagne took any of the Roman roads when retreating, nor that he retreated directly from Pamplona. Indeed, the routes that crossed the Pyrenees through Catalonia (crossing the valley of Llívia) are traditionally the easiest, though a Basque attack taking place so far from their heartland is seen as dubious. </strong></font> </span></p><h4><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000">[</font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Roncevaux_Pass&action=edit&section=7"><font color="#ff8000">edit</font></a><font color="#ff8000">] Consequences</font></span></h4> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The Franks failed in capturing Zaragoza and suffered significant losses at the hands of the Basques. They would only be able to establish the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marca_Hispanica"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Marca Hispanica</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> a decade later, when </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Barcelona</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> was finally captured. Zaragoza remained an important Muslim city, capital of the Upper March and later of an </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>independent emirate</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>, until the 11th century. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Defenceless Pamplona was captured by the Muslims soon after and held by them for some years, until in 798-801 a rebellion expelled them as well and helped to consolidate the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Qasi"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Banu Qasi</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> realm and eventually the constitution of the independent </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Kingdom of Pamplona</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> in 824. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img height="479" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-ED3qxwxnLuE/Trdv0O9XvJI/AAAAAAABbPw/5NjmmbNp8dI/s640/777px-BLW_The_Battle_of_Roncevaux%25252C_1475-1500.jpg" width="640" /> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p><h4><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">Legend</font></h4> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Over the years, this battle was </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_(genre)"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>romanticized</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> by oral tradition into a major conflict between </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Christians</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> and </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Muslims</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>, although, in fact, both sides in the battle were Christian. In the tradition, the Basques are replaced by a force of 400,000 </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saracen"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Saracens</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>. (Charlemagne did fight the Saracens in Iberia, though not in the Pyrenees.) <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Song_of_Roland">The Song of Roland</a></i>, which commemorates the battle, was written by an unknown poet of the 11th century. It is the earliest surviving of the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chansons_de_geste">chansons de geste</a></i> or epic poems of medieval France in the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langue_d%27o%C3%AFl">langue d'oïl</a></i>, of what would become the French language. There is a tombstone near the Roncevaux Pass commemorating the area where it is traditionally held that Roland died. Several traditions also state that Roland was slain by a child who, in time, would become the very first king of Navarre: </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B1igo_Arista"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Iñigo Arista</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>There is an alternate medieval Iberian legend involving </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_del_Carpio"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Bernardo del Carpio</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>, a medieval </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Leonese</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> hero, whom some stories hold to be the vanquisher of Roland at Roncevaux.</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Charlemagne the Opportunist </strong></font> </span></p><p><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Charlemagne, ever the savvy opportunist, saw a chance to expand the bounds of Christendom (and his own power) into Spain. He turned his attention away from the Saxons and prepared to head west. He marched across the Pyrenees with an amassed force—one portion going south through Catalonia and another going north through Gascony and the Basque Country. From there, al-Arabi added his own forces to those of Charlemagne. At about the same time, the governor of Zaragoza made an advance of his own against the Umayyads and decided his position of power had increased such that he did not need an alliance with the Franks and claimed to never have pledged allegiance to Charlemagne. Charlemagne then laid siege to Zaragoza and, after a month of the siege, decided to turn back and head home. </strong></font></p> <span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="wlWriterEditableSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:21f6ac6d-7a21-4d6b-9ea0-470de9fcfce3" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="04515bf3-6336-46e9-a0fe-f9508f29903c" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></div></div> </span><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Roncevaux Pass </strong></font> </span></p><p><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">So, the Frankish retreat began and on the way Charlemagne ordered the defensive walls of Pamplona to be destroyed. Enemies of the Franks began to form together. When the task at Pamplona was complete, the Franks again entered the Pyrenees proceeding through the narrow and heavily wooded Roncevaux Pass. It was here, on the evening of 15 August 778, that Charlemagne’s army was attacked from behind by a force composed mainly of Basques. The heavy arms and armor carried by the Frankish army put them at a further disadvantage in the cramped situation at Roncevaux. </strong></font></p> <span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:1494ee44-efae-4d67-bbfa-17255b68e0fa" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="25a2e7e9-ed7f-4749-924b-e8511ed4deb5" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/Hq9PvjVOpQo&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div> </span><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The Death of Roland </strong></font> </span></p><p><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Death of Roland" height="164" src="http://www.historyinanhour.com/siteimages/17/1/8/171877/2031193.jpg" title="Death of Roland" width="200" /></strong></font></p> <p><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">The Franks were caught so off-guard and unready that the ambush became a slaughter of the rearguard. Among the many killed were a number of noble military commanders including Roland, the governor of the Breton March, and Eggihard, an important mayor of the palace (a high-ranking Frankish government official). </strong></font></p> <span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:d0f22bc1-f047-4674-8b0f-549ef514de07" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="7393e708-d703-4388-9ac2-0211d073387d" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/ihIW4flSQSA&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div> </span><p><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">The <em>Song of Roland</em> turned this rout into an epic battle between 400,000 Muslim Saracens and Charlemagne’s substantial army. The Basques were, in fact, a Christian people and certainly not Saracen and there were almost certainly not 400,000 of them present that day at Roncevaux. Pictured is the moment of Roland's death, <em>Le Mort de Roalnd</em>, by Jean Fouquet (1420-1480) </strong></font></p> <span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:bb2fa921-6f2b-4a5e-be8e-2d995946e47d" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="b4304c4f-f7b2-446b-8c5f-a80f9905c57a" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/64fQYmoM7hc&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div> </span><p><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Nonetheless, the loss was large and embarrassing enough for Charlemagne to remain absent from the Iberian Peninsula for a number of years following. The chroniclers of Charlemagne’s life often avoided detracting from his remarkable reputation, but they did not remain silent about this defeat. The Battle of Roncevaux Pass did blemish the reign of Charlemagne somewhat, though perhaps not as much as purported by the <em>Song of Roland</em>. Nevertheless, the military career of “Father of Europe” before and after Roncevaux is no trifling matter and the Frankish army stands as one of the most dominant forces the world has ever seen.</strong></font></p></blockquote><p><br /></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Expansion of Charlemagne's Kingdom and Christianization of Northeastern Germany</font></strong><strong><br /><a name="Charlemagnes Conquests"><font color="#ff8000">775 - Charlemagne </font></a><font color="#ff8000">begins new attacks against the Saxons and their leader Widukind.<br />778 - The events surrounding the </font><a href="http://faculty.cua.edu/roncesvalles.htm"><font color="#ff8000">Song of Roland</font></a><font color="#ff8000"> take place as Charlemagne's rear guard leaves Spain in Gascon territory. Though somewhat romanticized in the 4000 line epic, the defeat of Roland is the most important epic literature to come from the Middle Ages.<br /></font></strong></span></p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:606dd430-e114-4ee5-922b-d8fa06cb952d" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="d7f8cf0e-ea76-4232-881f-159fb7427c46" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/zSYUgI28U2Q&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></span><p align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000">782 - In response to </font><a name="Widukind"><font color="#ff8000">Widukind</font></a><font color="#ff8000">'s attacks, Charlemagne orders the execution of 4500 Saxon prisoners in one day. </font><a href="http://faculty.cua.edu/Lecture%20Three/TopicFour.html#Charlemagnes_Chapel"><font color="#ff8000">Return to Topic Four</font></a><br /><font color="#ff8000">783 - On April 30, Hildegarde dies in childbirth, and Charlemagne's mother Bertrada dies three months later. Charles also begins the final three year campaign to conquer Saxony. The Saxons are finally crushed, and Charlemagne imposes strict new rules to govern all areas of their lives, laws that only the Christian Church in Saxony could remove.<br /></font></span></strong></p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:acebac17-7f7c-4d99-b51c-1490f18d8681" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="a4074ad8-696f-4b50-984e-81f11901089e" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/m4aFv9yO0LA&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></span><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">788 - Charles overpowers the Bavarians.<br />791 - 796 - Charlemagne conquers the empire of the Avars (modern Hungary and Austria.)</font></strong></p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><p align="justify"><br /></p></strong><b><font color="#ff8000">Charlemagne and the Papacy: Pope Leo III (795-816)</font></b><strong><p align="justify"><br /><a name="Coronation of Charlemagne"><font color="#ff8000">795 - On Christmas day</font></a><font color="#ff8000">, Pope Hadrian dies and Leo the Third is named the new Pope.<br />799 - Leo III was attacked while on a religious procession in Rome. After returning to health with Charlemagne, the Pope is sent back to Rome.<br />800 - Charles decides that the Papal situation in Rome needs his personal attention, so he and his entourage (including his children) went to Rome. After arriving, Charlemagne immediately called to order a trial for the Pope. There was a rebellion in Rome against the Pope, and the trial could neither condemn the Pope or find him innocent. Then however, Pope Leo took an oath of innocence near the holy tomb of Saint Peter.<br />Christmas Day, 800 - Charlemagne, after greatly helping Pope Leo III, is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. With much splendor and drama in Saint Peter's Basilica, Leo presented Charles with a gold crown. Emperor Charles V (1550-1558) was the last emperor to be crowned by the pope; Francis II (abdicated in 1806) was the last Holy Roman Emperor. </font><a href="http://faculty.cua.edu/NapoleonCrowned.htm"><font color="#ff8000">Napoleon crowned himself</font></a><font color="#ff8000">.<br />813 - Charlemagne delegates power to his only surviving son Louis.<br />814 - Charlemagne dies on January 28.</font></p></strong></span><blockquote><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong></strong><font color="#ff8000"> </font></span></p></blockquote><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 950px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="475"><blockquote><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">SONG OF ROLAND<br /></strong></font></p><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 650px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="325"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:e4315abc-3af1-49c2-a55f-2ae156f4dda4" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div id="691e619f-9226-46ca-956c-48757e24bec6" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/x6dusuQEUW0&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="325"><blockquote><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:7f32d44a-fc1f-4ddc-ba5e-c3cd9df3301b" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div id="286a633d-2dd5-4b5f-b2ef-2aea8243181a" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/LUkw5EXT_mA&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></span></div></blockquote></td></tr></tbody></table></blockquote><blockquote><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong></strong><font color="#ff8000"> </font></span></p></blockquote><blockquote><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">SONG OF ROLAND</strong></font></p></blockquote><blockquote><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Tyðå of work: Tale<br />Author: Unknown<br />Type of plot: Chivalric romance<br />Time of plot: About A.D. 800<br />Locale: Western Europe<br />First published: Chanson de Roland, twelfth century</strong></font></p></blockquote><blockquote><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong></strong><font color="#ff8000"> </font></span></p></blockquote><blockquote><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Loosely based upon an eighth century military incident involving a part of Charlemagne's army, The Song of Roland, one of the great medieval chansons de geste, is a composite of several hero legends interlaced with Christian moral sentiments.</strong></font></p></blockquote><blockquote><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Principal Characters<br />Emperor Charlemagne, also called King Charles<br />and Carlon, represented as being two hundred years old, with a flowing white beard, regal bearing, and undimin-ished vigor. He presides democratically over his court in an orchard near Cordova and accepts the majority view in favor of what proves to be a false peace pact with the Saracens. His militant zeal for Christianizing pagans is offset by his humble submission to fate when his beloved nephew Roland and twenty thousand of his troops are killed by Moorish forces in the Pass of Roncevaux. He laments the deaths of his men before taking terrible vengeance on their conquerors, but he is completely unmoved by the pleas of Ganelon, the traitor knight.<br />Roland, Duke of the Marches of Brittany and nephew of Charlemagne. The favorite of his uncle, he glories in his post as leader of the emperor's rearguard, the exposed flank of the French army on its homeward march from Spain. Roland is the most outspoken of the Twelve Peers, a hater of all pagans, and the enemy of Ganelon, his stepfather; and his suggestion that Ganelon be sent to negotiate the truce proposed by the Saracens seems designed as a test of that knight's loyalty and honor. Brave in battle, Roland is also rash to the point of folly and lacking in foresight. He is the owner of the famous sword Durendal and the horn called Oliphant, both possessing supernatural powers. When Saracens attack the French force in the Pass of Roncevaux, he refuses to blow his horn and summon the main army until it is too late. Relying on his own Durendal and Christian supremacy over pagan knights, he dies by his simple chivalric code after facing the enemy and performing prodigious feats of valor.<br />Oliver, Roland's friend and fellow Peer. His prudence is balanced against Roland's impetuosity, but his warnings are unable to save the day when the Saracen army attacks the French forces at Roncevaux. After estimating the enemy's strength he urges Roland to blow his horn, Oliphant, in order to summon Charlemagne and the chivalry of France riding ahead. Dismounted, he dies with honor, a ring of dead enemies piled about him.<br />Ganelon, also called Guenes, the traitor knight who nurses so deep a grudge against his stepson Roland that he conspires with Marsilion, the Saracen King of Sara-gossa, to betray the rearguard of the French army to the enemy. When Charlemagne hears the blast of Roland's horn, blown to summon aid of the emperor, Ganelon derides his ruler. Later he is arrested and charged with treason. After his champion has been defeated in an ordeal by combat, he is tied to four stallions that tear his body apart as they pursue a galloping mare.<br />Archbishop Turpin, the militant churchman of Rheims, killed at Roncevaux. He absolves Charlemagne's host of sin before the battle and urges all to die like Christian soldiers. It is he who finally persuades Roland to blow his horn, Oliphant (a blast that bursts Roland's temples and hurries his death), and it is he who survives long enough to arrange the bodies of the Twelve Peers so that Charlemagne will find them, avenge them, and give them Christian burial. Charlemagne orders his heart, like those of Roland and Oliver, preserved in urns.<br />Gerin, Gerier, Ives, Ivor, Othon, Berenger, Anseis, Samson, Gerard of Roussillon, and Engelier of Bordeaux, Charlemagne's Peers, also slain with Roland and Oliver.<br />Pinabel of Sorence, the knight who defends Ganelon, accused of treason, in an ordeal by battle.<br />Thierry, the younger brother of Duke Geoffrey of Anjou. He fights with and defeats Pinable of Sorence in the ordeal by battle that decides Ganelon's guilt.<br />Duke Naimon, Geoffrey, Duke of Anjou, Ogier the Dane, Count Jozeran of Provence, and Antelme of Mayence, Charlemagne's loyal vassels and trusted advisers.<br />Walter de Hum, a valorous French knight killed at Roncevaux.<br />Marsilion, also called Marsile, the Saracen King of Saragossa. Acting on the advice of one of his nobles, he sends envoys to Charlemagne with promises that he will<br />sign a treaty of peace and receive Christian baptism if the emperor will withdraw his army from Spain. He leads the Saracen host against the French rearguard at Ron-cevaux. After Roland severs his sword hand as they struggle in hand-to-hand combat, Marsilion leaves the battle. Later he dies in his castle at Saragossa.<br />Blancandrin, the crafty Saracen knight who suggests the treacherous proposal that King Marsilion makes to Charlemagne. Ganelon plots with Blancandrin the destruction of the Twelve Peers and the French host at Roncevaux.<br />Adelroth, the nephew of King Marsilion, Duke Fal-saron, King Corsablis, Malprimis of Brigale, The Emir of Balaguet, The Lord of Moriana, Turgis of Torte-losa, Escremiz of Valterne, Estorgan, Estramarin, Margaris of Seville, and Chernubles of Munigre, King Marsilion's Twelve Champions killed by the Twelve Peers at Roncevaux.<br />Baligant, the Emir of Babylon and the ally of King Marsilion. He brings a mighty army to attack the French under Emperor Charlemagne. After a fierce battle that lasts from early morning until dusk the Emir and Charlemagne engage in single combat. Charlemagne, wounded, is heartened by Saint Gabriel. His strength renewed, he strikes with his sword the helmet of his enemy and cleaves him to his beard. The Saracens, seeing their leader dead, flee.<br />Aude, betrothed to Roland. Hearing that her lover is dead, she falls at Charlemagne's feet and dies.<br />Bramimond, the widow of King Marsilion. Charlemagne takes her with him when he returns to France, where she is baptized and given a Christian name, Juliana.</strong></font></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="693" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-JR5Eexc2sxU/RmmSVhQsEcI/AAAAAAAADCM/WqESvqQUuZA/w923-h693/PICT1402.JPG" width="923" /></strong></font></p></blockquote><blockquote><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"> </font></p></blockquote><blockquote><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">The Story<br />The boy Roland grew up far from his home country and lived with his penniless mother in a cave formerly occupied by a lonely monk. Nevertheless, his mother had taught him that some day he should be a brave hero like his father, Milon, and serve with the great army of Charlemagne. When he asked his mother to tell him the story of his birth, he learned that through his father he was descended from great heroes of old, Trojan Hector on one side and Wotan, king of the Norse gods, on the other. His father, Milon, having incurred the wrath of Charlemagne for taking the king's sister, the Princess Bertha, as his wife, had come to Italy and there had died fighting pagans in single-handed combat.<br />One summer, when he was still only a lad, his friend Oliver, the son of a local prince, met him, and the two watched the coming of the great Charlemagne into Italy, where the king was to receive the blessing of the pope at Rome.<br />Roland was impressed by the royal pageant but not overawed. That night, he walked into Charlemagne's banquet hall and demanded his rights for himself and his mother. Amused by the boy's daring, Charlemagne ordered that Bertha be brought to him. When the emperor recognized his long-lost sister, he rejoiced and gave her and her son a place of honor in his court.</strong></font></p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:2372026b-394d-4f21-a0f5-a1fe06e33cbb" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="e3fb4d06-f8f6-4277-8f10-f6a21dd84dc6" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/m1ln18v67oI&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div><strong><p align="justify"><br /><font color="#ff8000">Roland's boyhood years passed quickly and with increasing honors. At first he was merely a page in the court—attending the ladies, carrying messages, and learning court etiquette. He was permitted to accompany the king's knights during war with the Saxons, and he was present when the swan knight, of the race of Lohengrin, appeared at the court of Charlemagne.<br /></font></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000">When Roland was fourteen years old, he became a squire and made the acquaintance of Ogier the Dane, a hostage prince at Charlemagne's court. The two boys became great friends. Then, urged by a new queen, Ogier's father, Duke Godfrey, planned a revolt against Charlemagne. In retaliation Charlemagne threatened to kill Ogier. Roland intervened and saved his friend's life.<br /></font></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000">In the meantime barbarians attacked Rome. In an effort to save the pope, Charlemagne ignored the rebellion of the Danes and set off to the south, taking Ogier with him as a prisoner. The great army was assisted on its passage across the Alps when a magnificent white stag appeared to lead the army through the mountain passes.</font></p><p align="justify"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/BLW_The_Battle_of_Roncevaux%2C_1475-1500.jpg"><font color="#ff8000"><img alt="File:BLW The Battle of Roncevaux, 1475-1500.jpg" height="599" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/BLW_The_Battle_of_Roncevaux%2C_1475-1500.jpg/777px-BLW_The_Battle_of_Roncevaux%2C_1475-1500.jpg" width="777" /></font></a><br /><font color="#ff8000">In the battles that followed, Charlemagne's army was divided. One force, led by the cowardly son of Charlemagne and the false knight Alory, attempted to retreat and placed the emperor's life in jeopardy. Roland and Ogier, aided by other squires, donned the garments of the cowards and saved the day. Charlemagne knighted them upon the battlefield.<br />One of the pagan knights proposed a personal combat. In this encounter Chariot, a son of Charlemagne, and Ogier met two barbarians, Prince Sadone and Karaheut. The pagans trapped Ogier and threatened to put him to death, but Chariot escaped. Karaheut, who was to have fought Ogier, rebelled against the unchivalrous action of his pagan prince and surrendered to Charlemagne, to be treated exactly as Ogier would be treated. Reinforcements came to the pagans, among them the giant king of Maiolgre. In a dispute over the marriage of Glorianda, a Danish prisoner, Ogier fought for Glorianda and put his enemy to rout. Charlemagne attacked at the same time. Ogier and Roland were reunited. The pope was restored to his throne.<br />Roland was invested with royal arms. His sword was the famous Durandal; his battle horn was the horn of his grandfather, Charles the Hammer. None but Roland could blow that horn. His armor was the best in the kingdom.</font></p></strong></span></blockquote></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:1cd83682-3dc5-4caa-bf29-3b783155b410" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="5fa7fb23-b38b-4be2-819e-5b8897c36ac1" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/a06PxF0a3mo&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></span><p align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><font color="#ff8000">A new war began when Count Gerard refused homage to the emperor. Oliver, grandson of the count, was among the knights opposed to Charlemagne. After the French had besieged the fortress of Viana for seven months, it was decided to settle the war by encounter between a champion from each army. Roland was chosen to fight for Charlemagne. Unknown to him, his adversary was to be Oliver, his boyhood friend. When the two discovered each other's identity, they embraced.<br />A few weeks later on a boar hunt near Viana, Charlemagne was captured by Count Gerard. The two leaders declared a truce, and Count Gerard agreed to be a faithful liege man of the emperor thereafter. Roland met Oliver's sister, Alda, and became betrothed to her.<br />At Christmastime the Princess of Cathay arrived with her brothers at Charlemagne's court. She proposed a contest between a Christian knight and her brother Argalia. If one of Charlemagne's knights were the victor, he should have her hand in marriage. If the knight were defeated, he should become a hostage. Malagis, the wizard, discovered that the princess and her brothers really sought by sorcery to destroy Charlemagne. He visited the apartment of the foreigners but was discovered by them. They complained and Charlemagne, not understanding the wizard's desire to help him, sentenced Malagis to be imprisoned in a hollow rock beneath the sea forever.<br /></font></span></strong></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">The jousts began. After Argalia had defeated the first knight, Ferrau, the fierce Moor, began combat. Unhorsed, the Moor fought Argalia on foot and overpowered him. Then the princess became invisible, and Argalia rode away, the Moor in pursuit.<br />In the forest of Ardennes, the Moor discovered Argalia sleeping, killed him without honor, and seized his wonderful helmet. Roland, having followed them, discovered the murder of Argalia and sought the Moor to punish him for his unknightly deed.<br />Reinold of Montalban found the Princess of Cathay in the forest after he had drunk from the waters of the fountain of Merlin, and the effect of this water was to make him see the princess as an ugly crone. She thought him handsome, but he felt disgust and hurried away. Roland discovered the Moor and challenged him to combat, but the Moor suddenly remembered that his liege lord in Spain was in need of his help and did not remain to fight with Roland.<br />When the Princess of Cathay saw the Moor wearing her brother's helmet, she knew a tragedy had occurred, and she transported herself by magic to her father's kingdom.<br /></font></strong></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Roland went on a quest to the Far East in search of the complete armor of Trojan Hector. Whether by chance or by evil design, he came to a fountain and there drank the water of forgetfulness. He was rescued by the Princess of Cathay and fought many battles for her sake, even though she was a pagan princess.<br />At last he came to the castle of the fairy queen, Morgan le Fay, where the armor of Trojan Hector was said to be hidden. Overcome for the first time, he failed to gain the armor and was ordered to return to the court of Charlemagne.<br />He arrived home in time to help the Danes resist an invasion of their country. When Ogier's father, Duke Godfrey, summoned help, Ogier and Roland set out for Denmark. The invaders fled. At the same time Ogier's father died, but Ogier, on the advice of Morgan le Fay, renounced his rights to his father's holdings in favor of his younger brother.<br />On his way back to France, Roland heard of a fierce ore said to be the property of Proteus. The ore devoured one beautiful maiden each day until Roland overcame it and was rewarded by Oberto, the king of Ireland, whose daughter he had saved.<br />In the meantime Charlemagne's forces were being attacked by the Saracens, and Roland set out to help Charlemagne's knights. On the way he was trapped in a wizard's castle. He was saved from this captivity by Bra-damant, a warrior maiden. She, having won a magic ring from the Princess of Cathay, overcame the wizard and released all the knights and ladies held prisoner in the wizard's castle.<br />Ferrau, the Moorish knight, lost the helmet he had stolen from Argalia and vowed he would never again wear a helmet until he should wear that of Roland. By trickery he managed to get Roland's helmet.<br />Roland was set upon by Mandricardo, the fierce knight to whom fortune had awarded the arms of Trojan Hector. They fought for the possession of Durandal, Roland's sword, the only part of Trojan Hector's equipment which Mandricardo did not possess. At last Mandricardo was forced to flee for his life.<br />Roland visited the forest where the Princess of Cathay and Medoro, a Moorish prince, had fallen in love. Some declared it was jealousy for the princess, but others declared it was sheer exhaustion which caused Roland now to lose his mind. He cast his armor away from him and went wandering helplessly through the forest. Mandricardo seized Durandal and made Roland his prisoner.<br />Astolpho and Oliver set out from the court of Charlemagne to save Roland. Astolpho journeyed on the back of a flying horse to the fabulous land of Prester John. Having freed Prester John from a flock of harpies, Astolpho journeyed to the rim of the moon and there saw stored all the things lost on earth. There he found Roland's common sense, which he brought back with him and returned to Roland so that the knight became his former self.<br />In a battle against the Saracens, the wicked Ganelon betrayed the knights of Charlemagne. Greatly outnumbered, they fell one by one to their enemies.<br />Roland, unwilling to call for help, refused to use his famous horn to summon aid, and he died last of all. Charlemagne, discovering the dead hero, declared a great day of mourning. Alda, the betrothed of Roland, fell dead and was buried with many honors. Then Charlemagne died and was buried with great pomp. Only Ogier the Dane remained, and it is said that Morgan le Fay carried him to Avalon where he lives in company with Arthur of the Round Table.<br />It is also said that Charlemagne dwells inside a vast mountain cave with all of his heroes gathered around him. There they wait for the day when they shall march out to avenge the wrongs of the world.</strong></font></p><blockquote><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"> </font></p></blockquote><blockquote><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Critical Evaluation<br />The Song of Roland is loosely associated with the romance literature—the adventure narratives—of medieval France. The romance is divided into three types on the basis of content. The first is the "Matter of Britain," dealing with Arthurian legend and Celtic lore. The second is the "Matter of Antiquity," taking its cue from the legends of Thebes, the legends of Troy (such as Geoffrey Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde, 1382), and the legends about Alexander the Great. The third is the "Matter of France," focusing on stories of Charlemagne and his circle as well as stories of William of Orange, drawn from the chansons de geste, or songs of great deeds. It is here that the Song of Roland becomes important, for it is, properly speaking, one of the songs of great deeds.<br />The chansons de geste are epic in nature, although the precise origins of the form are unknown. A popular literary form between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries, they are written in French verse—as were early romances; late romances were written in prose—using first a ten-syllable than a twelve-syllable (Alexandrine) line and assonance. Rhyme was substituted for assonance in the late chansons. The lines are grouped in stanzas—called laisses or tirades—of varying lengths, and series of chansons developed into story cycles dealing with a particular person, such as Charlemagne, or a particular theme, such as the conflict between Christians and Saracens. Like the classical epics, the chansons de geste concentrate—as implied by the name—on battles, heroic feats, and knightly ideals. Scant notice is paid to women or the theme of love. These tales furnish the material for the medieval romance; however, in the romance, the emphasis shifts from the heroic to the chivalric, from war to love, and from tragic seriousness to lighthearted adventure. Thus the Song of Roland, a chanson de geste, is a narrative of knights in battle, but Lodovico Ariosto's sixteenth century Orlando furioso (1516, 1521, 1532) concerns itself with a smitten Roland (Orlando) gone mad over hopeless infatuation with the faithless Angelica, the Princess of Cathay.<br />Some verification for the events narrated in the Song of Roland is provided independently of the poem in the "Annales regni Francorum" of Einhard (or Eginhard), Charlemagne's biographer and chronicler. On this basis, it is possible to pinpoint the essential Roland story as a Basque ambush, in A.D. 778, of the rearguard of Charlemagne's army during a retreat through the Pyrenees. One unusual aspect of the story is that it tells of a defeat— not that defeat was a total stranger in the epic world of chansons de geste, but rather the heroic ambience which pervaded the chansons precluded much talk of defeat. Several hypotheses have been offered to explain the apparent anomaly. One scholar traces the place-names mentioned in the poem to the pilgrimage route to the shrine of St. James of Compostella, theorizing that clerics on pilgrimage knitted the stories of Roland's defeat into an intrinsically Christian epic—in effect, an adaptation of history to a Christian poem. Another scholar construes the poem as a tribute to courage, loyalty, patriotism, and devotion in the face of overwhelming odds— in other words, a celebration of heroic ideals. A third scholar more plausibly approaches the problem by way of the poem's purpose. If, so the reasoning goes, the poem was written to glorify Charlemagne and Christianity, then Roland dies a martyr's death and Charlemagne's vengeance redounds to his credit as a Defender of the Faith. Whatever their other merits, these theories suggest two recurring themes in any reading of the Song of Roland: the religious and the heroic, both of them major preoccupations of the High Middle Ages.<br />The religious theme pits Christians against Saracens, imbuing the story with a strong crusading spirit. On the one hand, Charlemagne and his Peers display most, if not all, of the Seven Cardinal Virtues. Even the proud Roland dies humble and contrite, and Charlemagne's early indecision is resolved later in the poem when he becomes a courageous leader. The pagans, on the other hand, embody the Seven Deadly Sins. They are treacherous and greedy, fighting for personal glory or material gain rather than principle or faith. In this world of black-and-white morality, there are no good pagans, and the treasonous, deceitful Ganelon is severely punished for his perfidy. By contrast, the good Charlemagne is rewarded by the direct intervention of the Archangel Gabriel, who deals the pagan Saracens a final defeat by slaying their leader, Baligant, while God makes the sun stand still. Divine intervention even affects the trial of Ganelon. The Christian cause is never questioned, nor is there any doubt about its justice. The forced baptism of the Saracen captives is described without qualm, just as is the battlefield bloodshed. If contradictions appear to the modern reader, they certainly did not occur to the medieval mind, for religious faith—by no means the least of the Cardinal Virtues—obliterated any inconsistencies between, for example, the virtue of temperance and the slaughter of pagans.<br />The heroic theme in the Song of Roland is closely linked to the religious, since most heroic deeds are performed in the name of religious principle. The hero's role, however, requires dedication to ideals that have only peripheral, if any, relationship to religious precepts. Loyalty and bravery, for example, are held in high esteem, but they are such basic heroic ideals that they are more implicit than explicit in the poem. Decision of major issues and even major battles by single combat is another heroic ideal which often manifests itself in the poem. In addition, the motifs of victory-defeat and treason-vengeance weigh heavily in the balance of heroic ideals. Still another factor, which the modern reader might call "team spirit," is the knightly obligation to subsume individual or personal honor and glory in furtherance of the cause. Thus Roland's early pride, especially his insistence upon the force to subdue the Saracens and his subsequent refusal to blow his horn to summon Charlemagne's aid until all were dead or dying, was later brought low. Finally Roland regretted his stubborn pride in a vivid demonstration of the need for that heroic ideal, teamwork. Not all is a self-evident exercise in primitive democracy. Charlemagne's word was still law, although the most powerful peers insisted upon a voice in decision making; nor is there much attention paid to morality (as distinct from ethics) or to social courtesies. In fact, a pristine system of social and political justice characterized Charlemagne's court as an essential ingredient in the heroic ideal, quite apart from religious considerations altogether. Thus, the unique features of the heroic ideal are distinguishable from religious precepts.</strong></font></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2528/3686081959_8360d37137_z.jpg?zz=1" /></font></span></p><p><strong><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><font color="#ff8000">All in all, the Song of Roland is a remarkable panorama of medieval life and thought, imaginatively perceived. To those who would say that it is false history, one can answer only with the cliche that fiction is often truer than history, for in the Song of Roland such is the case. The poem affords so vivid a picture of medieval reality that its historical accuracy is irrelevant; it presents psychological, emotional, and sociological realities that transcend factual data to reach a new plateau of reality, one reflecting the spirit of the times rather than the substance. In this sense the Song of Roland is, despite its ethical simplicities and its literary primitiveness, remarkably successful as a document of the medieval spirit, a characteristic that may explain its enduring popularity for nearly one thousand years.</font></span></strong></p><p></p><p></p></blockquote><blockquote><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">Song of Roland<br /></font></strong></p></blockquote><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p><blockquote><p align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></p></blockquote><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:5a1c01f8-de54-4601-9d1f-7eb770a15c1a" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="8a1eab0c-ca39-42c5-bb4d-6247b61da252" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/SQYigCUcZjg&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div><div class="wlWriterEditableSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:1fa6370b-1223-48e6-ad51-68e2d98b0b8e" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="b8c09541-0a86-418b-9907-ed976b1e7646" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></div></div></span><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 950px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="950"><blockquote><p align="justify"><br /></p></blockquote><blockquote></blockquote></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 950px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="316"><blockquote><p><i><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"></strong></font></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><i><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="819" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/3xZ5HYBq6_0" width="984" youtube-src-id="3xZ5HYBq6_0"></iframe></strong></font></i></div><i><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br />Translation of Charles Scott Moncrief</strong></font></i><p></p></blockquote><blockquote><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><strong></strong></font></blockquote><blockquote><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><strong></strong></font></blockquote><blockquote><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><strong></strong></font></blockquote><blockquote><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><strong></strong></font></blockquote><blockquote><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><strong></strong></font></blockquote><blockquote><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>I</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Charles the King, our Lord and Sovereign,<br />Full seven years hath sojourned in Spain,<br />Conquered the land, and won the western main,<br />Now no fortress against him doth remain,<br />No city walls are left for him to gain,<br />Save Sarraguce, that sits on high mountain.<br />Marsile its King, who feareth not God's name,<br />Mahumet's man, he invokes Apollin's aid,<br />Nor wards off ills that shall to him attain.<br />AOI.<br /></strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>II</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>King Marsilies he lay at Sarraguce,<br />Went he his way into an orchard cool;<br />There on a throne he sate, of marble blue,<br />Round him his men, full twenty thousand, stood.<br />Called he forth then his counts, also his dukes:<br />"My Lords, give ear to our impending doom:<br />That Emperour, Charles of France the Douce,<br />Into this land is come, us to confuse.<br />I have no host in battle him to prove,<br />Nor have I strength his forces to undo.<br />Counsel me then, ye that are wise and true;<br />Can ye ward off this present death and dule?"<br />What word to say no pagan of them knew,<br />Save Blancandrin, of th' Castle of Val Funde.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>III</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Blancandrins was a pagan very wise,<br />In vassalage he was a gallant knight,<br />First in prowess, he stood his lord beside.<br />And thus he spoke: "Do not yourself affright!<br />Yield to Carlun, that is so big with pride,<br />Faithful service, his friend and his ally;<br />Lions and bears and hounds for him provide,<br />Thousand mewed hawks, sev'n hundred camelry;<br />Silver and gold, four hundred mules load high;<br />Fifty wagons his wrights will need supply,<br />Till with that wealth he pays his soldiery.<br />War hath he waged in Spain too long a time,<br />To Aix, in France, homeward he will him hie.<br />Follow him there before Saint Michael's tide,<br />You shall receive and hold the Christian rite;<br />Stand honour bound, and do him fealty.<br />Send hostages, should he demand surety,<br />Ten or a score, our loyal oath to bind;<br />Send him our sons, the first-born of our wives; --<br />An he be slain, I'll surely furnish mine.<br />Better by far they go, though doomed to die,<br />Than that we lose honour and dignity,<br />And be ourselves brought down to beggary."<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>IV</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Says Blancandrins: "By my right hand, I say,<br />And by this beard, that in the wind doth sway,<br />The Frankish host you'll see them all away;<br />Franks will retire to France their own terrain.<br />When they are gone, to each his fair domain,<br />In his Chapelle at Aix will Charles stay,<br />High festival will hold for Saint Michael.<br />Time will go by, and pass the appointed day;<br />Tidings of us no Frank will hear or say.<br />Proud is that King, and cruel his courage;<br />From th' hostage he'll slice their heads away.<br />Better by far their heads be shorn away,<br />Than that ourselves lose this clear land of Spain,<br />Than that ourselves do suffer grief and pain."<br />"That is well said. So be it." the pagans say.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>V</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The council ends, and that King Marsilie<br />Calleth aside Clarun of Balaguee,<br />Estramarin and Eudropin his peer,<br />And Priamun and Guarlan of the beard,<br />And Machiner and his uncle Mahee,<br />With Jouner, Malbien from over sea,<br />And Blancandrin, good reason to decree:<br />Ten hath he called, were first in felony.<br />"Gentle Barons, to Charlemagne go ye;<br />He is in siege of Cordres the city.<br />In your right hands bear olive-branches green<br />Which signify Peace and Humility.<br />If you by craft contrive to set me free,<br />Silver and gold, you'll have your fill of me,<br />Manors and fiefs, I'll give you all your need."<br />"We have enough," the pagans straight agree.<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>VI</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>King Marsilies, his council finishing,<br />Says to his men : "Go now, my lords, to him,<br />Olive-branches in your right hands bearing;<br />Bid ye for me that Charlemagne, the King,<br />In his God's name to shew me his mercy;<br />Ere this new moon wanes, I shall be with him;<br />One thousand men shall be my following;<br />I will receive the rite of christening,<br />Will be his man, my love and faith swearing;<br />Hostages too, he'll have, if so he will."<br />Says Blancandrins: "Much good will come of this."<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>VII</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Ten snow-white mules then ordered Marsilie,<br />Gifts of a King, the King of Suatilie.<br />Bridled with gold, saddled in silver clear;<br />Mounted them those that should the message speak,<br />In their right hands were olive-branches green.<br />Came they to Charle, that holds all France in fee,<br />Yet cannot guard himself from treachery.<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>VIII</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Merry and bold is now that Emperour,<br />Cordres he holds, the walls are tumbled down,<br />His catapults have battered town and tow'r.<br />Great good treasure his knights have placed in pound,<br />Silver and gold and many a jewelled gown.<br />In that city there is no pagan now<br />But he been slain, or takes the Christian vow.<br />The Emperour is in a great orchard ground<br />Where Oliver and Rollant stand around,<br />Sansun the Duke and Anseis the proud,<br />Gefreid d'Anjou, that bears his gonfaloun;<br />There too Gerin and Geriers are found.<br />Where they are found, is seen a mighty crowd,<br />Fifteen thousand, come out of France the Douce.<br />On white carpets those knights have sate them down,<br />At the game-boards to pass an idle hour; --<br />Chequers the old, for wisdom most renowned,<br />While fence the young and lusty bachelours.<br />Beneath a pine, in eglantine embow'red,<br />l Stands a fald-stool, fashioned of gold throughout;<br />There sits the King, that holds Douce France in pow'r;<br />White is his beard, and blossoming-white his crown,<br />Shapely his limbs, his countenance is proud.<br />Should any seek, no need to point him out.<br />The messengers, on foot they get them down,<br />And in salute full courteously they lout.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>IX</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The foremost word of all Blancandrin spake,<br />And to the King: "May God preserve you safe,<br />The All Glorious, to Whom ye're bound to pray!<br />Proud Marsilies this message bids me say:<br />Much hath he sought to find salvation's way;<br />Out of his wealth meet presents would he make,<br />Lions and bears, and greyhounds leashed on chain,<br />Thousand mewed hawks, sev'n hundred dromedrays,<br />Four hundred mules his silver shall convey,<br />Fifty wagons you'll need to bear away<br />Golden besants, such store of proved assay,<br />Wherewith full tale your soldiers you can pay.<br />Now in this land you've been too long a day<br />Hie you to France, return again to Aix;<br />Thus saith my Lord, he'll follow too that way."<br />That Emperour t'wards God his arms he raised<br />Lowered his head, began to meditate.<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>X</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>That Emperour inclined his head full low;<br />Hasty in speech he never was, but slow:<br />His custom was, at his leisure he spoke.<br />When he looks up, his face is very bold,<br />He says to them: "Good tidings have you told.<br />King Marsilies hath ever been my foe.<br />These very words you have before me told,<br />In what measure of faith am I to hold?"<br />That Sarrazin says, "Hostages he'll show;<br />Ten shall you take, or fifteen or a score.<br />Though he be slain, a son of mine shall go,<br />Any there be you'll have more nobly born.<br />To your palace seigneurial when you go,<br />At Michael's Feast, called in periculo;<br />My Lord hath said, thither will he follow<br />Ev'n to your baths, that God for you hath wrought;<br />There is he fain the Christian faith to know."<br />Answers him Charles: "Still may he heal his soul."<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XI</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Clear shone the sun in a fair even-tide;<br />Those ten men's mules in stall he bade them tie.<br />Also a tent in the orchard raise on high,<br />Those messengers had lodging for the night;<br />Dozen serjeants served after them aright.<br />Darkling they lie till comes the clear daylight.<br />That Emperour does with the morning rise;<br />Matins and Mass are said then in his sight.<br />Forth goes that King, and stays beneath a pine;<br />Barons he calls, good counsel to define,<br />For with his Franks he's ever of a mind.<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XII</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>That Emperour, beneath a pine he sits,<br />Calls his barons, his council to begin:<br />Oger the Duke, that Archbishop Turpin,<br />Richard the old, and his nephew Henry,<br />From Gascony the proof Count Acolin,<br />Tedbald of Reims and Milun his cousin:<br />With him there were Gerers, also Gerin,<br />And among them the Count Rollant came in,<br />And Oliver, so proof and so gentil.<br />Franks out of France, a thousand chivalry;<br />Guenes came there, that wrought the treachery.<br />The Council then began, which ended ill.<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XIII</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>"My Lords Barons," says the Emperour then, Charles,<br />"King Marsilies hath sent me his messages;<br />Out of his wealth he'll give me weighty masses.<br />Greyhounds on leash and bears and lions also,<br />Thousand mewed hawks and seven hundred camels,<br />Four hundred mules with gold Arabian charged,<br />Fifty wagons, yea more than fifty drawing.<br />But into France demands he my departure;<br />He'll follow me to Aix, where is my Castle;<br />There he'll receive the law of our Salvation:<br />Christian he'll be, and hold from me his marches.<br />But I know not what purpose in his heart is."<br />Then say the Franks: "Beseems us act with caution!"<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XIV</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>That Emperour hath ended now his speech.<br />The Count Rollanz, he never will agree,<br />Quick to reply, he springs upon his feet;<br />And to the King, "Believe not Marsilie.<br />Seven years since, when into Spain came we,<br />I conquer'd you Noples also Commibles,<br />And took Valterne, and all the land of Pine,<br />And Balaguet, and Tuele, and Sezilie.<br />Traitor in all his ways was Marsilies;<br />Of his pagans he sent you then fifteen,<br />Bearing in hand their olive-branches green:<br />Who, ev'n as now, these very words did speak.<br />You of your Franks a Council did decree,<br />Praised they your words that foolish were in deed.<br />Two of your Counts did to the pagan speed,<br />Basan was one, and the other Basilie:<br />Their heads he took on th' hill by Haltilie.<br />War have you waged, so on to war proceed,<br />To Sarraguce lead forth your great army.<br />All your life long, if need be, lie in siege,<br />Vengeance for those the felon slew to wreak."<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XV</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>That Emperour he sits with lowering front,<br />He clasps his chin, his beard his fingers tug,<br />Good word nor bad, his nephew not one.<br />Franks hold their peace, but only Guenelun<br />Springs to his feet, and comes before Carlun;<br />Right haughtily his reason he's begun,<br />And to the King: "Believe not any one,<br />My word nor theirs, save whence your good shall come.<br />Since he sends word, that King Marsiliun,<br />Homage he'll do, by finger and by thumb;<br />Throughout all Spain your writ alone shall run<br />Next he'll receive our rule of Christendom<br />Who shall advise, this bidding be not done,<br />Deserves not death, since all to death must come.<br />Counsel of pride is wrong: we've fought enough.<br />Leave we the fools, and with the wise be one."<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XVI</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>And after him came Neimes out, the third,<br />Better vassal there was not in the world;<br />And to the King: "Now rightly have you heard<br />Guenes the Count, what answer he returned.<br />Wisdom was there, but let it well be heard.<br />King Marsilies in war is overturned,<br />His castles all in ruin have you hurled,<br />With catapults his ramparts have you burst,<br />Vanquished his men, and all his cities burned;<br />Him who entreats your pity do not spurn,<br />Sinners were they that would to war return;<br />With hostages his faith he would secure;<br />Let this great war no longer now endure."<br />"Well said the Duke." Franks utter in their turn.<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XVII</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>"My lords barons, say whom shall we send up<br />To Sarraguce, to King Marsiliun?"<br />Answers Duke Neimes: "I'll go there for your love;<br />Give me therefore the wand, also the glove."<br />Answers the King: "Old man of wisdom pruff;<br />By this white beard, and as these cheeks are rough,<br />You'll not this year so far from me remove;<br />Go sit you down, for none hath called you up."</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XVIII</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>"My lords barons, say whom now can we send<br />To th' Sarrazin that Sarraguce defends?"<br />Answers Rollanz: "I might go very well."<br />"Certes, you'll not," says Oliver his friend,<br />"For your courage is fierce unto the end,<br />I am afraid you would misapprehend.<br />If the King wills it I might go there well."<br />Answers the King: "Be silent both on bench;<br />Your feet nor his, I say, shall that way wend.<br />Nay, by this beard, that you have seen grow blench,<br />The dozen peers by that would stand condemned.<br />Franks hold their peace; you'd seen them all silent.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XIX</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Turpins of Reins is risen from his rank,<br />Says to the King: "In peace now leave your Franks.<br />For seven years you've lingered in this land<br />They have endured much pain and sufferance.<br />Give, Sire, to me the clove, also the wand,<br />I will seek out the Spanish Sarazand,<br />For I believe his thoughts I understand."<br />That Emperour answers intolerant:<br />"Go, sit you down on yonder silken mat;<br />And speak no more, until that I command."<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XX</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>"Franks, chevaliers," says the Emperour then, Charles,<br />"Choose ye me out a baron from my marches,<br />To Marsilie shall carry back my answer."<br />Then says Rollanz: "There's Guenes, my goodfather."<br />Answer the Franks: "For he can wisely manage;<br />So let him go, there's none you should send rather."<br />And that count Guenes is very full of anguish;<br />Off from his neck he flings the pelts of marten,<br />And on his feet stands clear in silken garment.<br />Proud face he had, his eyes with colour, sparkled;<br />Fine limbs he had, his ribs were broadly arched<br />So fair he seemed that all the court regarded.<br />Says to Rollant: "Fool, wherefore art so wrathful?<br />All men know well that I am thy goodfather;<br />Thou hast decreed, to Marsiliun I travel.<br />Then if God grant that I return hereafter,<br />I'll follow thee with such a force of passion<br />That will endure so long as life may last thee."<br />Answers Rollanz: "Thou'rt full of pride and madness.<br />All men know well, I take no thought for slander;<br />But some wise man, surely, should bear the answer;<br />If the King will, I'm ready to go rather."<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XXI</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Answers him Guene: "Thou shalt not go for me.<br />Thou'rt not my man, nor am I lord of thee.<br />Charles commnds that I do his decree,<br />To Sarraguce going to Marsilie;<br />There I will work a little trickery,<br />This mighty wrath of mine I'll thus let free."<br />When Rollanz heard, began to laugh for glee.<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XXII</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>When Guenes sees that Rollant laughs at it,<br />Such grief he has, for rage he's like to split,<br />A little more, and he has lost his wit:<br />Says to that count: "I love you not a bit;<br />A false judgement you bore me when you chid.<br />Right Emperour, you see me where you sit,<br />I will your word accomplish, as you bid.<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XXIII</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>"To Sarraguce I must repair, 'tis plain;<br />Whence who goes there returns no more again.<br />Your sister's hand in marriage have I ta'en;<br />And I've a son, there is no prettier swain:<br />Baldwin, men say he shews the knightly strain.<br />To him I leave my honours and domain.<br />Care well for him; he'll look for me in vain."<br />Answers him Charles: "Your heart is too humane.<br />When I command, time is to start amain."<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XXIV</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Then says the King: "Guenes, before me stand;<br />And take from me the glove, also the wand.<br />For you have heard, you're chosen by the Franks,"<br />"Sire," answers Guenes, " all this is from Rollanz;<br />I'll not love him, so long as I'm a man,<br />Nor Oliver, who goes at his right hand;<br />The dozen peers, for they are of his band,<br />All I defy, as in your sight I stand."<br />Then says the King: "Over intolerant.<br />Now certainly you go when I command."<br />"And go I can; yet have I no warrant<br />Basile had none nor his brother Basant."</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XXV</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>His right hand glove that Emperour holds out;<br />But the count Guenes elsewhere would fain be found ;<br />When he should take, it falls upon the ground.<br />Murmur the Franks: "God! What may that mean now?<br />By this message great loss shall come about."<br />"Lordings," says Guene, "You'll soon have news enow."</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XXVI</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>"Now," Guenes said, "give me your orders, Sire;<br />Since I must go, why need I linger, I?"<br />Then said the King "In Jesu's Name and mine!"<br />With his right hand he has absolved and signed,<br />Then to his care the wand and brief confides.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XXVII</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Guenes the count goes to his hostelry,<br />Finds for the road his garments and his gear,<br />All of the best he takes that may appear:<br />Spurs of fine gold he fastens on his feet,<br />And to his side Murgles his sword of steel.<br />On Tachebrun, his charger, next he leaps,<br />His uncle holds the stirrup, Guinemere.<br />Then you had seen so many knights to weep,<br />Who all exclaim: "Unlucky lord, indeed!<br />In the King's court these many years you've been,<br />Noble vassal, they say that have you seen.<br />He that for you this journey has decreed<br />King Charlemagne will never hold him dear.<br />The Count Rollant, he should not so have deemed,<br />Knowing you were born of very noble breed."<br />After they say: "Us too, Sire, shall he lead."<br />Then answers Guenes: "Not so, the Lord be pleased!<br />Far better one than many knights should bleed.<br />To France the Douce, my lords, you soon shall speed,<br />On my behalf my gentle wife you'll greet,<br />And Pinabel, who is my friend and peer,<br />And Baldewin, my son, whom you have seen;<br />His rights accord and help him in his need."<br />-- Rides down the road, and on his way goes he.<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XXVIII</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Guenes canters on, and halts beneath a tree;<br />Where Sarrazins assembled he may see,<br />With Blancandrins, who abides his company.<br />Cunning and keen they speak then, each to each,<br />Says Blancandrins: "Charles, what a man is he,<br />Who conquered Puille and th'whole of Calabrie;<br />Into England he crossed the bitter sea,<br />To th' Holy Pope restored again his fee.<br />What seeks he now of us in our country?"<br />Then answers Guene "So great courage hath he;<br />Never was man against him might succeed."<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XXIX</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Says Blancandrins "Gentle the Franks are found;<br />Yet a great wrong these dukes do and these counts<br />Unto their lord, being in counsel proud;<br />Him and themselves they harry and confound."<br />Guenes replies: "There is none such, without<br />Only Rollanz, whom shame will yet find out.<br />Once in the shade the King had sate him down;<br />His nephew came, in sark of iron brown,<br />Spoils he had won, beyond by Carcasoune,<br />Held in his hand an apple red and round.<br />"Behold, fair Sire," said Rollanz as he bowed,<br />"Of all earth's kings I bring you here the crowns."<br />His cruel pride must shortly him confound,<br />Each day t'wards death he goes a little down,<br />When he be slain, shall peace once more abound."<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XXX</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Says Blancandrins: "A cruel man, Rollant,<br />That would bring down to bondage every man,<br />And challenges the peace of every land.<br />With what people takes he this task in hand?"<br />And answers Guene: "The people of the Franks;<br />They love him so, for men he'll never want.<br />Silver and gold he show'rs upon his band,<br />Chargers and mules, garments and silken mats.<br />The King himself holds all by his command;<br />From hence to the East he'll conquer sea and land."<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XXXI</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Cantered so far then Blancandrins and Guene<br />Till each by each a covenant had made<br />And sought a plan, how Rollant might be slain.<br />Cantered so far by valley and by plain<br />To Sarraguce beneath a cliff they came.<br />There a fald-stool stood in a pine-tree's shade,<br />Enveloped all in Alexandrin veils;<br />There was the King that held the whole of Espain,<br />Twenty thousand of Sarrazins his train;<br />Nor was there one but did his speech contain,<br />Eager for news, till they might hear the tale.<br />Haste into sight then Blancandrins and Guene.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XXXII</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Blancandrin comes before Marsiliun,<br />Holding the hand of county Guenelun;<br />Says to the King "Lord save you, Sire, Mahum<br />And Apollin, whose holy laws here run!<br />Your message we delivered to Charlun,<br />Both his two hands he raised against the sun,<br />Praising his God, but answer made he none.<br />He sends you here his noblest born barun,<br />Greatest in wealth, that out of France is come;<br />From him you'll hear if peace shall be, or none."<br />"Speak," said Marsile: "We'll hear him, every one."<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XXXIII</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>But the count Guenes did deeply meditate;<br />Cunning and keen began at length, and spake<br />Even as one that knoweth well the way;<br />And to the King: "May God preserve you safe,<br />The All Glorious, to whom we're bound to pray<br />Proud Charlemagne this message bids me say:<br />You must receive the holy Christian Faith,<br />And yield in fee one half the lands of Spain.<br />If to accord this tribute you disdain,<br />Taken by force and bound in iron chain<br />You will be brought before his throne at Aix;<br />Judged and condemned you'll be, and shortly slain,<br />Yes, you will die in misery and shame."<br />King Marsilies was very sore afraid,<br />Snatching a dart, with golden feathers gay,<br />He made to strike: they turned aside his aim.<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XXXIV</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>King Marsilies is turn'ed white with rage,<br />His feathered dart he brandishes and shakes.<br />Guenes beholds: his sword in hand he takes,<br />Two fingers' width from scabbard bares the blade;<br />And says to it: "O clear and fair and brave;<br />Before this King in court we'll so behave,<br />That the Emperour of France shall never say<br />In a strange land I'd thrown my life away<br />Before these chiefs thy temper had essayed."<br />"Let us prevent this fight:" the pagans say.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XXXV</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Then Sarrazins implored him so, the chiefs,<br />On the faldstoel Marsillies took his seat.<br />"Greatly you harm our cause," says the alcaliph:<br />"When on this Frank your vengeance you would wreak;<br />Rather you should listen to hear him speak."<br />"Sire," Guenes says, "to suffer I am meek.<br />I will not fail, for all the gold God keeps,<br />Nay, should this land its treasure pile in heaps,<br />But I will tell, so long as I be free,<br />What Charlemagne, that Royal Majesty,<br />Bids me inform his mortal enemy."<br />Guenes had on a cloke of sable skin,<br />And over it a veil Alexandrin;<br />These he throws down, they're held by Blancandrin;<br />But not his sword, he'll not leave hold of it,<br />In his right hand he grasps the golden hilt.<br />The pagans say. "A noble baron, this."<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XXXVI</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Before the King's face Guenes drawing near<br />Says to him "Sire, wherefore this rage and fear?<br />Seeing you are, by Charles, of Franks the chief,<br />Bidden to hold the Christians' right belief.<br />One half of Spain he'll render as your fief<br />The rest Rollanz, his nephew, shall receive,<br />Proud parcener in him you'll have indeed.<br />If you will not to Charles this tribute cede,<br />To you he'll come, and Sarraguce besiege;<br />Take you by force, and bind you hands and feet,<br />Bear you outright ev'n unto Aix his seat.<br />You will not then on palfrey nor on steed,<br />Jennet nor mule, come cantering in your speed;<br />Flung you will be on a vile sumpter-beast;<br />Tried there and judged, your head you will not keep.<br />Our Emperour has sent you here this brief."<br />He's given it into the pagan's nief.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XXXVII</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Now Marsilies, is turn'ed white with ire,<br />He breaks the seal and casts the wax aside,<br />Looks in the brief, sees what the King did write:<br />"Charles commands, who holds all France by might,<br />I bear in mind his bitter grief and ire;<br />'Tis of Basan and 's brother Basilye,<br />Whose heads I took on th' hill by Haltilye.<br />If I would save my body now alive,<br />I must despatch my uncle the alcalyph,<br />Charles will not love me ever otherwise."<br />After, there speaks his son to Marsilye,<br />Says to the King: "In madness spoke this wight.<br />So wrong he was, to spare him were not right;<br />Leave him to me, I will that wrong requite."<br />When Guenes hears, he draws his sword outright,<br />Against the trunk he stands, beneath that pine.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XXXVIII</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The King is gone into that orchard then;<br />With him he takes the best among his men;<br />And Blancandrins there shews his snowy hair,<br />And Jursalet, was the King's son and heir,<br />And the alcaliph, his uncle and his friend.<br />Says Blancandrins: "Summon the Frank again,<br />In our service his faith to me he's pledged."<br />Then says the King: "So let him now be fetched."<br />He's taken Guenes by his right finger-ends,<br />And through the orchard straight to the King they wend.<br />Of treason there make lawless parliament.<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XXXIX</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>"Fair Master Guenes," says then King Marsilie,<br />"I did you now a little trickery,<br />Making to strike, I shewed my great fury.<br />These sable skins take as amends from me,<br />Five hundred pounds would not their worth redeem.<br />To-morrow night the gift shall ready be."<br />Guene answers him: "I'll not refuse it, me.<br />May God be pleased to shew you His mercy."<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XL</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Then says Marsile "Guenes, the truth to ken,<br />Minded I am to love you very well.<br />Of Charlemagne I wish to hear you tell,<br />He's very old, his time is nearly spent,<br />Two hundred years he's lived now, as 'tis said.<br />Through many lands his armies he has led,<br />So many blows his buckled shield has shed,<br />And so rich kings he's brought to beg their bread;<br />What time from war will he draw back instead?"<br />And answers Guenes: "Not so was Charles bred.<br />There is no man that sees and knows him well<br />But will proclaim the Emperour's hardihead.<br />Praise him as best I may, when all is said,<br />Remain untold, honour and goodness yet.<br />His great valour how can it be counted?<br />Him with such grace hath God illumined,<br />Better to die than leave his banneret."</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XLI</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The pagan says: "You make me marvel sore<br />At Charlemagne, who is so old and hoar;<br />Two hundred years, they say, he's lived and more.<br />So many lands he's led his armies o'er,<br />So many blows from spears and lances borne,<br />And so rich kings brought down to beg and sorn,<br />When will time come that he draws back from war?"<br />"Never," says Guenes, "so long as lives his nephew;<br />No such vassal goes neath the dome of heaven;<br />And proof also is Oliver his henchman;<br />The dozen peers, whom Charl'es holds so precious,<br />These are his guards, with other thousands twenty.<br />Charles is secure, he holds no man in terror."<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XLII</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Says Sarrazin: "My wonder yet is grand<br />At Charlemagne, who hoary is and blanched.<br />Two hundred years and more, I understand,<br />He has gone forth and conquered many a land,<br />Such blows hath borne from many a trenchant lance,<br />Vanquished and slain of kings so rich a band,<br />When will time come that he from war draws back?"<br />"Never," says Guene, "so long as lives Rollanz,<br />From hence to the East there is no such vassal;<br />And proof also, Oliver his comrade;<br />The dozen peers he cherishes at hand,<br />These are his guard, with twenty thousand Franks.<br />Charles is secure, he fears no living man."<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XLIII</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>"Fair Master Guenes," says Marsilies the King,<br />"Such men are mine, fairer than tongue can sing,<br />Of knights I can four hundred thousand bring<br />So I may fight with Franks and with their King."<br />Answers him Guenes: "Not on this journeying<br />Save of pagans a great loss suffering.<br />Leave you the fools, wise counsel following;<br />To the Emperour such wealth of treasure give<br />That every Frank at once is marvelling.<br />For twenty men that you shall now send in<br />To France the Douce he will repair, that King;<br />In the rereward will follow after him<br />Both his nephew, count Rollant, as I think,<br />And Oliver, that courteous paladin;<br />Dead are the counts, believe me if you will.<br />Charles will behold his great pride perishing,<br />For battle then he'll have no more the skill.<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XLIV</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Fair Master Guene," says then King Marsilie,<br />"Shew the device, how Rollant slain may be."<br />Answers him Guenes: "That will I soon make clear<br />The King will cross by the good pass of Size,<br />A guard he'll set behind him, in the rear;<br />His nephew there, count Rollant, that rich peer,<br />And Oliver, in whom he well believes;<br />Twenty thousand Franks in their company<br />Five score thousand pagans upon them lead,<br />Franks unawares in battle you shall meet,<br />Bruised and bled white the race of Franks shall be;<br />I do not say, but yours shall also bleed.<br />Battle again deliver, and with speed.<br />So, first or last, from Rollant you'll be freed.<br />You will have wrought a high chivalrous deed,<br />Nor all your life know war again, but peace.<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XLV</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>"Could one achieve that Rollant's life was lost,<br />Charle's right arm were from his body torn;<br />Though there remained his marvellous great host,<br />He'ld not again assemble in such force;<br />Terra Major would languish in repose."<br />Marsile has heard, he's kissed him on the throat;<br />Next he begins to undo his treasure-store.<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XLVI</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Said Marsilie -- but now what more said they? --<br />"No faith in words by oath unbound I lay;<br />Swear me the death of Rollant on that day."<br />Then answered Guene: "So be it, as you say."<br />On the relics, are in his sword Murgles,<br />Treason he's sworn, forsworn his faith away.<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XLVII</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Was a fald-stool there, made of olifant.<br />A book thereon Marsilies bade them plant,<br />In it their laws, Mahum's and Tervagant's.<br />He's sworn thereby, the Spanish Sarazand,<br />In the rereward if he shall find Rollant,<br />Battle to himself and all his band,<br />And verily he'll slay him if he can.<br />And answered Guenes: "So be it, as you command!"<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XLVIII</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>In haste there came a pagan Valdabrun,<br />Warden had been to King Marsiliun,<br />Smiling and clear, he's said to Guenelun,<br />"Take now this sword, and better sword has none;<br />Into the hilt a thousand coins are run.<br />To you, fair sir, I offer it in love;<br />Give us your aid from Rollant the barun,<br />That in rereward against him we may come."<br />Guenes the count answers: "It shall-be done."<br />Then, cheek and chin, kissed each the other one.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XLIX</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>After there came a pagan, Climorins,<br />Smiling and clear to Guenelun begins:<br />"Take now my helm, better is none than this;<br />But give us aid, on Rollant the marquis,<br />By what device we may dishonour bring."<br />"It shall be done." Count Guenes answered him;<br />On mouth and cheek then each the other kissed.<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>L</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>In haste there came the Queen forth, Bramimound;<br />"I love you well, sir," said she to the count,<br />"For prize you dear my lord and all around;<br />Here for your wife I have two brooches found,<br />Amethysts and jacynths in golden mount;<br />More worth are they than all the wealth of Roum;<br />Your Emperour has none such, I'll be bound."<br />He's taken them, and in his hosen pouched.<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>LI</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The King now calls Malduiz, that guards his treasure.<br />"Tribute for Charles, say, is it now made ready?"<br />He answers him: "Ay, Sire, for here is plenty<br />Silver and gold on hundred camels seven,<br />And twenty men, the gentlest under heaven."<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>LII</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Marsilie's arm Guene's shoulder doth enfold;<br />He's said to him: "You are both wise and bold.<br />Now, by the law that you most sacred hold,<br />Let not your heart in our behalf grow cold!<br />Out of my store I'll give you wealth untold,<br />Charging ten mules with fine Arabian gold;<br />I'll do the same for you, new year and old.<br />Take then the keys of this city so large,<br />This great tribute present you first to Charles,<br />Then get me placed Rollanz in the rereward.<br />If him I find in valley or in pass,<br />Battle I'll give him that shall be the last."<br />Answers him Guenes: "My time is nearly past."<br />His charger mounts, and on his journey starts.<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>LIII</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>That Emperour draws near to his domain,<br />He is come down unto the city Gailne.<br />The Count Rollanz had broken it and ta'en,<br />An hundred years its ruins shall remain.<br />Of Guenelun the King for news is fain,<br />And for tribute from the great land of Spain.<br />At dawn of day, just as the light grows plain,<br />Into their camp is come the county Guene.<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>LIV</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>In morning time is risen the Emperere,<br />Mattins and Mass he's heard, and made his prayer;<br />On the green grass before the tent his chair,<br />Where Rollant stood and that bold Oliver,<br />Neimes the Duke, and many others there.<br />Guenes arrived, the felon perjurer,<br />Begins to speak, with very cunning air,<br />Says to the King: "God keep you, Sire, I swear!<br />Of Sarraguce the keys to you I bear,<br />Tribute I bring you, very great and rare,<br />And twenty men; look after them with care.<br />Proud Marsilies bade me this word declare<br />That alcaliph, his uncle, you must spare.<br />My own eyes saw four hundred thousand there,<br />In hauberks dressed, closed helms that gleamed in the air,<br />And golden hilts upon their swords they bare.<br />They followed him, right to the sea they'll fare;<br />Marsile they left, that would their faith forswear,<br />For Christendom they've neither wish nor care.<br />But the fourth league they had not compassed, ere<br />Brake from the North tempest and storm in the air;<br />Then were they drowned, they will no more appear.<br />Were he alive, I should have brought him here.<br />The pagan king, in truth, Sire, bids you hear,<br />Ere you have seen one month pass of this year<br />He'll follow you to France, to your Empire,<br />He will accept the laws you hold and fear;<br />Joining his hands, will do you homage there,<br />Kingdom of Spain will hold as you declare."<br />Then says the King: "Now God be praised, I swear!<br />Well have you wrought, and rich reward shall wear."<br />Bids through the host a thousand trumpets blare.<br />Franks leave their lines; the sumpter-beasts are yare<br />T'wards France the Douce all on their way repair.<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>LV</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Charles the Great that land of Spain had wasted,<br />Her castles ta'en, her cities violated.<br />Then said the King, his war was now abated.<br />Towards Douce France that Emperour has hasted.<br />Upon a lance Rollant his ensign raised,<br />High on a cliff against the sky 'twas placed;<br />The Franks in camp through all that country baited.<br />Cantered pagans, through those wide valleys raced,<br />Hauberks they wore and sarks with iron plated,<br />Swords to their sides were girt, their helms were laced,<br />Lances made sharp, escutcheons newly painted:<br />There in the mists beyond the peaks remained<br />The day of doom four hundred thousand waited.<br />God! what a grief. Franks know not what is fated.<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>LVI</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Passes the day, the darkness is grown deep.<br />That Emperour, rich Charles, lies asleep;<br />Dreams that he stands in the great pass of Size,<br />In his two hands his ashen spear he sees;<br />Guenes the count that spear from him doth seize,<br />Brandishes it and twists it with such ease,<br />That flown into the sky the flinders seem.<br />Charles sleeps on nor wakens from his dream.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>LVII</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>And after this another vision saw,<br />In France, at Aix, in his Chapelle once more,<br />That his right arm an evil bear did gnaw;<br />Out of Ardennes he saw a leopard stalk,<br />His body dear did savagely assault;<br />But then there dashed a harrier from the hall,<br />Leaping in the air he sped to Charles call,<br />First the right ear of that grim bear he caught,<br />And furiously the leopard next he fought.<br />Of battle great the Franks then seemed to talk,<br />Yet which might win they knew not, in his thought.<br />Charles sleeps on, nor wakens he for aught.<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>LVIII</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Passes the night and opens the clear day;<br />That Emperour canters in brave array,<br />Looks through the host often and everyway;<br />"My lords barons," at length doth Charles say,<br />"Ye see the pass along these valleys strait,<br />Judge for me now, who shall in rereward wait."<br />"There's my good-son, Rollanz," then answers Guenes,<br />"You've no baron whose valour is as great."<br />When the King hears, he looks upon him straight,<br />And says to him: "You devil incarnate;<br />Into your heart is come a mortal hate.<br />And who shall go before me in the gate?"<br />"Oger is here, of Denmark;" answers Guenes,<br />"You've no baron were better in that place."<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>LIX</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The count Rollanz hath heard himself decreed;<br />Speaks then to Guenes by rule of courtesy:<br />"Good-father, Sir, I ought to hold you dear,<br />Since the rereward you have for me decreed.<br />Charles the King will never lose by me,<br />As I know well, nor charger nor palfrey,<br />Jennet nor mule that canter can with speed,<br />Nor sumpter-horse will lose, nor any steed;<br />But my sword's point shall first exact their meed."<br />Answers him Guenes: "I know; 'tis true in-deed."<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>LX</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>When Rollant heard that he should be rerewarden<br />Furiously he spoke to his good-father:<br />"Aha! culvert; begotten of a bastard.<br />Thinkest the glove will slip from me hereafter,<br />As then from thee the wand fell before Charles?"<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>LXI</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>"Right Emperour," says the baron Rollanz,<br />"Give me the bow you carry in your hand;<br />Neer in reproach, I know, will any man<br />Say that it fell and lay upon the land,<br />As Guenes let fall, when he received the wand."<br />That Emperour with lowered front doth stand,<br />He tugs his beard, his chin is in his hand<br />Tears fill his eyes, he cannot them command.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>LXII</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>And after that is come duke Neimes furth,<br />(Better vassal there was not upon earth)<br />Says to the King: "Right well now have you heard<br />The count Rollanz to bitter wrath is stirred,<br />For that on him the rereward is conferred;<br />No baron else have you, would do that work.<br />Give him the bow your hands have bent, at first;<br />Then find him men, his company are worth."<br />Gives it, the King, and Rollant bears it furth.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>LXIII</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>That Emperour, Rollanz then calleth he:<br />"Fair nephew mine, know this in verity;<br />Half of my host I leave you presently;<br />Retain you them; your safeguard this shall be."<br />Then says the count: "I will not have them, me I<br />Confound me God, if I fail in the deed!<br />Good valiant Franks, a thousand score I'll keep.<br />Go through the pass in all security,<br />While I'm alive there's no man you need fear."<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>LXIV</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The count Rollanz has mounted his charger.<br />Beside him came his comrade Oliver,<br />Also Gerins and the proud count Geriers,<br />And Otes came, and also Berengiers,<br />Old Anseis, and Sansun too came there;<br />Gerart also of Rossillon the fierce,<br />And there is come the Gascon Engeliers.<br />"Now by my head I'll go!" the Archbishop swears.<br />"And I'm with you," says then the count Gualtiers,<br />"I'm Rollant's man, I may not leave him there."<br />A thousand score they choose of chevaliers.<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>LXV</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Gualter del Hum he calls, that Count Rollanz;<br />"A thousand Franks take, out of France our land;<br />Dispose them so, among ravines and crags,<br />That the Emperour lose not a single man."<br />Gualter replies: "I'll do as you command."<br />A thousand Franks, come out of France their land,<br />At Gualter's word they scour ravines and crags;<br />They'll not come down, howe'er the news be bad,<br />Ere from their sheaths swords seven hundred flash.<br />King Almaris, Belserne for kingdom had,<br />On the evil day he met them in combat.<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>LXVI</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>High are the peaks, the valleys shadowful,<br />Swarthy the rocks, the narrows wonderful.<br />Franks passed that day all very sorrowful,<br />Fifteen leagues round the rumour of them grew.<br />When they were come, and Terra Major knew,<br />Saw Gascony their land and their seigneur's,<br />Remembering their fiefs and their honours,<br />Their little maids, their gentle wives and true;<br />There was not one that shed not tears for rue.<br />Beyond the rest Charles was of anguish full,<br />In Spanish Pass he'd left his dear nephew;<br />Pity him seized; he could but weep for rue.<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>LXVII</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The dozen peers are left behind in Spain,<br />Franks in their band a thousand score remain,<br />No fear have these, death hold they in disdain.<br />That Emperour goes into France apace;<br />Under his cloke he fain would hide his face.<br />Up to his side comes cantering Duke Neimes,<br />Says to the King: "What grief upon you weighs?"<br />Charles answers him: "He's wrong that question makes.<br />So great my grief I cannot but complain.<br />France is destroyed, by the device of Guene:<br />This night I saw, by an angel's vision plain,<br />Between my hands he brake my spear in twain;<br />Great fear I have, since Rollant must remain:<br />I've left him there, upon a border strange.<br />God! If he's lost, I'll not outlive that shame."<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>LXVIII</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Charles the great, he cannot but deplore.<br />And with him Franks an hundred thousand mourn,<br />Who for Rollanz have marvellous remorse.<br />The felon Guenes had treacherously wrought;<br />From pagan kin has had his rich reward,<br />Silver and gold, and veils and silken cloths,<br />Camels, lions, with many a mule and horse.<br />Barons from Spain King Marsilies hath called,<br />Counts and viscounts and dukes and almacours,<br />And the admirals, and cadets nobly born;<br />Within three days come hundreds thousands four.<br />In Sarraguce they sound the drums of war;<br />Mahum they raise upon their highest tow'r,<br />Pagan is none, that does not him adore.<br />They canter then with great contention<br />Through Certeine land, valleys and mountains, on,<br />Till of the Franks they see the gonfalons,<br />Being in rereward those dozen companions;<br />They will not fail battle to do anon.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>LXIX</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Marsile's nephew is come before the band,<br />Riding a mule, he goads it with a wand,<br />Smiling and clear, his uncle's ear demands:<br />"Fair Lord and King, since, in your service, glad,<br />I have endured sorrow and sufferance,<br />Have fought in field, and victories have had.<br />Give me a fee: the right to smite Rollanz!<br />I'll slay him clean with my good trenchant lance,<br />If Mahumet will be my sure warrant;<br />Spain I'll set free, deliver all her land<br />From Pass of Aspre even unto Durestant.<br />Charles will grow faint, and recreant the Franks;<br />There'll be no war while you're a living man."<br />Marsilie gives the glove into his hand.<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>LXX</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Marsile's nephew, holding in hand the glove,<br />His uncle calls, with reason proud enough:<br />"Fair Lord and King, great gift from you I've won.<br />Choose now for me eleven more baruns,<br />So I may fight those dozen companions."<br />First before all there answers Falfarun;<br />-- Brother he was to King Marsiliun --<br />"Fair sir nephew, go you and I at once<br />Then verily this battle shall be done;<br />The rereward of the great host of Carlun,<br />It is decreed we deal them now their doom."<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>LXXI</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>King Corsablis is come from the other part,<br />Barbarian, and steeped in evil art.<br />He's spoken then as fits a good vassal,<br />For all God's gold he would not seem coward.<br />Hastes into view Malprimis of Brigal,<br />Faster than a horse, upon his feet can dart,<br />Before Marsile he cries with all his heart:<br />"My body I will shew at Rencesvals;<br />Find I Rollanz, I'll slay him without fault."</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>LXXII</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>An admiral is there of Balaguet;<br />Clear face and proud, and body nobly bred;<br />Since first he was upon his horse mounted,<br />His arms to bear has shewn great lustihead;<br />In vassalage he is well famoused;<br />Christian were he, he'd shewn good baronhead.<br />Before Marsile aloud has he shouted:<br />"To Rencesvals my body shall be led;<br />Find I Rollanz, then is he surely dead,<br />And Oliver, and all the other twelve;<br />Franks shall be slain in grief and wretchedness.<br />Charles the great is old now and doted,<br />Weary will be and make no war again;<br />Spain shall be ours, in peace and quietness."<br />King Marsilies has heard and thanks him well.<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>LXXIII</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>An almacour is there of Moriane,<br />More felon none in all the land of Spain.<br />Before Marsile his vaunting boast hath made:<br />"To Rencesvals my company I'll take,<br />A thousand score, with shields and lances brave.<br />Find I Rollanz, with death I'll him acquaint;<br />Day shall not dawn but Charles will make his plaint."<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>LXXIV</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>From the other part, Turgis of Turtelose,<br />He was a count, that city was his own;<br />Christians he would them massacre, every one.<br />Before Marsile among the rest is gone,<br />Says to the King: "Let not dismay be shewn!<br />Mahum's more worth than Saint Peter of Rome;<br />Serve we him well, then fame in field we'll own.<br />To Rencesvals, to meet Rollanz I'll go,<br />From death he'll find his warranty in none.<br />See here my sword, that is both good and long<br />With Durendal I'll lay it well across;<br />Ye'll hear betimes to which the prize is gone.<br />Franks shall be slain, whom we descend upon,<br />Charles the old will suffer grief and wrong,<br />No more on earth his crown will he put on."</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>LXXV</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>From the other part, Escremiz of Valtrenne,<br />A Sarrazin, that land was his as well.<br />Before Marsile he cries amid the press:<br />"To Rencesvals I go, pride to make less;<br />Find I Rollanz, he'll not bear thence his head,<br />Nor Oliver that hath the others led,<br />The dozen peers condemned are to death;<br />Franks shall be slain, and France lie deserted.<br />Of good vassals will Charles be richly bled."<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>LXXVI</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>From the other part, a pagan Esturganz;<br />Estramariz also, was his comrade;<br />Felons were these, and traitors miscreant.<br />Then said Marsile: "My Lords, before me stand!<br />Into the pass ye'll go to Rencesvals,<br />Give me your aid, and thither lead my band."<br />They answer him: "Sire, even as you command.<br />We will assault Olivier and Rollant,<br />The dozen peers from death have no warrant,<br />For these our swords are trusty and trenchant,<br />In scalding blood we'll dye their blades scarlat.<br />Franks shall be slain, and Chares be right sad.<br />Terra Major we'll give into your hand;<br />Come there, Sir King, truly you'll see all that<br />Yea, the Emperour we'll give into your hand."</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>LXXVII</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Running there came Margariz of Sibile,<br />Who holds the land by Cadiz, to the sea.<br />For his beauty the ladies hold him dear;<br />Who looks on him, with him her heart is pleased,<br />When she beholds, she can but smile for glee.<br />Was no pagan of such high chivalry.<br />Comes through the press, above them all cries he,<br />"Be not at all dismayed, King Marsilie!<br />To Rencesvals I go, and Rollanz, he<br />Nor Oliver may scape alive from me;<br />The dozen peers are doomed to martyry.<br />See here the sword, whose hilt is gold indeed,<br />I got in gift from the admiral of Primes;<br />In scarlat blood I pledge it shall be steeped.<br />Franks shall be slain, and France abased be.<br />To Charles the old, with his great blossoming beard,<br />Day shall not dawn but brings him rage and grief,<br />Ere a year pass, all France we shall have seized,<br />Till we can lie in th' burgh of Saint Denise."<br />The pagan king has bowed his head down deep.<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>LXXVIII<br />From the other part, Chemubles of Muneigre.<br />Right to the ground his hair swept either way;<br />He for a jest would bear a heavier weight<br />Than four yoked mules, beneath their load that strain.<br />That land he had, God's curse on it was plain.<br />No sun shone there, nor grew there any grain,<br />No dew fell there, nor any shower of rain,<br />The very stones were black upon that plain;<br />And many say that devils there remain.<br />Says Chemubles "My sword is in its place,<br />At Rencesvals scarlat I will it stain;<br />Find I Rollanz the proud upon my way,<br />I'll fall on him, or trust me not again,<br />And Durendal I'll conquer with this blade,<br />Franks shall be slain, and France a desert made."<br />The dozen peers are, at this word, away,<br />Five score thousand of Sarrazins they take;<br />Who keenly press, and on to battle haste;<br />In a fir-wood their gear they ready make.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>LXXIX</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Ready they make hauberks Sarrazinese,<br />That folded are, the greater part, in three;<br />And they lace on good helms Sarragucese;<br />Gird on their swords of tried steel Viennese;<br />Fine shields they have, and spears Valentinese,<br />And white, blue, red, their ensigns take the breeze,<br />They've left their mules behind, and their palfreys,<br />Their chargers mount, and canter knee by knee.<br />Fair shines the sun, the day is bright and clear,<br />Light bums again from all their polished gear.<br />A thousand horns they sound, more proud to seem;<br />Great is the noise, the Franks its echo hear.<br />Says Oliver: "Companion, I believe,<br />Sarrazins now in battle must we meet."<br />Answers Rollanz :"God grant us then the fee!<br />For our King's sake well must we quit us here;<br />Man for his lord should suffer great disease,<br />Most bitter cold endure, and burning heat,<br />His hair and skin should offer up at need.<br />Now must we each lay on most hardily,<br />So evil songs neer sung of us shall be.<br />Pagans are wrong: Christians are right indeed.<br />Evil example will never come of me."<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>LXXX</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Oliver mounts upon a lofty peak,<br />Looks to his right along the valley green,<br />The pagan tribes approaching there appear;<br />He calls Rollanz, his companion, to see:<br />"What sound is this, come out of Spain, we hear,<br />What hauberks bright, what helmets these that gleam?<br />They'll smite our Franks with fury past belief,<br />He knew it, Guenes, the traitor and the thief,<br />Who chose us out before the King our chief."<br />Answers the count Rollanz: "Olivier, cease.<br />That man is my good-father; hold thy peace."</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>LXXXI</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Upon a peak is Oliver mounted,<br />Kingdom of Spain he sees before him spread,<br />And Sarrazins, so many gathered.<br />Their helmets gleam, with gold are jewelled,<br />Also their shields, their hauberks orfreyed,<br />Also their swords, ensigns on spears fixed.<br />Rank beyond rank could not be numbered,<br />So many there, no measure could he set.<br />In his own heart he's sore astonished,<br />Fast as he could, down from the peak hath sped<br />Comes to the Franks, to them his tale hath said.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>LXXXII</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Says Oliver: "Pagans from there I saw;<br />Never on earth did any man see more.<br />Gainst us their shields an hundred thousand bore,<br />That laced helms and shining hauberks wore;<br />And, bolt upright, their bright brown spearheads shone.<br />Battle we'll have as never was before.<br />Lords of the Franks, God keep you in valour!<br />So hold your ground, we be not overborne!"<br />Then say the Franks "Shame take him that goes off:<br />If we must die, then perish one and all."<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>LXXXIII</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Says Oliver: "Pagans in force abound,<br />While of us Franks but very few I count;<br />Comrade Rollanz, your horn I pray you sound!<br />If Charles hear, he'll turn his armies round."<br />Answers Rollanz: "A fool I should be found;<br />In France the Douce would perish my renown.<br />With Durendal I'll lay on thick and stout,<br />In blood the blade, to its golden hilt, I'll drown.<br />Felon pagans to th' pass shall not come down;<br />I pledge you now, to death they all are bound.<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>LXXXIV</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>"Comrade Rollanz, sound the olifant, I pray;<br />If Charles hear, the host he'll turn again;<br />Will succour us our King and baronage."<br />Answers Rollanz: "Never, by God, I say,<br />For my misdeed shall kinsmen hear the blame,<br />Nor France the Douce fall into evil fame!<br />Rather stout blows with Durendal I'll lay,<br />With my good sword that by my side doth sway;<br />Till bloodied o'er you shall behold the blade.<br />Felon pagans are gathered to their shame;<br />I pledge you now, to death they're doomed to-day."</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>LXXXV</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>"Comrade Rollanz, once sound your olifant!<br />If Charles hear, where in the pass he stands,<br />I pledge you now, they'll turn again, the Franks."<br />"Never, by God," then answers him Rollanz,<br />"Shall it be said by any living man,<br />That for pagans I took my horn in hand!<br />Never by me shall men reproach my clan.<br />When I am come into the battle grand,<br />And blows lay on, by hundred, by thousand,<br />Of Durendal bloodied you'll see the brand.<br />Franks are good men; like vassals brave they'll stand;<br />Nay, Spanish men from death have no warrant."</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>LXXXVI</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Says Oliver: "In this I see no blame;<br />I have beheld the Sarrazins of Spain;<br />Covered with them, the mountains and the vales,<br />The wastes I saw, and all the farthest plains.<br />A muster great they've made, this people strange;<br />We have of men a very little tale."<br />Answers Rollanz: "My anger is inflamed.<br />Never, please God His Angels and His Saints,<br />Never by me shall Frankish valour fail!<br />Rather I'll die than shame shall me attain.<br />Therefore strike on, the Emperour's love to gain."</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>LXXXVII</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Pride hath Rollanz, wisdom Olivier hath;<br />And both of them shew marvellous courage;<br />Once they are horsed, once they have donned their arms,<br />Rather they'd die than from the battle pass.<br />Good are the counts, and lofty their language.<br />Felon pagans come cantering in their wrath.<br />Says Oliver: "Behold and see, Rollanz,<br />These are right near, but Charles is very far.<br />On the olifant deign now to sound a blast;<br />Were the King here, we should not fear damage.<br />Only look up towards the Pass of Aspre,<br />In sorrow there you'll see the whole rereward.<br />Who does this deed, does no more afterward."<br />Answers Rollanz: "Utter not such outrage!<br />Evil his heart that is in thought coward!<br />We shall remain firm in our place installed;<br />From us the blows shall come, from us the assault."<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>LXXXVIII</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>When Rollant sees that now must be combat,<br />More fierce he's found than lion or leopard;<br />The Franks he calls, and Oliver commands:<br />"Now say no more, my friends, nor thou, comrade.<br />That Emperour, who left us Franks on guard,<br />A thousand score stout men he set apart,<br />And well he knows, not one will prove coward.<br />Man for his lord should suffer with good heart,<br />Of bitter cold and great heat bear the smart,<br />His blood let drain, and all his flesh be scarred.<br />Strike with thy lance, and I with Durendal,<br />With my good sword that was the King's reward.<br />So, if I die, who has it afterward<br />Noble vassal's he well may say it was."</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>LXXXIX</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>From the other part is the Archbishop Turpin,<br />He pricks his horse and mounts upon a hill;<br />Calling the Franks, sermon to them begins:<br />"My lords barons, Charles left us here for this;<br />He is our King, well may we die for him:<br />To Christendom good service offering.<br />Battle you'll have, you all are bound to it,<br />For with your eyes you see the Sarrazins.<br />Pray for God's grace, confessing Him your sins!<br />For your souls' health, I'll absolution give<br />So, though you die, blest martyrs shall you live,<br />Thrones you shall win in the great Paradis."<br />The Franks dismount, upon the ground are lit.<br />That Archbishop God's Benediction gives,<br />For their penance, good blows to strike he bids.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XC</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The Franks arise, and stand upon their feet,<br />They're well absolved, and from their sins made clean,<br />And the Archbishop has signed them with God's seal;<br />And next they mount upon their chargers keen;<br />By rule of knights they have put on their gear,<br />For battle all apparelled as is meet.<br />The count Rollant calls Oliver, and speaks<br />"Comrade and friend, now clearly have you seen<br />That Guenelun hath got us by deceit;<br />Gold hath he ta'en; much wealth is his to keep;<br />That Emperour vengeance for us must wreak.<br />King Marsilies hath bargained for us cheap;<br />At the sword's point he yet shall pay our meed."<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XCI</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>To Spanish pass is Rollanz now going<br />On Veillantif, his good steed, galloping;<br />He is well armed, pride is in his bearing,<br />He goes, so brave, his spear in hand holding,<br />He goes, its point against the sky turning;<br />A gonfalon all white thereon he's pinned,<br />Down to his hand flutters the golden fringe:<br />Noble his limbs, his face clear and smiling.<br />His companion goes after, following,<br />The men of France their warrant find in him.<br />Proudly he looks towards the Sarrazins,<br />And to the Franks sweetly, himself humbling;<br />And courteously has said to them this thing:<br />"My lords barons, go now your pace holding!<br />Pagans are come great martyrdom seeking;<br />Noble and fair reward this day shall bring,<br />Was never won by any Frankish King."<br />Upon these words the hosts are come touching.<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XCII</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Speaks Oliver: "No more now will I say.<br />Your olifant, to sound it do not deign,<br />Since from Carlun you'll never more have aid.<br />He has not heard; no fault of his, so brave.<br />Those with him there are never to be blamed.<br />So canter on, with what prowess you may!<br />Lords and barons, firmly your ground maintain!<br />Be minded well, I pray you in God's Name,<br />Stout blows to strike, to give as you shall take.<br />Forget the cry of Charles we never may."<br />Upon this word the Franks cry out amain.<br />Who then had heard them all "Monjoie!" acclaim<br />Of vassalage might well recall the tale.<br />They canter forth, God! with what proud parade,<br />Pricking their spurs, the better speed to gain;<br />They go to strike,-- what other thing could they? --<br />But Sarrazins are not at all afraid.<br />Pagans and Franks, you'ld see them now engaged.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XCIII</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Marsile's nephew, his name is Aelroth,<br />First of them all canters before the host,<br />Says of our Franks these ill words as he goes:<br />"Felons of France, so here on us you close!<br />Betrayed you has he that to guard you ought;<br />Mad is the King who left you in this post.<br />So shall the fame of France the Douce be lost,<br />And the right arm from Charles body torn."<br />When Rollant hears, what rage he has, by God!<br />His steed he spurs, gallops with great effort;<br />He goes, that count, to strike with all his force,<br />The shield he breaks, the hauberk's seam unsews,<br />Slices the heart, and shatters up the bones,<br />All of the spine he severs with that blow,<br />And with his spear the soul from body throws<br />So well he's pinned, he shakes in the air that corse,<br />On his spear's hilt he's flung it from the horse:<br />So in two halves Aeroth's neck he broke,<br />Nor left him yet, they say, but rather spoke:<br />"Avaunt, culvert! A madman Charles is not,<br />No treachery was ever in his thought.<br />Proudly he did, who left us in this post;<br />The fame of France the Douce shall not be lost.<br />Strike on, the Franks! Ours are the foremost blows.<br />For we are right, but these gluttons are wrong."<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XCIV</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>A duke there was, his name was Falfarun,<br />Brother was he to King Marsiliun,<br />He held their land, Dathan's and Abirun's;<br />Beneath the sky no more encrimed felun;<br />Between his eyes so broad was he in front<br />A great half-foot you'ld measure there in full.<br />His nephew dead he's seen with grief enough,<br />Comes through the press and wildly forth he runs,<br />Aloud he shouts their cry the pagans use;<br />And to the Franks is right contrarious:<br />"Honour of France the Douce shall fall to us!"<br />Hears Oliver, he's very furious,<br />His horse he pricks with both his golden spurs,<br />And goes to strike, ev'n as a baron doth;<br />The shield he breaks and through the hauberk cuts,<br />His ensign's fringe into the carcass thrusts,<br />On his spear's hilt he's flung it dead in dust.<br />Looks on the ground, sees glutton lying thus,<br />And says to him, with reason proud enough:<br />"From threatening, culvert, your mouth I've shut.<br />Strike on, the Franks! Right well we'll overcome."<br />"Monjoie," he shouts, 'twas the ensign of Carlun.<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XCV</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>A king there was, his name was Corsablix,<br />Barbarian, and of a strange country,<br />He's called aloud to the other Sarrazins:<br />"Well may we join battle upon this field,<br />For of the Franks but very few are here;<br />And those are here, we should account them cheap,<br />From Charles not one has any warranty.<br />This is the day when they their death shall meet."<br />Has heard him well that Archbishop Turpin,<br />No man he'ld hate so much the sky beneath;<br />Spurs of fine gold he pricks into his steed,<br />To strike that king by virtue great goes he,<br />The hauberk all unfastens, breaks the shield,<br />Thrusts his great spear in through the carcass clean,<br />Pins it so well he shakes it in its seat,<br />Dead in the road he's flung it from his spear.<br />Looks on the ground, that glutton lying sees,<br />Nor leaves him yet, they say, but rather speaks:<br />"Culvert pagan, you lied now in your teeth,<br />Charles my lord our warrant is indeed;<br />None of our Franks hath any mind to flee.<br />Your companions all on this spot we'll keep,<br />I tell you news; death shall ye suffer here.<br />Strike on, the Franks! Fail none of you at need!<br />Ours the first blow, to God the glory be!"<br />"Monjoie!" he cries, for all the camp to hear.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XCVI</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>And Gerins strikes Malprimis of Brigal<br />So his good shield is nothing worth at all,<br />Shatters the boss, was fashioned of crystal,<br />One half of it downward to earth flies off;<br />Right to the flesh has through his hauberk torn,<br />On his good spear he has the carcass caught.<br />And with one blow that pagan downward falls;<br />The soul of him Satan away hath borne.<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XCVII</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>And his comrade Gerers strikes the admiral,<br />The shield he breaks, the hauberk unmetals,<br />And his good spear drives into his vitals,<br />So well he's pinned him, clean through the carcass,<br />Dead on the field he's flung him from his hand.<br />Says Oliver: "Now is our battle grand."</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XCVIII</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Sansun the Duke goes strike that almacour,<br />The shield he breaks, with golden flowers tooled,<br />That good hauberk for him is nothing proof,<br />He's sliced the heart, the lungs and liver through,<br />And flung him dead, as well or ill may prove.<br />Says the Archbishop: "A baron's stroke, in truth."</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>XCIX</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>And Anseis has let his charger run;<br />He goes to strike Turgis of Turtelus,<br />The shield he breaks, its golden boss above,<br />The hauberk too, its doubled mail undoes,<br />His good spear's point into the carcass runs,<br />So well he's thrust, clean through the whole steel comes,<br />And from the hilt he's thrown him dead in dust.<br />Then says Rollant: "Great prowess in that thrust."</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>C</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>And Engelers the Gascoin of Burdele<br />Spurs on his horse, lets fall the reins as well,<br />He goes to strike Escremiz of Valtrene,<br />The shield he breaks and shatters on his neck,<br />The hauberk too, he has its chinguard rent,<br />Between the arm-pits has pierced him through the breast,<br />On his spear's hilt from saddle throws him dead;<br />After he says "So are you turned to hell."<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CI</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>And Otes strikes a pagan Estorgant<br />Upon the shield, before its leathern band,<br />Slices it through, the white with the scarlat;<br />The hauberk too, has torn its folds apart,<br />And his good spear thrusts clean through the carcass,<br />And flings it dead, ev'n as the horse goes past;<br />He says: "You have no warrant afterward."</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CII</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>And Berenger, he strikes Estramariz,<br />The shield he breaks, the hauberk tears and splits,<br />Thrusts his stout spear through's middle, and him flings<br />Down dead among a thousand Sarrazins.<br />Of their dozen peers ten have now been killed,<br />No more than two remain alive and quick,<br />Being Chernuble, and the count Margariz.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CIII</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Margariz is a very gallant knight,<br />Both fair and strong, and swift he is and light;<br />He spurs his horse, goes Oliver to strike,<br />And breaks his shield, by th'golden buckle bright;<br />Along his ribs the pagan's spear doth glide;<br />God's his warrant, his body has respite,<br />The shaft breaks off, Oliver stays upright;<br />That other goes, naught stays him in his flight,<br />His trumpet sounds, rallies his tribe to fight.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CIV</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Common the fight is now and marvellous.<br />The count Rollanz no way himself secures,<br />Strikes with his spear, long as the shaft endures,<br />By fifteen blows it is clean broken through<br />Then Durendal he bares, his sabre good<br />Spurs on his horse, is gone to strike Chemuble,<br />The helmet breaks, where bright carbuncles grew,<br />Slices the cap and shears the locks in two,<br />Slices also the eyes and the features,<br />The hauberk white, whose mail was close of woof,<br />Down to the groin cuts all his body through<br />To the saddle; with beaten gold 'twas tooled.<br />Upon the horse that sword a moment stood,<br />Then sliced its spine, no join there any knew,<br />Dead in the field among thick grass them threw.<br />After he said "Culvert, false step you moved,<br />From Mahumet your help will not come soon.<br />No victory for gluttons such as you."</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CV</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The count Rollanz, he canters through the field,<br />Holds Durendal, he well can thrust and wield,<br />Right great damage he's done the Sarrazines<br />You'd seen them, one on other, dead in heaps,<br />Through all that place their blood was flowing clear!<br />In blood his arms were and his hauberk steeped,<br />And bloodied o'er, shoulders and neck, his steed.<br />And Oliver goes on to strike with speed;<br />No blame that way deserve the dozen peers,<br />For all the Franks they strike and slay with heat,<br />Pagans are slain, some swoon there in their seats,<br />Says the Archbishop: "Good baronage indeed!"<br />"Monjoie" he cries, the call of Charles repeats.<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CVI</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>And Oliver has cantered through the crush;<br />Broken his spear, the truncheon still he thrusts;<br />Going to strike a pagan Malsarun;<br />Flowers and gold, are on the shield, he cuts,<br />Out of the head both the two eyes have burst,<br />And all the brains are fallen in the dust;<br />He flings him dead, sev'n hundred else amongst.<br />Then has he slain Turgin and Esturgus;<br />Right to the hilt, his spear in flinders flew.<br />Then says Rollant: "Companion, what do you?<br />In such a fight, there's little strength in wood,<br />Iron and steel should here their valour prove.<br />Where is your sword, that Halteclere I knew?<br />Golden its hilt, whereon a crystal grew."<br />Says Oliver: "I had not, if I drew,<br />Time left to strike enough good blows and true."<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CVII</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Then Oliver has drawn his mighty sword<br />As his comrade had bidden and implored,<br />In knightly wise the blade to him has shewed;<br />Justin he strikes, that Iron Valley's lord,<br />All of his head has down the middle shorn,<br />The carcass sliced, the broidered sark has torn,<br />The good saddle that was with old adorned,<br />And through the spine has sliced that pagan's horse;<br />Dead in the field before his feet they fall.<br />Says Rollant: "Now my brother I you call;<br />He'll love us for such blows, our Emperor."<br />On every side "Monjoie" you'ld hear them roar.<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CVIII</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>That count Gerins sate on his horse Sorel,<br />On Passe-Cerf was Gerers there, his friend;<br />They've loosed their reins, together spurred and sped,<br />And go to strike a pagan Timozel;<br />One on the shield, on hauberk the other fell;<br />And their two spears went through the carcass well,<br />A fallow field amidst they've thrown him dead.<br />I do not know, I never heard it said<br />Which of the two was nimbler as they went.<br />Esperveris was there, son of Borel,<br />And him there slew Engelers of Burdel.<br />And the Archbishop, he slew them Siglorel,<br />The enchanter, who before had been in hell,<br />Where Jupiter bore him by a magic spell.<br />Then Turpin says "To us he's forfeited."<br />Answers Rollanz: "The culvert is bested.<br />Such blows, brother Olivier, I like well."</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CIX</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The battle grows more hard and harder yet,<br />Franks and pagans, with marvellous onset,<br />Each other strike and each himself defends.<br />So many shafts bloodstained and shattered,<br />So many flags and ensigns tattered;<br />So many Franks lose their young lustihead,<br />Who'll see no more their mothers nor their friends,<br />Nor hosts of France, that in the pass attend.<br />Charles the Great weeps therefor with regret.<br />What profits that? No succour shall they get.<br />Evil service, that day, Guenes rendered them,<br />To Sarraguce going, his own to sell.<br />After he lost his members and his head,<br />In court, at Aix, to gallows-tree condemned;<br />And thirty more with him, of his kindred,<br />Were hanged, a thing they never did expect.<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CX</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Now marvellous and weighty the combat,<br />Right well they strike, Olivier and Rollant,<br />A thousand blows come from the Archbishop's hand,<br />The dozen peers are nothing short of that,<br />With one accord join battle all the Franks.<br />Pagans are slain by hundred, by thousand,<br />Who flies not then, from death has no warrant,<br />Will he or nill, foregoes the allotted span.<br />The Franks have lost the foremost of their band,<br />They'll see no more their fathers nor their clans,<br />Nor Charlemagne, where in the pass he stands.<br />Torment arose, right marvellous, in France,<br />Tempest there was, of wind and thunder black,<br />With rain and hail, so much could not be spanned;<br />Fell thunderbolts often on every hand,<br />And verily the earth quaked in answer back<br />From Saint Michael of Peril unto Sanz,<br />From Besencun to the harbour of Guitsand;<br />No house stood there but straight its walls must crack:<br />In full mid-day the darkness was so grand,<br />Save the sky split, no light was in the land.<br />Beheld these things with terror every man,<br />And many said: "We in the Judgement stand;<br />The end of time is presently at hand."<br />They spake no truth; they did not understand;<br />'Twas the great day of mourning for Rollant.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXI</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The Franks strike on; their hearts are good and stout.<br />Pagans are slain, a thousandfold, in crowds,<br />Left of five score are not two thousands now.<br />Says the Archbishop: "Our men are very proud,<br />No man on earth has more nor better found.<br />In Chronicles of Franks is written down,<br />What vassalage he had, our Emperour."<br />Then through the field they go, their friends seek out,<br />And their eyes weep with grief and pain profound<br />For kinsmen dear, by hearty friendship bound.<br />King Marsilies and his great host draw round.<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXII</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>King Marsilies along a valley led<br />The mighty host that he had gathered.<br />Twenty columns that king had numbered.<br />With gleaminag gold their helms were jewelled.<br />Shone too their shields and sarks embroidered.<br />Sounded the charge seven thousand trumpets,<br />Great was the noise through all that country went.<br />Then said Rollanz: "Olivier, brother, friend,<br />That felon Guenes hath sworn to achieve our death;<br />For his treason no longer is secret.<br />Right great vengeance our Emperour will get.<br />Battle we'll have, both long and keenly set,<br />Never has man beheld such armies met.<br />With Durendal my sword I'll strike again,<br />And, comrade, you shall strike with Halteclere.<br />These swords in lands so many have we held,<br />Battles with them so many brought to end,<br />No evil song shall e'er be sung or said."<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXIII</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>When the Franks see so many there, pagans,<br />On every side covering all the land,<br />Often they call Olivier and Rollant,<br />The dozen peers, to be their safe warrant.<br />And the Archbishop speaks to them, as he can:<br />"My lords barons, go thinking nothing bad!<br />For God I pray you fly not hence but stand,<br />Lest evil songs of our valour men chant!<br />Far better t'were to perish in the van.<br />Certain it is, our end is near at hand,<br />Beyond this day shall no more live one man;<br />But of one thing I give you good warrant:<br />Blest Paradise to you now open stands,<br />By the Innocents your thrones you there shall have."<br />Upon these words grow bold again the Franks;<br />There is not one but he "Monjoie" demands.<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXIV</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>A Sarrazin was there, of Sarraguce,<br />Of that city one half was his by use,<br />'Twas Climborins, a man was nothing proof;<br />By Guenelun the count an oath he took,<br />And kissed his mouth in amity and truth,<br />Gave him his sword and his carbuncle too.<br />Terra Major, he said, to shame he'ld put,<br />From the Emperour his crown he would remove.<br />He sate his horse, which he called Barbamusche,<br />Never so swift sparrow nor swallow flew,<br />He spurred him well, and down the reins he threw,<br />Going to strike Engelier of Gascune;<br />Nor shield nor sark him any warrant proved,<br />The pagan spear's point did his body wound,<br />He pinned him well, and all the steel sent through,<br />From the hilt flung him dead beneath his foot.<br />After he said: "Good are they to confuse.<br />Pagans, strike on, and so this press set loose!"<br />"God!" say the Franks, "Grief, such a man to lose!"<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXV</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The count Rollanz called upon Oliver:<br />"Sir companion, dead now is Engeler;<br />Than whom we'd no more valiant chevalier."<br />Answered that count: "God, let me him avenge!"<br />Spurs of fine gold into his horse drove then,<br />Held Halteclere, with blood its steel was red,<br />By virtue great to strike that pagan went,<br />Brandished his blade, the Sarrazin upset;<br />The Adversaries of God his soul bare thence.<br />Next he has slain the duke Alphaien,<br />And sliced away Escababi his head,<br />And has unhorsed some seven Arabs else;<br />No good for those to go to war again.<br />Then said Rollanz: "My comrade shews anger,<br />So in my sight he makes me prize him well;<br />More dear by Charles for such blows are we held."<br />Aloud he's cried: "Strike on, the chevaliers!"<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXVI</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>From the other part a pagan Valdabron.<br />Warden he'd been to king Marsilion,<br />And lord, by sea, of four hundred dromonds;<br />No sailor was but called his name upon;<br />Jerusalem he'd taken by treason,<br />Violated the Temple of Salomon,<br />The Partiarch had slain before the fonts.<br />He'd pledged his oath by county Guenelon,<br />Gave him his sword, a thousand coins thereon.<br />He sate his horse, which he called Gramimond,<br />Never so swift flew in the air falcon;<br />He's pricked him well, with sharp spurs he had on,<br />Going to strike e'en that rich Duke, Sanson;<br />His shield has split, his hauberk has undone,<br />The ensign's folds have through his body gone,<br />Dead from the hilt out of his seat he's dropt:<br />"Pagans, strike on, for well we'll overcome!"<br />"God!" say the Franks, "Grief for a brave baron!"<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXVII</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The count Rollanz, when Sansun dead he saw,<br />You may believe, great grief he had therefor.<br />His horse he spurs, gallops with great effort,<br />Wields Durendal, was worth fine gold and more,<br />Goes as he may to strike that baron bold<br />Above the helm, that was embossed with gold,<br />Slices the head, the sark, and all the corse,<br />The good saddle, that was embossed with gold,<br />And cuts deep through the backbone of his horse;<br />He's slain them both, blame him for that or laud.<br />The pagans say: "'Twas hard on us, that blow."<br />Answers Rollanz: "Nay, love you I can not,<br />For on your side is arrogance and wrong."<br />AOI.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXVIII</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Out of Affrike an Affrican was come,<br />'Twas Malquiant, the son of king Malcud;<br />With beaten gold was all his armour done,<br />Fore all men's else it shone beneath the sun.<br />He sate his horse, which he called Salt-Perdut,<br />Never so swift was any beast could run.<br />And Anseis upon the shield he struck,<br />The scarlat with the blue he sliced it up,<br />Of his hauberk he's torn the folds and cut,<br />The steel and stock has through his body thrust.<br />Dead is that count, he's no more time to run.<br />Then say the Franks: "Baron, an evil luck!"</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXIX</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Swift through the field Turpin the Archbishop passed;<br />Such shaven-crown has never else sung Mass<br />Who with his limbs such prowess might compass;<br />To th'pagan said "God send thee all that's bad!<br />One thou hast slain for whom my heart is sad."<br />So his good horse forth at his bidding ran,<br />He's struck him then on his shield Toledan,<br />Until he flings him dead on the green grass.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXX</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>From the other part was a pagan Grandones,<br />Son of Capuel, the king of Capadoce.<br />He sate his horse, the which he called Marmore,<br />Never so swift was any bird in course;<br />He's loosed the reins, and spurring on that horse<br />He's gone to strike Gerin with all his force;<br />The scarlat shield from's neck he's broken off,<br />And all his sark thereafter has he torn,<br />The ensign blue clean through his body's gone,<br />Until he flings him dead, on a high rock;<br />His companion Gerer he's slain also,<br />And Berenger, and Guiun of Santone;<br />Next a rich duke he's gone to strike, Austore,<br />That held Valence and the Honour of the Rhone;<br />He's flung him dead; great joy the pagans shew.<br />Then say the Franks: "Of ours how many fall."</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXXI</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The count Rollanz, his sword with blood is stained,<br />Well has he heard what way the Franks complained;<br />Such grief he has, his heart would split in twain:<br />To the pagan says: "God send thee every shame!<br />One hast thou slain that dearly thou'lt repay."<br />He spurs his horse, that on with speed doth strain;<br />Which should forfeit, they both together came.</strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXXII</strong></font></span></p><p><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Grandonie was both proof and valiant,<br />And virtuous, a vassal combatant.<br />Upon the way there, he has met Rollant;<br />He'd never seen, yet knew him at a glance,<br />By the proud face and those fine limbs he had,<br />By his regard, and by his contenance;<br />He could not help but he grew faint thereat,<br />He would escape, nothing avail he can.<br />Struck him the count, with so great virtue, that<br />To the nose-plate he's all the helmet cracked,<br />Sliced through the nose and mouth and teeth he has,<br />Hauberk close-mailed, and all the whole carcass,<br />Saddle of gold, with plates of silver flanked,<br />And of his horse has deeply scarred the back;<br />He's slain them both, they'll make no more attack:<br />The Spanish men in sorrow cry, "Alack!"<br />Then say the Franks: "He strikes well, our warrant."</strong></font></p></blockquote></td></tr></tbody></table><p> </p></td> <td valign="top" width="475"> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong><img height="1218" src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3267/3143217602_a77b65fac1_b.jpg" width="911" /></strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font><font color="#ff8000"><i>The Song of Roland</i> (</font></font></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>French</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>: <i>La Chanson de Roland</i>) is the oldest surviving major work of </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_literature"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>French literature</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>. It exists in various different manuscript versions which testify to its enormous and enduring popularity in the 12th to 14th centuries. The oldest of these is the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodleian_Library"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Oxford</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> manuscript which contains a text of some 4004 lines (the number varies slightly in different modern editions) and is usually dated to the middle of the twelfth century (between 1140 and 1170). The epic poem is the first and most outstanding example of the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanson_de_geste">chanson de geste</a></i>, a literary form that flourished between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries and celebrated the legendary deeds of a hero.</strong></font> </span></p> <img height="1001" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-JR5Eexc2sxU/RmmSVhQsEcI/AAAAAAAADCM/WqESvqQUuZA/w1333-h1001/PICT1402.JPG" style="color: #ff8000; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify;" width="1333" /><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 650px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="325"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Rolandfealty.jpg"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="File:Rolandfealty.jpg" height="333" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Rolandfealty.jpg" width="300" /></span></a></td> <td valign="top" width="325"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:845a2199-0413-4288-8913-2f160de28184" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> <div id="cb4ffd01-72b5-48ad-bfc6-982118bc396c" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/1oR3pXcnsTs&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <h4><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Roland pledges loyalty to the king Charlemagne</strong></font> </span></h4> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>There are nine extant manuscripts of the <i>Song of Roland</i> in </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_French"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Old French</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>. The oldest of these manuscripts is held at the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodleian_Library"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Bodleian Library</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> at </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Oxford</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>. This copy dates between 1140 and 1170 and was written in </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Anglo-Norman</strong></font></a><strong><font><font color="#ff8000">.</font></font></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Scholars estimate that the poem was written between approximately 1040 and 1115, and most of the alterations were performed by about 1098. Some favor an earlier dating, because it allows one to say that the poem was inspired by the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castile_(historical_region)"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Castilian</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> campaigns of the 1030s, and that the poem went on to be a major influence in the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusade"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>First Crusade</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>. Those who prefer a later dating do so on grounds of the brief references made in the poem to events of the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusade"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>First Crusade</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>. In one section, </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Palestine</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> is named </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outremer"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Outremer</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>, its Crusader name – but is presented as a Muslim land where there are no Christians.</strong></font> </span></p><h4><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Mort_de_Roland.jpg"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="File:Mort de Roland.jpg" height="712" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Mort_de_Roland.jpg" width="867" /></span></a></h4> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The death of Roland at the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Roncevaux_Pass"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Battle of Roncevaux</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>, from an illuminated manuscript c.1455–1460.</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>For seven years, the valiant Christian king </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Charlemagne</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> has made war against the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saracen"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Saracens</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> in </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Spain</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>. Only one Muslim stronghold remains: the city of </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saragossa"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Saragossa</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>, under the rule of </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Marsile"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>King Marsile</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> and Queen </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bramimonde"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Bramimonde</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>. Marsile, certain that defeat is inevitable, hatches a </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_(crime)"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>plot</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> to rid Spain of Charlemagne. He will promise to be Charlemagne's </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassal"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>vassal</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> and a Christian convert in exchange for Charlemagne's departure. But once Charlemagne is back in France, Marsile will renege on his promises. Charlemagne and his vassals, weary of the long war, receive Marsile's messengers and try to choose an envoy to negotiate at Marsile's court on Charlemagne's behalf.</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Roland, a courageous knight and Charlemagne's nephew, nominates his stepfather, </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganelon"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Ganelon</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>. Ganelon is enraged, thinking that Roland has nominated him for this dangerous mission in an attempt to be rid of him for good. Ganelon has long been jealous of Roland, and on his diplomatic mission he plots with the Saracens, telling them that they could ambush Charlemagne's </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear_guard"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>rear guard</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> as Charlemagne leaves Spain. Roland will undoubtedly lead the rearguard, and Ganelon promises that with Roland dead, Charlemagne will lose the will to fight.</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>After Ganelon returns with assurances of Marsile's good faith, Roland, as predicted, ends up leading the rearguard. The twelve peers, later known as the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paladin"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Paladins</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>, Charlemagne's greatest and most beloved vassals, go with him. Among them is </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_(paladin)"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Oliver</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>, a wise and prudent man and Roland's best friend. Also in the rearguard is the fiery </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_Turpin"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Archbishop Turpin</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>, a clergyman who also is a great warrior. At the pass of </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roncevaux"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Roncevaux</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>, the twenty thousand Christians of the rearguard are ambushed by a vastly superior force, numbering four hundred thousand. Oliver counsels Roland to blow his </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olifant_(instrument)"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>olifant</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> horn, to call back Charlemagne's main force, but Roland refuses. The Franks fight valiantly, but in the end they are killed to the man. Roland gives three long mighty blasts on his oliphant so that Charlemagne will return and avenge them. His temples burst from the force required, and he presently expires. He positions himself so as to face toward the enemy's land before dying, and his soul is escorted to heaven by Saint Gabriel, Saint Michael and assorted cherubim.</strong></font> </span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 740px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="367"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Batalla.roncesvalles.jpg"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="File:Batalla.roncesvalles.jpg" height="792" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Batalla.roncesvalles.jpg" width="750" /></span></a></td> <td valign="top" width="371"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:f4756e38-f846-4484-9ce9-cdcad74aea58" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> <div id="e110f7c7-5409-4661-aa3d-01f3ab1582e9" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/XwQhZOzf7vA&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Image of the devastation of the frank troops (from a book of the song of Roland)</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Charlemagne arrives, and he and his men are overwhelmed with grief at the sight of the massacre. He pursues the pagan force, aided by a miracle of God; the sun is held in place in the sky so that the enemy will not have cover of night. The </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franks"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Franks</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> push the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saracen"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Saracens</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> into the river </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebro"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Ebro</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>, where those who are not chopped to pieces are drowned.</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Marsile has escaped, though Roland succeeded in cutting off his right hand in battle. Wounded and demoralised, he returns to Saragossa, where the remaining Saracens are plunged into despair by their losses. But </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baligant"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Baligant</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>, the incredibly powerful </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>emir</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> of </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Babylon</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>, has arrived to help his vassal. The emir goes to Roncevaux where the Franks are mourning and burying their dead. There is a terrible battle which climaxes with a one-on-one clash between Baligant and Charlemagne. With a touch of divine aid, Charlemagne slays Baligant, and the Saracens retreat. The Franks take Saragossa, where they destroy all </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Jewish</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> and </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Muslim</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> religious items and </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_conversion"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>force the conversion</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> of everyone in the city with the exception of Queen Bramimonde. Charlemagne wants her to come to Christ through the agency of love. With her as a captive, the Franks return to their capital, </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachen"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Aachen</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> or </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aix-la-Chapelle"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Aix-la-Chapelle</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>.</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Ganelon is put on trial for treason. </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinabel"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Pinabel</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>, Ganelon's kinsman and a gifted speaker, nearly sways the judges to let Ganelon go. But Thierry, a brave but physically unimposing knight, says that Ganelon's revenge should not have been taken against a man in Charlemagne's service and constitutes treason. To decide the matter, Pinabel and Thierry fight. Though Pinabel is the stronger man, God intervenes and Thierry triumphs. The Franks give Ganelon a traitor's death: "Four chargers are brought out and tied to Ganelon's feet and hands...four sergeants drive them past the spectators towards a stream...Ganelon is lost, his ligaments will be stretched intolerably until all his limbs are torn apart." They also hang thirty of his kinsmen, not including Pinabel, who is already dead.<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Iberian_Peninsula_in_125.svg"><img alt="File:Iberian Peninsula in 125.svg" height="576" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Iberian_Peninsula_in_125.svg/720px-Iberian_Peninsula_in_125.svg.png" width="720" /></a></strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Charlemagne announces to all that Bramimonde has decided to become a Christian. Her baptism is celebrated, and all seems well. But that night the angel </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Gabriel</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> comes to Charlemagne in a dream and tells him that he must depart for yet another </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>war</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> against the pagans. Weary and weeping, but resigned to the will of God, Charlemagne inwardly prepares himself for what is to come.</strong></font> </span></p><h4><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000">[</font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Song_of_Roland&action=edit&section=3"><font color="#ff8000">edit</font></a><font color="#ff8000">] Form</font></span></h4> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Carlomagno_roldan.jpg"><img alt="File:Carlomagno roldan.jpg" height="338" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Carlomagno_roldan.jpg" width="454" /></a> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Karlomagno finds Roland dead (XIV. mendeko miniatura)</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The poem is written in </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanza"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>stanzas</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> of irregular length known as </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laisse"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>laisses</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>. The lines are decasyllabic (containing ten syllables), and each is divided by a strong </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesura"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>caesura</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> which generally falls after the fourth </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllable"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>syllable</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>. The last stressed syllable of each line in a laisse has the same </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>vowel</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> sound as every other end-syllable in that laisse. The laisse is therefore an </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assonance"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>assonal</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>, not a </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyming"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>rhyming</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> stanza.</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>On a narrative level, the <i>Song of Roland</i> features extensive use of repetition, parallelism, and </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectic"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>thesis-antithesis</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> pairs. Unlike later </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_literature"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Renaissance</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> and </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Romantic literature</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>, the poem focuses on action rather than introspection.</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The author gives few explanations for characters' behavior. The warriors are stereotypes defined by a few salient traits; for example, Roland is loyal and trusting while Ganelon, though brave, is traitorous and vindictive.</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The story moves at a fast pace, occasionally slowing down and recounting the same scene up to three times but focusing on different details or taking a different perspective each time. The effect is similar to a film sequence shot at different angles so that new and more important details come to light with each shot.<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/BLW_The_Battle_of_Roncevaux%2C_1475-1500.jpg"><img alt="File:BLW The Battle of Roncevaux, 1475-1500.jpg" height="599" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/BLW_The_Battle_of_Roncevaux%2C_1475-1500.jpg/777px-BLW_The_Battle_of_Roncevaux%2C_1475-1500.jpg" width="777" /></a></strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong><img alt="" height="0" src="http://geo.yahoo.com/f?s=792600099&t=0b36ca9414fd93c9037b9cd5a866e80b&r=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2F9777917%40N03%2F3143217602%2Fin%2Fset-72157611700363287&fl_ev=0&lang=en&intl=us" width="0" /></strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>In <em>The Song of Roland</em>, the French epic written down in the last years of the 11 th century, good and evil are clearly delineated and understood. On the battlefield that is the setting for much of the poem, super-mortal forces fight for control of the Earth, utilizing the bodies of the warring Christians and pagans as pawns in a game of cosmological significance. While there is truth at the base of <em>The Song of Roland</em>, much of the history behind the work was “edited” in the three centuries that transpired between the battle of Roncevaux and the recording of the poem. It is true, as the poem claims, that in 778 the rear guard of Charlemagne’s army was massacred at Roncevaux. But in reality— and in contrast to the claims of the song—the Basques, and not the Muslims, destroyed the rear guard of the Frankish forces (Kalchoff, 46). In actuality, the campaign the Franks were waging in Spain was not a holy war: the year before the massacre, Sulayman ibn a l cArabi came to Charles in revolt against the Emir, cAbd ar- R a h m a n . They asked the chief of the Franks for aid. Charles granted it to them, and he prepared a great army to traverse the Pyrenees, to place Sulayman on the throne, and to receive Iberia as a fief (Lafont, 123-128). The re-writing of history we see in <em>The Song of Roland </em>is that which Paul Aebischer calls the “mythification” of events:</strong> </font></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>[D]ans la souci de la censure impÈriale de cacher le dÈsastre des PyrÈnÈes, d’en minimiser les consÈquences, de conserver au roi sa rÈputation de chef invincible... nous ne sommes pas plus dans l’histoire, mais dans la lÈgende, dans une atmosphËre mythique. (Aebischer, 3)</strong> </font></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>In the attempt of imperial censure to conceal the disaster of the Pyrenees, to minimize the consequences, to preserve the reputation of the king as invincible head of state... we are no longer in the realm of history, but in that of legend, in a mythic atmosphere.</strong> </font></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>In a world of myth, symbols occupy a special place, one more important than that of concrete fact. <em>The Song of Roland</em>, as national epic, gives religious significance to secular acts, appropriating the campaign of 778 not only as holy war but as war between God and Satan. Anne Lombard-Jourdan notes that there is a long tradition of appropriation and transformation of pagan symbols by the Christian monarchs of France, for “les rois Ètaient dÈsireux de conserver les anciens emblËmes qui assurent aux yeux de tous leur lÈgitimité [The kings were desirous to conserve the ancient emblems that assured in the eyes of all their legitimacy]” (Lombard-Jourdan, 13). The case with the battle of Roncevaux is the same: after the result of the battle slipped out of living memory, the campaign of 778 was rewritten as a battle between good and evil in order to give to the French kings—the heirs to the legacy of Charlemagne—a moral imperative to justify their rule and to give the church a brilliant past history to inspire its soldiers as they marched eastward on the First Crusade.</strong> </font></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Narrative Perspective</strong> </font></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The authors of the Frankish epic shaped the reaction of their audience by diverging from the traditional narrative structure found in <em>The Iliad</em> and <em>The Aeneid</em>; the two classical epics valorize both warring factions, heightening the station of the victor, whereas the perspective of the medieval poem is entirely Christian: “Its story is narrated from a valorial position which is that of the Christians as against the Saracens. The latter are to be converted or to be killed: there is no empathy for alterity in this text” (Haidu, 37). More anti-Christian than Muslim, the pagans in the poem “do not bear any ‘real’relationship to their presumed referents: they do not ‘refer’ to the concrete, historical societies that occupied either Spain or the Near East” (Haidu, 36). According to the theories of Edward Said, the authors of <em>The Song of Roland</em> projected Christianity onto the pagans in a trope common to occidental literature in order to create a new society—a society marked specifically as anti-Christian. This anti-Christian society, according to Norman Daniel, is constructed to convince, or perhaps to amuse, Christians, but has little resemblance to actual Arabs or the actual Arab world. This is a case of what Said calls the “theater of the Orient,” in which caricatures of Orientals take the place of actual men:</strong> </font></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The idea of representation is a theatrical one: the Orient is the stage on which the whole East is confined. On this stage will appear figures whose role it is to represent the larger whole from which they emanate. The Orient then seems to be, not an unlimited extension beyond the familiar European world, but rather a closed field, a theatrical stage affixed to Europe. (Daniel, 259-260 in Said, 6365)</strong> </font></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>In <em>Roland</em>, the Orient is defined as anti-Occident. If Occidentals have positive value—and they do—Orientals have none. Thus in the Frankish epic, the pagans are never unconditionally praised as we see in Greek and Latin epics such as the Iliad:</strong> </font></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>There the Trojans and their companions were marshaled in order.<br />Tall Hektor of the shining helm was leader of the Trojans,<br />Priam’s son; and with him far the best and the bravest<br />Fighting men were armed and eager to fight with the spear’s edge. (Lattimore, ll. 815-818)</strong> </font></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>In the poems of Homer, admitting the valor of the Trojans amplifies the Greek victory. But this is not the case in the French epic, in which valor in the pagan camp is noted only with a lamentation that the worthy pagan is not Christian:</strong> </font></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Sa vasselage est suvent esprovet.<br />Deus! quel baron, s’o¸st chrestientet</strong> </font></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>His vassalage was certainly proven.<br />God! what a baron, were he but Christian! (v. 3163-3165)</strong> </font></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>When pagans are valorous, it is noted as a strictly individual characteristic. The enemies in <em>Roland </em>are collectively rewritten as “feluns” and “criminels,” giving the Frankish army a moral imperative to conquer.</strong> </font></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>However, the fact that the symbolic system of the pagans in the poem is simply the inverse of the Christian system complicates the issue and raises new questions. Peter Haidu sustains that during the Middle Ages “strictly human alterity could only be recognized as a negatively marked version of the self” (Haidu, 37). If we accept the theory of Haidu—that the Other is the negative version of oneself—we find that the pagans of <em>Roland</em> have more sins to account for: they are heretics. From the narrative viewpoint in the song, the pagans believe in a caricature of the true faith. They have a trinity of gods, named Apollin, Tervagant and Mahomet, whom the pagans beg to intercede for them in battle, much as the Christians do with respect to their God. The pagans’ belief in three gods—not one God in three persons—is closely allied with the beliefs of a number of heretical movements of 11th century France, which denied the existence of a Trinity (Wakefield & Evans, 21). One manifestation of this heresy, Catharism, subscribed to the belief that:</strong> </font></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>[L]e PËre, le Fils, le Saint-Esprit ne sont point, pour eux, un Dieu en trois personnes. Le PËre est plus grand que le Fils et que le Saint Esprit. (Nelli, 286)</strong> </font></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The Father, the Son, the Holy Spirit are not, themselves, one God in three persons. The Father is greater than the Son and than the Holy Spirit.</strong> </font></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The pagans also transform the Christian practice of veneration of idols into worship—another manifestation of their lack of comprehension of the true faith. As those who worship idols, they look towards and move towards nothingness. According to Saint Paul: “nous savons que l’idole n’est rien—ou est le Rien— en ce monde [we know that the idol is nothing–moreover the Nothingness–in this world]” (I Corinthians 8:4), and Saint Augustine states that before he found religion, he tended towards nothingness like an idol (Soliloquies, 167). But the greatest sin in the pagan camp is the rejection of Christ. Since they have rejected the mercy brought by the voluntary death of the son of God, they are still marked by the stain of Original Sin:</strong> </font></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Difatti noi abbiamo offeso (Dio) nel primo Adamo, non osservando il suo precetto; perÚ siamo stati riconciliati nel secondo Adamo, diventati obbedienti fino al morte. (Testa, 5)</strong> </font></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>In fact we offended God with the first Adam, not observing his precept; but we have been reconciled by the second Adam, following obediently to the death.</strong> </font></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>All are culpable for the sin of Adam, save the Christians who accepted the saving grace of Christ. Culpability for this sin, among the others, rests with the pagans until they accept the true faith.</strong> </font></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Symbolic Systems</strong> </font></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>By not ascribing to the Christian faith, the pagans become evil in the theological system of the Middle Ages. Evil, according to Augustine, comes from the improper usage of the free will God gave to mankind. Boethius expanded upon Augustine’s thesis, reaching the conclusion that good emanates from God into all things. Normally, beings tend towards the good because it is nature for a being to desire the good. It is, however, possible for a being to be deceived into wishing for evil—that is, to act against God’s will (Nash-Marsh, 210-218). In Boethius’s schema, evil can come from lack of knowledge, from fortune, and from lack of divine order (Boethius, 67-68). In <em>The Song of Roland</em>, one finds proof of the lack of knowledge on the part of the pagans: “«o est une gent ki unches ben ne volt. AOI [This is a sort of which has never seen goodness. AOI]” (v. 3231). According to the philosophical system of Boethius, to tend towards evil (or away from good) is to tend towards a state of non-being:</strong> </font></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><big><big><big><strong>Historical Time Line of Charlemagne's Life</strong></big></big></big> </font></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"> </font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><big><big><strong><font color="#ff8000">St James appears to Charlemagne </font></strong></big></big> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><b>Carolingians and the Papacy</b> </font></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">7</font><a name="Carolingians and the Papacy"><font color="#ff8000">15-741 - Pope Gregory II was the first Roman pope to be elected after seven popes who were either Greek or Syrian.</font></a><font color="#ff8000"> </font><a href="http://faculty.cua.edu/Justinianemp.htm"><font color="#ff8000">Map of Meditteranean</font></a><font color="#ff8000"> </font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><big><big><strong><font color="#ff8000">732 Arabs are defeated at Tours (Poitiers) by Charles Martel </font></strong></big></big> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>731-728 - Pope Gregory III was a Syrian who was equally skilled in Latin and Greek. He threatened to excommunicate the Byzantine Emperor Leo III (717-741) who had promulgated a decree that prohibited sacred images in churches (Iconoclastic Controversy).</strong> </font></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>741-752 - Pope Zacharias a Greek from Southern Italy was the last of the Greek popes. He was also the last pope who sent envoys to Constantinople to inform the emperor and the patriarch of his election</strong> </font></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">742 AD - Pepin the Short's son Carolus Magnus (Charlemagne in French) or Charles the Great is born in Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) on April 2. </font></strong></p><strong><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> <p align="justify"><br /><font color="#ff8000">751 - Pepin the Short dethrones the last Merovingian king and takes the throne for himself. </font></p></span></strong><p></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>753 - Pope Stephen II </strong><strong>(752-757) </strong><strong>appealed to the Byzantine emperor for military help against the Lombards. When his appeal failed he turned to Pepin the Short in 754. Pepin led a military expedition against the Lombards and defeated the Lombard King Aistulf. Pope Stephen recognized the legitimacy of Pepin's claim to be king of the Franks. Pepin gave the pope dominion over the lands of Central Italy and established the legal foundation of the <a href="http://faculty.cua.edu/carolingemp.htm">Papal States</a> (<a name="Patrimony_of_St_Peter">Patrimony of St Peter</a>). Stephen also used the <a href="http://faculty.cua.edu/DonationConstantine.htm">Donation of Constantine</a> to support his claim to rule over central Italy. </strong></font></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">754 - Pope Stephen crowns Pepin the Short.<br />756 - Aistulf attacks Rome. Pepin the Short rushes to protect Pope Stephen II again from the Lombards. Pepin strips the Byzantines of control of Ravenna.</font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">760 - Charlemagne accompanies his father during his military efforts to conquer the lands south the Loire River, or Aquitaine as they are more commonly known. </font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><big><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">768 - Pepin the Short dies and his kingdom is divided up between Charles and his brother Carloman.</font></strong></big></p> <span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:fdeb2c17-c948-4760-a6f8-28d972a8d7fd" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="0433cb02-4434-4439-a30c-a3b452f26ed0" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/XwQhZOzf7vA&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div> </span><p align="justify"><big><strong><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><font color="#ff8000">770 - Charlemagne marries Desiderata, daughter of the Lombard King Desiderius. The Lombards virtually surrounded Papal states, and this marriage worried the Pope and Charlemagne's brother. </font></span></strong></big></p><strong><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><big> <p align="justify"><br /></p></big><font color="#ff8000">771 - Carloman dies, and Charlemagne unites the Frankish Empire quickly. There is some speculation as to the cause of Carloman's death, but there is no evidence to indicate Charlemagne had any knowledge of wrong- doing.<br />774 - Reacting to the Pope's plea for help, Charlemagne conquered the lands of his brief father-in-law after a lengthy siege of Pavia. Charlemagne spent the following Easter in Rome and reaffirmed his vow to protect Papal lands.<br /></font></span></strong><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p align="justify"><br /></p><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 950px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="316"><blockquote> <div class="wlWriterEditableSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:1784e1d3-0eee-41d1-94fa-84e46968c9ad" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="fc242929-e8a6-4fda-afe1-f44157080245" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></div></div><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></blockquote></td> <td valign="top" width="316"> <blockquote> <p><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">CXXIII </strong></font></p></blockquote> <blockquote> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Marvellous is the battle in its speed,<br />The Franks there strike with vigour and with heat,<br />Cutting through wrists and ribs and chines in-deed,<br />Through garments to the lively flesh beneath;<br />On the green grass the clear blood runs in streams.<br />The pagans say: "No more we'll suffer, we.<br />Terra Major, Mahummet's curse on thee!<br />Beyond all men thy people are hardy!"<br />There was not one but cried then: "Marsilie,<br />Canter, O king, thy succour now we need!" </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXXIV </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Marvellous is the battle now and grand,<br />The Franks there strike, their good brown spears in hand.<br />Then had you seen such sorrowing of clans,<br />So many a slain, shattered and bleeding man!<br />Biting the earth, or piled there on their backs!<br />The Sarrazins cannot such loss withstand.<br />Will they or nill, from off the field draw back;<br />By lively force chase them away the Franks.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><img height="1325" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCAw7lPtUYeMN_e5Ie20oPzZD9SwPHs2QkrF5ZWGGMdRJQGnkkNDFUccX6hI22EE4wnXTD4hmT5E2JOOd1H-UY22HD8MEHY0JW1Ey-8CZsObbBLAPk3VUBPPw2IuFWRfZ-fI30dgFfHJTG/w1252-h1325/566px-Grandes_chroniques_Roland.jpg" width="1252" /> </font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"></font><a> </a></span></p><p><a><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"> </font> </span></a></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a><font color="#ff8000"></font></a><a></a></span></p><p></p> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXXV </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Their martyrdom, his men's, Marsile has seen,<br />So he bids sound his horns and his buccines;<br />Then canters forth with all his great army.<br />Canters before a Sarrazin, Abisme,<br />More felon none was in that company;<br />Cankered with guile and every felony,<br />He fears not God, the Son of Saint Mary;<br />Black is that man as molten pitch that seethes;<br />Better he loves murder and treachery<br />Than to have all the gold of Galicie;<br />Never has man beheld him sport for glee;<br />Yet vassalage he's shown, and great folly,<br />So is he dear to th' felon king Marsile;<br />Dragon he bears, to which his tribe rally.<br />That Archbishop could never love him, he;<br />Seeing him there, to strike he's very keen,<br />Within himself he says all quietly:<br />"This Sarrazin great heretick meseems,<br />Rather I'ld die, than not slay him clean,<br />Neer did I love coward nor cowardice."<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXXVI </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>That Archbishop begins the fight again,<br />Sitting the horse which he took from Grossaille<br />-- That was a king he had in Denmark slain; --<br />That charger is swift and of noble race;<br />Fine are his hooves, his legs are smooth and straight,<br />Short are his thighs, broad crupper he displays,<br />Long are his ribs, aloft his spine is raised,<br />White is his tail and yellow is his mane,<br />Little his ears, and tawny all his face;<br />No beast is there, can match him in a race.<br />That Archbishop spurs on by vassalage,<br />He will not pause ere Abisme he assail;<br />So strikes that shield, is wonderfully arrayed,<br />Whereon are stones, amethyst and topaze,<br />Esterminals and carbuncles that blaze;<br />A devil's gift it was, in Val Metase,<br />Who handed it to the admiral Galafes;<br />So Turpin strikes, spares him not anyway;<br />After that blow, he's worth no penny wage;<br />The carcass he's sliced, rib from rib away,<br />So flings him down dead in an empty place.<br />Then say the Franks: "He has great vassalage,<br />With the Archbishop, surely the Cross is safe." </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXXVII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The count Rollanz calls upon Oliver:<br />"Sir companion, witness you'll freely bear,<br />The Archbishop is a right good chevalier,<br />None better is neath Heaven anywhere;<br />Well can he strike with lance and well with spear."<br />Answers that count: "Support to him we'll bear!"<br />Upon that word the Franks again make yare;<br />Hard are the blows, slaughter and suffering there,<br />For Christians too, most bitter grief and care.<br />Who could had seen Rollanz and Oliver<br />With their good swords to strike and to slaughter!<br />And the Archbishop lays on there with his spear.<br />Those that are dead, men well may hold them dear.<br />In charters and in briefs is written clear,<br />Four thousand fell, and more, the tales declare.<br />Gainst four assaults easily did they fare,<br />But then the fifth brought heavy griefs to bear.<br />They all are slain, those Frankish chevaliers;<br />Only three-score, whom God was pleased to spare,<br />Before these die, they'll sell them very dear.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXXVIII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The count Rollant great loss of his men sees,<br />His companion Olivier calls, and speaks:<br />"Sir and comrade, in God's Name, That you keeps,<br />Such good vassals you see lie here in heaps;<br />For France the Douce, fair country, may we weep,<br />Of such barons long desolate she'll be.<br />Ah! King and friend, wherefore are you not here?<br />How, Oliver, brother, can we achieve?<br />And by what means our news to him repeat?"<br />Says Oliver: "I know not how to seek;<br />Rather I'ld die than shame come of this feat."<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXXIX </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Then says Rollanz: "I'll wind this olifant,<br />If Charles hear, where in the pass he stands,<br />I pledge you now they will return, the Franks."<br />Says Oliver: "Great shame would come of that<br />And a reproach on every one, your clan,<br />That shall endure while each lives in the land,<br />When I implored, you would not do this act;<br />Doing it now, no raise from me you'll have:<br />So wind your horn but not by courage rash,<br />Seeing that both your arms with blood are splashed."<br />Answers that count: "Fine blows I've struck them back."<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXXX </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Then says Rollant: "Strong it is now, our battle;<br />I'll wind my horn, so the King hears it, Charles."<br />Says Oliver: "That act were not a vassal's.<br />When I implored you, comrade, you were wrathful.<br />Were the King here, we had not borne such damage.<br />Nor should we blame those with him there, his army."<br />Says Oliver: "Now by my beard, hereafter<br />If I may see my gentle sister Alde,<br />She in her arms, I swear, shall never clasp you."<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXXXI </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Then says Rollanz: "Wherefore so wroth with me?"<br />He answers him: "Comrade, it was your deed:<br />Vassalage comes by sense, and not folly;<br />Prudence more worth is than stupidity.<br />Here are Franks dead, all for your trickery;<br />No more service to Carlun may we yield.<br />My lord were here now, had you trusted me,<br />And fought and won this battle then had we,<br />Taken or slain were the king Marsilie.<br />In your prowess, Rollanz, no good we've seen!<br />Charles the great in vain your aid will seek --<br />None such as he till God His Judgement speak; --<br />Here must you die, and France in shame be steeped;<br />Here perishes our loyal company,<br />Before this night great severance and grief."<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXXXII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>That Archbishop has heard them, how they spoke,<br />His horse he pricks with his fine spurs of gold,<br />Coming to them he takes up his reproach:<br />"Sir Oliver, and you, Sir Rollant, both,<br />For God I pray, do not each other scold!<br />No help it were to us, the horn to blow,<br />But, none the less, it may be better so;<br />The King will come, with vengeance that he owes;<br />These Spanish men never away shall go.<br />Our Franks here, each descending from his horse,<br />Will find us dead, and limb from body torn;<br />They'll take us hence, on biers and litters borne;<br />With pity and with grief for us they'll mourn;<br />They'll bury each in some old minster-close;<br />No wolf nor swine nor dog shall gnaw our bones."<br />Answers Rollant: "Sir, very well you spoke."<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXXXIII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Rollant hath set the olifant to his mouth,<br />He grasps it well, and with great virtue sounds.<br />High are those peaks, afar it rings and loud,<br />Thirty great leagues they hear its echoes mount.<br />So Charles heard, and all his comrades round;<br />Then said that King: "Battle they do, our counts!"<br />And Guenelun answered, contrarious:<br />"That were a lie, in any other mouth."<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXXIV </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The Count Rollanz, with sorrow and with pangs,<br />And with great pain sounded his olifant:<br />Out of his mouth the clear blood leaped and ran,<br />About his brain the very temples cracked.<br />Loud is its voice, that horn he holds in hand;<br />Charles hath heard, where in the pass he stands,<br />And Neimes hears, and listen all the Franks.<br />Then says the King: "I hear his horn, Rollant's;<br />He'ld never sound, but he were in combat."<br />Answers him Guenes "It is no battle, that. <br />Now are you old, blossoming white and blanched,<br />Yet by such words you still appear infant.<br />You know full well the great pride of Rollant<br />Marvel it is, God stays so tolerant.<br />Noples he took, not waiting your command;<br />Thence issued forth the Sarrazins, a band<br />With vassalage had fought against Rollant;<br />A He slew them first, with Durendal his brand,<br />Then washed their blood with water from the land;<br />So what he'd done might not be seen of man.<br />He for a hare goes all day, horn in hand;<br />Before his peers in foolish jest he brags.<br />No race neath heav'n in field him dare attack.<br />So canter on! Nay, wherefore hold we back?<br />Terra Major is far away, our land."<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXXXV </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The count Rollanz, though blood his mouth doth stain,<br />And burst are both the temples of his brain,<br />His olifant he sounds with grief and pain;<br />Charles hath heard, listen the Franks again.<br />"That horn," the King says, "hath a mighty strain!"<br />Answers Duke Neimes: "A baron blows with pain!<br />Battle is there, indeed I see it plain,<br />He is betrayed, by one that still doth feign.<br />Equip you, sir, cry out your old refrain,<br />That noble band, go succour them amain!<br />Enough you've heard how Rollant doth complain." </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXXVI </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>That Emperour hath bid them sound their horns.<br />The Franks dismount, and dress themselves for war,<br />Put hauberks on, helmets and golden swords;<br />Fine shields they have, and spears of length and force<br />Scarlat and blue and white their ensigns float.<br />His charger mounts each baron of the host;<br />They spur with haste as through the pass they go.<br />Nor was there one but thus to 's neighbour spoke:<br />"Now, ere he die, may we see Rollant, so<br />Ranged by his side we'll give some goodly blows."<br />But what avail? They've stayed too long below. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCXXXVII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>That even-tide is light as was the day;<br />Their armour shines beneath the sun's clear ray,<br />Hauberks and helms throw off a dazzling flame,<br />And blazoned shields, flowered in bright array,<br />Also their spears, with golden ensigns gay.<br />That Emperour, he canters on with rage,<br />And all the Franks with wonder and dismay;<br />There is not one can bitter tears restrain,<br />And for Rollant they're very sore afraid.<br />The King has bid them seize that county Guene,<br />And charged with him the scullions of his train;<br />The master-cook he's called, Besgun by name:<br />"Guard me him well, his felony is plain,<br />Who in my house vile treachery has made."<br />He holds him, and a hundred others takes<br />From the kitchen, both good and evil knaves;<br />Then Guenes beard and both his cheeks they shaved,<br />And four blows each with their closed fists they gave,<br />They trounced him well with cudgels and with staves,<br />And on his neck they clasped an iron chain;<br />So like a bear enchained they held him safe,<br />On a pack-mule they set him in his shame:<br />Kept him till Charles should call for him again.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXXXVIII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>High were the peaks and shadowy and grand,<br />The valleys deep, the rivers swiftly ran.<br />Trumpets they blew in rear and in the van,<br />Till all again answered that olifant.<br />That Emperour canters with fury mad,<br />And all the Franks dismay and wonder have;<br />There is not one but weeps and waxes sad<br />And all pray God that He will guard Rollant<br />Till in the field together they may stand;<br />There by his side they'll strike as well they can.<br />But what avail? No good there is in that;<br />They're not in time; too long have they held back.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXXXIX </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>In his great rage on canters Charlemagne;<br />Over his sark his beard is flowing plain.<br />Barons of France, in haste they spur and strain;<br />There is not one that can his wrath contain<br />That they are not with Rollant the Captain,<br />Whereas he fights the Sarrazins of Spain.<br />If he be struck, will not one soul remain.<br />-- God! Sixty men are all now in his train!<br />Never a king had better Capitains.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXL </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Rollant regards the barren mountain-sides;<br />Dead men of France, he sees so many lie,<br />And weeps for them as fits a gentle knight:<br />"Lords and barons, may God to you be kind!<br />And all your souls redeem for Paradise!<br />And let you there mid holy flowers lie!<br />Better vassals than you saw never I.<br />Ever you've served me, and so long a time,<br />By you Carlon hath conquered kingdoms wide;<br />That Emperour reared you for evil plight!<br />Douce land of France, o very precious clime,<br />Laid desolate by such a sour exile!<br />Barons of France, for me I've seen you die,<br />And no support, no warrant could I find;<br />God be your aid, Who never yet hath lied!<br />I must not fail now, brother, by your side;<br />Save I be slain, for sorrow shall I die.<br />Sir companion, let us again go strike!" </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXLI </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The count Rollanz, back to the field then hieing<br />Holds Durendal, and like a vassal striking<br />Faldrun of Pui has through the middle sliced,<br />With twenty-four of all they rated highest;<br />Was never man, for vengeance shewed such liking.<br />Even as a stag before the hounds goes flying,<br />Before Rollanz the pagans scatter, frightened.<br />Says the Archbishop: "You deal now very wisely!<br />Such valour should he shew that is bred knightly,<br />And beareth arms, and a good charger rideth;<br />In battle should be strong and proud and sprightly;<br />Or otherwise he is not worth a shilling,<br />Should be a monk in one of those old minsters,<br />Where, day, by day, he'ld pray for us poor sinners."<br />Answers Rollant: "Strike on; no quarter give them!"<br />Upon these words Franks are again beginning;<br />Very great loss they suffer then, the Christians. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXLII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The man who knows, for him there's no prison,<br />In such a fight with keen defence lays on;<br />Wherefore the Franks are fiercer than lions.<br />Marsile you'd seen go as a brave baron,<br />Sitting his horse, the which he calls Gaignon;<br />He spurs it well, going to strike Bevon,<br />That was the lord of Beaune and of Dijon,<br />His shield he breaks, his hauberk has undone,<br />So flings him dead, without condition;<br />Next he hath slain Yvoerie and Ivon,<br />Also with them Gerard of Russillon.<br />The count Rollanz, being not far him from,<br />To th'pagan says: "Confound thee our Lord God!<br />So wrongfully you've slain my companions,<br />A blow you'll take, ere we apart be gone,<br />And of my sword the name I'll bid you con."<br />He goes to strike him, as a brave baron,<br />And his right hand the count clean slices off;<br />Then takes the head of Jursaleu the blond;<br />That was the son of king Marsilion.<br />Pagans cry out "Assist us now, Mahom!<br />God of our race, avenge us on Carlon!<br />Into this land he's sent us such felons<br />That will not leave the fight before they drop."<br />Says each to each: "Nay let us fly!" Upon<br />That word, they're fled, an hundred thousand gone;<br />Call them who may, they'll never more come on.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXLIII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>But what avail? Though fled be Marsilies,<br />He's left behind his uncle, the alcaliph<br />Who holds Alferne, Kartagene, Garmalie,<br />And Ethiope, a cursed land indeed;<br />The blackamoors from there are in his keep,<br />Broad in the nose they are and flat in the ear,<br />Fifty thousand and more in company.<br />These canter forth with arrogance and heat,<br />Then they cry out the pagans' rallying-cheer;<br />And Rollant says: "Martyrdom we'll receive;<br />Not long to live, I know it well, have we;<br />Felon he's named that sells his body cheap!<br />Strike on, my lords, with burnished swords and keen;<br />Contest each inch your life and death between,<br />That neer by us Douce France in shame be steeped.<br />When Charles my lord shall come into this field,<br />Such discipline of Sarrazins he'll see,<br />For one of ours he'll find them dead fifteen;<br />He will not fail, but bless us all in peace."<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXLIV </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>When Rollant sees those misbegotten men,<br />Who are more black than ink is on the pen<br />With no part white, only their teeth except,<br />Then says that count: "I know now very well<br />That here to die we're bound, as I can tell.<br />Strike on, the Franks! For so I recommend."<br />Says Oliver: "Who holds back, is condemned!"<br />Upon those words, the Franks to strike again. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXLV </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Franks are but few; which, when the pagans know,<br />Among themselves comfort and pride they shew;<br />Says each to each: "Wrong was that Emperor."<br />Their alcaliph upon a sorrel rode,<br />And pricked it well with both his spurs of gold;<br />Struck Oliver, behind, on the back-bone,<br />His hauberk white into his body broke,<br />Clean through his breast the thrusting spear he drove;<br />After he said: "You've borne a mighty blow.<br />Charles the great should not have left you so;<br />He's done us wrong, small thanks to him we owe;<br />I've well avenged all ours on you alone." </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXLVI </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Oliver feels that he to die is bound,<br />Holds Halteclere, whose steel is rough and brown,<br />Strikes the alcaliph on his helm's golden mount;<br />Flowers and stones fall clattering to the ground,<br />Slices his head, to th'small teeth in his mouth;<br />So brandishes his blade and flings him down;<br />After he says: "Pagan, accurst be thou!<br />Thou'lt never say that Charles forsakes me now;<br />Nor to thy wife, nor any dame thou'st found,<br />Thou'lt never boast, in lands where thou wast crowned,<br />One pennyworth from me thou'st taken out,<br />Nor damage wrought on me nor any around."<br />After, for aid, "Rollant!" he cries aloud.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXLVII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Oliver feels that death is drawing nigh;<br />To avenge himself he hath no longer time;<br />Through the great press most gallantly he strikes,<br />He breaks their spears, their buckled shields doth slice,<br />Their feet, their fists, their shoulders and their sides,<br />Dismembers them: whoso had seen that sigh,<br />Dead in the field one on another piled,<br />Remember well a vassal brave he might.<br />Charles ensign he'll not forget it quite;<br />Aloud and clear "Monjoie" again he cries.<br />To call Rollanz, his friend and peer, he tries:<br />"My companion, come hither to my side.<br />With bitter grief we must us now divide."<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXLVIII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Then Rollant looked upon Olivier's face;<br />Which was all wan and colourless and pale,<br />While the clear blood, out of his body sprayed,<br />Upon the ground gushed forth and ran away.<br />"God!" said that count, "What shall I do or say?<br />My companion, gallant for such ill fate!<br />Neer shall man be, against thee could prevail.<br />Ah! France the Douce, henceforth art thou made waste<br />Of vassals brave, confounded and disgraced!<br />Our Emperour shall suffer damage great."<br />And with these words upon his horse he faints.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXLIX </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>You'd seen Rollant aswoon there in his seat,<br />And Oliver, who unto death doth bleed,<br />So much he's bled, his eyes are dim and weak;<br />Nor clear enough his vision, far or near,<br />To recognise whatever man he sees;<br />His companion, when each the other meets,<br />Above the helm jewelled with gold he beats,<br />Slicing it down from there to the nose-piece,<br />But not his head; he's touched not brow nor cheek.<br />At such a blow Rollant regards him keen,<br />And asks of him, in gentle tones and sweet:<br />"To do this thing, my comrade, did you mean?<br />This is Rollanz, who ever held you dear;<br />And no mistrust was ever us between."<br />Says Oliver: "Now can I hear you speak;<br />I see you not: may the Lord God you keep!<br />I struck you now: and for your pardon plead."<br />Answers Rollanz: "I am not hurt, indeed;<br />I pardon you, before God's Throne and here."<br />Upon these words, each to the other leans;<br />And in such love you had their parting seen. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CL </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Oliver feels death's anguish on him now;<br />And in his head his two eyes swimming round;<br />Nothing he sees; he hears not any sound;<br />Dismounting then, he kneels upon the ground,<br />Proclaims his sins both firmly and aloud,<br />Clasps his two hands, heavenwards holds them out,<br />Prays God himself in Paradise to allow;<br />Blessings on Charles, and on Douce France he vows,<br />And his comrade, Rollanz, to whom he's bound.<br />Then his heart fails; his helmet nods and bows;<br />Upon the earth he lays his whole length out:<br />And he is dead, may stay no more, that count.<br />Rollanz the brave mourns him with grief profound;<br />Nowhere on earth so sad a man you'd found. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CLI </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>So Rollant's friend is dead whom when he sees<br />Face to the ground, and biting it with's teeth,<br />Begins to mourn in language very sweet:<br />"Unlucky, friend, your courage was indeed!<br />Together we have spent such days and years;<br />No harmful thing twixt thee and me has been.<br />Now thou art dead, and all my life a grief."<br />And with these words again he swoons, that chief,<br />Upon his horse, which he calls Veillantif;<br />Stirrups of gold support him underneath;<br />He cannot fall, whichever way he lean. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CLII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Soon as Rollant his senses won and knew,<br />Recovering and turning from that swoon.<br />Bitter great loss appeared there in his view:<br />Dead are the Franks; he'd all of them to lose,<br />Save the Archbishop, and save Gualter del Hum;<br />He is come down out of the mountains, who<br />Gainst Spanish men made there a great ado;<br />Dead are his men, for those the pagans slew;<br />Will he or nill, along the vales he flew,<br />And called Rollant, to bring him succour soon:<br />"Ah! Gentle count, brave soldier, where are you?<br />For By thy side no fear I ever knew.<br />Gualter it is, who conquered Maelgut,<br />And nephew was to hoary old Drouin;<br />My vassalage thou ever thoughtest good.<br />Broken my spear, and split my shield in two;<br />Gone is the mail that on my hauberk grew;<br />This body of mine eight lances have gone through;<br />I'm dying. Yet full price for life I took."<br />Rollant has heard these words and understood,<br />Has spurred his horse, and on towards him drew.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CLIII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Grief gives Rollanz intolerance and pride;<br />Through the great press he goes again to strike;<br />To slay a score of Spaniards he contrives,<br />Gualter has six, the Archbishop other five.<br />The pagans say: "Men, these, of felon kind!<br />Lordings, take care they go not hence alive!<br />Felon he's named that does not break their line,<br />Recreant, who lets them any safety find!"<br />And so once more begin the hue and cry,<br />From every part they come to break the line.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CLI </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Count Rollant is a noble and brave soldier,<br />Gualter del Hum's a right good chevalier,<br />That Archbishop hath shewn good prowess there;<br />None of them falls behind the other pair;<br />Through the great press, pagans they strike again.<br />Come on afoot a thousand Sarrazens,<br />And on horseback some forty thousand men.<br />But well I know, to approach they never dare;<br />Lances and spears they poise to hurl at them,<br />Arrows, barbs, darts and javelins in the air.<br />With the first flight they've slain our Gualtier;<br />Turpin of Reims has all his shield broken,<br />And cracked his helm; he's wounded in the head,<br />From his hauberk the woven mail they tear,<br />In his body four spear-wounds doth he bear;<br />Beneath him too his charger's fallen dead.<br />Great grief it was, when that Archbishop fell.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CLV </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Turpin of Reims hath felt himself undone,<br />Since that four spears have through his body come;<br />Nimble and bold upon his feet he jumps;<br />Looks for Rollant, and then towards him runs,<br />Saying this word: "I am not overcome.<br />While life remains, no good vassal gives up."<br />He's drawn Almace, whose steel was brown and rough,<br />Through the great press a thousand blows he's struck:<br />As Charles said, quarter he gave to none;<br />He found him there, four hundred else among,<br />Wounded the most, speared through the middle some,<br />Also there were from whom the heads he'd cut:<br />So tells the tale, he that was there says thus,<br />The brave Saint Giles, whom God made marvellous,<br />Who charters wrote for th' Minster at Loum;<br />Nothing he's heard that does not know this much. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CLVI </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The count Rollanz has nobly fought and well,<br />But he is hot, and all his body sweats;<br />Great pain he has, and trouble in his head,<br />His temples burst when he the horn sounded;<br />But he would know if Charles will come to them,<br />Takes the olifant, and feebly sounds again.<br />That Emperour stood still and listened then:<br />"My lords," said he, "Right evilly we fare!<br />This day Rollanz, my nephew shall be dead:<br />I hear his horn, with scarcely any breath.<br />Nimbly canter, whoever would be there!<br />Your trumpets sound, as many as ye bear!"<br />Sixty thousand so loud together blare,<br />The mountains ring, the valleys answer them.<br />The pagans hear, they think it not a jest;<br />Says each to each: "Carlum doth us bestead."<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CLVII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The pagans say: "That Emperour's at hand,<br />We hear their sound, the trumpets of the Franks;<br />If Charles come, great loss we then shall stand,<br />And wars renewed, unless we slay Rollant;<br />All Spain we'll lose, our own clear father-land."<br />Four hundred men of them in helmets stand;<br />The best of them that might be in their ranks<br />Make on Rollanz a grim and fierce attack;<br />Gainst these the count had well enough in hand.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CLVIII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The count Rollanz, when their approach he sees<br />Is grown so bold and manifest and fierce<br />So long as he's alive he will not yield.<br />He sits his horse, which men call Veillantif,<br />Pricking him well with golden spurs beneath,<br />Through the great press he goes, their line to meet,<br />And by his side is the Archbishop Turpin.<br />"Now, friend, begone!" say pagans, each to each;<br />"These Frankish men, their horns we plainly hear<br />Charle is at hand, that King in Majesty." </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CLIX </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The count Rollanz has never loved cowards,<br />Nor arrogant, nor men of evil heart,<br />Nor chevalier that was not good vassal.<br />That Archbishop, Turpins, he calls apart:<br />"Sir, you're afoot, and I my charger have;<br />For love of you, here will I take my stand,<br />Together we'll endure things good and bad;<br />I'll leave you not, for no incarnate man:<br />We'll give again these pagans their attack;<br />The better blows are those from Durendal."<br />Says the Archbishop: "Shame on him that holds back!<br />Charle is at hand, full vengeance he'll exact." </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CLX </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The pagans say: "Unlucky were we born!<br />An evil day for us did this day dawn!<br />For we have lost our peers and all our lords.<br />Charles his great host once more upon us draws,<br />Of Frankish men we plainly hear the horns,<br />"Monjoie " they cry, and great is their uproar.<br />The count Rollant is of such pride and force<br />He'll never yield to man of woman born;<br />Let's aim at him, then leave him on the spot!"<br />And aim they did: with arrows long and short,<br />Lances and spears and feathered javelots;<br />Count Rollant's shield they've broken through and bored,<br />The woven mail have from his hauberk torn,<br />But not himself, they've never touched his corse;<br />Veillantif is in thirty places gored,<br />Beneath the count he's fallen dead, that horse.<br />Pagans are fled, and leave him on the spot;<br />The count Rollant stands on his feet once more.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CLXI </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Pagans are fled, enangered and enraged,<br />Home into Spain with speed they make their way;<br />The count Rollanz, he has not given chase,<br />For Veillantif, his charger, they have slain;<br />Will he or nill, on foot he must remain.<br />To the Archbishop, Turpins, he goes with aid;<br />I He's from his head the golden helm unlaced,<br />Taken from him his white hauberk away,<br />And cut the gown in strips, was round his waist;<br />On his great wounds the pieces of it placed,<br />Then to his heart has caught him and embraced;<br />On the green grass he has him softly laid,<br />Most sweetly then to him has Rollant prayed:<br />"Ah! Gentle sir, give me your leave, I say;<br />Our companions, whom we so dear appraised,<br />Are now all dead; we cannot let them stay;<br />I will go seek and bring them to this place,<br />Arrange them here in ranks, before your face."<br />Said the Archbishop: "Go, and return again.<br />This field is yours and mine now; God be praised!" </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CLXII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>So Rollanz turns; through the field, all alone,<br />Searching the vales and mountains, he is gone;<br />He finds Gerin, Gerers his companion,<br />Also he finds Berenger and Otton,<br />There too he finds Anseis and Sanson,<br />And finds Gerard the old, of Rossillon;<br />By one and one he's taken those barons,<br />To the Archbishop with each of them he comes,<br />Before his knees arranges every one.<br />That Archbishop, he cannot help but sob,<br />He lifts his hand, gives benediction;<br />After he's said: "Unlucky, Lords, your lot!<br />But all your souls He'll lay, our Glorious God,<br />In Paradise, His holy flowers upon!<br />For my own death such anguish now I've got;<br />I shall not see him, our rich Emperor." </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CLXIII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>So Rollant turns, goes through the field in quest;<br />His companion Olivier finds at length;<br />He has embraced him close against his breast,<br />To the Archbishop returns as he can best;<br />Upon a shield he's laid him, by the rest;<br />And the Archbishop has them absolved and blest:<br />Whereon his grief and pity grow afresh.<br />Then says Rollanz: "Fair comrade Olivier,<br />You were the son of the good count Reinier,<br />Who held the march by th' Vale of Runier;<br />To shatter spears, through buckled shields to bear,<br />And from hauberks the mail to break and tear,<br />Proof men to lead, and prudent counsel share,<br />Gluttons in field to frighten and conquer,<br />No land has known a better chevalier." </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CLXIV </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The count Rollanz, when dead he saw his peers,<br />And Oliver, he held so very dear,<br />Grew tender, and began to shed a tear;<br />Out of his face the colour disappeared;<br />No longer could he stand, for so much grief,<br />Will he or nill, he swooned upon the field.<br />Said the Archbishop: "Unlucky lord, indeed!" </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CLXV </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>When the Archbishop beheld him swoon, Rollant,<br />Never before such bitter grief he'd had;<br />Stretching his hand, he took that olifant.<br />Through Rencesvals a little river ran;<br />He would go there, fetch water for Rollant.<br />Went step by step, to stumble soon began,<br />So feeble he is, no further fare he can,<br />For too much blood he's lost, and no strength has;<br />Ere he has crossed an acre of the land,<br />His heart grows faint, he falls down forwards and<br />Death comes to him with very cruel pangs. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CLXVI </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The count Rollanz wakes from his swoon once more,<br />Climbs to his feet; his pains are very sore;<br />Looks down the vale, looks to the hills above;<br />On the green grass, beyond his companions,<br />He sees him lie, that noble old baron;<br />'Tis the Archbishop, whom in His name wrought God;<br />There he proclaims his sins, and looks above;<br />Joins his two hands, to Heaven holds them forth,<br />And Paradise prays God to him to accord.<br />Dead is Turpin, the warrior of Charlon.<br />In battles great and very rare sermons<br />Against pagans ever a champion.<br />God grant him now His Benediction!<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CLXVII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The count Rollant sees the Archbishop lie dead,<br />Sees the bowels out of his body shed,<br />And sees the brains that surge from his forehead;<br />Between his two arm-pits, upon his breast,<br />Crossways he folds those hands so white and fair.<br />Then mourns aloud, as was the custom there:<br />"Thee, gentle sir, chevalier nobly bred,<br />To the Glorious Celestial I commend;<br />Neer shall man be, that will Him serve so well;<br />Since the Apostles was never such prophet,<br />To hold the laws and draw the hearts of men.<br />Now may your soul no pain nor sorrow ken,<br />Finding the gates of Paradise open!" </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CLXVIII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Then Rollanz feels that death to him draws near,<br />For all his brain is issued from his ears;<br />He prays to God that He will call the peers,<br />Bids Gabriel, the angel, t' himself appear.<br />Takes the olifant, that no reproach shall hear,<br />And Durendal in the other hand he wields;<br />Further than might a cross-bow's arrow speed<br />Goes towards Spain into a fallow-field;<br />Climbs on a cliff; where, under two fair trees,<br />Four terraces, of marble wrought, he sees.<br />There he falls down, and lies upon the green;<br />He swoons again, for death is very near. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CLXIX </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>High are the peaks, the trees are very high.<br />Four terraces of polished marble shine;<br />On the green grass count Rollant swoons thereby.<br />A Sarrazin him all the time espies,<br />Who feigning death among the others hides;<br />Blood hath his face and all his body dyed;<br />He gets afoot, running towards him hies;<br />Fair was he, strong and of a courage high;<br />A mortal hate he's kindled in his pride.<br />He's seized Rollant, and the arms, were at his side,<br />"Charles nephew," he's said, "here conquered lies.<br />To Araby I'll bear this sword as prize."<br />As he drew it, something the count descried. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CLXX </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>So Rollant felt his sword was taken forth,<br />Opened his eyes, and this word to him spoke<br />"Thou'rt never one of ours, full well I know."<br />Took the olifant, that he would not let go,<br />Struck him on th' helm, that jewelled was with gold,<br />And broke its steel, his skull and all his bones,<br />Out of his head both the two eyes he drove;<br />Dead at his feet he has the pagan thrown:<br />After he's said: "Culvert, thou wert too bold,<br />Or right or wrong, of my sword seizing hold!<br />They'll dub thee fool, to whom the tale is told.<br />But my great one, my olifant I broke;<br />Fallen from it the crystal and the gold." </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CLXXI </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Then Rollanz feels that he has lost his sight,<br />Climbs to his feet, uses what strength he might;<br />In all his face the colour is grown white.<br />In front of him a great brown boulder lies;<br />Whereon ten blows with grief and rage he strikes;<br />The steel cries out, but does not break outright;<br />And the count says: "Saint Mary, be my guide<br />Good Durendal, unlucky is your plight!<br />I've need of you no more; spent is my pride!<br />We in the field have won so many fights,<br />Combating through so many regions wide<br />That Charles holds, whose beard is hoary white!<br />Be you not his that turns from any in flight!<br />A good vassal has held you this long time;<br />Never shall France the Free behold his like." </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CLXXII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Rollant hath struck the sardonyx terrace;<br />The steel cries out, but broken is no ways.<br />So when he sees he never can it break,<br />Within himself begins he to complain:<br />"Ah! Durendal, white art thou, clear of stain!<br />Beneath the sun reflecting back his rays!<br />In Moriane was Charles, in the vale,<br />When from heaven God by His angel bade<br />Him give thee to a count and capitain;<br />Girt thee on me that noble King and great.<br />I won for him with thee Anjou, Bretaigne,<br />And won for him with thee Peitou, the Maine,<br />And Normandy the free for him I gained,<br />Also with thee Provence and Equitaigne,<br />And Lumbardie and all the whole Romaigne,<br />I won Baivere, all Flanders in the plain,<br />Also Burguigne and all the whole Puillane,<br />Costentinnople, that homage to him pays;<br />In Saisonie all is as he ordains;<br />With thee I won him Scotland, Ireland, Wales,<br />England also, where he his chamber makes;<br />Won I with thee so many countries strange<br />That Charles holds, whose beard is white with age!<br />For this sword's sake sorrow upon me weighs,<br />Rather I'ld die, than it mid pagans stay.<br />Lord God Father, never let France be shamed!" </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CLXXIII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Rollant his stroke on a dark stone repeats,<br />And more of it breaks off than I can speak.<br />The sword cries out, yet breaks not in the least,<br />Back from the blow into the air it leaps.<br />Destroy it can he not; which when he sees,<br />Within himself he makes a plaint most sweet.<br />"Ah! Durendal, most holy, fair indeed!<br />Relics enough thy golden hilt conceals:<br />Saint Peter's Tooth, the Blood of Saint Basile,<br />Some of the Hairs of my Lord, Saint Denise,<br />Some of the Robe, was worn by Saint Mary.<br />It is not right that pagans should thee seize,<br />For Christian men your use shall ever be.<br />Nor any man's that worketh cowardice!<br />Many broad lands with you have I retrieved<br />Which Charles holds, who hath the great white beard;<br />Wherefore that King so proud and rich is he." </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CLXXIV </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>But Rollant felt that death had made a way<br />Down from his head till on his heart it lay;<br />Beneath a pine running in haste he came,<br />On the green grass he lay there on his face;<br />His olifant and sword beneath him placed,<br />Turning his head towards the pagan race,<br />Now this he did, in truth, that Charles might say<br />(As he desired) and all the Franks his race; --<br />'Ah, gentle count; conquering he was slain!' --<br />He owned his faults often and every way,<br />And for his sins his glove to God upraised.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CLXXV </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>But Rollant feels he's no more time to seek;<br />Looking to Spain, he lies on a sharp peak,<br />And with one hand upon his breast he beats:<br />"Mea Culpa! God, by Thy Virtues clean<br />Me from my sins, the mortal and the mean,<br />Which from the hour that I was born have been<br />Until this day, when life is ended here!"<br />Holds out his glove towards God, as he speaks<br />Angels descend from heaven on that scene.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CLXXVI </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The count Rollanz, beneath a pine he sits,;<br />Turning his eyes towards Spain, he begins<br />Remembering so many divers things:<br />So many lands where he went conquering,<br />And France the Douce, the heroes of his kin,<br />And Charlemagne, his lord who nourished him.<br />Nor can he help but weep and sigh at this.<br />But his own self, he's not forgotten him,<br />He owns his faults, and God's forgiveness bids:<br />"Very Father, in Whom no falsehood is,<br />Saint Lazaron from death Thou didst remit,<br />And Daniel save from the lions' pit;<br />My soul in me preserve from all perils<br />And from the sins I did in life commit!"<br />His right-hand glove, to God he offers it<br />Saint Gabriel from's hand hath taken it.<br />Over his arm his head bows down and slips,<br />He joins his hands: and so is life finish'd.<br />God sent him down His angel cherubin,<br />And Saint Michael, we worship in peril;<br />And by their side Saint Gabriel alit;<br />So the count's soul they bare to Paradis. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CLXXVII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Rollant is dead; his soul to heav'n God bare.<br />That Emperour to Rencesvals doth fare.<br />There was no path nor passage anywhere<br />Nor of waste ground no ell nor foot to spare<br />Without a Frank or pagan lying there.<br />Charles cries aloud: "Where are you, nephew fair?<br />Where's the Archbishop and that count Oliviers?<br />Where is Gerins and his comrade Gerers?<br />Otes the Duke, and the count Berengiers<br />And Ivorie, and Ive, so dear they were?<br />What is become of Gascon Engelier,<br />Sansun the Duke and Anseis the fierce?<br />Where's old Gerard of Russillun; oh, where<br />The dozen peers I left behind me here?"<br />But what avail, since none can answer bear?<br />"God!" says the King, "Now well may I despair,<br />I was not here the first assault to share!"<br />Seeming enraged, his beard the King doth tear.<br />Weep from their eyes barons and chevaliers,<br />A thousand score, they swoon upon the earth;<br />Duke Neimes for them was moved with pity rare. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CLXXVIII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>No chevalier nor baron is there, who<br />Pitifully weeps not for grief and dule;<br />They mourn their sons, their brothers, their nephews,<br />And their liege lords, and trusty friends and true;<br />Upon the ground a many of them swoon.<br />Thereon Duke Neimes doth act with wisdom proof,<br />First before all he's said to the Emperour:<br />"See beforehand, a league from us or two,<br />From the highways dust rising in our view;<br />Pagans are there, and many them, too.<br />Canter therefore! Vengeance upon them do!"<br />"Ah, God!" says Charles, "so far are they re-moved!<br />Do right by me, my honour still renew!<br />They've torn from me the flower of France the Douce."<br />The King commands Gebuin and Otun,<br />Tedbalt of Reims, also the count Milun:<br />"Guard me this field, these hills and valleys too,<br />Let the dead lie, all as they are, unmoved,<br />Let not approach lion, nor any brute,<br />Let not approach esquire, nor any groom;<br />For I forbid that any come thereto,<br />Until God will that we return anew."<br />These answer him sweetly, their love to prove:<br />"Right Emperour, dear Sire, so will we do."<br />A thousand knights they keep in retinue.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CLXXIX </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>That Emperour bids trumpets sound again,<br />Then canters forth with his great host so brave.<br />Of Spanish men, whose backs are turned their way,<br />Franks one and all continue in their chase.<br />When the King sees the light at even fade,<br />On the green grass dismounting as he may,<br />He kneels aground, to God the Lord doth pray<br />That the sun's course He will for him delay,<br />Put off the night, and still prolong the day.<br />An angel then, with him should reason make,<br />Nimbly enough appeared to him and spake:<br />"Charles, canter on! Light needst not thou await.<br />The flower of France, as God knows well, is slain;<br />Thou canst be avenged upon that crimeful race."<br />Upon that word mounts the Emperour again.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CLXXX </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>For Charlemagne a great marvel God planned:<br />Making the sun still in his course to stand.<br />So pagans fled, and chased them well the Franks<br />Through the Valley of Shadows, close in hand;<br />Towards Sarraguce by force they chased them back,<br />And as they went with killing blows attacked:<br />Barred their highways and every path they had.<br />The River Sebre before them reared its bank,<br />'Twas very deep, marvellous current ran;<br />No barge thereon nor dromond nor caland.<br />A god of theirs invoked they, Tervagant.<br />And then leaped in, but there no warrant had.<br />The armed men more weighty were for that,<br />Many of them down to the bottom sank,<br />Downstream the rest floated as they might hap;<br />So much water the luckiest of them drank,<br />That all were drowned, with marvellous keen pangs.<br />"An evil day," cry Franks, "ye saw Rollant!" </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CLXXXI </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>When Charles sees that pagans all are dead,<br />Some of them slain, the greater part drowned;<br />(Whereby great spoils his chevaliers collect)<br />That gentle King upon his feet descends,<br />Kneels on the ground, his thanks to God presents.<br />When he once more rise, the sun is set.<br />Says the Emperour "Time is to pitch our tents;<br />To Rencesvals too late to go again.<br />Our horses are worn out and foundered:<br />Unsaddle them, take bridles from their heads,<br />And through these meads let them refreshment get."<br />Answer the Franks: "Sire, you have spoken well."<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CLXXXII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>That Emperour hath chosen his bivouac;<br />The Franks dismount in those deserted tracts,<br />Their saddles take from off their horses' backs,<br />Bridles of gold from off their heads unstrap,<br />Let them go free; there is enough fresh grass --<br />No service can they render them, save that.<br />Who is most tired sleeps on the ground stretched flat.<br />Upon this night no sentinels keep watch. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CLXXXIII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>That Emperour is lying in a mead;<br />By's head, so brave, he's placed his mighty spear;<br />On such a night unarmed he will not be.<br />He's donned his white hauberk, with broidery,<br />Has laced his helm, jewelled with golden beads,<br />Girt on Joiuse, there never was its peer,<br />Whereon each day thirty fresh hues appear.<br />All of us know that lance, and well may speak<br />Whereby Our Lord was wounded on the Tree:<br />Charles, by God's grace, possessed its point of steel!<br />His golden hilt he enshrined it underneath.<br />By that honour and by that sanctity<br />The name Joiuse was for that sword decreed.<br />Barons of France may not forgetful be<br />Whence comes the ensign "Monjoie," they cry at need;<br />Wherefore no race against them can succeed. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CLXXXIV </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Clear was the night, the moon shone radiant.<br />Charles laid him down, but sorrow for Rollant<br />And Oliver, most heavy on him he had,<br />For's dozen peers, for all the Frankish band<br />He had left dead in bloody Rencesvals;<br />He could not help, but wept and waxed mad,<br />And prayed to God to be their souls' Warrant.<br />Weary that King, or grief he's very sad;<br />He falls on sleep, he can no more withstand.<br />Through all those meads they slumber then, the Franks;<br />Is not a horse can any longer stand,<br />Who would eat grass, he takes it lying flat.<br />He has learned much, can understand their pangs. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CLXXXV </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Charles, like a man worn out with labour, slept.<br />Saint Gabriel the Lord to him hath sent,<br />Whom as a guard o'er the Emperour he set;<br />Stood all night long that angel by his head.<br />In a vision announced he to him then<br />A battle, should be fought against him yet,<br />Significance of griefs demonstrated.<br />Charles looked up towards the sky, and there<br />Thunders and winds and blowing gales beheld,<br />And hurricanes and marvellous tempests;<br />Lightnings and flames he saw in readiness,<br />That speedily on all his people fell;<br />Apple and ash, their spear-shafts all burned,<br />Also their shields, e'en the golden bosses,<br />Crumbled the shafts of their trenchant lances,<br />Crushed their hauberks and all their steel helmets.<br />His chevaliers he saw in great distress.<br />Bears and leopards would feed upon them next;<br />Adversaries, dragons, wyverns, serpents,<br />Griffins were there, thirty thousand, no less,<br />Nor was there one but on some Frank it set.<br />And the Franks cried: "Ah! Charlemagne, give help!"<br />Wherefore the King much grief and pity felt,<br />He'ld go to them but was in duress kept:<br />Out of a wood came a great lion then,<br />'Twas very proud and fierce and terrible;<br />His body dear sought out, and on him leapt,<br />Each in his arms, wrestling, the other held;<br />But he knew not which conquered, nor which fell.<br />That Emperour woke not at all, but slept. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CLXXXVI </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>And, after that, another vision came:<br />Himseemed in France, at Aix, on a terrace,<br />And that he held a bruin by two chains;<br />Out of Ardenne saw thirty bears that came,<br />And each of them words, as a man might, spake<br />Said to him: "Sire, give him to us again!<br />It is not right that he with you remain,<br />He's of our kin, and we must lend him aid."<br />A harrier fair ran out of his palace,<br />Among them all the greatest bear assailed<br />On the green grass, beyond his friends some way.<br />There saw the King marvellous give and take;<br />But he knew not which fell, nor which o'ercame.<br />The angel of God so much to him made plain.<br />Charles slept on till the clear dawn of day. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CLXXXVII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>King Marsilies, fleeing to Sarraguce,<br />Dismounted there beneath an olive cool;<br />His sword and sark and helm aside he put,<br />On the green grass lay down in shame and gloom;<br />For his right hand he'd lost, 'twas clean cut through;<br />Such blood he'd shed, in anguish keen he swooned.<br />Before his face his lady Bramimunde<br />Bewailed and cried, with very bitter rue;<br />Twenty thousand and more around him stood,<br />All of them cursed Carlun and France the Douce.<br />Then Apollin in's grotto they surround,<br />And threaten him, and ugly words pronounce:<br />"Such shame on us, vile god!, why bringest thou?<br />This is our king; wherefore dost him confound?<br />Who served thee oft, ill recompense hath found."<br />Then they take off his sceptre and his crown,<br />With their hands hang him from a column down,<br />Among their feet trample him on the ground,<br />With great cudgels they batter him and trounce.<br />From Tervagant his carbuncle they impound,<br />And Mahumet into a ditch fling out,<br />Where swine and dogs defile him and devour. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CLXXXVIII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Out of his swoon awakens Marsilies,<br />And has him borne his vaulted roof beneath;<br />Many colours were painted there to see,<br />And Bramimunde laments for him, the queen,<br />Tearing her hair; caitiff herself she clepes;<br />Also these words cries very loud and clear:<br />"Ah! Sarraguce, henceforth forlorn thou'lt be<br />Of the fair king that had thee in his keep!<br />All those our gods have wrought great felony,<br />Who in battle this morning failed at need.<br />That admiral will shew his cowardice,<br />Unless he fight against that race hardy,<br />Who are so fierce, for life they take no heed.<br />That Emperour, with his blossoming beard,<br />Hath vassalage, and very high folly;<br />Battle to fight, he will not ever flee.<br />Great grief it is, no man may slay him clean." </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CLXXXIX </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>That Emperour, by his great Majesty,<br />I Full seven years in Spain now has he been,<br />And castles there, and many cities seized.<br />King Marsilies was therefore sore displeased;<br />In the first year he sealed and sent his brief<br />To Baligant, into Babilonie:<br />('Twas the admiral, old in antiquity,<br />That clean outlived Omer and Virgilie,)<br />To Sarraguce, with succour bade him speed,<br />For, if he failed, Marsile his gods would leave,<br />All his idols he worshipped formerly;<br />He would receive blest Christianity<br />And reconciled to Charlemagne would be.<br />Long time that one came not, far off was he.<br />Through forty realms he did his tribes rally;<br />His great dromonds, he made them all ready,<br />Barges and skiffs and ships and galleries;<br />Neath Alexandre, a haven next the sea,<br />In readiness he gat his whole navy.<br />That was in May, first summer of the year,<br />All of his hosts he launched upon the sea. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXC </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Great are the hosts of that opposed race;<br />With speed they sail, they steer and navigate.<br />High on their yards, at their mast-heads they place<br />Lanterns enough, and carbuncles so great<br />Thence, from above, such light they dissipate<br />The sea's more clear at midnight than by day.<br />And when they come into the land of Spain<br />All that country lightens and shines again:<br />Of their coming Marsile has heard the tale.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXCI </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The pagan race would never rest, but come<br />Out of the sea, where the sweet waters run;<br />They leave Marbris, they leave behind Marbrus,<br />Upstream by Sebre doth all their navy turn.<br />Lanterns they have, and carbuncles enough,<br />That all night long and very clearly burn.<br />Upon that day they come to Sarragus.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXCII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Clear is that day, and the sun radiant.<br />Out of his barge issues their admiral,<br />Espaneliz goes forth at his right hand,<br />Seventeen kings follow him in a band,<br />Counts too, and dukes; I cannot tell of that.<br />Where in a field, midway, a laurel stands,<br />On the green grass they spread a white silk mat,<br />Set a fald-stool there, made of olifant;<br />Sits him thereon the pagan Baligant,<br />And all the rest in rows about him stand.<br />The lord of them speaks before any man:<br />"Listen to me, free knights and valiant!<br />Charles the King, the Emperour of the Franks,<br />Shall not eat bread, save when that I command.<br />Throughout all Spain great war with me he's had;<br />I will go seek him now, into Douce France,<br />I will not cease, while I'm a living man,<br />Till be slain, or fall between my hands."<br />Upon his knee his right-hand glove he slaps. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXCIII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>He is fast bound by all that he has said.<br />He will not fail, for all the gold neath heav'n,<br />But go to Aix, where Charles court is held:<br />His men applaud, for so they counselled.<br />After he called two of his chevaliers,<br />One Clarifan, and the other Clarien:<br />"You are the sons of king Maltraien,<br />Freely was, wont my messages to bear.<br />You I command to Sarraguce to fare.<br />Marsiliun on my part you shall tell<br />Against the Franks I'm come to give him help,<br />Find I their host, great battle shall be there;<br />Give him this glove, that's stitched with golden thread,<br />On his right hand let it be worn and held;<br />This little wand of fine gold take as well,<br />Bid him come here, his homage to declare.<br />To France I'll go, and war with Charles again;<br />Save at my feet he kneel, and mercy beg,<br />Save all the laws of Christians he forget,<br />I'll take away the crown from off his head."<br />Answer pagans: "Sire, you say very well." </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXCIV </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Said Baligant: "But canter now, barons,<br />Take one the wand, and the other one the glove!"<br />These answer him: "Dear lord, it shall be done."<br />Canter so far, to Sarraguce they come,<br />Pass through ten gates, across four bridges run,<br />Through all the streets, wherein the burghers crowd.<br />When they draw nigh the citadel above,<br />From the palace they hear a mighty sound;<br />About that place are seen pagans enough,<br />Who weep and cry, with grief are waxen wood,<br />And curse their gods, Tervagan and Mahum<br />And Apolin, from whom no help is come.<br />Says each to each: "Caitiffs! What shall be done?<br />For upon us confusion vile is come,<br />Now have we lost our king Marsiliun,<br />For yesterday his hand count Rollanz cut;<br />We'll have no more Fair Jursaleu, his son;<br />The whole of Spain henceforward is undone."<br />Both messengers on the terrace dismount. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXCV </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Horses they leave under an olive tree,<br />Which by the reins two Sarrazins do lead;<br />Those messengers have wrapped them in their weeds,<br />To the palace they climb the topmost steep.<br />When they're come in, the vaulted roof beneath,<br />Marsilium with courtesy they greet:<br />"May Mahumet, who all of us doth keep,<br />And Tervagan, and our lord Apoline<br />Preserve the, king and guard from harm the queen!"<br />Says Bramimunde "Great foolishness I hear:<br />Those gods of ours in cowardice are steeped;<br />In Rencesvals they wrought an evil deed,<br />Our chevaliers they let be slain in heaps;<br />My lord they failed in battle, in his need,<br />Never again will he his right hand see;<br />For that rich count, Rollanz, hath made him bleed.<br />All our whole Spain shall be for Charles to keep.<br />Miserable! What shall become of me?<br />Alas! That I've no man to slay me clean!"<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXCVI </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Says Clarien: "My lady, say not that!<br />We're messengers from pagan Baligant;<br />To Marsilies, he says, he'll be warrant,<br />So sends him here his glove, also this wand.<br />Vessels we have, are moored by Sebres bank,<br />Barges and skiffs and gallies four thousand,<br />Dromonds are there -- I cannot speak of that.<br />Our admiral is wealthy and puissant.<br />And Charlemagne he will go seek through France<br />And quittance give him, dead or recreant."<br />Says Bramimunde: "Unlucky journey, that!<br />Far nearer here you'll light upon the Franks;<br />For seven years he's stayed now in this land.<br />That Emperour is bold and combatant,<br />Rather he'ld die than from the field draw back;<br />No king neath heav'n above a child he ranks.<br />Charles hath no fear for any living man. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXCVII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Says Marsilies the king: "Now let that be."<br />To th'messengers: "Sirs, pray you, speak to me.<br />I am held fast by death, as ye may see.<br />No son have I nor daughter to succeed;<br />That one I had, they slew him yester-eve.<br />Bid you my lord, he come to see me here.<br />Rights over Spain that admiral hath he,<br />My claim to him, if he will take't, I yield;<br />But from the Franks he then must set her free.<br />Gainst Charlemagne I'll shew him strategy.<br />Within a month from now he'll conquered be.<br />Of Sarraguce ye'll carry him the keys,<br />He'll go not hence, say, if he trusts in me."<br />They answer him: "Sir, 'tis the truth you speak."<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXCVIII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Then says Marsile: "The Emperour, Charles the Great<br />Hath slain my men and all my land laid waste,<br />My cities are broken and violate;<br />He lay this night upon the river Sebre;<br />I've counted well, 'tis seven leagues away.<br />Bid the admiral, leading his host this way,<br />Do battle here; this word to him convey."<br />Gives them the keys of Sarraguce her gates;<br />Both messengers their leave of him do take,<br />Upon that word bow down, and turn away. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CXCIX </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Both messengers did on their horses mount;<br />From that city nimbly they issued out.<br />Then, sore afraid, their admiral they sought,<br />To whom the keys of Sarraguce they brought.<br />Says Baligant: "Speak now; what have ye found?<br />Where's Marsilies, to come to me was bound?"<br />Says Clarien : "To death he's stricken down.<br />That Emperour was in the pass but now;<br />To France the Douce he would be homeward-bound,<br />Rereward he set, to save his great honour:<br />His nephew there installed, Rollanz the count,<br />And Oliver; the dozen peers around;<br />A thousand score of Franks in armour found.<br />Marsile the king fought with them there, so proud;<br />He and Rollanz upon that field did joust.<br />With Durendal he dealt him such a clout<br />From his body he cut the right hand down.<br />His son is dead, in whom his heart was bound,<br />And the barons that service to him vowed;<br />Fleeing he came, he could no more hold out.<br />That Emperour has chased him well enow.<br />The king implores, you'll hasten with succour,<br />Yields to you Spain, his kingdom and his crown."<br />And Baligant begins to think, and frowns;<br />Such grief he has, doth nearly him confound.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CC </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>"Sir admiral," said to him Clariens,<br />"In Rencesvals was yesterday battle.<br />Dead is Rollanz and that count Oliver,<br />The dozen peers whom Charle so cherished,<br />And of their Franks are twenty thousand dead.<br />King Marsilie's of his right hand bereft,<br />And the Emperour chased him enow from thence.<br />Throughout this land no chevalier is left,<br />But he be slain, or drowned in Sebres bed.<br />By river side the Franks have pitched their tents,<br />Into this land so near to us they've crept;<br />But, if you will, grief shall go with them hence."<br />And Baligant looked on him proudly then,<br />In his courage grew joyous and content;<br />From the fald-stool upon his feet he leapt,<br />Then cried aloud: "Barons, too long ye've slept;<br />Forth from your ships issue, mount, canter well!<br />If he flee not, that Charlemagne the eld,<br />King Marsilies shall somehow be avenged;<br />For his right hand I'll pay him back an head." </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCI </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Pagan Arabs out of their ships issue,<br />Then mount upon their horses and their mules,<br />And canter forth, (nay, what more might they do?)<br />Their admiral, by whom they all were ruled,<br />Called up to him Gemalfin, whom he knew:<br />"I give command of all my hosts to you."<br />On a brown horse mounted, as he was used,<br />And in his train he took with him four dukes.<br />Cantered so far, he came to Sarraguce.<br />Dismounted on a floor of marble blue,<br />Where four counts were, who by his stirrup stood;<br />Up by the steps, the palace came into;<br />To meet him there came running Bramimunde,<br />Who said to him: "Accursed from the womb,<br />That in such shame my sovran lord I lose!<br />Fell at his feet, that admiral her took.<br />In grief they came up into Marsile's room.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>King Marsilies, when he sees Baligant,<br />Calls to him then two Spanish Sarazands:<br />"Take me by the arms, and so lift up my back."<br />One of his gloves he takes in his left hand;<br />Then says Marsile: "Sire, king and admiral,<br />Quittance I give you here of all my land,<br />With Sarraguce, and the honour thereto hangs.<br />Myself I've lost; my army, every man."<br />He answers him: "Therefore the more I'm sad.<br />No long discourse together may we have;<br />Full well I know, Charles waits not our attack,<br />I take the glove from you, in spite of that."<br />He turned away in tears, such grief he had.<br />Down by the steps, out of the palace ran,<br />Mounted his horse, to's people gallopped back.<br />Cantered so far, he came before his band;<br />From hour to hour then, as he went, he sang:<br />"Pagans, come on: already flee the Franks!"<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCIII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>In morning time, when the dawn breaks at last,<br />Awakened is that Emperour Charles.<br />Saint Gabriel, who on God's part him guards,<br />Raises his hand, the Sign upon him marks.<br />Rises the King, his arms aside he's cast,<br />The others then, through all the host, disarm.<br />After they mount, by virtue canter fast<br />Through those long ways, and through those roads so large;<br />They go to see the marvellous damage<br />In Rencesvals, there where the battle was.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCIV </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>In Rencesvals is Charles entered,<br />Begins to weep for those he finds there dead;<br />Says to the Franks: "My lords, restrain your steps,<br />Since I myself alone should go ahead,<br />For my nephew, whom I would find again.<br />At Aix I was, upon the feast Noel,<br />Vaunted them there my valiant chevaliers,<br />Of battles great and very hot contests;<br />With reason thus I heard Rollant speak then:<br />He would not die in any foreign realm<br />Ere he'd surpassed his peers and all his men.<br />To the foes' land he would have turned his head,<br />Conqueringly his gallant life he'ld end."<br />Further than one a little wand could send,<br />Before the rest he's on a peak mounted. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCV </strong></font> </span></p><p><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">When the Emperour went seeking his nephew,<br />He found the grass, and every flower that bloomed,<br />Turned scarlat, with our barons' blood imbrued;<br />Pity he felt, he could but weep for rue.<br />Beneath two trees he climbed the hill and looked,<br />And Rollant's strokes on three terraces knew,<br />On the green grass saw lying his nephew;<br />`Tis nothing strange that Charles anger grew.<br />Dismounted then, and went -- his heart was full,<br />In his two hands the count's body he took;<br />With anguish keen he fell on him and swooned. </strong></font></p> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:b3734ea4-d942-4d7a-ad81-a82af36f9287" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> <div id="f77219e7-9504-4e3e-a6ab-a6d150f24ce4" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/1-l6u-7I9X0&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></span></div><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></blockquote></td> <td valign="top" width="316"> <blockquote> <p><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"></strong></font></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1177" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/61zbzZPngME" width="1416" youtube-src-id="61zbzZPngME"></iframe></strong></font></div><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br />CCVI </strong></font><p></p></blockquote> <blockquote> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>That Emperour is from his swoon revived.<br />Naimes the Duke, and the count Aceline,<br />Gefrei d'Anjou and his brother Tierry,<br />Take up the King, bear him beneath a pine.<br />There on the ground he sees his nephew lie.<br />Most sweetly then begins he to repine:<br />"Rollant, my friend, may God to thee be kind!<br />Never beheld any man such a knight<br />So to engage and so to end a fight.<br />Now my honour is turned into decline!"<br />Charle swoons again, he cannot stand upright.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCVII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Charles the King returned out of his swoon.<br />Him in their hands four of his barons took,<br />He looked to the earth, saw lying his nephew;<br />All colourless his lusty body grew,<br />He turned his eyes, were very shadowful.<br />Charles complained in amity and truth:<br />"Rollant, my friend, God lay thee mid the blooms<br />Of Paradise, among the glorious!<br />Thou cam'st to Spain in evil tide, seigneur!<br />Day shall not dawn, for thee I've no dolour.<br />How perishes my strength and my valour!<br />None shall I have now to sustain my honour;<br />I think I've not one friend neath heaven's roof,<br />Kinsmen I have, but none of them's so proof."<br />He tore his locks, till both his hands were full.<br />Five score thousand Franks had such great dolour<br />There was not one but sorely wept for rue.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCVIII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>"Rollant, my friend, to France I will away;<br />When at Loum, I'm in my hall again,<br />Strange men will come from many far domains,<br />Who'll ask me, where's that count, the Capitain;<br />I'll say to them that he is dead in Spain.<br />In bitter grief henceforward shall I reign,<br />Day shall not dawn, I weep not nor complain. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCIX </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>"Rollant, my friend, fair youth that bar'st the bell,<br />When I arrive at Aix, in my Chapelle,<br />Men coming there will ask what news I tell;<br />I'll say to them: `Marvellous news and fell.<br />My nephew's dead, who won for me such realms!'<br />Against me then the Saxon will rebel,<br />Hungar, Bulgar, and many hostile men,<br />Romain, Puillain, all those are in Palerne,<br />And in Affrike, and those in Califerne;<br />Afresh then will my pain and suffrance swell.<br />For who will lead my armies with such strength,<br />When he is slain, that all our days us led?<br />Ah! France the Douce, now art thou deserted!<br />Such grief I have that I would fain be dead."<br />All his white beard he hath begun to rend,<br />Tore with both hands the hair out of his head.<br />Five score thousand Franks swooned on the earth and fell. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCX </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>"Rollant, my friend, God shew thee His mercy!<br />In Paradise repose the soul of thee!<br />Who hath thee slain, exile for France decreed.<br />I'ld live no more, so bitter is my grief<br />For my household, who have been slain for me.<br />God grant me this, the Son of Saint Mary,<br />Ere I am come to th' master-pass of Size,<br />From my body my soul at length go free!<br />Among their souls let mine in glory be,<br />And let my flesh upon their flesh be heaped."<br />Still his white beard he tears, and his eyes weep.<br />Duke Naimes says: "His wrath is great indeed."<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCXI </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>"Sire, Emperour," Gefrei d'Anjou implored,<br />"Let not your grief to such excess be wrought;<br />Bid that our men through all this field be sought,<br />Whom those of Spain have in the battle caught;<br />In a charnel command that they be borne."<br />Answered the King: "Sound then upon your horn."<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCXII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Gefreid d'Anjou upon his trumpet sounds;<br />As Charles bade them, all the Franks dismount.<br />All of their friends, whose bodies they have found<br />To a charnel speedily the bring down.<br />Bishops there are, and abbots there enow,<br />Canons and monks, vicars with shaven crowns;<br />Absolution in God's name they've pronounced;<br />Incense and myrrh with precious gums they've ground,<br />And lustily they've swung the censers round;<br />With honour great they've laid them in the ground.<br />They've left them there; what else might they do now?<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCXIII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>That Emperour sets Rollant on one side<br />And Oliver, and the Archbishop Turpine;<br />Their bodies bids open before his eyes.<br />And all their hearts in silken veils to wind,<br />And set them in coffers of marble white;<br />After, they take the bodies of those knights,<br />Each of the three is wrapped in a deer's hide;<br />They're washen well in allspice and in wine.<br />The King commands Tedbalt and Gebuin,<br />Marquis Otun, Milun the count besides:<br />Along the road in three wagons to drive.<br />They're covered well with carpets Galazine.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCXIV </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Now to be off would that Emperour Charles,<br />When pagans, lo! comes surging the vanguard;<br />Two messengers come from their ranks forward,<br />From the admiral bring challenge to combat:<br />"'Tis not yet time, proud King, that thou de-part.<br />Lo, Baligant comes cantering afterward,<br />Great are the hosts he leads from Arab parts;<br />This day we'll see if thou hast vassalage."<br />Charles the King his snowy beard has clasped,<br />Remembering his sorrow and damage,<br />Haughtily then his people all regards,<br />In a loud voice he cries with all his heart:<br />"Barons and Franks, to horse, I say, to arms!"<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCXC </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>First before all was armed that Emperour,<br />Nimbly enough his iron sark indued,<br />Laced up his helm, girt on his sword Joiuse,<br />Outshone the sun that dazzling light it threw,<br />Hung from his neck a shield, was of Girunde,<br />And took his spear, was fashioned at Blandune.<br />On his good horse then mounted, Tencendur,<br />Which he had won at th'ford below Marsune<br />When he flung dead Malpalin of Nerbune,<br />Let go the reins, spurred him with either foot;<br />Five score thousand behind him as he flew,<br />Calling on God and the Apostle of Roum.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCXVI </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Through all the field dismount the Frankish men,<br />Five-score thousand and more, they arm themselves;<br />The gear they have enhances much their strength,<br />Their horses swift, their arms are fashioned well;<br />Mounted they are, and fight with great science.<br />Find they that host, battle they'll render them.<br />Their gonfalons flutter above their helms.<br />When Charles sees the fair aspect of them,<br />He calls to him Jozeran of Provence,<br />Naimon the Duke, with Antelme of Maience:<br />"In such vassals should man have confidence,<br />Whom not to trust were surely want of sense;<br />Unless the Arabs of coming here repent,<br />Then Rollant's life, I think, we'll dearly sell."<br />Answers Duke Neimes: "God grant us his consent!"<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCXVII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Charles hath called Rabel and Guineman;<br />Thus said the King: "My lords, you I command<br />To take their place, Olivier and Rollant,<br />One bear the sword and the other the olifant;<br />So canter forth ahead, before the van,<br />And in your train take fifteen thousand Franks,<br />Young bachelors, that are most valiant.<br />As many more shall after them advance,<br />Whom Gebuins shall lead, also Lorains."<br />Naimes the Duke and the count Jozerans<br />Go to adjust these columns in their ranks.<br />Find they that host, they'll make a grand attack.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCXVIII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Of Franks the first columns made ready there,<br />After those two a third they next prepare;<br />In it are set the vassals of Baiviere,<br />Some thousand score high-prized chevaliers;<br />Never was lost the battle, where they were:<br />Charles for no race neath heaven hath more care,<br />Save those of France, who realms for him conquered.<br />The Danish chief, the warrior count Oger,<br />Shall lead that troop, for haughty is their air.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCXIX </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Three columns now, he has, the Emperour Charles.<br />Naimes the Duke a fourth next sets apart<br />Of good barons, endowed with vassalage;<br />Germans they are, come from the German March,<br />A thousand score, as all said afterward;<br />They're well equipped with horses and with arms,<br />Rather they'll die than from the battle pass;<br />They shall be led by Hermans, Duke of Trace,<br />Who'll die before he's any way coward.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCXX </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Naimes the Duke and the count Jozerans<br />The fifth column have mustered, of Normans,<br />A thousand score, or so say all the Franks;<br />Well armed are they, their horses charge and prance;<br />Rather they'ld die, than eer be recreant;<br />No race neath heav'n can more in th'field compass.<br />Richard the old, lead them in th'field he shall,<br />He'll strike hard there with his good trenchant lance.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCXXI </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The sixth column is mustered of Bretons;<br />Thirty thousand chevaliers therein come;<br />These canter in the manner of barons,<br />Upright their spears, their ensigns fastened on.<br />The overlord of them is named Oedon,<br />Who doth command the county Nevelon,<br />Tedbald of Reims and the marquis Oton:<br />"Lead ye my men, by my commission."<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCXXII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>That Emperour hath now six columns yare<br />Naimes the Duke the seventh next prepares<br />Of Peitevins and barons from Alverne;<br />Forty thousand chevaliers might be there;<br />Their horses good, their arms are all most fair.<br />They're neath a cliff, in a vale by themselves;<br />With his right hand King Charles hath them blessed,<br />Them Jozerans shall lead, also Godselmes.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCXXIII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>And the eighth column hath Naimes made ready;<br />Tis of Flamengs, and barons out of Frise;<br />Forty thousand and more good knights are these,<br />Nor lost by them has any battle been.<br />And the King says: "These shall do my service."<br />Between Rembalt and Hamon of Galice<br />Shall they be led, for all their chivalry.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCXXIV </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Between Naimon and Jozeran the count<br />Are prudent men for the ninth column found,<br />Of Lotherengs and those out of Borgoune;<br />Fifty thousand good knights they are, by count;<br />In helmets laced and sarks of iron brown,<br />Strong are their spears, short are the shafts cut down;<br />If the Arrabits demur not, but come out<br />And trust themselves to these, they'll strike them down.<br />Tierris the Duke shall lead them, of Argoune.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCXXV </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The tenth column is of barons of France,<br />Five score thousand of our best capitans;<br />Lusty of limb, and proud of countenance,<br />Snowy their heads are, and their beards are blanched,<br />In doubled sarks, and in hauberks they're clad,<br />Girt on their sides Frankish and Spanish brands<br />And noble shields of divers cognisance.<br />Soon as they mount, the battle they demand,<br />"Monjoie" they cry. With them goes Charlemagne.<br />Gefreid d'Anjou carries that oriflamme;<br />Saint Peter's twas, and bare the name Roman,<br />But on that day Monjoie, by change, it gat.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCXXVI </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>That Emperour down from his horse descends;<br />To the green grass, kneeling, his face he bends.<br />Then turns his eyes towards the Orient,<br />Calls upon God with heartiest intent:<br />"Very Father, this day do me defend,<br />Who to Jonas succour didst truly send<br />Out of the whale's belly, where he was pent;<br />And who didst spare the king of Niniven,<br />And Daniel from marvellous torment<br />When he was caged within the lions' den;<br />And three children, all in a fire ardent:<br />Thy gracious Love to me be here present.<br />In Thy Mercy, if it please Thee, consent<br />That my nephew Rollant I may avenge.<br />When he had prayed, upon his feet he stepped,<br />With the strong mark of virtue signed his head;<br />Upon his swift charger the King mounted<br />While Jozerans and Neimes his stirrup held;<br />He took his shield, his trenchant spear he kept;<br />Fine limbs he had, both gallant and well set;<br />Clear was his face and filled with good intent.<br />Vigorously he cantered onward thence.<br />In front, in rear, they sounded their trumpets,<br />Above them all boomed the olifant again.<br />Then all the Franks for pity of Rollant wept. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCXXVII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>That Emperour canters in noble array,<br />Over his sark all of his beard displays;<br />For love of him, all others do the same,<br />Five score thousand Franks are thereby made plain.<br />They pass those peaks, those rocks and those mountains,<br />Those terrible narrows, and those deep vales,<br />Then issue from the passes and the wastes<br />Till they are come into the March of Spain;<br />A halt they've made, in th'middle of a plain.<br />To Baligant his vanguard comes again<br />A Sulian hath told him his message:<br />"We have seen Charles, that haughty sovereign;<br />Fierce are his men, they have no mind to fail.<br />Arm yourself then: Battle you'll have to-day."<br />Says Baligant: "Mine is great vassalage;<br />Let horns this news to my pagans proclaim." </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCXXVIII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Through all the host they have their drums sounded,<br />And their bugles, and, very clear trumpets.<br />Pagans dismount, that they may arm themselves.<br />Their admiral will stay no longer then;<br />Puts on a sark, embroidered in the hems,<br />Laces his helm, that is with gold begemmed;<br />After, his sword on his left side he's set,<br />Out of his pride a name for it he's spelt<br />Like to Carlun's, as he has heard it said,<br />So Preciuse he bad his own be clept;<br />Twas their ensign when they to battle went,<br />His chevaliers'; he gave that cry to them.<br />His own broad shield he hangs upon his neck,<br />(Round its gold boss a band of crystal went,<br />The strap of it was a good silken web;)<br />He grasps his spear, the which he calls Maltet; --<br />So great its shaft as is a stout cudgel,<br />Beneath its steel alone, a mule had bent;<br />On his charger is Baligant mounted,<br />Marcules, from over seas, his stirrup held.<br />That warrior, with a great stride he stepped,<br />Small were his thighs, his ribs of wide extent,<br />Great was his breast, and finely fashioned,<br />With shoulders broad and very clear aspect;<br />Proud was his face, his hair was ringleted,<br />White as a flow'r in summer was his head.<br />His vassalage had often been proved.<br />God! what a knight, were he a Christian yet!<br />His horse he's spurred, the clear blood issued;<br />He's gallopped on, over a ditch he's leapt,<br />Full fifty feet a man might mark its breadth.<br />Pagans cry out: "Our Marches shall be held;<br />There is no Frank, may once with him contest,<br />Will he or nill, his life he'll soon have spent.<br />Charles is mad, that he departs not hence."<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCXXIX </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>That admiral to a baron's like enough,<br />White is his beard as flowers by summer burnt;<br />In his own laws, of wisdom hath he much;<br />And in battle he's proud and arduous.<br />His son Malprimes is very chivalrous,<br />He's great and strong; -- his ancestors were thus.<br />Says to his sire: "To canter then let us!<br />I marvel much that soon we'll see Carlun."<br />Says Baligant: " Yea, for he's very pruff;<br />In many tales honour to him is done;<br />He hath no more Rollant, his sister's son,<br />He'll have no strength to stay in fight with us."<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCXXX </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>"Fair son Malprimes," then says t'him Baligant,<br />"Was slain yestreen the good vassal Rollanz,<br />And Oliver, the proof and valiant,<br />The dozen peers, whom Charles so cherished, and<br />Twenty thousand more Frankish combatants.<br />For all the rest I'ld not unglove my hand.<br />But the Emperour is verily come back,<br />-- So tells me now my man, that Sulian --<br />Ten great columns he's set them in their ranks;<br />He's a proof man who sounds that olifant,<br />With a clear call he rallies his comrades;<br />These at the head come cantering in advance,<br />Also with them are fifteen thousand Franks,<br />Young bachelors, whom Charles calls Infants;<br />As many again come following that band,<br />Who will lay on with utmost arrogance."<br />Then says Malprimes: "The first blow I demand."<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCXXXI </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>"Fair son Malprimes," says Baligant to him,<br />"I grant it you, as you have asked me this;<br />Against the Franks go now, and smite them quick.<br />And take with you Torleu, the Persian king<br />And Dapamort, another king Leutish.<br />Their arrogance if you can humble it,<br />Of my domains a slice to you I'll give<br />From Cheriant unto the Vale Marquis."<br />"I thank you, Sire!" Malprimes answers him;<br />Going before, he takes delivery;<br />'Tis of that land, was held by king Flurit.<br />After that hour he never looked on it,<br />Investiture gat never, nor seizin. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCXXXII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>That admiral canters among his hosts;<br />After, his son with's great body follows,<br />Torleus the king, and the king Dapamort;<br />Thirty columns most speedily they form.<br />They've chevaliers in marvellous great force;<br />Fifty thousand the smallest column holds.<br />The first is raised of men from Butenrot,<br />The next, after, Micenes, whose heads are gross;<br />Along their backs, above their spinal bones,<br />As they were hogs, great bristles on them grow.<br />The third is raised from Nubles and from Blos;<br />The fourth is raised from Bruns and Esclavoz;<br />The fifth is raised from Sorbres and from Sorz;<br />The sixth is raised from Ermines and from Mors;<br />The seventh is the men of Jericho;<br />Negroes are the eighth; the ninth are men of Gros;<br />The tenth is raised from Balide the stronghold,<br />That is a tribe no goodwill ever shews.<br />That admiral hath sworn, the way he knows,<br />By Mahumet, his virtues and his bones:<br />"Charles of France is mad to canter so;<br />Battle he'll have, unless he take him home;<br />No more he'll wear on's head that crown of gold." </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCXXXIII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Ten great columns they marshal thereafter;<br />Of Canelious, right ugly, is the first,<br />Who from Val-Fuit came across country there;<br />The next's of Turks; of Persians is the third;<br />The fourth is raised of desperate Pinceners,<br />The fifth is raised from Soltras and Avers;<br />The sixth is from Ormaleus and Eugez;<br />The seventh is the tribe of Samuel;<br />The eighth is from Bruise; the ninth from Esclavers;<br />The tenth is from Occiant, the desert,<br />That is a tribe, do not the Lord God serve,<br />Of such felons you never else have heard;<br />Hard is their hide, as though it iron were,<br />Wherefore of helm or hauberk they've no care;<br />In the battle they're felon murderers.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCXXXIV </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>That admiral ten columns more reviews;<br />The first is raised of Giants from Malpruse;<br />The next of Huns; the third a Hungar crew;<br />And from Baldise the Long the fourth have trooped;<br />The fifth is raised of men from Val-Penuse;<br />The sixth is raised of tribesmen from Maruse;<br />The seventh is from Leus and Astrimunes;<br />The eighth from Argoilles; the ninth is from Clarbune;<br />The tenth is raised of beardsmen from Val-Frunde,<br />That is a tribe, no love of God e'er knew.<br />Gesta Francor' these thirty columns prove.<br />Great are the hosts, their horns come sounding through.<br />Pagans canter as men of valour should.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCXXXV </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>That admiral hath great possessions;<br />He makes them bear before him his dragon,<br />And their standard, Tervagan's and Mahom's,<br />And his image, Apollin the felon.<br />Ten Canelious canter in the environs,<br />And very loud the cry out this sermon:<br />"Let who would from our gods have garrison,<br />Serve them and pray with great affliction."<br />Pagans awhile their heads and faces on<br />Their breasts abase, their polished helmets doff.<br />And the Franks say: "Now shall you die, gluttons;<br />This day shall bring you vile confusion!<br />Give warranty, our God, unto Carlon!<br />And in his name this victory be won!"<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCXXXVI </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>That admiral hath wisdom great indeed;<br />His son to him and those two kings calls he:<br />My lords barons, beforehand canter ye,<br />All my columns together shall you lead;<br />But of the best I'll keep beside me three:<br />One is of Turks; the next of Ormaleis;<br />And the third is the Giants of Malpreis.<br />And Occiant's, they'll also stay with me,<br />Until with Charles and with the Franks they meet.<br />That Emperour, if he combat with me,<br />Must lose his head, cut from his shoulders clean;<br />He may be sure naught else for him's decreed.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCXXXVII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Great are the hosts, and all the columns fair,<br />No peak nor vale nor cliff between them there,<br />Thicket nor wood, nor ambush anywhere;<br />Across the plain they see each other well.<br />Says Baligant: "My pagan tribes adverse,<br />Battle to seek, canter ye now ahead!"<br />Carries the ensign Amboires of Oluferne;<br />Pagans cry out, by Preciuse they swear.<br />And the Franks say: "Great hurt this day you'll get!"<br />And very loud "Monjoie!" they cry again.<br />That Emperour has bid them sound trumpets;<br />And the olifant sounds over all its knell.<br />The pagans say: "Carlun's people are fair.<br />Battle we'll have, bitter and keenly set."<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCXXXVIII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Great is that plain, and wide is that country;<br />Their helmets shine with golden jewellery,<br />Also their sarks embroidered and their shields,<br />And the ensigns fixed on all their burnished spears.<br />The trumpets sound, their voice is very clear,<br />And the olifant its echoing music speaks.<br />Then the admiral, his brother calleth he,<br />'Tis Canabeus, the king of Floredee,<br />Who holds the land unto the Vale Sevree;<br />He's shewn to him Carlun's ten companies:<br />"The pride of France, renowned land, you see.<br />That Emperour canters right haughtily,<br />His bearded men are with him in the rear;<br />Over their sarks they have thrown out their beards<br />Which are as white as driven snows that freeze.<br />Strike us they will with lances and with spears:<br />Battle with them we'll have, prolonged and keen;<br />Never has man beheld such armies meet."<br />Further than one might cast a rod that's peeled<br />Goes Baligant before his companies.<br />His reason then he's shewn to them, and speaks:<br />"Pagans, come on; for now I take the field."<br />His spear in hand he brandishes and wields,<br />Towards Carlun has turned the point of steel.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCXXXIX </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Charles the Great, when he sees the admiral<br />And the dragon, his ensign and standard; --<br />(In such great strength are mustered those Arabs<br />Of that country they've covered every part<br />Save only that whereon the Emperour was.)<br />The King of France in a loud voice has called:<br />"Barons and Franks, good vassals are ye all,<br />Ye in the field have fought so great combats;<br />See the pagans; they're felons and cowards,<br />No pennyworth is there in all their laws.<br />Though they've great hosts, my lords, what matters that?<br />Let him go hence, who'ld fail me in the attack."<br />Next with both spurs he's gored his horse's flanks,<br />And Tencendor has made four bounds thereat.<br />Then say the Franks: "This King's a good vassal.<br />Canter, brave lord, for none of us holds back." </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCXL </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Clear is the day, and the sun radiant;<br />The hosts are fair, the companies are grand.<br />The first columns are come now hand to hand.<br />The count Rabel and the count Guinemans<br />Let fall the reins on their swift horses' backs,<br />Spurring in haste; then on rush all the Franks,<br />And go to strike, each with his trenchant lance.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCXLI </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>That count Rabel, he was a hardy knight,<br />He pricked his horse with spurs of gold so fine,<br />The Persian king, Torleu, he went to strike.<br />Nor shield nor sark could such a blow abide;<br />The golden spear his carcass passed inside;<br />Flung down upon a little bush, he died.<br />Then say the Franks: "Lord God, be Thou our Guide!<br />Charles we must not fail; his cause is right."<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCXLII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>And Guineman tilts with the king Leutice;<br />Has broken all the flowers on his shield,<br />Next of his sark he has undone the seam,<br />All his ensign thrust through the carcass clean,<br />So flings him dead, let any laugh or weep.<br />Upon that blow, the Franks cry out with heat:<br />"Strike on, baron, nor slacken in your speed!<br />Charle's in the right against the pagan breed;<br />God sent us here his justice to complete."<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCXLIII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Pure white the horse whereon Malprimes sate;<br />Guided his corse amid the press of Franks,<br />Hour in, hour out, great blows he struck them back,<br />And, ever, dead one upon others packed.<br />Before them all has cried out Baligant:<br />"Barons, long time I've fed you at my hand.<br />Ye see my son, who goes on Carlun's track,<br />And with his arms so many lords attacks;<br />Better vassal than him I'll not demand.<br />Go, succour him, each with his trenchant lance!"<br />Upon that word the pagans all advance;<br />Grim blows they strike, the slaughter's very grand.<br />And marvellous and weighty the combat:<br />Before nor since was never such attack.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCXLIV </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Great are the hosts; the companies in pride<br />Come touching, all the breadth of either side;<br />And the pagans do marvellously strike.<br />So many shafts, by God! in pieces lie<br />And crumpled shields, and sarks with mail untwined!<br />So spattered all the earth there would you find<br />That through the field the grass so green and fine<br />With men's life-blood is all vermilion dyed.<br />That admiral rallies once more his tribe:<br />"Barons, strike on, shatter the Christian line."<br />Now very keen and lasting is the fight,<br />As never was, before or since that time;<br />The finish none shall reach, unless he die.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCXLV </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>That admiral to all his race appeals:<br />"Pagans, strike on; came you not therefore here?<br />I promise you noble women and dear,<br />I promise you honours and lands and fiefs."<br />Answer pagans: "We must do well indeed."<br />With mighty blows they shatter all their spears;<br />Five score thousand swords from their scabbards leap,<br />Slaughter then, grim and sorrowful, you'd seen.<br />Battle he saw, that stood those hosts between.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCXLVI </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>That Emperour calls on his Franks and speaks:<br />"I love you, lords, in whom I well believe;<br />So many great battles you've fought for me,<br />Kings overthrown, and kingdoms have redeemed!<br />Guerdon I owe, I know it well indeed;<br />My lands, my wealth, my body are yours to keep.<br />For sons, for heirs, for brothers wreak<br />Who in Rencesvals were slaughtered yester-eve!<br />Mine is the right, ye know, gainst pagan breeds."<br />Answer the Franks: "Sire, 'tis the truth you speak."<br />Twenty thousand beside him Charles leads,<br />Who with one voice have sworn him fealty;<br />In straits of death they never will him leave.<br />There is not one thenceforth employs his spear,<br />But with their swords they strike in company.<br />The battle is straitened marvellously.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCXLVII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Across that field the bold Malprimes canters;<br />Who of the Franks hath wrought there much great damage.<br />Naimes the Duke right haughtily regards him,<br />And goes to strike him, like a man of valour,<br />And of his shield breaks all the upper margin,<br />Tears both the sides of his embroidered ha'berk,<br />Through the carcass thrusts all his yellow banner;<br />So dead among sev'n hundred else he casts him. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCXLVIII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">King Canabeus, brother of the admiral,<br />Has pricked his horse with spurs in either flank;<br />He's drawn his sword, whose hilt is of crystal,<br />And strikes Naimun on's helmet principal;<br />Away from it he's broken off one half,<br />Five of the links his brand of steel hath knapped;<br />No pennyworth the hood is after that;<br />Right to the flesh he slices through the cap;<br />One piece of it he's flung upon the land.<br />Great was the blow; the Duke, amazed thereat,<br />Had fallen ev'n, but aid from God he had;<br />His charger's neck he </font><font color="#ff8000">clasped with both his hands.<br />Had the pagan but once renewed the attack,<br />Then was he slain, that noble old vassal.<br />Came there to him, with succour, Charles of France.<br />AOI. </font></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCXLIX </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Keen anguish then he suffers, that Duke Naimes,<br />And the pagan, to strike him, hotly hastens.<br />"Culvert," says Charles, "You'll get now as you gave him!"<br />With vassalage he goes to strike that pagan,<br />Shatters his shield, against his heart he breaks it,<br />Tears the chin-guard above his hauberk mailed;<br />So flings him dead: his saddle shall be wasted. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCL </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Bitter great grief has Charlemagne the King,<br />Who Duke Naimun before him sees lying,<br />On the green grass all his clear blood shedding.<br />Then the Emperour to him this counsel gives:<br />"Fair master Naimes, canter with me to win!<br />The glutton's dead, that had you straitly pinned;<br />Through his carcass my spear I thrust once in."<br />Answers the Duke: "Sire, I believe it, this.<br />Great proof you'll have of valour, if I live."<br />They 'ngage them then, true love and faith swearing;<br />A thousand score of Franks surround them still.<br />Nor is there one, but slaughters, strikes and kills.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCLI </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Then through the field cantered that admiral,<br />Going to strike the county Guineman;<br />Against his heart his argent shield he cracked,<br />The folds of his hauberk apart he slashed,<br />Two of his ribs out of his side he hacked,<br />So flung him dead, while still his charger ran.<br />After, he slew Gebuin and Lorain,<br />Richard the old, the lord of those Normans.<br />"Preciuse," cry pagans, "is valiant!<br />Baron, strike on; here have we our warrant!"<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCLII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Who then had seen those Arrabit chevaliers,<br />From Occiant, from Argoille and from Bascle!<br />And well they strike and slaughter with their lances;<br />But Franks, to escape they think it no great matter;<br />On either side dead men to the earth fall crashing.<br />Till even-tide 'tis very strong, that battle;<br />Barons of France do suffer much great damage,<br />Grief shall be there ere the two hosts be scattered.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCLIII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Right well they strike, both Franks and Arrabies,<br />Breaking the shafts of all their burnished spears.<br />Whoso had seen that shattering of shields,<br />Whoso had heard those shining hauberks creak,<br />And heard those shields on iron helmets beat,<br />Whoso had seen fall down those chevaliers,<br />And heard men groan, dying upon that field,<br />Some memory of bitter pains might keep.<br />That battle is most hard to endure, indeed.<br />And the admiral calls upon Apollin<br />And Tervagan and Mahum, prays and speaks:<br />"My lords and gods, I've done you much service;<br />Your images, in gold I'll fashion each;<br />Against Carlun give me your warranty!"<br />Comes before him his dear friend Gemalfin,<br />Evil the news he brings to him and speaks:<br />"Sir Baliganz, this day in shame you're steeped;<br />For you have lost your son, even Malprime;<br />And Canabeus, your brother, slain is he.<br />Fairly two Franks have got the victory;<br />That Emperour was one, as I have seen;<br />Great limbs he has, he's every way Marquis,<br />White is his beard as flowers in April."<br />That admiral has bent his head down deep,<br />And thereafter lowers his face and weeps,<br />Fain would he die at once, so great his grief;<br />He calls to him Jangleu from over sea.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCLIV </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Says the admiral, "Jangleu, beside me stand!<br />For you are proof, and greatly understand,<br />Counsel from you I've ever sought to have.<br />How seems it you, of Arrabits and Franks,<br />Shall we from hence victorious go back?"<br />He answers him: "Slain are you, Baligant!<br />For from your gods you'll never have warrant.<br />So proud is Charles, his men so valiant,<br />Never saw I a race so combatant.<br />But call upon barons of Occiant,<br />Turks and Enfruns, Arrabits and Giants.<br />No more delay: what must be, take in hand." </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCLV </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>That admiral has shaken out his beard<br />That ev'n so white as thorn in blossom seems;<br />He'll no way hide, whateer his fate may be,<br />Then to his mouth he sets a trumpet clear,<br />And clearly sounds, so all the pagans hear.<br />Throughout the field rally his companies.<br />From Occiant, those men who bray and bleat,<br />And from Argoille, who, like dogs barking, speak;<br />Seek out the Franks with such a high folly,<br />Break through their line, the thickest press they meet<br />Dead from that shock they've seven thousand heaped. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCLVI </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The count Oger no cowardice e'er knew,<br />Better vassal hath not his sark indued.<br />He sees the Franks, their columns broken through,<br />So calls to him Duke Tierris, of Argune,<br />Count Jozeran, and Gefreid, of Anjou;<br />And to Carlun most proud his reason proves:<br />"Behold pagans, and how your men they slew!<br />Now from your head please God the crown remove<br />Unless you strike, and vengeance on them do!"<br />And not one word to answer him he knew;<br />They spurred in haste, their horses let run loose,<br />And, wheresoeer they met the pagans, strook.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCLVII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Now very well strikes the King Charlemagne,<br />Naimes the Duke, also Oger the Dane,<br />Geifreid d'Anjou, who that ensign displays.<br />Exceeding proof is Don Oger, the Dane;<br />He spurs his horse, and lets him run in haste,<br />So strikes that man who the dragon displays.<br />Both in the field before his feet he breaks<br />That king's ensign and dragon, both abased.<br />Baligant sees his gonfalon disgraced,<br />And Mahumet's standard thrown from its place;<br />That admiral at once perceives it plain,<br />That he is wrong, and right is Charlemain.<br />Pagan Arabs coyly themselves contain;<br />That Emperour calls on his Franks again:<br />"Say, barons, come, support me, in God's Name!"<br />Answer the Franks, "Question you make in vain;<br />All felon he that dares not exploits brave!"<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCLVIII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Passes that day, turns into vesper-tide.<br />Franks and pagans still with their swords do strike.<br />Brave vassals they, who brought those hosts to fight,<br />Never have they forgotten their ensigns;<br />That admiral still "Preciuse" doth cry,<br />Charles "Monjoie," renowned word of pride.<br />Each the other knows by his clear voice and high;<br />Amid the field they're both come into sight,<br />Then, as they go, great blows on either side<br />They with their spears on their round targes strike;<br />And shatter them, beneath their buckles wide;<br />And all the folds of their hauberks divide;<br />But bodies, no; wound them they never might.<br />Broken their girths, downwards their saddles slide;<br />Both those Kings fall, themselves aground do find;<br />Nimbly enough upon their feet they rise;<br />Most vassal-like they draw their swords outright.<br />From this battle they'll ne'er be turned aside<br />Nor make an end, without that one man die.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCLIX </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>A great vassal was Charles, of France the Douce;<br />That admiral no fear nor caution knew.<br />Those swords they had, bare from their sheaths they drew;<br />Many great blows on 's shield each gave and took;<br />The leather pierced, and doubled core of wood;<br />Down fell the nails, the buckles brake in two;<br />Still they struck on, bare in their sarks they stood.<br />From their bright helms the light shone forth anew.<br />Finish nor fail that battle never could<br />But one of them must in the wrong be proved.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCLX </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Says the admiral: "Nay, Charles, think, I beg,<br />And counsel take that t'wards me thou repent!<br />Thou'st slain my son, I know that very well;<br />Most wrongfully my land thou challengest;<br />Become my man, a fief from me thou'lt get;<br />Come, serving me, from here to the Orient!"<br />Charle answers him: "That were most vile offence;<br />No peace nor love may I to pagan lend.<br />Receive the Law that God to us presents,<br />Christianity, and then I'll love thee well;<br />Serve and believe the King Omnipotent!"<br />Says Baligant: "Evil sermon thou saist."<br />They go to strikewith th'swords, are on their belts.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCLXI </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>In the admiral is much great virtue found;<br />He strikes Carlun on his steel helm so brown,<br />Has broken it and rent, above his brow,<br />Through his thick hair the sword goes glancing round,<br />A great palm's breadth and more of flesh cuts out,<br />So that all bare the bone is, in that wound.<br />Charles tottereth, falls nearly to the ground;<br />God wills not he be slain or overpow'red.<br />Saint Gabriel once more to him comes down,<br />And questions him "Great King, what doest thou?" </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCLXII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Charles, hearing how that holy Angel spake,<br />Had fear of death no longer, nor dismay;<br />Remembrance and a fresh vigour he's gained.<br />So the admiral he strikes with France's blade,<br />His helmet breaks, whereon the jewels blaze,<br />Slices his head, to scatter all his brains,<br />And, down unto the white beard, all his face;<br />So he falls dead, recovers not again.<br />"Monjoie," cries Charles, that all may know the tale.<br />Upon that word is come to him Duke Naimes,<br />Holds Tencendur, bids mount that King so Great.<br />Pagans turn back, God wills not they remain.<br />And Franks have all their wish, be that what may. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCLXIII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Pagans are fled, ev'n as the Lord God wills;<br />Chase them the Franks, and the Emperour therewith.<br />Says the King then: "My Lords, avenge your ills,<br />Unto your hearts' content, do what you will!.<br />For tears, this morn, I saw your eyes did spill."<br />Answer the Franks: "Sir, even so we will."<br />Then such great blows, as each may strike, he gives<br />That few escape, of those remain there still. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCLXIV </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Great was the heat, the dust arose and blew;<br />Still pagans fled, and hotly Franks pursued.<br />The chase endured from there to Sarraguce.<br />On her tower, high up clomb Bramimunde,<br />Around her there the clerks and canons stood<br />Of the false law, whom God ne'er loved nor knew;<br />Orders they'd none, nor were their heads tonsured.<br />And when she saw those Arrabits confused<br />Aloud she cried: "Give us your aid, Mahume!<br />Ah! Noble king, conquered are all our troops,<br />And the admiral to shameful slaughter put!"<br />When Marsile heard, towards the wall he looked,<br />Wept from his eyes, and all his body stooped,<br />So died of grief. With sins he's so corrupt;<br />The soul of him to Hell live devils took. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCLXV </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Pagans are slain; the rest are put to rout<br />Whom Charles hath in battle overpowered.<br />Of Sarraguce the gates he's battered down,<br />For well he knows there's no defence there now;<br />In come his men, he occupies that town;<br />And all that night they lie there in their pow'r.<br />Fierce is that King, with 's hoary beard, and proud,<br />And Bramimunde hath yielded up her towers;<br />But ten ere great, and lesser fifty around.<br />Great exploits his whom the Lord God endows! </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCLXVI </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Passes the day, the darkness is grown deep,<br />But all the stars burn, and the moon shines clear.<br />And Sarraguce is in the Emperour's keep.<br />A thousand Franks he bids seek through the streets,<br />The synagogues and the mahumeries;<br />With iron malls and axes which they wield<br />They break the idols and all the imageries;<br />So there remain no fraud nor falsity.<br />That King fears God, and would do His service,<br />On water then Bishops their blessing speak,<br />And pagans bring into the baptistry.<br />If any Charles with contradiction meet<br />Then hanged or burned or slaughtered shall he be.<br />Five score thousand and more are thus redeemed,<br />Very Christians; save that alone the queen<br />To France the Douce goes in captivity;<br />By love the King will her conversion seek. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCLXVII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Passes the night, the clear day opens now.<br />Of Sarraguce Charles garrisons the tow'rs;<br />A thousand knights he's left there, fighters stout;<br />Who guard that town as bids their Emperour.<br />After, the King and all his army mount,<br />And Bramimunde a prisoner is bound,<br />No harm to her, but only good he's vowed.<br />So are they come, with joy and gladness out,<br />They pass Nerbone by force and by vigour,<br />Come to Burdele, that city of high valour.<br />Above the altar, to Saint Sevrin endowed,<br />Stands the olifant, with golden pieces bound;<br />All the pilgrims may see it, who thither crowd.<br />Passing Girunde in great ships, there abound,<br />Ev'n unto Blaive he's brought his nephew down<br />And Oliver, his noble </font><font color="#ff8000">companioun,<br />And the Archbishop, who was so wise and proud.<br />In white coffers he bids them lay those counts<br />At Saint Romain: So rest they in that ground.<br />Franks them to God and to His Angels vow.<br />Charles canters on, by valleys and by mounts,<br />Not before Aix will he not make sojourn;<br />Canters so far, on th'terrace he dismounts.<br />When he is come into his lofty house,<br />By messengers he seeks his judges out;<br />Saxons, Baivers, Lotherencs and Frisouns,<br />Germans he calls, and also calls Borgounds;<br />From Normandy, from Brittany and Poitou,<br />And those in France that are the sagest found.<br />Thereon begins the cause of Gueneloun. </font></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCLXVIII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>That Emperour, returning out of Spain,<br />Arrived in France, in his chief seat, at Aix,<br />Clomb to th' Palace, into the hall he came.<br />Was come to him there Alde, that fair dame;<br />Said to the King: "Where's Rollanz the Captain,<br />Who sware to me, he'ld have me for his mate?"<br />Then upon Charles a heavy sorrow weighed,<br />And his eyes wept, he tore his beard again:<br />"Sister, dear friend, of a dead man you spake.<br />I'll give you one far better in exchange,<br />That is Loewis, what further can I say;<br />He is my son, and shall my marches take."<br />Alde answered him: "That word to me is strange.<br />Never, please God, His Angels and His Saints,<br />When Rollant's dead shall I alive remain!"<br />Her colour fails, at th' feet of Charlemain,<br />She falls; she's dead. Her soul God's Mercy awaits!<br />Barons of France weep therefore and complain. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCLXIX </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Alde the fair is gone now to her rest.<br />Yet the King thought she was but swooning then,<br />Pity he had, our Emperour, and wept,<br />Took her in's hands, raised her from th'earth again;<br />On her shoulders her head still drooped and leant.<br />When Charles saw that she was truly dead<br />Four countesses at once he summoned;<br />To a monast'ry of nuns they bare her thence,<br />All night their watch until the dawn they held;<br />Before the altar her tomb was fashioned well;<br />Her memory the King with honour kept.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCLXX </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>That Emperour is now returned to Aix.<br />The felon Guene, all in his iron chains<br />Is in that town, before the King's Palace;<br />Those serfs have bound him, fast upon his stake,<br />In deer-hide thongs his hands they've helpless made,<br />With clubs and whips they trounce him well and baste:<br />He has deserved not any better fate;<br />In bitter grief his trial there he awaits. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCLXXI </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Written it is, and in an ancient geste<br />How Charles called from many lands his men,<br />Assembled them at Aix, in his Chapelle.<br />Holy that day, for some chief feast was held,<br />Saint Silvester's that baron's, many tell.<br />Thereon began the trial and defence<br />Of Guenelun, who had the treason spelt.<br />Before himself the Emperour has him led.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCLXXII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>"Lords and barons," Charles the King doth speak,<br />"Of Guenelun judge what the right may be!<br />He was in th'host, even in Spain with me;<br />There of my Franks a thousand score did steal,<br />And my nephew, whom never more you'll see,<br />And Oliver, in 's pride and courtesy,<br />And, wealth to gain, betrayed the dozen peers."<br />"Felon be I," said Guenes, "aught to conceal!<br />He did from me much gold and wealth forfeit,<br />Whence to destroy and slay him did I seek;<br />But treason, no; I vow there's not the least."<br />Answer the Franks: "Take counsel now must we." </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCLXXIII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>So Guenelun, before the King there, stood;<br />Lusty his limbs, his face of gentle hue;<br />Were he loyal, right baron-like he'd looked.<br />He saw those Franks, and all who'ld judge his doom,<br />And by his side his thirty kinsmen knew.<br />After, he cried aloud; his voice was full:<br />"For th' Love of God, listen to me, baruns!<br />I was in th' host, beside our Emperour,<br />Service I did him there in faith and truth.<br />Hatred of me had Rollant, his nephew;<br />So he decreed death for me and dolour.<br />Message I bare to king Marsiliun;<br />By my cunning I held myself secure.<br />To that fighter Rollant my challenge threw,<br />To Oliver, and all their comrades too;<br />Charles heard that, and his noble baruns.<br />Vengeance I gat, but there's no treason proved."<br />Answered the Franks: "Now go we to the moot. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCLXXIV </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>When Guenes sees, his great cause is beginning,<br />Thirty he has around him of his kinsmen,<br />There's one of them to whom the others listen,<br />'Tis Pinabel, who in Sorence castle liveth;<br />Well can he speak, soundly his reasons giving,<br />A good vassal, whose arm to fight is stiffened.<br />Says to him Guenes: "In you my faith is fixed.<br />Save me this day from death, also from prison."<br />Says Pinabel: "Straightway you'll be delivered.<br />Is there one Frank, that you to hang committeth?<br />Let the Emperour but once together bring us,<br />With my steel brand he shall be smartly chidden."<br />Guenes the count kneels at his feet to kiss them. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCLXXV </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>To th' counsel go those of Bavier and Saxe,<br />Normans also, with Poitevins and Franks;<br />Enough there are of Tudese and Germans.<br />Those of Alverne the greatest court'sy have,<br />From Pinabel most quietly draw back.<br />Says each to each: "'Twere well to let it stand.<br />Leave we this cause, and of the King demand<br />That he cry quits with Guenes for this act;<br />With love and faith he'll serve him after that.<br />Since he is dead, no more ye'll see Rollanz,<br />Nor any wealth nor gold may win him back. <br />Most foolish then is he, would do combat."<br />There is but one agrees not to their plan;<br />Tierri, brother to Don Geifreit, 's that man.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCLXXVI </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Then his barons, returning to Carlun,<br />Say to their King: "Sire, we beseech of you<br />That you cry quits with county Guenelun,<br />So he may serve you still in love and truth;<br />Nay let him live, so noble a man 's he proved.<br />Rollant is dead, no longer in our view,<br />Nor for no wealth may we his life renew."<br />Then says the King: "You're felons all of you!"<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCLXXVII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>When Charles saw that all of them did fail,<br />Deep down he bowed his head and all his face<br />For th' grief he had, caitiff himself proclaimed.<br />One of his knights, Tierris, before him came,<br />Gefrei's brother, that Duke of Anjou famed;<br />Lean were his limbs, and lengthy and delicate,<br />Black was his hair and somewhat brown his face;<br />Was not too small, and yet was hardly great;<br />And courteously to the Emperour he spake:<br />"Fair' Lord and King, do not yourself dismay!<br />You know that I have served you many ways:<br />By my ancestors should I this cause maintain. <br />And if Rollant was forfeited to Guenes<br />Still your service to him full warrant gave.<br />Felon is Guene, since th' hour that he betrayed,<br />And, towards you, is perjured and ashamed:<br />Wherefore I judge that he be hanged and slain,<br />His carcass flung to th' dogs beside the way,<br />As a felon who felony did make.<br />But, has he a friend that would dispute my claim<br />With this my sword which I have girt in place<br />My judgement will I warrant every way."<br />Answer the Franks: "Now very well you spake." </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCLXXVIII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Before the King is come now Pinabel;<br />Great is he, strong, vassalous and nimble;<br />Who bears his blow has no more time to dwell:<br />Says to him: "Sire, on you this cause depends;<br />Command therefore this noise be made an end.<br />See Tierri here, who hath his judgment dealt;<br />I cry him false, and will the cause contest."<br />His deer-hide glove in the King's hand he's left.<br />Says the Emperour: "Good pledges must I get."<br />Thirty kinsmen offer their loyal pledge.<br />"I'll do the same for you," the King has said;<br />Until the right be shewn, bids guard them well.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCLXXIX </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>When Tierri sees that battle shall come after,<br />His right hand glove he offereth to Chares.<br />That Emperour by way of hostage guards it;<br />Four benches then upon the place he marshals<br />Where sit them down champions of either party.<br />They're chos'n aright, as the others' judgement cast them;<br />Oger the Dane between them made the parley.<br />Next they demand their horses and their armour.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCLXXX </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>For battle, now, ready you might them see,<br />They're well confessed, absolved, from sin set free;<br />Masses they've heard, Communion received,<br />Rich offerings to those minsters they leave.<br />Before Carlun now both the two appear:<br />They have their spurs, are fastened on their feet,<br />And, light and strong, their hauberks brightly gleam;<br />Upon their heads they've laced their helmets clear,<br />And girt on swords, with pure gold hilted each;<br />And from their necks hang down their quartered shields;<br />In their right hands they grasp their trenchant spears.<br />At last they mount on their swift coursing steeds.<br />Five score thousand chevaliers therefor weep,<br />For Rollant's sake pity for Tierri feel.<br />God knows full well which way the end shall be. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCLXXXI </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Down under Aix there is a pasture large<br />Which for the fight of th' two barons is marked.<br />Proof men are these, and of great vassalage,<br />And their horses, unwearied, gallop fast;<br />They spur them well, the reins aside they cast,<br />With virtue great, to strike each other, dart;<br />All of their shields shatter and rend apart.<br />Their hauberks tear; the girths asunder start,<br />The saddles slip, and fall upon the grass.<br />Five score thousand weep, who that sight regard.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCLXXXII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Upon the ground are fallen both the knights;<br />Nimbly enough upon their feet they rise.<br />Nimble and strong is Pinabels, and light.<br />Each the other seeks; horses are out of mind,<br />But with those swords whose hilts with gold are lined<br />Upon those helms of steel they beat and strike:<br />Great are the blows, those helmets to divide.<br />The chevaliers of France do much repine.<br />"O God!" says Charles, "Make plain to us the right!" </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCLXXXIII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Says Pinabel "Tierri, I pray thee, yield:<br />I'll be thy man, in love and fealty;<br />For the pleasure my wealth I'll give to thee;<br />But make the King with Guenelun agree."<br />Answers Tierri: "Such counsel's not for me.<br />Pure felon I, if e'er I that concede!<br />God shall this day the right shew, us between!"<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCLXXXIV </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Then said Tierri "Bold art thou, Pinabel,<br />Thou'rt great and strong, with body finely bred;<br />For vassalage thy peers esteem thee well:<br />Of this battle let us now make an end!<br />With Charlemagne I soon will have thee friends;<br />To Guenelun such justice shall be dealt<br />Day shall not dawn but men of it will tell."<br />"Please the Lord God, not so!" said Pinabel.<br />"I would sustain the cause of my kindred<br />No mortal man is there from whom I've fled;<br />Rather I'ld die than hear reproaches said."<br />Then with their swords began to strike again<br />Upon those helms that were with gold begemmed<br />Into the sky the bright sparks rained and fell.<br />It cannot be that they be sundered,<br />Nor make an end, without one man be dead.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCLXXXV </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>He's very proof, Pinabel of Sorence,<br />Tierri he strikes, on 's helmet of Provence,<br />Leaps such a spark, the grass is kindled thence;<br />Of his steel brand the point he then presents,<br />On Tierri's brow the helmet has he wrenched<br />So down his face its broken halves descend;<br />And his right cheek in flowing blood is drenched;<br />And his hauberk, over his belly, rent.<br />God's his warrant, Who death from him prevents.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCLXXXVI </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Sees Tierris then 'that in the face he's struck,<br />On grassy field runs clear his flowing blood;<br />Strikes Pinabel on 's helmet brown and rough,<br />To the nose-piece he's broken it and cut,<br />And from his head scatters his brains in th' dust;<br />Brandishes him on th' sword, till dead he's flung.<br />Upon that blow is all the battle won.<br />Franks cry aloud: "God hath great virtue done.<br />It is proved right that Guenelun be hung.<br />And those his kin, that in his cause are come."<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCLXXXVII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Now that Tierris the battle fairly wins,<br />That Emperour Charles is come to him;<br />Forty barons are in his following.<br />Naimes the Duke, Oger that Danish Prince,<br />Geifrei d'Anjou, Willalme of Blaive therewith.<br />Tierri, the King takes in his arms to kiss;<br />And wipes his face with his great marten-skins;<br />He lays them down, and others then they bring;<br />The chevaliers most sweetly disarm him;<br />An Arab mule they've brought, whereon he sits.<br />With baronage and joy they bring him in.<br />They come to Aix, halt and dismount therein.<br />The punishment of the others then begins. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCLXXXVIII </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>His counts and Dukes then calls to him Carlun:<br />"With these I guard, advise what shall be done.<br />Hither they came because of Guenelun;<br />For Pinabel, as pledges gave them up."<br />Answer the Franks: "Shall not of them live one."<br />The King commands his provost then, Basbrun:<br />"Go hang them all on th' tree of cursed wood!<br />Nay, by this beard, whose hairs are white enough,<br />If one escape, to death and shame thou'rt struck!"<br />He answers him: "How could I act, save thus?"<br />With an hundred serjeants by force they come;<br />Thirty of them there are, that straight are hung.<br />Who betrays man, himself and 's friends undoes.<br />AOI. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCLXXXIX </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Then turned away the Baivers and Germans<br />And Poitevins and Bretons and Normans.<br />Fore all the rest, 'twas voted by the Franks<br />That Guenes die with marvellous great pangs;<br />So to lead forth four stallions they bade;<br />After, they bound his feet and both his hands;<br />Those steeds were swift, and of a temper mad;<br />Which, by their heads, led forward four sejeants<br />Towards a stream that flowed amid that land. <br />Sones fell Gue into perdition black;<br />All his sinews were strained until they snapped,<br />And all the limbs were from his body dragged.<br />On the green grass his clear blood gushed and ran.<br />Guenes is dead, a felon recreant.<br />Who betrays man, need make no boast of that. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCXC </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>When the Emperour had made his whole vengeance,<br />He called to him the Bishops out of France,<br />Those of Baviere and also the Germans:<br />"A dame free-born lies captive in my hands,<br />So oft she's heard sermons and reprimands,<br />She would fear God, and christening demands.<br />Baptise her then, so God her soul may have."<br />They answer him: "Sponsors the rite demands,<br />Dames of estate and long inheritance."<br />The baths at Aix great companies attract;<br />There they baptised the Queen of Sarazands,<br />And found for her the name of Juliane. <br />Christian is she by very cognisance. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>CCXCI </strong></font> </span></p><p><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">When the Emperour his justice hath achieved,<br />His mighty wrath's abated from its heat,<br />And Bramimunde has christening received;<br />Passes the day, the darkness is grown deep,<br />And now that King in 's vaulted chamber sleeps.<br />Saint Gabriel is come from God, and speaks:<br />"Summon the hosts, Charles, of thine Empire,<br />Go thou by force into the land of Bire,<br />King Vivien thou'lt succour there, at Imphe,<br />In the city which pagans have besieged.<br />The Christians there implore thee and beseech."<br />Right loth to go, that Emperour was he:<br />"God!" said the King: "My life is hard indeed!"<br />Tears filled his eyes, he tore his snowy beard.</strong></font></p> <span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:41038572-1bc3-4ab8-80f8-7f389e80d892" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="2e2b3467-ebb3-4ff0-8bc6-46f9be20614e" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/WuM4Auxml98&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:5f304178-135b-4a28-88bc-36da694b2507" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="f6fccccb-e272-45d5-8fe8-bb58120d381e" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/1-l6u-7I9X0&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div> </span><p><font color="#000000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></font></p> <span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:273610fe-fd73-4d4d-b660-b66ed8e2cc92" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="2188e6c8-a2aa-4cf0-92c8-42bb365e7675" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/Iicj0e1-FuM&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:518b7f47-67ef-417d-8f24-cfc6342a4639" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="3c0fca90-369e-4705-93a4-4fb86a53811a" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/9DfhKQV-jis&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:bdc7d174-0ed7-472a-8036-4c53f90f2300" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="6afa7846-9a17-4b05-bc17-7d633b62c8d2" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/F8Gd7N_56cQ&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:2b052d60-a5aa-4163-a629-5371afb14a13" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="28a88f4f-2bac-4d85-9438-60869218ea09" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/NK1rvaijZOI&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:b8fb0ee9-5778-4d17-931f-9ac8935918fc" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="878d1f5b-073a-4e53-a277-bd8c9b8a68ef" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/qlKVlq_herE&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div></span><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></blockquote></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><strong><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><font color="#ff8000">The death of Roland at the Battle of Roncevaux, from an illuminated manuscript c.1455-1460.</font></span></strong></p> <blockquote><span style="background-color: black;"><font color="#000000" face="times" size="6"></font></span></blockquote> <blockquote><span style="background-color: black;"><font color="#000000" face="times" size="6"></font></span></blockquote> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3207/3143218282_e3f155dba5_b.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3218/3143223810_938f776fba_o.jpg" /> </span></p><p> </p><p><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" height="0" src="http://csc.beap.ad.yieldmanager.net/i?bv=1.0.0&bs=(1243e56j6(gid$64df3b38-4f43-11e1-bdc2-df532d78c535,st$1328368667157091,v$1.0))&t=blank&al=(as$1290m7qrc,aid$K5uT6US0qUk-,bi$1055996051,ct$25,at$0)" width="0" />NOW RONCEVAUX PASS</strong></font></p> <p><a name="photo1"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Pictures of the Week: February 3, 2012" height="606" src="http://denverpost.slideshowpro.com/albums/001/496/album-301101/cache/pow01.sJPG_950_2000_0_75_0_50_50.sJPG?1328358532" width="950" /></strong></font></a></p> <p><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">A man walks as snow and frozen wind billows cross the region, in Roncesvalles, northern Spain, Thursday Feb. 2, 2012. A cold spell has reached Europe with temperatures plummeting far below zero. (AP Photo/ Alvaro Barrientos)</strong></font> </p><p> </p><p><a href="http://www.blogger.com/rearrange?blogID=1384797616926091562&widgetType=BlogArchive&widgetId=BlogArchive1&action=editWidget&sectionId=sidebar-right-2-2"></a></p> <img height="2184" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-JR5Eexc2sxU/RmmSVhQsEcI/AAAAAAAADCM/WqESvqQUuZA/w2908-h2184/PICT1402.JPG" style="color: #ff8000; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify;" width="2908" /><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://<script async="async" src="http://jd.revolvermaps.com/2/1.js?i=3wd8fayvo9r&s=220&m=0&v=true&r=false&b=000000&n=false&c=ff0000" type="text/javascript"></script></div> <p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript" src="//ra.revolvermaps.com/0/0/6.js?i=00bo1v8as3p&m=0&s=341&c=ff0000&cr1=ffffff&f=arial&l=0&bv=80" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3736852641690443895.post-44914203791711585422023-07-29T11:45:00.000-07:002023-07-29T11:45:03.303-07:00<p> </p> <p> </p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="412"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:b023fd84-53f6-431a-a63b-98a3eb7e3da9" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="ea3ca1b7-ebae-4246-9a7f-a63b0c447939" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/G5BQZaYw90A&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div></td> <td valign="top" width="586"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:0ab175ac-c179-499f-ac62-deb350e8b791" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="e6d39b5b-5454-4a67-8ae7-8cb672fbbd87" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></div></div><br /></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <strong style="color: #ff8000; font-size: xxx-large;"><span style="background-color: black;">LOST PYRAMID OF ALASKA: NICOLA TESLA SUPPRESSED KNOWLEDGE ON ZERO POINT ENERGY</span></strong></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2242" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/cIZ7625Ts6A" width="2702" youtube-src-id="cIZ7625Ts6A"></iframe></div><br /><p></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="721"> <p align="left"><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="7"><strong></strong></font></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="7"><strong><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2243" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Ft1waA3p2_w" width="2699" youtube-src-id="Ft1waA3p2_w"></iframe></strong></font></div><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="7"><strong><br /><span style="background-color: black;">LOST PYRAMID OF ALASKA: NICOLA TESLA SUPPRESSED KNOWLEDGE ON ZERO POINT ENERGY</span></strong></font><p></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The great inventor Nikola Tesla, was a man whose genius was far beyond the great minds of his day. He had an intellect that at times seemed almost unearthly. </strong><strong>I suppose this is why some have speculated that such a remarkable individual could not have sprung from the bosom of mother Earth, but instead was the product of extraterrestrial intervention. </strong><strong>His name, in its absence, spoke of dark conspiracies and downright thievery. In public, only the Tesla-coil stands out in honor of its namesake, but few know of the person for whom it is christened.</strong> </font></font></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Textbooks held no place between its pages for this great man, and teachers rarely uttered his name. Thankfully, some have come to recognize the great injustice that has been done to Tesla and have found a place in some classrooms to teach his history. It would be safe to say that Nikola Tesla was the man who invented the 20<sup>th</sup> Century. </strong><strong>But a mystery remains.</strong> </font></font></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong style="background-color: black;"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"></font></strong></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2237" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/z97iOZQd-B4" width="2688" youtube-src-id="z97iOZQd-B4"></iframe></font></strong></div><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><br />We know that the United State Patent Office granted patents to many of Tesla’s inventions. These were inventions that Tesla and his investors saw as potentially profitable – the AC motor is an excellent example of one of Tesla’s inventions that changed the world. However, Tesla also invented an unknown number of other items that were never patented for one reason or another. Tesla had a keen sense of what would garner financial interest, but he also worked on and developed technology that was simply for his own curiosity. Of these inventions, we know practically nothing.</font></strong><p></p><p></p><p></p></td> <td valign="top" width="277"> <span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:253e6c20-03f4-44f6-b189-25ab72e38dd3" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="0994d19d-6b44-4e7b-a716-381def30e0ec" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></div></div><br /> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:60536733-f7b8-4593-9c74-3be998596cdb" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/G_5_hJTJpRc" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425" wmode="transparent"></embed></div></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p align="justify"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2012/08/lightning-strikes/100356/"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/l01_RTR36UYJ.jpg" /></strong></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Lightning pierces a dark sky above buildings in central Shanghai during a storm on August 15, 2012. (Reuters/Aly Song)</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Worldwide, lightning strikes around 50 times every second (more than 4 million times every day). Electrical imbalances generated by turbulent skies are suddenly balanced by a spectacular discharge tracing across a darkened sky -- a display that is both frightening and awe-inspiring. Collected below are recent images of lightning around the world, including a rare image of an upper atmosphere "red sprite" flash captured by NASA astronauts aboard the International Space Station. </strong></font><font color="#ff8000"><strong><img src="http://ad.doubleclick.net/imp;v1;f;259197106;0-0;0;83336844;1|1;49032302|49028550|1;;cs=a;%3fhttp://ad.doubleclick.net/dot.gif?3340208" /> </strong></font></span></p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img02"></a> </span><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l02_RTR35UWW.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Storm chaser photographer Mike Meadows is silhouetted as lightning strikes outside Lake Havasu City, Arizona as monsoon moisture continues to invade the Mojave deserts area, on July 30, 2012. (Reuters/Gene Blevins)</strong></font></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2223" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/SfAAO9eNqTg" width="2672" youtube-src-id="SfAAO9eNqTg"></iframe></strong></font></div><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><strong><br /></strong><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2221" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/WgjElzbEhn4" width="2672" youtube-src-id="WgjElzbEhn4"></iframe></div><br /></font><p></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="499"><a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2012/08/21/serbian-geniusnikola-tesla-tesla-museum-belgrade-serbia/screenhunter_543-aug-21-13-06/"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></font></a></td><td valign="top" width="499"></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="499"><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Is There A Large Pyramid Underground<br />Between Mt. McKinley and Nome, Alaska?</strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>“The TV news showed the whole world and they had it sliced out where the pyramid was and how big it was in proportion. I mean the thing was huge in the proportional graph they showed.”</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">- Douglas A. Mutschler, Chief Warrant Officer, U. S. Army Counterintelligence</strong></font></p><p align="justify"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"></strong></font></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1161" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/HEH3qLofMaU" width="1397" youtube-src-id="HEH3qLofMaU"></iframe></strong></font></div><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></font><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong><br /> </strong></font> </span><p></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br />Mount McKinley is north of Anchorage. Nome is upper left red circle on Norton Sound west of Mount McKinley. The region between Mount McKinley and Nome is where the large pyramid structure was allegedly found during geophysical studies of the May 22, 1992, Chinese underground detonation of a large nuclear bomb at Lop Nor.</strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>I received the following email from a retired Navy Captain and professional engineer who provides analysis of a large “square” he found in Google maps in which each side of the square measures exactly twice the length of each side of the Cheops Great Pyramid in Egypt.</strong></font></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Following his email and Alaska pyramid or square Google map discovery, I received another email from an unidentified source about the relationship between electrical properties and pyramids.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">I am a retired Navy Captain that served as a Navigator/Communicator, Tactical Coordinator, Mission Commander in 3 active duty and Naval Air Reserve Patrol Squadrons over my 25-year career. I have been both an Executive Officer and Commanding Officer of two reserve units. I have a Bachelor’s Degree in Aerospace Engineering from Ga Tech, a Master’s Degree in Ocean Engineering from Fla Atlantic Univ, and am a Professional Engineer. </strong></font></p> <blockquote> <p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">I found your interview on the Alaskan Pyramid quite interesting. Having spent two deployments in Adak with my Navy Patrol Squadron, I have always been interested in articles about Alaska. I don’t have any specific knowledge of the Pyramid subject matter, however after listening to the interview and reading the information linked to it on C2CAM, I did the following:<br />1. Signed on to Google Earth<br />2. Drew a line between Mt. McKinley and Nome<br />3. Set my altitude above the ground to@ 15,000ft-20,000ft<br />4. Proceeded to transit the line from SE to NW towards Nome looking for any anomalies that caught my eye. Specifically looking for “non-natural” features like straight lines or “non-natural” geometric shapes. Approximately 50 miles northwest of Mt. McKinley just to the north of the line connecting it to Nome, I came across a square shape that was very distinct in the ground. The area is a flat plain approximately 1950 ft ASL. The coloration of the anomaly is a darkish green and there doesn’t appear to be any type of surface structure. This is a very desolate area in the center of the state. However, the coloration is distinctly different than the immediate surrounding area. There are other areas nearby that have the same color, but are irregular in shape. The area that I noticed is a distinct “square”. My assumption is that if there is something below the surface it could be impacting the flora at the surface which somehow mirror the shape (dimensions) of a structure below. Perhaps it is a thermal differential that promotes growth or some other chemical/physical effect. I have no way to know other than observing the square anomaly. </strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>I am forwarding to you for your inspection two jpeg files that I made from the Google map. One of the jpegs shows a reference Lat/Long that is @ 0.37mi from the anomaly. This reference Lat/Long is 63°18’North 152°32’ West. The red line just to the South of the reference position and the anomaly is the line connecting Mt. McKinley to Nome. </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><u><font color="#ff8000"><strong>1) Google Map Image of “Square”</strong></font></u> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><br /><img alt="Image" height="779" src="http://i.imgur.com/RoUK0.jpg?1" width="1076" /><br />Google Map Image of “Square” Outlined<br /></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">The second jpeg shows the anomaly outlined with the lines I created detailing the four sides of the square, as well as the lines bisecting the four corner angles and the lines bisecting the four sides. These lines all conform to a square with a base of 1510 Ft on a side and as you can see they match up perfectly with the square green anomaly in the first jpeg. You can duplicate what I have done by just going to Google earth the reference Lat/Long where you will see the anomaly.</strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><u><font color="#ff8000"><strong>2) Google Map Image of “Square” Outlined</strong></font></u> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="Image" height="586" src="http://i.imgur.com/Wdx1d.jpg?1" width="801" /></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>“The red line just to the South of the reference position and the anomaly is the line connecting Mt. McKinley to Nome. The length each of the 4 side equals @ 1510 Ft. The interesting thing about this dimension is that it is exactly twice the length of the sides of the Great Pyramid at Gisa, which are 755 Ft on a side. The coincidence is interesting to say the least. This would make this square anomaly on the surface 4x the area of the base of the Great Pyramid, which at least is consistent with </strong></font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Our witness (Doug Mutschler) who said the underground pyramid that was supposedly identified during the May 22, 1992, Chinese underground test was much larger than the Great Pyramid at Giza.”</strong></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></blockquote> <p align="justify"><font><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Compare above Google image to infrared satellite image below taken of 17 pyramids <br />hidden underground in Egypt and reported by U. K.'s BBC on May 26, 2011.</strong></font></font></p> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="Egypt" src="http://cdn.ghosttheory.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/egypt-buried-pyramids-e1343696652156.jpg" /> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br />Infrared satellite images have discovered 17 underground hidden pyramids and 3,000 ancient settlements in Egypt. NASA-funded archaeologist Sarah Parcak told the BBC: “I couldn't believe we could locate so many sites. To excavate<br />a pyramid is the dream of every archaeologist.” 2011 infrared satellite image of underground pyramid at center of image by NASA. </strong></font></p> <blockquote> <p align="justify"><font><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Retired U. S. Navy Captain: “This location is near the western boundary of the Danali National Park; @ 150mi west of Talkeetna, the nearest large settlement; and some 230 mi from both Anchorage and Fairbanks. Therefore it is not logical to assume that there would be any type of agriculture or timber operations in this area that would create any type of straight lines or rectangular shapes of fields or forests.<br />What is even a little more interesting is that I measured the dimensions of the square that is visible. The length each of the 4 side equals @ 1510 Ft. The interesting thing about this dimension is that it is exactly twice the length of the sides of the Great Pyramid at Gisa, which are 755 Ft on a side. The coincidence is interesting to say the least. This would make this square anomaly on the surface 4x the area of the base of the Great Pyramid which at least is consistent with your witness who said the underground pyramid that was supposedly identified during the May 22, 1992, Chinese underground test was much larger than the Great Pyramid at Giza.<br />I have tried to measure the orientation of the anomaly and it appears as if the NE side is oriented to 330°/150° to true North. I don’t know if there is any relevance to this number. However, in checking out the Magnetic Declination for the area 63°N 152W° the current declination is some 18°East which means the magnetic compass direction today of this line would be close to 312°. Looking at the historic records that go back to 1900, magnetic declination was closer to 29°E which is significantly higher. This range in declination is due to the relatively close proximity of this location to the magnetic north pole whose position relative to true north varies greatly. It is not inconceivable that in the distant past the magnetic declination was a very high westerly reading which means that the magnetic compass heading could have approached 360°N, indicating that whatever might be causing the square anomaly could have been built pointing to the magnetic north pole at the time it was created. More likely however is that if there is a structure below the surface it was probably oriented to some astronomical feature such as a specific star.<br />One additional feature that I found interesting was looking at the elevation of the anomaly moving along the various sides. If you go to Google and place lines outlining the four sides of the anomaly, and right click the line and select the elevation feature, you will see an elevation plot of the line. When you move the line in the elevation drawing an arrow will detail your transit down the selected line. If you do this with the NE-NW boundary, the SE-NE boundary and the NE to SW diagonal, you will see a very distinct vertical sheer that exists in the NE corner of the square. The vertical sheer is from 6ft to 9ft located some 300ft from the NE corner down both sides and 400 feet down the NE-SW diagonal. The sheer face appears to create a vertical wall perpendicular to both the SE-NE side and the NE-NW side of the anomaly. I don’t know if there is any significance to these sheer walls, but they don’t exist at any other point on the anomaly which is relatively flat across its full dimension.<br />I hope this information is of interest to you. I would be curious to see if anyone else has identified this anomaly or if you believe it bears further investigation.<br />Best regards,<br />MW, Professional Engineer<br />CAPT USNR-Ret.<br />p.s. – for what it is worth - In August of 1986 while out on a morning jog at about 5:30 am or so in St. Petersburg, Florida with my girlfriend, we witnessed a large (747 size or larger) triangular shaped UFO (with 5 white globe type lights on the leading edge forming a V-shape) fly over the area about 2-4 miles away from us moving from North to South at about 2500 Ft and absolutely silent. Two weeks after the sighting I went to a UFO seminar being held in St. Petersburg and heard several other people discussing what they had seen and it was the same object that we had seen. Having an aerospace engineering degree, having held a Top Secret clearance my entire 25 year career in the Navy and Naval Air Reserve I know for a fact that what we saw was a physical object, it was being intelligently controlled, it was of a design that I know far exceeded the capabilities of any heavier than air object existing at the time and being operated by the U.S. Military. I am a believer and I appreciate the work that you and others are doing to break through this fog of secrecy. Keep up the good work."</strong></font></font></p></blockquote> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Electrical Properties of Pyramids </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><u>Subject: Alaska, Sacred Geometry, Aether</u><br />Date: July 30, 2012 <br />To: earthfiles@earthfiles.com</strong></font></font></p> <blockquote> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>“Certain geometries cause Aether to accumulate at various focal points. Applying electricity to these focal points will convert certain amounts of Aether into electricity. The electrical charge must be through static, in small prototypes this done via is a spark jump. The geometry of a pyramid has many of these focal points, one of them being top. </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>When a static charge jumps from the source node, to a destination node(The Aether focal point) the charge received is greater than the charge used to create the spark. How the Aether is converted to electricity is still unknown, but it is clearly a state of energy just like Heat, Light, Electricity, and Kinetic. </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Aether penetrates all matter, it also exists in a perfect vacuum. Applying various frequencies to vacuums will cause light to be emitted, we believe the Aether is being transformed into light. Again more evidence that suggested to us that Aether is a form of energy, also demonstrating its ability to exist in a vacuum, and the ability for sounds frequencies to travel in a vacuum to some degree.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>I am not in Alaska or have any knowledge of that program. My assignment is in a much different area, and the current hypothesis is that the Egyptians somehow discovered or were shown about these geometric occurrences. That the pyramids were an attempt to attract lightning strikes. So that the discharge into the pyramid would be greater than the charge released from atmosphere. This causes a reversal of polarity, sometimes affecting gravity. It is still unclear if the effect on gravity has any connection to electricity or if it is the imbalance of Aether. The gravitational effects slowly weaken over time with no observable interference. </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Consider the analogy of trying to force two south poles of magnets together, you are storing energy in that magnetic field and when you let go they push apart again. This energy is being released in the form of kinetic energy and sometimes heat. Somehow during the energy release an upwards force is created, or the downward force of gravity is reduced. This effect slowly diminishes.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Nikola Tesla, discovered these same behaviors. However he had a less effective method of accumulating the Aether. I can't comment on his death or the reason they did not want his latest book going public. I don't know who controls things at the highest level, but it should be clear why free energy would be a threat to control. My team was reassigned and we will be moving to a undisclosed location in Asia. </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>I've essentially give you a blueprint to free electricity, you can research it further or dismiss as pseudoscience, it's of no consequence to me.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">This is all I have to say on the matter, I don't know who you really are. This is the first and last time I will ever use this email account and if you try to track me be aware that this message was sent through a dozen countries from a public connection. It would be a futile effort.”</strong></font></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></blockquote> <p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Continuation of interview with Douglas Alan Mutschler, retired U. S. Army Commissioned Warrant Officer in Counterintelligence (CW2), Fairborn, Ohio, followed by Paul Vincent, Ph.D., Geophysicist, College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. </strong></font></p> <div align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Interview:</strong></font> </span></div> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Douglas Alan Mutschler, physical disability retirement as CW2 Commissioned Warrant Officer in Counterintelligence from U. S. Army on October 31, 1995, Fairborn, Ohio: “AND THE QUESTION IS: WHO IS 'THEM'? AND EXACTLY WHAT'S UP THERE? AND WHY WOULD THE TV BROADCAST ABOUT A PYRAMID LARGER THAN CHEOPS FOUND BETWEEN MOUNT MC KINLEY AND NOME, ALASKA, BE OFF LIMITS TO ANYBODY IN THE WORLD KNOWING?</strong></font></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Right. You know, when I first thought of this, I was thinking archaeologically. This was underground so it must have been covered over by the ice age. And I was thinking, 'God, I wonder what's in there?' You know, it might have the capstone still. But when those guys (in Fort Meade archive) talked about 'they,' my whole mind started going. Who are They? What am I stepping into here? It stuck with me.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>WHAT ARE THEY DOING IN ALASKA IF IT'S TRUE THERE IS SOME SORT OF UNDERGROUND PYRAMID - WHOSE PYRAMID? CONSTRUCTED WHEN? AND WHO HAS BEEN INVOLVED UNDERGROUND? WHAT DOES ALL THIS MEAN?</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Well, they said it was greatly larger than the one in Egypt.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>GREATLY LARGER THAN - AND THAT WOULD BE CHEOPS?</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>That's the way they were talking and that's why I want to get this program. I mean, they did a great job. The TV news showed the whole world and they had it sliced out where the pyramid was and how big it was in proportion. I mean the thing was huge in the proportional graph they showed. And I was like, 'Whoaa! This has got to be news!' But everybody covered it up. So what's up there? And now, who is up there? (laughs) That's the thing that kept me trying to find somebody who could help me find this information. That's why I contacted you. There's got to be not only those guys who were in the Orderly Room that day, but the geologists who did that research. You know, one of you has got to have the information about that pyramid. It's been long enough. It's been 20 some years. </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>YOU GOT OUT OF THE ARMY IN NOVEMBER 1995. WE'RE TALKING IN JULY 2012. WHAT IS IT THAT FINALLY PROVOKED YOU TO SEEK ME AND OTHERS OUT ?</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>My age. (laughs) The clocks running. It's been long enough.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>YOU ARE HOW OLD IN JULY 2012?</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>55.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>SO AT AGE 55, WITH PHYSICAL DISABILITIES, THIS HAS HAUNTED YOU SINCE NOVEMBER OF 1992.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>It has haunted me. I mean really!"</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Geophysicist Paul Vincent, OSU</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">I wondered how a large pyramid-shaped structure discovered in the Earth's crust during an underground nuclear test could be hidden from seismologists and geophysicists. So I took the question to Paul Vincent, Ph.D., Geophysicist in the College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences at Oregon State University in Corvallis. In the 1990s, Prof. Vincent studied Earth crustal changes during underground nuclear tests for Lawrence-Livermore Laboratory in Berkeley, California. Here now is professor and geophysicist Paul Vincent, Ph.D., from Oregon State University.</strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Paul Vincent, Ph.D., Geophysicist, College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon: “Talking about a pyramidal structure, I suspect they might be talking about some of the oil traps up there.</strong></font></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>WHAT WOULD BE THE IMAGE THEY WOULD HAVE USED ON TV IF THEY WERE SHOWING THIS, WHICH THIS MAN (MUTSCHLER) SAID HE SAW - WOULD IT BE GROUND-PENETRATING RADAR? OR WHAT?</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Well, it depends on how deep they are talking about, but if there are manmade structures, I would be looking at a seismic reflection profile and those are things that oil companies do all the time. They thump the ground with a stimulation source like a big piston that hits the ground at known frequency and then they have a whole string of geophones, or seismometers, strung out at known distances from their source or thumping positions and they get seismic arrival times at each of those geophones at known distances and they can map that travel time to depths. And so you get kind of a cross-section of what is underground that way.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Ground-penetrating radar is for more shallow stuff, for shallow mines or to find buried pipe or shallow archaeological structures. But if you want to go deeper, you use seismic reflection and seismic refraction studies with an active source - an active source being either hitting a steel plate with a sledge hammer or you have a seismic device.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>OR ON MAY 22, 1992, THE CHINESE UNDERGROUND TEST WOULD HAVE AT LEAST GIVEN SEISMOLOGISTS AND GEOPHYSICISTS SOME SORT OF REVERBERATION THROUGH THE EARTH'S CRUST TO STUDY?</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Yes, seismic waves, but not to resolve any manmade structures. When the waves arrive at seismic stations from the source, there is more in the crust than it does in the mantle. And so our biggest source of uncertainty is in travel times, which is critical in locating events, is through the crust.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>So the reason why nuclear tests are so valuable for understanding the Earth's crustal structure is because it's a large seismic source that is very shallow. Earthquakes happen at much deeper depths - several kilometers - and so they are not embedded in the shallow crust like underground nuclear tests are.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>AND HAVE YOU PERSONALLY IN ALL OF YOUR WORK EVER SEEN A SEISMIC PROFILE FROM THE NOME AREA BECAUSE OF UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR TESTS - THOSE KIND OF PROFILES FROM THERE?</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>No, you don't get profiles from teleseismic distances. The profiles are from the seismic reflection and refraction surveys. In order to get a profile, you would have to string a string of geophonews or seismometers out at relatively short distances - one every 100 meters or less apart. And when we're talking about China, we're talking about a source like that would look like the exact same thing on an array of geophones you would use for doing these cross-section imaging stuff I'm talking about. They would all look the same, so it would make no sense to do that.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>WE'RE TALKING ABOUT THE NUCLEAR UNDERGROUND TEST SITE IN CHINA VERSUS NOME, ALASKA?</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Right.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>HOW MANY MILES WOULD THAT BE? I DON'T KNOW.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>China to Alaska, a few thousand miles.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>FROM YOUR LONG EXPERIENCE, AN UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR TEST IN CHINA AND THEN SOMEBODY PICKING UP THE SIGNATURE IN NOME, ALASKA - WHAT WOULD BE TYPICALLY KNOWN TO GEOPHYSICISTSTHAT WOULD BE THE ONLY POSSIBLE DATA THAT YOU COULD LEARNIN NOME, ALASKA, FROM AN UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR TEST AT THE UNDERGROUND TEST SITE IN CHINA?</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The only information that we can get from underground nuclear test source that far away is the crustal structure between China where the test is and the seismic stations that pick up the signal.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>BACK IN 1992, COULD WE HAVE PICKED UP ANY DETAILED UNDERGROUND DATA FROM THAT CHINA TEST IN NOME, ALASKA?</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Sure, yes. We did.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>WHAT YOU ARE SAYING IS THAT IF WE WERE LOOKING AT THAT DATA, WHAT WOULD WE SEE?</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>A seismogram. We would see a typical explosion source time function. It's an explosive source so everything around that test, the rock is compressed - meaning the seismic trace goes up. That's not counting any complicated reflections and phase transitions between P waves and S waves.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Source: <em>Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America</em>, Vol. 94, No. 5, pp. 1879-1889,<br />October 2004: Lop Nor Revisited: Underground Nuclear Explosion Locations, 1976-1996, <br />from Double-Difference Analysis of Regional and Teleseismic Data by Felix Waldhauser et al.</strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>IF YOU YOURSELF HAD BEEN IN NOME, ALASKA, SAY LOOKING AT EQUIPMENT THAT MIGHT HAVE BEEN SET UP BY SOMEBODY TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THAT TEST, WHAT COULD YOU HAVE SEEN THAT MIGHT BE UNDERGROUND IN NOME, ALASKA, OR IN THAT AREA?</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Nothing. You cannot use teleseismic data to image something manmade that is very shallow underneath you.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>I DON'T FULLY UNDERSTAND WHY WE WOULDN'T SEE SHAPES OF THINGS.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Because there are so many more things that affect the data - the seismic energy - because it's coming from such a long distance. There are so many more things in the crust that will perturb that seismic ray that by the time it gets to you in Alaska, there are the unknowns and what's affecting the propagation of that seismic ray. So it's an integrated effect of thousands of miles of rock. Any affect of any structure locally would only be observed if your station happened to be - the chances of having this supposed structure between you and the test in China - the odds would be astronomical.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>If you drew several curved rays between the test location in China and different points in Alaska and then you imagine this supposed pyramidal structure that's buried, then you would have to draw it pretty small if it's manmade. Even if you were to bury the Great Pyramid (Cheops), it would be like a tiny dot, a small perturbation in the seismic data.” </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Continued in </strong></font><a href="http://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2002&category=Environment"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Part 3:</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> Purckeypile and Telida Seismic Stations, Alaska</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Return to </strong></font><a href="http://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2000&category=Environment"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Part 1.</strong></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>If any Earthfiles viewer or <em>Coast to Coast AM</em> radio listener has any information about the alleged underground pyramid structure between Mount McKinley and Nome, Alaska, found during Earth crust studies in conjunction with China's May 22, 1992, one megaton nuclear underground test, please email me: </strong></font><a href="mailto:earthfiles@earthfiles.com"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>earthfiles@earthfiles.com. </strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>All requests for confidentiality are honored.</strong></font></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Bosnian pyramid of the Sun</strong></font><a href="http://www.bosnianpyramid.com/images/BosnianPyramidOfTheSun/BosnianPyramidOfTheSun_NorthSide.JPG"><font color="#ff8000"><strong> (massive hand made blocks)</strong></font></a></span></p> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:020b796f-aee0-4633-8e7a-3a07a51841f9" style="display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 425px;"> <div id="28a0e136-e2dd-4fef-947a-accba16f2783" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/YWpsINN4KSw&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></span></div></div> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The Bosnian Pyramid, Visocica Hill, is the first European pyramid to be discovered and is located in the heart of Bosnia, in the town of Visoko. The pyramid has all the elements: four perfectly shaped slopes pointing toward the cardinal points, a flat top and an entrance complex. On top of the pyramid are also the ruins of a Medieval walled town, once the base of a Bosnian king Tvrtko of Kotromanic (1338-1391). Because of its similarities to the Pyramid of the Sun in Teotihuacan, Mexico, it has been named the “Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun” ('Bosanska Piramida Sunca'). There are also a four more ancient structures on the site, the Bosnian Pyramid of the Moon ('Bosanska Piramida Mjeseca'), Bosnian Pyramid of the Dragon ( 'Bosanska Piramida Zmaja'), Bosnian Pyramid of the Love ('Bosanska Piramida Ljubavi') and Temple of the Earth, ('Hram Zemlje').'We have already dug out stone blocks which I believe are covering the pyramid', said </strong></font><a href="http://www.bosnianpyramid.com/index_Files/Semir.html"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Semir (Sam) Osmanagic</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>, a Bosnian American archaeologist who has spent the last 15 years studying the pyramids of Latin America. 'We found a paved entrance plateau and discovered underground tunnels'..... (October 2005)</strong></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></td> <td valign="top" width="499"> <blockquote> <p></p> <span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:ebb02b02-bd3b-4561-98e0-1476fe65fc69" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="5db67aca-e145-4412-99c5-e21f17af1211" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></div></div> </span><p></p> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>With the melting of the ice and snow in the Antarctic several pyramid like structures have been located. There are several pictures of what may be pyramids in Antarctica, that may be manmade or alien made. All over the world and even under the sea there are pyramids hundreds of feet tall being found that are thousands of years old. Several hundred in China/Tibet are thought to be12, 000 years old. They provide strong evidence of extraterrestrial intervention or that advanced civilizations once existed on Earth.</strong></font> </span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Pyramid Mountain located at (77°47′S 160°40′E77.783°S 160.667°Eis a mountain resembling a pyramid, rising to 2,120 meters (6,955 ft) in Antarctica. The name first appears on maps of the British Antarctic Expedition (R.F. Scott), in 1910-13, but the mountain was almost certainly seen for the first time during Scott’s first expedition in 1901. Pyramid Mountain is just short of 7,000 feet or more than a mile high and would have been a tremendous feat to build.</strong></font></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The picture below shows one and possibly two or three pyramids lined up Giza style. They look like natural mountains, but they could have been used as power plants to energize the craft. Christopher Dunn book, “The Giza Power Plant: Technologies of Ancient Egypt,” explains the technology of how the pyramids gather electrical energy.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><a href="http://paranoidnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Antarctica-Pyramids02.jpeg"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Antarctica Pyramids" height="195" src="http://paranoidnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Antarctica-Pyramids02.jpeg" title="Antarctica Pyramids" width="350" /></strong></font></a></p><p></p><p></p></blockquote> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The article, which goes on to explain that this may in fact be the lost continent of Atlantis which perhaps sunk and froze. If this is true, we may be on the verge of the Archaeological discovery of the millennium! But being realistic we may never find out the truth, ‘they’ always cover everything up.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Visit beforeitsnews.com to read more about it: </strong><a href="http://beforeitsnews.com/alternative/2012/09/antarctica-pyramids-2466756.html"><strong>Antarctica Pyramids?</strong></a></font></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">And just because I had some spare time to put it together, here’s a gallery with some of the photos I found online, enjoy.</strong></font></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 599px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="199"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://paranoidnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Antarctica-Pyramids.jpg"><font color="#ff8000"><img alt="Antarctica Pyramids" height="150" src="http://paranoidnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Antarctica-Pyramids-150x150.jpg" title="Antarctica Pyramids" width="150" /></font></a><font color="#ff8000"> <br /><br /><a href="http://paranoidnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Antarctica-Pyramids04.jpg"><font color="#ff8000"><img alt="Antarctica-Pyramids04" height="150" src="http://paranoidnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Antarctica-Pyramids04-150x150.jpg" title="Antarctica-Pyramids04" width="150" /></font></a><font color="#ff8000"> </font></font></span></td> <td valign="top" width="199"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://paranoidnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Antarctica-Pyramids02.jpeg"><font color="#ff8000"><img alt="Antarctica Pyramids" height="150" src="http://paranoidnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Antarctica-Pyramids02-150x150.jpeg" title="Antarctica Pyramids" width="150" /></font></a><font color="#ff8000"> <br /><br /><a href="http://paranoidnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Antarctica-Pyramids05.jpg"><font color="#ff8000"><img alt="Antarctica-Pyramids05" height="150" src="http://paranoidnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Antarctica-Pyramids05-150x150.jpg" title="Antarctica-Pyramids05" width="150" /></font></a><font color="#ff8000"> </font></font></span></td> <td valign="top" width="199"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://paranoidnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Antarctica-Pyramids03.jpg"><font color="#ff8000"><img alt="Antarctica-Pyramids03" height="150" src="http://paranoidnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Antarctica-Pyramids03-150x150.jpg" title="Antarctica-Pyramids03" width="150" /></font></a><font color="#ff8000"> <br /><br /><a href="http://paranoidnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/antarctic-pyramid06.png"><font color="#ff8000"><img alt="antarctic-pyramid06" height="150" src="http://paranoidnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/antarctic-pyramid06-150x150.png" title="antarctic-pyramid06" width="150" /></font></a><font color="#ff8000"> </font></font></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <dl> <dt> <div align="center"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Photos courtesy of Google Image Search</strong></font></div></dt></dl> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>And just for the record, these are not the only newly discovered pyramids. Oh yes, there is more! Recently two complexes of pyramids were discovered through Google Maps/Google Earth, you can read more about it right </strong></font><a href="http://news.discovery.com/history/lost-egyptian-pyramids-found-120810.html"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>HERE</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> but essentially all it says is that they found two previously unknown pyramid complexes in Egypt.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>And there you have it, Folks, new pyramids found all around the world! Not to mention </strong></font><a href="http://paranoidnews.org/2012/07/submerged-millennium-falcon-ufo-from-the-baltic-disables-electronic-equipment/"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>that one Millenniun-Falcon-shaped settlement at the bottom of the Baltic sea</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>. I am not sure what to make of all of this. I don’t know if ‘they’ are preparing us for some sort of disclosure or if this is just a big coincidence. For now only one thing is sure: Something big is coming I just hope it doesn’t hit us on the head.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">For now, if you need me I will be building my own pyramid-shaped helmet, just in case it does hit us on the head.</strong></font></p> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:7a948b27-2260-4843-acc3-ba4aa54d1f37" style="display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 425px;"><div id="b1068682-5c35-4dbe-a2a0-42934b741d16" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dpn33EunGSM" target="_new"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="" galleryimg="no" onload="var downlevelDiv = document.getElementById('b1068682-5c35-4dbe-a2a0-42934b741d16'); downlevelDiv.innerHTML = "<div><object width=\"425\" height=\"355\"><param name=\"movie\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/Dpn33EunGSM&hl=en\"><\/param><embed src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/Dpn33EunGSM&hl=en\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" width=\"425\" height=\"355\"><\/embed><\/object><\/div>";" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-uEDzy3PF0vc/UkJgMTCb8zI/AAAAAAACwhE/VxwbZkbCjuk/video63dd063b3139%25255B3%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-style: none;" /></span></a></div></div></div><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span><h3 align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">Nikola Tesla – Serbian scientific genius</font></h3> <h4 align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000">by </font><a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/author/milosevic/"><font color="#ff8000">Sir Vojislav Milosevic</font></a><font color="#ff8000">, Director</font></span></h4> <h4 align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">Center for Counter-terrorism & World Peace Serbia</font></h4> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The great inventor Nikola Tesla, was a man whose genius was far beyond the great minds of his day. He had an intellect that at times seemed almost unearthly. </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>I suppose this is why some have speculated that such a remarkable individual could not have sprung from the bosom of mother Earth, but instead was the product of extraterrestrial intervention.</strong></font></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>His name, in its absence, spoke of dark conspiracies and downright thievery. In public, only the Tesla-coil stands out in honor of its namesake, but few know of the person for whom it is christened.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Textbooks held no place between its pages for this great man, and teachers rarely uttered his name. Thankfully, some have come to recognize the great injustice that has been done to Tesla and have found a place in some classrooms to teach his history. It would be safe to say that Nikola Tesla was the man who invented the 20<sup>th</sup> Century.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>But a mystery remains.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>We know that the United State Patent Office granted patents to many of Tesla’s inventions. These were inventions that Tesla and his investors saw as potentially profitable – the AC motor is an excellent example of one of Tesla’s inventions that changed the world. However, Tesla also invented an unknown number of other items that were never patented for one reason or another. Tesla had a keen sense of what would garner financial interest, but he also worked on and developed technology that was simply for his own curiosity. Of these inventions, we know practically nothing.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Tesla was always a very thin man, and even as far back as the 1890′s, he drove himself to exhaustion on many occasions. In 1893, speaking at the Chicago World’s Fair, the dignitaries attending were so concerned about him that he said the following:</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>“A number of scientific men asked a group of electricians to deliver a lecture. A great many promised that they would come [but] when the program was sifted down, I was the only healthy man left, and so I have managed to take some of my apparatus and give you a brief outline of some of my work.”</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Katharine Johnson also, on many occasions, worried about Tesla’s health and refusal to eat a substantial meal.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Through the years, Tesla began to give up meat, and eventually some time in the 1930′s, he just about gave up solid foods altogether. He drank bowls of warm milk and a combination potion made from the hearts of numerous vegetables such as artichokes and celery. He also ate honey.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>By the time he was in his 80′s he was cadaverously thin. The last published photo of him when he was He is much thinner in this picture than the famous one taken just a few months before when he met with his nephew, Sava Kosanovic, ambassador from Yugoslavia, and the exiled King Peter, of Serbia.</strong></font> </span></p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /> </span><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Nikola Tesla (in the middle) with King Petar Karadjordjevic, Serbian Dinasty and King of Yugoslavia (in uniform)</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Tesla certainly discussed the idea of using a Wardenclyffe like tower to shoot down incoming aircraft, via a particle beam weapon, and as a completely separate concept, he also discussed the idea of creating earthquakes, which could be engendered in a variety of ways, e.g., by bringing buildings down by placing oscillators on their main support beams, or by setting off gigantic dynamite charges timed to a resonant earth frequency.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>So where did the idea that Tesla caused the explosion in Tunguska originate?</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The answer is probably threefold:</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Through Tesla’s own writings whereby he says on May 3, 1907, in the New York World, just one year before the Tunguska explosion, that his “magnifying transmitter” has already produced 25 million horse power, and that “a similar and much improved machine now under construction, will make it possible to attain maximum explosive rates of over 800 million horse power.” Tesla also states in this article and in an article the following year in Wireless Telegraphy & Telephone, 1908, pp. 67-71, that he will be able to direct electrical energy “with great precision” to any point of the globe.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Tesla was working on the Philadelphia Experiment. To what extent did he participate?</strong></font></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>As you probably know, there is a lot of controversy about the Philadelphia Experiment, and what really occurred. There is one theory that an entire ship was made to disappear and then reappear someplace else.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>One explanation is that this was done by dematerializing and then rematerializing the ship. A more likely scenario is that the ship disappeared on the radar screen and then reappeared later. This can be done in a variety of ways, by either creating a special electrical field that is hard to detect, or by making the skin of the ship out of some material, such as Kevlar, which is a polyurethane fiber that absorbs the electromagnetic energy thereby preventing the radar beams from bouncing off the hull, and thus giving the position of the ship away. The stealth bomber has a skin made up of a compound that absorbs radar beams.Tesla’s link to the Philadelphia Experiment is often tied to his supposed association with Albert Einstein. I have completed an exhaustive study of Tesla’s relationship to Albert Einstein and found out that there is no correspondence between them other than the famous letter Einstein sent to Tesla on Tesla’s 75th birthday. There are no letters in either the Tesla Museum in Belgrade or the Einstein archives which are in Israel at the University of Jerusalem.</strong></font> </span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Tesla lost his financing for Wardenclyffe because he ran out of money, in part, because he decided to build a larger tower than was contracted for with J.Pierpont Morgan. Tesla’s first major falling out with Morgan occurred in August of 1901, shortly after Morgan’s return from Europe, and this was during the Wall Street Panic of 1901.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Essentially, Morgan feared that a new wireless system of power distribution might threaten such companies that he had control over as General Electric or AT & T.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>A question remains as to whether or not Tesla actually constructed a particle beam weapon. I believe that when looks at this question from a historical standpoint, we see that he had been working on this and similar devices for over 30 years. Thus, it is my opinion, that Tesla did, indeed, construct a working model. At the age of 81, at a luncheon in his honor, concerning the Death Ray, Tesla stated,</strong></font> </span></p><blockquote> <p align="justify"><font><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">“But it is not an experiment…. I have built, demonstrated and used it. Only a little time will pass before I can give it to the world.” </strong></font></font></p></blockquote> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>We now know that Tesla was interested and experimented in such “wild” ideas as free energy, antigravity, invisibility and even time travel. Its no surprise that Tesla in his day was loathe to speak of these kinds of interests – after all, even today these areas of study still come under fire by some “mainstream” scientists, who refuse to use their imaginations and intellect, and scorn such interests with terms such as “bad science” and quackery.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>In 1895, while conducting research with his step-up transformer, Nikola Tesla had his first indications that time and space could be influenced by using highly charged, rotating magnetic fields. Part of this revelation came about from Tesla’s experimentation with radio frequencies and the transmission of electrical energy through the atmosphere. Tesla’s simple discovery would, years later, lead to the infamous Philadelphia Experiment and the Montauk time travel projects. But even before these highly top-secret military programs came about, Tesla made some fascinating discoveries on the nature of time and the real possibilities of time travel.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>With these experiments in high-voltage electricity and magnetic fields, Tesla discovered that time and space could be breached, or warped, creating a “doorway” that could lead to other time frames. But with this monumental discovery, Tesla also discovered, through personal experience, the very real dangers inherent with time travel.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Tesla’s first brush with time travel came in March 1895. A reporter for the New York Herald wrote on March 13 that he came across the inventor in a small café, looking shaken after being hit by 3.5 million volts, “I am afraid,” said Tesla, “that you won’t find me a pleasant companion tonight. The fact is I was almost killed today. The spark jumped three feet through the air and struck me here on the right shoulder. If my assistant had not turned off the current instantly in might have been the end of me.”</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Tesla, on contact with the resonating electromagnetic charge, found himself outside his time-frame reference. He reported that he could see the immediate past – present and future, all at once. But he was paralyzed within the electromagnetic field, unable to help himself. His assistant, by turning off the current, released Tesla before any permanent damage was done. A repeat of this very incident would occur years later during the Philadelphia Experiment. Unfortunately, the sailors involved were left outside their time-frame reference for too long with disastrous results.</strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">In the 1930′s Nikola Tesla got involved with a group with was experimenting with moving through the Time/Space continuum. In the early 1930′s, the University of Chicago investigated the possibility of invisibility through the use of electricity.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">It is believed that the Philadelphia Experiment was mostly an investigation into how Einstein’s Unified Field Theory for Gravitation and Electricity could be used in the development of electronic camouflage to keep naval ships from being seen by the enemy. The research was aimed at using intense electromagnetic fields to hide a ship from incoming torpedoes. This was later extended to include a study of creating radar invisibility by a similar field in the air rather than in the water.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">The idea for the experiment came from investigations and experiments by a group involving Tesla for the possibility of invisibility through the use of electricity. The experiments succeeded for small objects, and around 1939, it was presented to the government. The military was particularly interested in this, possibly due to the fact that there was a war going on at the time, and technology like this would be monumental.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2012/08/21/serbian-geniusnikola-tesla-tesla-museum-belgrade-serbia/screenhunter_545-aug-21-13-09/"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" height="673" src="http://www.veteranstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/ScreenHunter_545-Aug.-21-13.09.jpg" title="ScreenHunter_545 Aug. 21 13.09" width="566" /></font></strong></a></p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong></strong> </span><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Tesla had a vivid imagination and an intuitive way of developing scientific hypotheses. After seeing a demonstration of the “Gramme dynamo” (a machine that when operated in one direction is a generator, and when reversed is an electric motor), Tesla visualized a rotating magnetic field and developed plans for an induction motor applying the concept. This electric motor was the first step toward the successful application of alternating-current. Telsa used his imagination to prove and apply his hypotheses.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Tesla, the prodigal genius, the forgotten genius, the sorcerer, the man out of time, the wizard with lightning in his hands. </font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">Tesla’s abstruse, esoteric electric technology is beyond the average intellect and is best interpreted by qualified, degreed experts in quantum physics and scaler electromagnetics<br />In his old age, forgotten and penniless, Tesla was murdered by agents of the NAZZI government,Otto Skorzzeny and Reinhard Gehlen, in a seedy Manhattan hotel room, his papers confiscated and disappeared by the FBI. Tesla’s technology continues to be undisclosed to the public and instead is directed into black projects, like the Philadelphia Experiment, and HAARP.</font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Antigravitic UFO’s are Tesla technology, as are the quantum-vacuum, zero-point energy generators that drive them. Tesla’s technology has brought us such products as the Tesla Scaler Potentizer, the Teslar wristwatch, the Tesla Teletransporter, and the Tesla Male-Enhancement Helix, as well as the Tesla electric sportscar. It was Tesla’s magnifying transmitter that caused the devastating Tunguska explosion of 1908. A contemporary black-project version underground in Canada accidentally brought about the East Coast blackout of 2003.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">The Mystique sentimentalizes, romanticizes, and mystifies the memory of Nikola Tesla. The Mystique is determined to make Tesla awesome, fantastic, and beyond comprehension. The Mystique is an intellectual fashion wave that distorts biography, history, science, and consciousness.</font></strong></p> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img height="546" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjev1xV8vr_tkK3-xZY2MOSRm7zowuU-7D4XLkBw_kxK87PhXiopeRQSWxX_VjNI9R8sjvxg59ictaGKl6RCs2iSmFGqyKgOs0F_Td-0JQF2-LywqBR__D9RaD0OeZ-uixL5boPbRdAYNg/w692-h546/profecias-mayas%25255B4%25255D.jpg" width="692" /></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Possible Pyramid submerged within the Bermuda Triangle?</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The Bermuda Triangle: mysterious, unworldly, sometimes deadly. For decades intrepid researchers delved into the maze of mysteries hidden deep within this most enigmatic place on Earth.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Some speculate the bizarre time anomalies, disappearances and weird phenomena can be explained by natural occurences. Others are insistent that relics of an advanced, unknown culture left behind fantastic technology…great energy machines that literally warp spacetime and open portals to other realities.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Now American and French explorers have made a monumental discovery: a partially translucent, crystal-like pyramid rising from the Caribbean seabed— its origin, age and purpose completely unknown.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:d786dcc2-cf21-4a06-a0ef-d71e7fc24d4b" style="display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 425px;"><div id="3339538f-e021-4fc3-bc91-ee30b654bd07" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VZR_uxDQMK8" target="_new"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="" galleryimg="no" height="570" onload="var downlevelDiv = document.getElementById('3339538f-e021-4fc3-bc91-ee30b654bd07'); downlevelDiv.innerHTML = "<div><object width=\"425\" height=\"355\"><param name=\"movie\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/VZR_uxDQMK8&hl=en\"><\/param><embed src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/VZR_uxDQMK8&hl=en\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" width=\"425\" height=\"355\"><\/embed><\/object><\/div>";" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgao4JrcZ4z-dcNi1fSBFv5zi_U5B51kqUGXzXKFnPv6cRwAZk3zh-TIs5f13zkekSBPQVwGO8Gzjc8UmLC7hebPnzWF_e_UHzcXRg-WVnOZkQ57NK-0usSz1q1euaKA6vTJbK5wWYVVi6T/w682-h570/videoc404a2df1c62%25255B3%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-style: none;" width="682" /></span></a></div></div></div><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.pakalertpress.com/"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font></a> </span><h3 align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">Giant Crystal Pyramid Discovered In Bermuda Triangle</font></h3> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><ins><ins><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font></ins></ins> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><em><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Terrence Aym</strong></font></em> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><strong></strong></font></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1027" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/1s1n5lRilXM" width="1235" youtube-src-id="1s1n5lRilXM"></iframe></strong></font></div><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong><br />The Bermuda Triangle: mysterious, unworldly, sometimes deadly. For decades intrepid researchers delved into the maze of mysteries hidden deep within this most enigmatic place on Earth.</strong></font> </span><p></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Some speculate the bizarre time anomalies, disappearances and weird phenomena can be explained by natural occurences. Others are insistent that relics of an advanced, unknown culture left behind fantastic technology…great energy machines that literally warp spacetime and open portals to other realities.</strong></font> </span></p> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:9127dc3c-4802-40ea-a99c-600b1899c3b9" style="display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 425px;"><div id="31ede311-6e76-468f-8acc-3162e5c50960" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqoUASO3k8g" target="_new"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="" galleryimg="no" onload="var downlevelDiv = document.getElementById('31ede311-6e76-468f-8acc-3162e5c50960'); downlevelDiv.innerHTML = "<div><object width=\"425\" height=\"355\"><param name=\"movie\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/lqoUASO3k8g&hl=en\"><\/param><embed src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/lqoUASO3k8g&hl=en\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" width=\"425\" height=\"355\"><\/embed><\/object><\/div>";" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-_yZazhOsEgU/UkJACcd6RBI/AAAAAAACwhU/o-nso2zX8W4/video0e498013f1be%25255B3%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-style: none;" /></span></a></div></div></div> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" height="300" src="http://www.pakalertpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Giant-Crystal-Pyramid-Discovered-In-Bermuda-Triangle.jpg" style="display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Giant Crystal Pyramid Discovered In Bermuda Triangle" width="400" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Now American and French explorers have made a monumental discovery: a partially translucent, crystal-like pyramid rising from the Caribbean seabed— its origin, age and purpose completely unknown.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><strong></strong></font></p> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:1b6dfd1e-759d-4091-852b-b3d0d2b94248" style="display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 425px;"><div id="47befad8-af2d-4274-9dce-d134e896a88a" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GKqCHOq6Y0k" target="_new"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="" galleryimg="no" onload="var downlevelDiv = document.getElementById('47befad8-af2d-4274-9dce-d134e896a88a'); downlevelDiv.innerHTML = "<div><object width=\"425\" height=\"355\"><param name=\"movie\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/GKqCHOq6Y0k&hl=en\"><\/param><embed src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/GKqCHOq6Y0k&hl=en\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" width=\"425\" height=\"355\"><\/embed><\/object><\/div>";" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ0gNt0WwyQbA4fUIEUo0hPh7uYHuZaPuY4uoqNIB4WhHrxkfF2x4faOPhzxDysA68FScxxYM7yQ5ln04PEEXVKEbbnyvw74HoTRx9xy-GEf1-7-bg1lPrdIyiNYIW84lqiPo3iakoh0-k/?imgmax=800" style="border-style: none;" /></span></a></div></div></div> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Pyramid discovery challenges current archaelogical theory</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>A gigantic structure, perhaps larger than the Great Pyramid of Cheops in Egypt, and initially identified by a doctor in the 1960s, has been independently verified by diving teams from France and the U.S.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The discovery has rocked scientists around the world. Will they rush to investigate it? No, they’re more likely to studiously ignore it. If pressed, they’ll officially position themselves as highly skeptical—especially in light ofthe potential ramifications.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">The pyramid could confirm some engineers’ contentions that pyramids were originally created as massive power sources, support the claim that the ancient city-state of Atlantis</strong></font></p> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:a11154b2-c451-4837-9d53-0c5033a6700d" style="display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 425px;"><div id="a3e05d40-734f-4ab7-a2c5-49731c143ec6" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=stKJJ6xWYFY" target="_new"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="" galleryimg="no" onload="var downlevelDiv = document.getElementById('a3e05d40-734f-4ab7-a2c5-49731c143ec6'); downlevelDiv.innerHTML = "<div><object width=\"425\" height=\"355\"><param name=\"movie\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/stKJJ6xWYFY&hl=en\"><\/param><embed src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/stKJJ6xWYFY&hl=en\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" width=\"425\" height=\"355\"><\/embed><\/object><\/div>";" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8KS5eTD7QvW-EaafIeVOfpr0-qssSIWZ1881rAhfznP2pr0CYHG9qWoe4MDepqYKxW6Vev3-zYGjKoCVfjLfzaINW4TRvBTLYGOeBmm4oXTKMb0u7-Ef3IwJw5XDEKbNd-y9SEpMlaV1U/?imgmax=800" style="border-style: none;" /></span></a></div></div></div> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><br /> </span></p> <p align="center"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p><p align="center"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Possible Pyramids found in Antarctica</font></strong> </span></p><p><em><strong><a href="http://api.ning.com:80/files/xG8ctPQndda8EE9ljtKJz-iq8aldaEBhVR15GjpY2q7kcJIkF*Lf0fmGBpbhWECsEmX0DnDIIjUdHOVBmArT10UHD*nqBhQu/antarcticpyramid3.jpg"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img height="413" src="http://api.ning.com:80/files/xG8ctPQndda8EE9ljtKJz-iq8aldaEBhVR15GjpY2q7kcJIkF*Lf0fmGBpbhWECsEmX0DnDIIjUdHOVBmArT10UHD*nqBhQu/antarcticpyramid3.jpg" width="672" /></font></a></strong></em></p> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><em><strong><font color="#ff8000">Above: Another pyramid structure, notice the dome type structure alongside the Pyramid - and there appears to be another smaller 'pyramid' like structure behind the main one</font></strong></em> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><em><strong><font color="#ff8000"></font></strong></em> </span></p><p><em><strong><a href="http://api.ning.com:80/files/tM0T5eoOh4I5TOE6IO**QSGDjWPbCwGiDQQZv928dWJWCCEibimFpNhfy03ypM--GGZizfgD8gzWuf6m645fu2W-y6KAGasm/AntarcticPyramid5_5.jpg"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img height="411" src="http://api.ning.com:80/files/tM0T5eoOh4I5TOE6IO**QSGDjWPbCwGiDQQZv928dWJWCCEibimFpNhfy03ypM--GGZizfgD8gzWuf6m645fu2W-y6KAGasm/AntarcticPyramid5_5.jpg" width="669" /></font></a></strong></em></p> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><em><strong><font color="#ff8000">Above: This picture fascinates me - after playing around with the settings in photo-shop and enlarging the area, you can really notice a lot of geometry. It looks like a temple of some sort next to a pyramid!</font></strong></em> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><em><strong><font color="#ff8000"></font></strong></em> </span></p><p><em><strong><a href="http://api.ning.com:80/files/GJGx3NZYkUSlgwQ7gG7L0Y3Uu5fh8Mgd*awCTn9u*jsddBZIo5KTxLj*ohpHnSKaQAC6ypnE5p4YWGSh5PSy9IZu6RTN1JJd/AntarcticaSteppedStructurenexttopyramid.jpg"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img height="416" src="http://api.ning.com:80/files/GJGx3NZYkUSlgwQ7gG7L0Y3Uu5fh8Mgd*awCTn9u*jsddBZIo5KTxLj*ohpHnSKaQAC6ypnE5p4YWGSh5PSy9IZu6RTN1JJd/AntarcticaSteppedStructurenexttopyramid.jpg" width="676" /></font></a></strong></em></p> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><em><strong><font color="#ff8000">Above: The left Pyramid highlighted red is the same structure(s) as the photo above this one. To the right there is a giant mound with 'looks' structured in some way. Almost reminds me of the sphinx. To the back which I did not amplify with photo'shop are what 'looks' like 'steps'</font></strong></em> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><em><strong><font color="#ff8000"></font></strong></em> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000"></font></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">These photo's have been floating around the internet causing a buzz. As the ice cover rapidly melts - it is possible that structures will reveal themselves to us - or, as some of the photo's above show - Have (possibly) revealed themselves. </font></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"></font> </span></p><p><a href="http://www.apparentlyapparel.com/uploads/5/3/5/6/5356442/417429.jpg"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img height="424" src="http://www.apparentlyapparel.com/uploads/5/3/5/6/5356442/417429.jpg" width="631" /></font></a></p> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img03"></a> </span><p align="justify"><strong><a href="http://api.ning.com/files/B2*q5wUg7qRRjaUiEljUybiJsdZc8ubBCi8VCTgZzn4dD2QiB8rQQQjVBk6F7IOP7b3oR8qr0pVy24flgxQjBGJ6323fz26v/BosnianPyramidofSun.jpg"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://api.ning.com/files/B2*q5wUg7qRRjaUiEljUybiJsdZc8ubBCi8VCTgZzn4dD2QiB8rQQQjVBk6F7IOP7b3oR8qr0pVy24flgxQjBGJ6323fz26v/BosnianPyramidofSun.jpg" /></span></a></strong></p> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong>INDONESIA</strong><a href="http://api.ning.com:80/files/nSaPG1NCN0twgL7Mu5nCx6oE49TFpWedy6-1vro*q6*7zzeZSx8KoEfIAzO2XNTuu8QBcPF3xfR*6fILzcmgaFPx9hnIxVWz/images.jpg"><br /></a></span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="499"> <p align="justify"><a href="http://api.ning.com:80/files/nSaPG1NCN0twgL7Mu5nCx6oE49TFpWedy6-1vro*q6*7zzeZSx8KoEfIAzO2XNTuu8QBcPF3xfR*6fILzcmgaFPx9hnIxVWz/images.jpg"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img height="304" src="http://api.ning.com:80/files/nSaPG1NCN0twgL7Mu5nCx6oE49TFpWedy6-1vro*q6*7zzeZSx8KoEfIAzO2XNTuu8QBcPF3xfR*6fILzcmgaFPx9hnIxVWz/images.jpg" width="406" /></span></a></p></td> <td valign="top" width="499"> <p align="justify"><a><strong><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><img src="http://api.ning.com:80/files/ywUKQz08*cIebf3yfCZX-wzhu7-xiO7kkqjebRnvNa9NrgfOSjzioYPIGqc3ZIJ*K6kPnFj*XYjqbjgahiHvbBnhYN7Sq6b8/03.jpg" width="400" /></font><font color="#ff8000"><img src="http://api.ning.com:80/files/ygZjfdjvheX07pziLYJsIpTJPrM0CswkhLIztee-WDaBiPnjhmSj-lOER39qgWd22xwSFYePg4Mp-Bh3mC8jWF2YFHI4z2q8/01b.jpg" width="320" /></font></span></strong></a></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Security efforts so far undertaken is still limited in the area of safety wiring the top of the pyramid. Chairman of the Indonesian Architects Association (IAI) of West Java, Pon S. Purajatnika add to this process of excavation can not be done, both in the peak area covering four acres and an estimated total area of 50 hektar.Bila this continues, it is feared objects scattered sites in the area used as a stone by bida population of the village of Karya Mukti tersebut.Berdasarkan various sources, site of Mount Padang is punden staircase-shaped megalithic sites of the largest in Southeast Asia. Is considering a building area of approximately 900 m2 purbakalanya with area around the site itself approximately 3 acres. </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The existence of this site first appeared in the report Rapporten kundigen van de oudheid-Dienst (ROD), in 1914, later reported to NJ Krom 1949. in 1979 concerned officials in the development and research of cultural bend is followed by the overseers of local culture and Pulit ditlinbinjarah Arkenas to review the site location. Since that time research efforts toward the site of Mount Padang began to do well from the point of archaeological, historical, geological and lainnya.Bentuk berundaknya punden building reflects the tradition of megalithic (meaning great and Lithos mega means stone) as is common in some areas in West Java. Gunung Padang site located 50 kilometers from Cianjur said to be the greatest megalithic sites in Southeast Asia. Among the local community, the site is believed to be evidence of attempts to build castles in King Siliwangi semalam.Dibantu by his troops, he tried to collect the stone blocks that are only found in the area. However, the night seemed to pass faster.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Burst of dawn in the eastern horizon was thwarting his hard, then it is of Regional and then he left. He let the stones scattered on the hill which is now called Mount Padang. Gunung Padang Padang means terang.Punden staircase, built with massive volcanic rocks are rectangular. The building consists of five terraces with different sizes. The stones have not had a touch of human hands in a sense, has not worked or shaped by human hands. Blocks of stone which the sums are so many that spread almost over the top of Mount Padang.Penduduk local dub some stones of the terraces with the names of the smell of Islam. For example there is a table called Milled Pangancingan Kiai, Chair Bonang Grandmother, Grandmother Jojodog or Swasana seat, backrest stone Suhaedin Sheikh alias Sheikh Abdul Rusman, grandparent households Marzuki Sheikh, and Sheikh Abdul Fuko </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><a href="http://api.ning.com:80/files/bhyDOjdOiXKXCpOwJluAiW9qW-wiE12oPOnSk9qmLe1m55f4zHfbsoDOU7QJUO0*rzZFJnOQaQdDmBf0d3vWJf0wTN9bWFW-/11.jpg"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://api.ning.com:80/files/bhyDOjdOiXKXCpOwJluAiW9qW-wiE12oPOnSk9qmLe1m55f4zHfbsoDOU7QJUO0*rzZFJnOQaQdDmBf0d3vWJf0wTN9bWFW-/11.jpg" width="275" /></strong></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://amazingodd.blogspot.ca/2012/07/pyramid-mountain-in-prehistoric-relics.html"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Source</strong></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Possible New Pyramids Found in Egypt with Google Earth</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><div align="justify"> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="499"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha9iZYwRJIq4emWb1tl4EvsXDKNanhe-agFAn8M2blTDnTnk7v933e2Qkm5QKEKibmi2hzOTj5IWP_N5HIlCmzqRrE1ZNqGGfV5ybr5NbPFjfkyYuDZQH0BF41bdHk_tN0ovNsgRGzQrY/s400/Egypt_Google_02.jpg"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="326" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha9iZYwRJIq4emWb1tl4EvsXDKNanhe-agFAn8M2blTDnTnk7v933e2Qkm5QKEKibmi2hzOTj5IWP_N5HIlCmzqRrE1ZNqGGfV5ybr5NbPFjfkyYuDZQH0BF41bdHk_tN0ovNsgRGzQrY/s400/Egypt_Google_02.jpg" width="543" /></strong></font></a></td> <td valign="top" width="499"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZDuSIKFacEwuhNIqbRP8aELrLWqzw_4Emq2WSUBYox45eqA8z5T1iF7M2Ey3RMDvXW8uO9_TdHY-8LEXRv29CSyQWPIhVLZUtPZ9E7cgjbXY6Yo5AYmr9UdhUEcihb7N3lHt-mbTgqb8/s400/Egypt_Google_01.jpg"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="325" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZDuSIKFacEwuhNIqbRP8aELrLWqzw_4Emq2WSUBYox45eqA8z5T1iF7M2Ey3RMDvXW8uO9_TdHY-8LEXRv29CSyQWPIhVLZUtPZ9E7cgjbXY6Yo5AYmr9UdhUEcihb7N3lHt-mbTgqb8/s400/Egypt_Google_01.jpg" width="541" /></strong></font></a></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><em><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Two unidentified, possible pyramid complexes have been located with satellite imagery from Google Earth. </strong></font></em> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">One of the complex sites contains a distinct, four-sided, truncated, pyramidal shape that is approximately 140 feet in width. This site contains three smaller mounds in a very clear formation, similar to the diagonal alignment of the Giza Plateau pyramids. <br />The second possible site contains four mounds with a larger, triangular-shaped plateau. The two larger mounds at this site are approximately 250 feet in width, with two smaller mounds approximately 100 feet in width. This site complex is arranged in a very clear formation with the large plateau, or butte, nearby in a triangular shape with a width of approximately 600 feet. <br />The sites have been documented and discovered by satellite archaeology researcher Angela Micol of Maiden, North Carolina. Angela has been conducting satellite archaeology research for over ten years, searching for ancient sites from space using Google Earth. Angela is a UNC Charlotte alumnus and has studied archaeology since childhood. Google Earth has allowed her to document many possible archaeological sites, including a potential underwater city off the coast of the Yucatan peninsula that has sparked the interest of scientists, researchers and archaeologists. Angela is also a board member of the APEX Institute, founded by archaeologist William Donato, who is pioneering underwater archaeological research in the Bahamas. Angela has been assisted by Don J. Long, fellow APEX researcher and colleague. <br />The sites have been verified as undiscovered by Egyptologist and pyramid expert Nabil Selim. Nabil’s discoveries include the pyramid called Sinki at Abydos and the Dry Moat surrounding the Step pyramid Complex at Saqqara. Nabil has stated the smaller 100 foot “mounds”, at one of the proposed complex sites, are a similar size as the 13th Dynasty Egyptian pyramids, if a square base can be discovered...</strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.ca/2012/08/possible-egyptian-pyramids-found-using.html#.UCHVXE1lQ4w"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>MORE</strong></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><em><font color="#ff8000"><strong>(Following Images and text found </strong></font><a href="http://www.googleearthanomalies.com/Anomalies/tabid/56/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/40/Unexplained-Features-Upper-Egypt-Mounds.aspx"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>here</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>)</strong></font></em> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The image below is approximately 620 feet wide. For comparison purposes the Great Pyramid is 208 feet in width. This mound feature is almost 3 times the size of the Great Pyramid. Upon closer examination of the formation, it appears to have a very flat top and a curiously symmetrical triangular shape that has been heavily eroded with time. </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><div align="justify"> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="499"><a href="http://www.googleearthanomalies.com/Portals/0/Anomalies/2010/9-2010/egypt_area2_4.jpg"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="393" src="http://www.googleearthanomalies.com/Portals/0/Anomalies/2010/9-2010/egypt_area2_4.jpg" width="655" /></strong></font></a></td> <td valign="top" width="499"><a href="http://www.googleearthanomalies.com/Portals/0/Anomalies/2010/9-2010/egypt_area2_5.jpg"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="394" src="http://www.googleearthanomalies.com/Portals/0/Anomalies/2010/9-2010/egypt_area2_5.jpg" width="657" /></strong></font></a></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>When zooming in on the top of the triangular formation it is very interesting to see two circular features almost in the very center of the triangle.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The cirular features are approximately 20 feet in width and almost appear to be well or shaft like features that have been dug out.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><a href="http://www.googleearthanomalies.com/Portals/0/Anomalies/2010/9-2010/egypt_area2_6.jpg"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="384" src="http://www.googleearthanomalies.com/Portals/0/Anomalies/2010/9-2010/egypt_area2_6.jpg" width="640" /></strong></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><strong></strong></font></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="499"> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Pyramid discovery challenges current archeological theory</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p> <span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:266308e5-095d-49d7-ba5b-b7c66d265d54" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="6b31615c-40c9-4cc5-8103-a92edbf5018a" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/1s1n5lRilXM&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div> </span><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>A gigantic structure, perhaps larger than the Great Pyramid of Cheops in Egypt, and initially identified by a doctor in the 1960s, has been independently verified by diving teams from France and the U.S.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The discovery has rocked scientists around the world. Will they rush to investigate it? No, they’re more likely to studiously ignore it. If pressed, they’ll officially position themselves as highly skeptical—especially in light ofthe potential ramifications.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The pyramid could confirm some engineers’ contentions that pyramids were originally created as massive power sources, support the claim that the ancient city-state of Atlantis did exist, or even provide answers to the mysterious goings-on that have been recorded since the 19th Century in the region of the Atlantic dubbed the<em>Bermuda Triangle...</em></strong></font></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The Bermuda Triangle: mysterious, unworldly, sometimes deadly. For decades intrepid researchers delved into the maze of mysteries hidden deep within this most enigmatic place on Earth.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Some speculate the bizarre time anomalies, disappearances and weird phenomena can be explained by natural occurences. Others are insistent that relics of an advanced, unknown culture left behind fantastic technology…great energy machines that literally warp spacetime and open portals to other realities.</strong></font></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Now American and French explorers have made a monumental discovery: a partially translucent, crystal-like pyramid rising from the Caribbean seabed— its origin, age and purpose completely unknown.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/Underwater_photo_01.jpg" /></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Pyramid discovery challenges current archaelogical theory</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>A gigantic structure, perhaps larger than the Great Pyramid of Cheops in Egypt, and initially identified by a doctor in the 1960s, has been </strong></font><a href="http://www.apparentlyapparel.com/2/post/2012/03/pyramids-of-glass-submerged-in-the-bermuda-triangle.html"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>independently verified by diving teams from France and the U.S</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The discovery has rocked scientists around the world. Will they rush to investigate it? No, they're more likely to studiously ignore it. If pressed, they'll officially position themselves as highly skeptical—especially in light of the potential ramifications.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000" style="background-color: black;"><strong></strong></font></font></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong style="background-color: black;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1061" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/l4nYRRT8WeE" width="1276" youtube-src-id="l4nYRRT8WeE"></iframe></strong></font></font></span></div><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong><br />The pyramid could confirm some engineers' contentions that pyramids were originally created as massive power sources, support the claim that the ancient city-state of Atlantis did exist, or even provide answers to the mysterious goings-on that have been recorded since the 19th Century in the region of the Atlantic dubbed the <i>Bermuda Triangle.</i></strong></font></font> </span><p></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Researcher Zach Royer, has more on the discovery </strong></font><a href="http://www.apparentlyapparel.com/2/post/2012/03/pyramids-of-glass-submerged-in-the-bermuda-triangle.html"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>here</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/Underwater_Pyramid_01.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><i><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Artist's conception of the incredible crystal pyramid</strong></font></i> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>First discovered in 1968</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>According to the history, the pyramid was accidentally discovered during 1968 by a doctor of naturopathy, Ray Brown of Mesa, Arizona.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Brown was in the Caribbean on vacation and making dives with friends in a region off the Bahamas known as "the Tongue of the Ocean." The area acquired that name because a tongue-shaped portion of the seabed extends out from the island before sharply dropping off into much greater depths.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/Underwater_Pyramid_02.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>When relating his discovery, the doctor explained he became separated from his diving friends underwater. While attempting to rejoin them he came upon a massive structure rising from the ocean floor: a black, hulking object silhouetted against the lighter sun-filtered water. The object was shaped like a pyramid.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Because he was low on air, he didn't spend much time investigating the pyramid, but did find a strange crystal sphere.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/sphere.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><i><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Images of 3 pyramids can be seen in Brown's crystal</strong></font></i> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>He brought it to the surface with him and later when the ancient crystal was studied </strong></font><a href="http://www.sciforums.com/showthread.php?t=1184"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>researchers were astonished by its properties</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/crystal_sphere_pyramid.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Is the crystal pyramid causing the Triangle phenomena?</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Some Triangle researchers have theorized for years that a strange energy source exists at the bottom of the sea within the region of the ocean affecting planes, ships, and boats.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>A few investigators postulate that if the fabled Atlantis really did exist the remains of its mythical energy-vortex machine might still be intact at the bottom of the ocean. Such a machine, they claim, would likely be pyramidal-shaped and the original historical template that succeeding cultures around the globe copied much later.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Mysterious pyramids scattered across the world</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Pyramid structures have been discovered across North, Central, and South America; Eastern Europe; the icy tundra of Siberia; Northern and Central China; and possibly Antarctica. The South Pole pyramid cannot be confirmed as it's deep under more than a mile of ice and images of it are controversial.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Years ago, mysterious ruins—the vestiges of an unknown culture—were discovered on a small island called </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malden_Island"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Malden</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. The ruins were claimed to also have the remains of an ancient pyramid.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/malden-island.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><i><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Enigmatic Pacific Island Malden in the middle of nowhere</strong></font></i> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Believers in the ancient land of Lemuria (also called Mu) proposed that the ruins might be all that were left of that ancient land, while others speculated it might have been an outpost colony of Atlantis.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>An anthropologist from the Bishop Museum in Honolulu, Hawaii explored the ruins back in 1924 and found no pyramid. What scientist </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Emory"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Kenneth Emory</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> did find, however, was evidence that a small Polynesian tribe once settled there briefly, perhaps no further back in time than the 16th Century. </strong></font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Despite that finding, more revelations were to come from the tiny island during the ensuing years.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Researcher Mitch Williamson </strong></font><a href="http://mitchtestone.blogspot.com/2008/12/malden-island.html"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>dug deeper into the mysteries</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://overmanwarrior.wordpress.com/2011/08/13/"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Reporting on some of Williamson's amazing findings</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>, Rich Hoffman, explorer and investigator, writes: "There are 40 stone temples on Malden Island that are described as similar in design to the buildings of Nan Madol on Pohnpei, some 3,400 miles (5,475 km) away. In fact, there is a basalt road that runs along the bottom of the Pacific Ocean which connects these islands under hundreds of feet of water.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>"This suggests a culture that is more than 50,000 years old and that this entire land mass was once above water supporting a civilization that had no trouble moving around tremendous stones to build very large, complicated societies which we know absolutely nothing about, other than the fact that someone built them and they are older than biblical history.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>"Yet, nobody discusses them because they don’t fit into our understanding of the human race and their origins. Scientists have their diffusion theories of how migrants arrived in North America using the land bridge of the Bering Straight and they are sticking with it."</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The same can be said of the scattered ruins of the Caribbean that suggest a very large civilization extending from the coastal waters off the Florida Keys, toward the Bahamian waters, crossing near Bimini, and east into the Atlantic.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Cuba too has underwater ruins off its coast that may have been part of the same city-state complex.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/SnorkellingBiminiRoad.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><i><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Two divers explore the rambling ruins off Bimini</strong></font></i> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Hoffman also mentions, almost in passing, the incredible report of explorer Tony Benik who made the momentous discovery of yet another huge pyramid under 10,000 feet of water in the middle of the Atlantic. </strong></font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The pyramid, Benik claims, is capped with a huge crystal.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>And if that's not enough, Hoffman shares the discovery of the Ari Marshall expedition in 1977. The team discovered a smaller pyramid off Cay Sal in the Bahamas. Marshall snapped underwater photos of the pyramid that's submerged beneath 150 feet of water.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>According to Marshall's account the mystery pyramid glows. He also reported the water around the pyramid was luminescent and glistening white water flowed out of openings in the pyramid.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Despite the water at that depth being dark (not much light reaches that far down), the water surrounding the amazing pyramid was lit by the glow from the structure and appeared like a phosphoresent green color.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>If Atlantis did exist, it probably existed during the end of the last Ice Age. The story of its sinking relates to the massive floods and rising ocean when the oversized Arctic icecap suddenly receded with catastrophic results for much of the Northern Hemisphere.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">At the end of last Ice Age sea levels were nearly 400 feet lower than present day levels. Once the waters began to rise, they rose swiftly. Conceivably, no technology then, or now, could have saved Atlantis from its watery grave.</strong></font></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></td> <td valign="top" width="499"> <p align="center"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>World’s Pyramids Beaming Energy To Mysterious Space Cloud</strong></font> </span></p><p align="center"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/Pyramid_Power.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Although NASA covered up the strange photon cloud that's now enveloped the solar system, the word has leaked out from some scientists.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>And now, as the ominous cloud approaches it's affecting the sun and planets in measurable ways.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Amazingly, as the bizarre energy invades our space, some of the world's most famous pyramids are generating intense energy.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Several incredible incidents of visible power beams shooting skywards into space towards the region of the alien photonic cloud are well-documented.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>At the same time, people around the world began hearing and recording frightening sounds—noises that seem as if the Earth itself is moaning and wailing.</strong></font></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>All the phenomena—including measurements of the never-before-seen gigantic electrification of the turbulent sun—seem to be centered on the deadly photonic cloud that some have called a 'potential Doomsday space event.'</strong></font></font> </span></p><p align="center"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p><p align="center"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/pyramid11.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="center"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><i><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Pyramids beam energy to approaching space cloud</strong></font></i> </span></p><p align="center"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Ancient pyramids awake after centuries, millennia of slumber</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Tourists screamed, others shot hasty videos with their camera phones as the Mayan pyramid rumbled. But no earthquake followed, instead a brilliant beam of light shot skyward into space as awed onlookers gasped, wondering what it meant.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="center"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/MayanBeam.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="center"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><i><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Mayan energy beam. Processed image on right shows hidden lightning bolt</strong></font></i> </span></p><p align="center"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>But the Mayan pyramid of Kukulkan transmitting a raw column of incredible energy into space was just the latest pyramid to do so.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="center"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/energy-beam-bosnia.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="center"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><i><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Artist's re-creation of what witnesses saw at Bosnian pyramid</strong></font></i> </span></p><p align="center"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>In 2009 and 2010 the Bosnian pyramid of the sun beamed a pencil thin ray of pure energy towards space.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="center"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/Xing.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="center"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Recently, the Chinese government began closely monitoring the Xianyang pyramid for signs of activity. Last year a team of scientists investigated the pyramid and believe it may have extraterrestrial origins. [</strong></font><a href="http://beforeitsnews.com/story/1292/633/Alien_Base_Found_At_Chinese_Pyramid.html"><i><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Alien Base Found At Chinese Pyramid</strong></font></i></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>]</strong></font> </span></p><p align="center"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/energy-beam-Pyramid-of-the-Moon-in-Teotihuacan.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="center"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><i><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Aztec Pyramid of the Moon blasts energy vortex from apex</strong></font></i> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>That amazing incident was followed by the vortex blast—witnessed and captured on film—shooting from the apex of the famous Aztec Pyramid of the Moon in Teotihuacan, Mexico.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="center"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/pyramidvortex.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="center"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Energy beams, vortexes, whirlwinds of intense force…what does it mean? Where is that energy being directed and why? What activated the mysterious power of these silent sentinels of stone quietly marking the passage of centuries…until something disturbed their slumber?</strong></font> </span></p><p align="center"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>What brought them to life may be something more incredible than the actions of the pyramids: the arrival of an unknown force from the galactic void that's now surrounded much of the solar system.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="center"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/The%20photon%20belt(2).jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="center"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The deadly photon belt</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>NASA and the European Space Agency have been warning the world for two years about the approaching catastrophes that may unfold during 2012 to 2013. Few listened.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="center"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/DrAlexeyDmitriev.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="center"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><i><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Astrophysicist Dr. Alexey Dmitriev</strong></font></i> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Now the eminent astrophysicist, Alexey Demetriev ["</strong></font><a href="http://tmgnow.com/repository/global/planetophysical.html"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>PLANETOPHYSICAL STATE OF THE EARTH AND LIFE</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>"] claims what is happening is worse—much worse—than NASA and the ESA's warnings. [</strong></font><a href="http://beforeitsnews.com/story/663/449/Claim:_NASA_Hiding_Approaching_Doomsday_Space_Event.html"><i><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Claim: NASA Hiding Approaching Doomsday Space Event</strong></font></i></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>]</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Our entire solar system has entered an immense, potentially deadly, interstellar energy cloud.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="center"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/asteroidplanet.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Pyramids reacting to unknown, alien cloud</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Dr. Demetriev has revealed that both Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 probes reported the entire solar system is at risk. Worse, Merav Opher, a NASA Heliophysics Guest Investigator from George Mason University claims this interstellar energy cloud is unstable and turbulent.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="center"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/photonbelt2.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The Russian scientist further asserts this photonic cloud of energy is exciting the atmospheres of the planets and especially our sun. As this interstellar energy cloud continues to excite and interact with the sun, it causes the sun to become more active, resulting in greater output and instability.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The magnetic flux, interaction with the solar magnetosphere and Earth's geomagnetic fields, can cause core mutations, anomalous field vortices, and polar magnetic permutations creating superstorms, wild weather swings, and—most amazing of all—atmospheric and subterranean harmonics capable of being heard all across the planet.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/PyramidSchematic.gif" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><i><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Illustration of how pyramids may generate power</strong></font></i> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The pyramids—natural reservoirs of earth energy and advanced capacitors engineered to draw upon the planet's magnetic force field—are releasing and blasting pure energy into the drifting space cloud engulfing our defenseless planetary system.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The predicted harmonics have been heard, recorded, and heatedly discussed since the spring of 2011.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Recently, some recordings have appeared on Youtube from countries all over the globe posted by puzzled, sometimes frightened people, demanding to know what the sounds are. [</strong></font><a href="http://beforeitsnews.com/story/1645/370/Skyquakes:_Warnings_From_Earths_Destabilizing_Core.html"><i><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Skyquakes: Warnings From Earth's Destabilizing Core</strong></font></i></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>]</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>While some are undoubtedly fakes and hoaxes, others are genuine recordings of subterranean and atmospheric harmonics.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="center"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/Elchin_Khalilov2.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="center"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><i><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Professor Dr. Elchin Khalilov discusses the harmonics</strong></font></i> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>In a recent interview with </strong></font><a href="http://geochangemag.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=142:strange-sounds-in-sky-explained-by-scientists-&catid=1:global-news&Itemid=9"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Geochange Magazine</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> about the strange earth harmonics, eminent scientist, Professor Dr. Elchin Khalilov, gave this analysis:</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>"[The]…possible cause of these sounds…may lie at the Earth's core. The fact is that the acceleration of the drift of the Earth's north magnetic pole which increased more than fivefold between 1998 and 2003 and is at the same level today points to intensification of energy processes in the Earth's core, since it is processes in the inner and outer core that form the Earth's geomagnetic field.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="center"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/earth.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>"Meanwhile, as we have already reported, on November 15, 2011 all ATROPATENA geophysical stations which record three-dimensional variations of the Earth's gravitational field almost simultaneously registered a powerful gravitational impulse. The stations are deployed in Istanbul, Kiev, Baku, Islamabad and Yogyakarta, with the first and last one being separated by a distance of about 10,000 km. Such a phenomenon is only possible if the source of this emanation is at the Earth's core level. That huge energy release from the Earth's core at the end of the last year was some kind of a start signal indicating the transition of the Earth's internal energy into a new active phase."[</strong></font><a href="http://geochangemag.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=142:strange-sounds-in-sky-explained-by-scientists-&catid=1:global-news&Itemid=9"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Geochange Magazine</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>]</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>And the harmonics are emanating from the Earth's core as the good professor theorizes. Similar sounds are sometimes heard before great earthquakes strike.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">This time, however, the sounds are not presaging massive earthquakes, but are being generated by the twisting magnetic field and the pulsing permutations of the spinning Earth's core warping parts of the mantel. Everything's reacting to the arrival of the huge photonic cloud that's invaded our region of the Milky Way Galaxy</strong></font></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1273" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/kxSzHjG14J4" width="1530" youtube-src-id="kxSzHjG14J4"></iframe></font></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="333"> <p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/Crystal_Pyramid_01.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Properties of crystal pyramids <font color="#ff8000"><strong>Some theories of Atlantis propose the island city's power pyramids were made of crystal, or their tops were capped with a crystalline substance.</strong></font></strong></font></p></td> <td valign="top" width="333"> <p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/kirlian%20photograph%20pyramid%20grid%20energy.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><i><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Kirlian photograph of pyramid grid energy</strong></font></i></p></td> <td valign="top" width="333"> <p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/Image%20-%20Dr_%20Dee%20_%20Nelson%20University%20of%20Wyoming.gif" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><i><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Image by Dr. Dee J. Nelson, University of Wyoming</strong></font></i> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Crystal has long been known to have energy applications and exhibits </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricity"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>natural piezoelectrical</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> properties.</strong></font></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></font></span></div><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></font></span><p></p><p></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Could such a thing actually generate, store, and distribute energy on demand?</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Yes.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Experimenters discovered decades ago that pyramids do tend to act in some ways like a natural electrical capacitor gathering and storing energy around them. The larger the pyramid, the greater the capacity of gathering and storing energy. A pyramid's composition is important too. Having one made of crystal, or an apex made of crystal, could vastly increase its power.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Early radio used germanium crystals to capture the radiowaves and convert them into electrical signals that could be processed and broadcast through headphones into soundwaves duplicating the human voice, music, and other sounds.</strong></font></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="333"> <p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/Vortex%20energy%20apex%20discharge.gif" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><i><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Illustration of vortex energy and apex discharge <font color="#ff8000"><strong>Pyramid power, say investigators, is intrinsic to the pyramid shape. It's an architecture that's proven to function as an energy accumulator and amplifier of energetic force.</strong></font></strong></font></i></p><p align="justify"><i><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><font color="#ff8000"></font></strong></font></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong><font color="#ff8000" style="background-color: black;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="793" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/27BhxoogQ6Q" width="953" youtube-src-id="27BhxoogQ6Q"></iframe></font></strong></font></i></div><i><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong><font color="#ff8000" style="background-color: black;"><br /><strong><br /></strong></font></strong></font></i><p></p></td> <td valign="top" width="333"> <p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/pyramid_power_01.gif" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000" style="background-color: black;"><strong></strong></font></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong style="background-color: black;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="931" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/XU49FSIx0_g" width="1119" youtube-src-id="XU49FSIx0_g"></iframe></strong></font></span></div><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong><br />Pyramids and the 'Cavity Structural Effect'</strong></font> </span><p></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.subtleenergies.com/ormus/tw/pyramids.htm"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Barry Carter calls attention</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> to another property that pyramids exhibit called the "Cavity Structural Effect" (CSE) by its discoverer, Dr. Viktor S. Grebennikov. The scientist employed the CSE to construct a rudimentary anti-gravitic platform.</strong></font></span></p><p></p></td> <td valign="top" width="333"> <p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/Viktor%20S_%20Grebennikov%20anti-gravity%20platform.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><i><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><strong></strong></font></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="515" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/HEH3qLofMaU" width="620" youtube-src-id="HEH3qLofMaU"></iframe></strong></font></i></div><i><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br />Viktor S. Grebennikov demonstrates anti-gravity platform</strong></font></i><p></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>As if to prove the investigators' assertions true, recently some of the worlds pyramids began discharging beams of raw energy into space. [See: </strong></font><a href="http://beforeitsnews.com/story/1733/112/Worlds_Pyramids_Beaming_Energy_To_Mysterious_Space_Cloud.html"><i><font color="#ff8000"><strong>World's Pyramids Beaming Energy</strong></font></i></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>]</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The bottom line? Pyramids are intrinsically natural generators of power.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Carter explains that "Grebennikov also claimed that he could feel energies emitting from the apex of a pyramid: 'You will soon pick up an active zone, a "clot", where the Egyptians had their tombs. Another active zone (a "flame") above the top of the pyramid is also well-perceived by the indicator if you drag its end over the top. The "clot" and the "flame" are well-felt by the finger inserted into the pyramid, or your palm moved above it after some practice. The pyramid effect, which generated many scary and mysterious stories over the centuries, is one of the CSE manifestations.'"</strong></font></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="333"> <p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/Vortex_01.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><i><font color="#ff8000"><strong>A Bermuda Triangle 'Death Vortex'</strong></font></i> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Another deadly phenomenon pyramids may create: an energy vortex <font color="#ff8000"><strong>Besides the time and spatial anomalies reported in the Triangle, some survivors of terrifing incidents there have reported huge, swirling vortices suddenly appearing and disappearing .</strong></font></strong></font></p><p></p></td> <td valign="top" width="333"> <p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/Vortex_02.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Observations of some of the submerged pyramids reveals they sporadically generate intense vortices in the ocean water flowing around them. Those vortices may be caused by a discharge of internal energy.</strong></font></p></td> <td valign="top" width="333"> <p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/pyramid_power_06.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><i><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Computer simulation of pyramid creating vortices <font color="#ff8000"><strong>Evidence exists that some missing ships may have gone missing because of this phenomenon.</strong></font></strong></font></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 899px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="224"> <h3><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></h3> <h4> <p><span style="background-color: black;"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"></font></span></p></h4> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>If those submerged pyramids also discharge massive enegy through their apexes, that could account for the formation of deadly vortices on the surface of the sea that swallows up whole ships along with their doomed crews.</strong><strong> </strong></font></font></font> </span></p><h6><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">Nasa reveals massive halo of hot gas that envelops our universe</font></h6> <ul> <li> <p><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">The estimated mass of the halo is comparable to the mass of all the stars in the galaxy.</font></strong></p> </li><li> <p><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">Prediction could also explain the astronomical mystery known as the 'missing bayron problem'</font></strong></p></li></ul> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>It is an astonishing reminder of just how large the universe is. </strong><strong>Nasa today revealed this incredible image showing our Milky Way Galaxy is embedded in an enormous halo of hot gas that extends for hundreds of thousands of light years.</strong></font></font></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">The estimated mass of the halo is comparable to the mass of all the stars in the galaxy.</font></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000"><img alt="This artist's illustration shows an enormous halo of hot gas (in blue) around the Milky Way galaxy" height="710" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/09/25/article-0-15334C62000005DC-14_964x710.jpg" width="964" /></font></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">This artist's illustration shows an enormous halo of hot gas (in blue) around the Milky Way galaxy</font></strong> </span></p><h6><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">THE MISSING BARYONS</font></h6> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Baryons are particles, such as protons and neutrons, that make up more than 99.9 percent of the mass of atoms found in the cosmos.</font></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Measurements of extremely distant gas halos and galaxies indicate the baryonic matter present when the universe was only a few billion years old represented about one-sixth the mass and density of the existing unobservable, or dark, matter.</font></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">In the current epoch, about 10 billion years later, a census of the baryons present in stars and gas in our galaxy and nearby galaxies shows at least half the baryons are unaccounted for</font></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Astronomers have used NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory to estimate the size.</font></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">If the size and mass of this gas halo is confirmed, it also could be an explanation for what is known as the 'missing baryon' problem for the galaxy.</font></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Baryons are particles, such as protons and neutrons, that make up more than 99.9 percent of the mass of atoms found in the cosmos.</font></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Measurements of extremely distant gas halos and galaxies indicate the baryonic matter present when the universe was only a few billion years old represented about one-sixth the mass and density of the existing unobservable, or dark, matter.</font></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">In the current epoch, about 10 billion years later, a census of the baryons present in stars and gas in our galaxy and nearby galaxies shows at least half the baryons are unaccounted for.</font></strong> </span></p><h6><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">In a recent study, a team of five astronomers used data from Chandra, the European Space Agency's XMM-Newton space observatory and Japan's Suzaku satellite to set limits on the temperature, extent and mass of the hot gas halo.</font></strong></h6> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Chandra observed eight bright X-ray sources located far beyond the galaxy at distances of hundreds of millions of light-years.</font></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">The data revealed X-rays from these distant sources are absorbed selectively by oxygen ions in the vicinity of the galaxy.</font></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">The scientists determined the temperature of the absorbing halo is between 1 million and 2.5 million kelvins, or a few hundred times hotter than the surface of the sun.</font></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Other studies have shown that the Milky Way and other galaxies are embedded in warm gas with temperatures between 100,000 and 1 million kelvins.</font></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Studies have indicated the presence of a hotter gas with a temperature greater than 1 million kelvins.</font></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">This new research provides evidence the hot gas halo enveloping the Milky Way is much more massive than the warm gas halo.</font></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">'We know the gas is around the galaxy, and we know how hot it is,' said Anjali Gupta, lead author of The Astrophysical Journal paper describing the research.</font></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000"><img alt="The Milky Way galaxy. Researchers now believe a vast gas cloud covers our galaxy." height="956" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/09/25/article-0-073CEF74000005DC-577_964x956.jpg" width="964" /></font></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The Milky Way galaxy. Researchers now believe a vast gas cloud covers our galaxy. </strong><strong>'The big question is, how large is the halo, and how massive is it?'</strong><strong>To begin to answer this question, the authors supplemented Chandra data on the amount of absorption produced by the oxygen ions with XMM-Newton and Suzaku data on the X-rays emitted by the gas halo.</strong></font></font></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">They concluded that the mass of the gas is equivalent to the mass in more than 10 billion suns, perhaps as large as 60 billion suns.</font></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">'Our work shows that, for reasonable values of parameters and with reasonable assumptions, the Chandra observations imply a huge reservoir of hot gas around the Milky Way,' said co-author Smita Mathur of Ohio State University in Columbus.</font></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>'It may extend for a few hundred thousand light-years around the Milky Way or it may extend farther into the surrounding local group of galaxies.</strong><strong>'Either way, its mass appears to be very large.'</strong><strong>The estimated mass depends on factors such as the amount of oxygen relative to hydrogen, which is the dominant element in the gas.</strong></font></font></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Nevertheless, the estimation represents an important step in solving the case of the missing baryons, a mystery that has puzzled astronomers for more than a decade. </strong><strong>Although there are uncertainties, the work by Gupta and colleagues provides the best evidence yet that the galaxy's missing baryons have been hiding in a halo of million-kelvin gas that envelopes the galaxy. </strong><strong>The estimated density of this halo is so low that similar halos around other galaxies would have escaped detection.</strong></font></font></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong></strong> </span></p><h3><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">From the TOP of the Great Pyramid: Illicit photos taken by tourists who secretly climbed wonder of the world at night</font></h3> <h4><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">Almost everything they teach us about the ancient history is wrong: origin of men, civilizations and pyramids. Homo sapien sapiens is not a result of the evolution and biologists will never find a “missing link”, because the intelligent man is product of genetic engineering. Sumerians are not the beginning of the civilized men, but rather beginning of the most recent cycle of humanity. And finally, original pyramids, most superior and oldest, were made by advanced builders who knew energy, astronomy, geometry and construction better than we do.</font></h4> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>In order to understand the ancient monuments, we need to view them through three realms: physical, energy and spiritual. Our scientific instruments are simply not adequate to explain the purpose of oldest pyramids, for example. Mainstream scientists, archaeologists, historians and anthropologists with their rigid approach, are often main obstacle for scientific progress.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Gap between physical and spiritual science is to be bridged if we want to get fully understanding of the past.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Twelve hundred ton stone block in Baalbeck (Lebanon) needs explanation. Who was able to shape, move and install four times bigger blocks than our, 21st century, capabilities? Yonaguni megalithic monuments (Japan) do belong to the previous cycle of humanity. They are undeniable proof, on the bottom of the Pacific floor, 80 meters below the ocean level, that advanced culture lived in the area more than 12.000 years ago before huge quantities of ice melted and caused Pacific level to rise for 80 meters. Machu Picchu (Peru) tells the story of four distinctive civilizations and different construction styles, first civilization being the most advanced. At the same time, all the history books make up story of Inkas being the builders of their “royal retreat” in the recent times. New dating of oldest and superior Peruvian, Mexican, Chinese and Egyptian pyramids will take us back much before recognized history and known rulers. Same goes for the “unrecognized” and/or uncover pyramids in Mauritius, Canary Islands, Tahiti, Australia, Amazon, Crete, South Africa, Cambodia, Italy or Indonesia.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Oldest Chinese and Egyptian pyramids are much superior to those made later, as unsuccessful replicas. Older are built from granite, limestone and sandstone blocks, more recent ones are much smaller built from mudbricks. Traces of more advanced beings are everywhere around us. In the meantime, mainstream scientists try to fit those monuments into their time coordinates, falsifying the truth.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Two hundred Cahokia pyramids (USA) show astronomical knowledge of the builders who moved several millions tons of construction materials and who knew the difference between cosmic and magnetic north. Mayan world (Central America) is an example of the knowledge of Universe. Our Solar system circles Milky Way and that 26-thousand years cycle (“long count calendar”) affects all living life on our Planet. Anasazies, ancestors of Pueblo Indians (Southern USA), didn’t need alphabet or physical communication means to recognize danger in different dimensions coming from the depth of Universe.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>As long as they stay within the box, mainstream archaeologists will never be able to explain tooling and logistic needed to build stone heads on Easter Islands, machined granite blocks of Akapana pyramid complex in Bolivia or function of chambers in Giza pyramids.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Stone spheres of western Mexico, southern Costa Rica, Easter Island or twenty locations in remote Bosnia-Herzegovina, are obvious proof of understanding and manipulating of shapes and energy fields in the distant past.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>On top of all that, discovery of the Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids is telling us that we don’t know our Planet. We might go to the Moon, but we still need to explore our Mother Earth. More secrets wait to be uncovered and, with the ancient knowledge, help us reach our balance back.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>2. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE BOSNIAN PYRAMID DISCOVERIES</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>In April 2005 I first traveled to the town of Visoko, 20 miles northwest from Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia-Herzegovina. My attention was caught by two regularly shaped hills, which I later named the Bosnian Pyramids of the Sun and Moon. For thousands of years locals have considered those hills to be natural phenomena because they were covered by 3-foot of soil and vegetation. However, when I first saw their triangular faces, same slopes, obvious corners and orientation toward the cardinal points, I knew that they had to be constructed by a force other than nature. Since I had been investigating pyramids for decades I knew that the pyramids found in China, Mexico, Guatemala or El Salvador presented the same case of pyramids covered by dirt and vegetation.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>In 2005 work was begun on this project and I paid construction companies and geologists to do the core drilling and geo-morphological analysis. I announced to the world, at the press conference in Sarajevo in October 2005, that the first pyramids in Europe had been discovered.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Shortly thereafter we established the non-profit Archaeological Park: Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun Foundation and since that time the pyramid investigations in Bosnia have become the world’s largest inter-disciplinary scientific project in the field of archaeology. We have spent over 340.000 man-hours in archaeological excavation, sample testing and radiocarbon dating in the period from 2005 to 2012. We’ve determined that the Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids consists of five pyramidal structures discovered to date which I named: The Bosnian Pyramids of the Sun, Moon, Dragon, Mother Earth and Love. The site also includes a tumulus complex and a huge underground labyrinth.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>This discovery is historic and changes our knowledge of the early history of Europe for several reasons:</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">1. These are the first pyramids discovered in Europe<br />2. The site includes the largest pyramid structure in the world—The Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun - with its height of over 220 meters it’s much higher than the Great Pyramid of Egypt (147 meters).<br />3. The Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun has, according to the Bosnian Institute for Geodesy, the most precise orientation towards cosmic north with the error of 0 degrees, 0 minutes and 12 seconds.<br />4. The Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun is completely covered by artificially made concrete blocks. The properties of the concrete, including extreme hardness (up to 133 MPs) and low water absorption (around 1%), are, according to the scientific institutions for materials in Bosnia, Italy and France, far superior to modern concrete materials.<br />5. The pyramids are covered by soil which is, according to the State Institute for Agro-pedology from Sarajevo (Bosnia-Herzegovina), between 12,000-15,000 years old. Radiocarbon dating of the organic material found on the top of the concrete blocks and below 3-foot layer of dirt and clay, performed by Institute for carbond dating from Kiev, Ukraine in August 2012, confirmed that construction was there already 24,800 +/- 200 years ago. These finding confirms that the Bosnian pyramids are also the oldest known pyramids on the planet.<br />6. Beneath the Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids there is an extensive underground tunnel and chamber network which runs for a total of more than ten miles.<br />7. Ceramic sculptures have been discovered in the underground labyrinth with a mass of up to 18,000 pounds which makes them the largest found so far in the ancient world.</strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Several teams of physicists and electrical engineers from Croatia, Italy, Serbia and Finland have detected and measured an energy beam (electromagnetic field) coming through the top of the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun. The radius of the beam is 4.5 meters with a frequency of 28 kHz, strength of 3,9 V. The beam is continuous and its strength grows as it moves up and away from the pyramid. This phenomenon contradicts the known laws of physic and technology. This is the first proof of non-herzian technology on the Planet. It seems that the pyramid-builders created a perpetual motion machine a long time ago and this “energy machine” is still working.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Also, beam of ultrasound has been discovered on the top of the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun of same frequency which comes in regular blocks 9.3333 Hz away from each other with the peaks of 28.3000 kHz. These are the properties of the energy machines, not natural pyramid hills. By the end of 2012 source of the energy has been located 1.5 miles under the pyramid with est. power of more than 10 kW.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>In the underground labyrinth, in 2010, three chambers were discovered and a small blue lake. Energy screening shows that the ionization level of 43,000 negative ions is 200 times higher than the average concentration outside which makes the underground chambers into “healing rooms”.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Further electromagnetic detection in 2011 confirmed that levels of negative radiation through the Hartman, Curry and Schneider grids are equal to zero in the tunnels. There was no technical radiation (from power lines and/or other technology) found in the tunnels and no cosmic radioactivity. Ceramic sculptures are positioned over the underground water streams and the negative energy is transformed into positive. All of these experiments point to the underground labyrinth as one of the most secure underground constructions in the world and this makes it an ideal place for the body’s rejuvenation and regeneration.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Two hundred years of Egyptology has not produced a satisfactory answer to the question of what the real purpose was for the oldest and most superior pyramids.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>In only six years, our research in Bosnia has applied inter-disciplinary scientific methods, to look at this complex through the physical, energetic and spiritual dimensions. We have had pioneering results which affects the entire sphere of knowledge and Pyramid Science. Our history is changing with each new discovery.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Perhaps by changing our beginnings or learning to better understand our beginnings we can also change our present and our future for the better.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Semir Osmanagic</strong></font> </span></p><h3><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000">Russians waited until visitor hours were over at the famous site before scaling the Great Pyramid. </font><font color="#ff8000">Photographs capture the Sphinx and surrounding desert as seen from peak of enormous ancient structure</font></span></h3> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">These photographs capture the views from the top of one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. </font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">A group of Russian tourists waited until official visiting hours were over at Egypt's famous Giza Necropolis, before scaling the enormous Great Pyramid as the sun began to set. </font></strong></p> <h3><font face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">Radiocarbon Dating in Underground Tunnels Beneath the Pyramidal Complex</font></h3> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">There is a network of underground tunnels under the pyramidal complex in Visoko at a depth of between 5 - 25 meters. On average, the height of the tunnels are 3 meters and the width of the tunnels are 2.5 meters. It is a labyrinth made of passages and chambers spreading across several kilometers.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">The distance from the tunnel entrance to the Pyramid of the Sun is approximately 3 km. The process of debris cleanup and wall support is in progress and will likely last several years until the Pyramid of the Sun is reached. The workers and volunteers have secured, cleaned and lit up about 600 meters of the underground tunnel network, and visitors are now able to enter and explore the tunnels at will. An additional 400 meters of tunnel leading towards the Pyramid of the Sun is clear and being secured.<br />The air circulation in the tunnels is extremely good because of the difference in ceiling height throughout the tunnel network; these hight variations cause differences in air pressure and natural ventilation.<br />The slope in the tunnels is 1.5 degrees, which enables proper water drainage.<br />Samples of two types of mineral dripstones, stalactites and stalagmites, were found in the underground tunnels and were sent to leading european laboratories for radiocarbon dating and analysis. The Radiocarbon Laboratories of Universities of Uppsala in Sweden, University of Kiel in Germany and the University of Technology in Gliwice, Poland estimated the age of the stalagmites to be more than 5,000 years old. The estimated age of the stalactite sample showed an age of 3,500 + years.<br />In conclusion, it is estimated that the builders of the underground tunnels are older than 5,000 years.<br />This means that the underground tunnel complex in Visoko exceeds the age of known great cultures on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Ancient Rome ruled the region 2,000 years ago and Ancient Greece ruled approximately 2,500 years ago.<br />Who built these colossal structures and more importantly, why did they build them? Are the builders of the underground tunnels the same people who built the pyramids?<br />Several cultures of the past have used these underground tunnels. Remnants of a fireplace were found near the tunnel entrance, and samples of organic material that was sent to Sweden and Poland for radiocarbon analysis displayed an age of 3,000+ years.<br />At some point in time, some of the side tunnels and chambers spawning from the main tunnel had been closed with rocks, pebbles, sand and clay and sealed with drywall. The radiocarbon analysis of the material used for closing the chambers is younger than the tunnels are estimated to be. Opening of the chambers and side tunnels as well as cleanup of the material used for sealing is currently in progress.<br />In a related research, experts from the Bosnia and Herzegovina Federal Institute of Agropedology analyzed the soil that covers the outer walls of the pyramids; findings concluded that the Pyramids have been covered for more than 12,000 years. Interestingly, this coincides with the end of the last ice age on earth. This topic will be expanded upon shortly in future articles.</font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000"></font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">The Russians managed to escape the attention of security guards at the ancient site, allowing photographer Vitaliy Raskalov to snap pictures of the surrounding desert and the majestic Sphinx from the top of the 455ft structure. </font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Vista: The Russians claim to have arrived early at the famous site on the outskirts of Cairo, where they waited in the shadows until official visitor opening hours were over to make their climb" height="879" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/03/25/article-2298729-18E8B66B000005DC-679_964x879.jpg" width="964" /> </font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Vista: The Russians claim to have arrived early at the famous site on the outskirts of Cairo, where they waited in the shadows until official visitor opening hours were over to make their climb </font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Officials in Egypt put a stop to people attempting to climb the pyramids in the 1980s, but it thought some guides will still take tourists part of the way up the structures in exchange for bribes.The group of Russians claim to have arrived at the complex early and waited in the shadows before starting their climb as night began to fall, according to a report on the </font></strong><a href="http://englishrussia.com/2013/03/22/on-top-of-the-pyramide/#more-122040"><strong><font color="#ff8000">English Russian</font></strong></a><a href="http://englishrussia.com/2013/03/22/on-top-of-the-pyramide/#more-122040"></a><strong><font color="#ff8000">. </font></strong></span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 899px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="299"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:558b7d72-8baf-4186-aac0-66acf4ef9a47" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/hssZRDAGgxU" style="background-color: black;" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425" wmode="transparent"></embed></span></div></td> <td valign="top" width="299"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:80ffb80a-507b-44b4-8e15-fa5377004b81" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/Q-Vmz3zSkQ4" style="background-color: black;" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425" wmode="transparent"></embed></span></div></td> <td valign="top" width="299"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3><font face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">Geometric Alignments - Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids</font></h3> <p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">When it comes to pyramids around the world, geometric alignment is something they all have in common.<br />It is no different in the Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids.</strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Beginning with basics, the tips of 3 largest pyramids, the Pyramid of the Sun, Moon and Dragon, form an equilateral triangle. Each side of the triangle measures approx 2,170m (with the margin of error being less than 2%) and the inside angles of the triangle each measure 60 degrees.<br />Please see the map below provided by the Cadastral Office of Municipality of Visoko.<br />The measurements made by the Geodetic Institute of Bosnia and Herzegovina show that the sides of each pyramid are aligned with the earth’s cardinal points (North, South East and West). This is characteristic is shared with pyramids found in Egypt, China, Peru and Guatemala.<br />The Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun is oriented towards the stellar North, running parallel with the position of the North Star. The Great Pyramid of Egypt is also aligned in this way.</strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">The Great Pyramid of Giza is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World and the only one to remain largely intact. </font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">It is thought to have been built as a tomb for an ancient Egyptian pharaoh over a period of around 20 years up to 2560BCE. </font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">The pyramid was originally covered by highly polished white casing stones that formed a smooth outer surface, but centuries of erosion mean the structure's stepped underlying core is visible today. </font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">It is thought to be made up of around 2.3million limestone blocks believed to have been transported from nearby quarries. </font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Originally towering at 481ft, the Great Pyramid was the world's tallest man-made structure for over 3,800 years. </font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Today it stands at 455ft tall, and is dwarfed by the 2,717ft Burj Khalifa in Dubai, which currently holds the title of world's tallest building. </font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Feat: Originally the Great Pyramid, which is thought to have been constructed over a 20 year period, was covered by casing stones that formed an outer surface - what is visible today is the underlying core structure" height="928" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/03/25/article-2298729-18E8B637000005DC-504_964x928.jpg" width="964" /> </font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Feat: Originally the Great Pyramid, which is thought to have been constructed over a 20 year period, was covered by casing stones that formed an outer surface - what is visible today is the underlying core structure </font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Sphinx: The group captured the majestic Sphinx monument from their perch atop Giza's Great Pyramid - the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza Necropolis" height="763" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/03/25/article-2298729-18E8B659000005DC-495_964x763.jpg" width="964" /> </font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Sphinx: The group captured the majestic Sphinx monument from their perch atop Giza's Great Pyramid - the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza Necropolis </font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Erosion: The Great Pyramid is made up of an estimated 2.3million limestone blocks, thought to have been transported from nearby quarries" height="924" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/03/25/article-2298729-18E8B624000005DC-922_964x924.jpg" width="964" /> </font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Erosion: The Great Pyramid is made up of an estimated 2.3million limestone blocks, thought to have been transported from nearby quarries </font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Fresh perspective: A group of Russians waited until evening fell and climbed the Great Pyramid of Giza, capturing the views from the top of the ancient structure on camera" height="624" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/03/25/article-2298729-18E8B647000005DC-43_964x624.jpg" width="964" /> </font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Fresh perspective: A group of Russians waited until evening fell and climbed the Great Pyramid of Giza, capturing the views from the top of the ancient structure on camera </font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Scale: At 481ft, the Great Pyramid was once the tallest man-made structure in the world" height="927" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/03/25/article-2298729-18E8B677000005DC-307_964x927.jpg" width="964" /> </font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Scale: At 481ft, the Great Pyramid - thought to have been built as a tomb for a fourth dynasty Egyptian pharaoh - was once the tallest man-made structure in the world </font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Ancient: Egyptian authorities put a stop to visitors climbing the pyramids in the 1980s, but it is thought some guides have been known to accept bribes to take tourists part of the way up" height="704" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/03/25/article-2298729-18E8B605000005DC-432_964x704.jpg" width="964" /> </font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Ancient: Egyptian authorities put a stop to visitors climbing the pyramids in the 1980s, but it is thought some guides have been known to accept bribes to take tourists part of the way up </font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="View: The group of Russians said they found signs on top of the pyramid featuring notices in various languages" height="777" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/03/25/article-2298729-18E8B5ED000005DC-510_964x777.jpg" width="964" /> </font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">View: The group of Russians said they found signs on top of the pyramid featuring notices in various languages </font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Wonder: The archaeological site on the outskirts of the Egyptian capital is made up of the Great Pyramids, the Sphinx, several cemeteries, a workers' complex and an industrial village" height="857" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/03/25/article-2298729-18E8B68A000005DC-379_964x857.jpg" width="964" /> </font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Wonder: The archaeological site on the outskirts of the Egyptian capital is made up of the Great Pyramids, the Sphinx, several cemeteries, a workers' complex and an industrial village </font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Haze: The group of Russian tourists snapped the scenery after scaling the enormous pyramid at sunset" height="902" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/03/25/article-2298729-18E8B613000005DC-63_964x902.jpg" width="964" /> </font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Haze: The group of Russian tourists snapped the scenery after scaling the enormous pyramid at sunset </font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Perch: The photographer set up a tripod on one of the giant stone slabs at the top of Egypt's world-famous Great Pyramid" height="840" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/03/25/article-2298729-18E8B60F000005DC-398_964x840.jpg" width="964" /> </font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Perch: The photographer set up a tripod on one of the giant stone slabs at the top of Egypt's world-famous Great Pyramid </font></strong><strong><font color="#ff8000">The Egyptian government has reopened one of its great pyramids in an attempt to kick-start a tourism industry that was badly affected by last year's uprising. </font></strong><strong><font color="#ff8000">Antiquities Minister Muhammad Ibrahim announced that the Pyramid of Chefren and as many as six other ancient tombs at the Giza site will be reopened after a long restoration project.<br />But, while questions are still being asked about the security of potential tourists visiting the region, Mr Ibrahim insisted that Egypt was a safe country.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">Scroll down for video <img alt="Back open for business: A general view of the Pyramid of Chefren, built as a tomb for the pharaoh Khafre, which has been reopened to the public after a programme of restoration" height="584" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/10/11/article-0-1574CD70000005DC-961_964x584.jpg" width="964" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Back open for business: A general view of the Pyramid of Chefren, built as a tomb for the pharaoh Khafre, which has been reopened to the public after a programme of restoration</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Reassuring: Egyptian Minister of State for Antiquities Affairs, Mohamed Ibrahim speaks to reporters during the reopening of the Pyramid of Chefren at Giza. He said that Egypt was a safe country for tourism" height="584" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/10/11/article-0-1574CF5A000005DC-969_964x584.jpg" width="964" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Reassuring: Egyptian Minister of State for Antiquities Affairs, Mohamed Ibrahim speaks to reporters during the reopening of the Pyramid of Chefren at Giza. He said that Egypt was a safe country for tourism</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">While there is evidence that the Egyptian tourism industry is picking up, there is widespread concern that the region is still prone to spontaneous and violent riots.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Egypt became a genuine no-go area following the unrest that ousted President Hosni Mubarak. Scenes of rioting in Cairo, and horror stories of western female journalists being sexually assaulted by mobs in Tahrir Square, understandably took the country off the holiday trail.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">But Mr Ibrahim was keen to point out that the region was far more stable one year on, adding that other archaeological sites were due to be opened across Egypt in coming months.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Scenes of violent protests, mainly in the capital Cairo, were broadcast around the world.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Perfectly carved passageways: A Hong Kong tourist walks inside the newly reopened pyramid. A further six historical sights are to open soon, and many more will follow in the coming months" height="580" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/10/11/article-0-1574C6D3000005DC-961_964x580.jpg" width="964" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Perfectly carved passageways: A Hong Kong tourist walks inside the newly reopened pyramid. A further six historical sights are to open soon, and many more will follow in the coming months</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Stunning craftsmanship: Despite millennia of plundering, the antiquities of Egypt are remarkably preserved. This carving is part of the Tomb of Meresankh III near the Giza pyramids" height="580" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/10/11/article-0-1574C469000005DC-14_964x580.jpg" width="964" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Stunning craftsmanship: Despite millennia of plundering, the antiquities of Egypt are remarkably preserved. This carving is part of the Tomb of Meresankh III near the Giza pyramids</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="History lesson: Wall paintings inside the Tomb of Meresankh III tell the story of construction and farming. The incredibly detailed carvings still have the remnants of the bright paint that would have dazzled the eye" height="642" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/10/11/article-0-1574C5BA000005DC-169_964x642.jpg" width="964" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">History lesson: Wall paintings inside the Tomb of Meresankh III tell the story of construction and farming. The incredibly detailed carvings still have the remnants of the bright paint that would have dazzled the eye</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">'I am very happy today to reopen these tombs which were closed for more than ten years due to restoration,' an ecstatic MSA chief Mohamed Ibrahim told reporters.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">The tomb and the others around it, were discovered in 1927 by American Egyptologist George Reinser, and have been closed for restoration on several other occasions in the past.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">In the 1990s a site management plan was implemented to try and preserve these historic treasures when the Ministry of State Antiquities (MSA) discovered that the large volume of visitors over the years had raised levels of humidity inside the structures to levels of up to 80 per cent.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Research found that every visitor to the pyramids releases an average of 20 grams of water vapour through sweat.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">This had slowly caused damage to the plaster that covers part of the Grand Gallery. The walls were also found to be covered with up to 2cm of salt minerals.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Accoring to Ahram online the project, which cost around $4 million, included cleaning the walls of the tombs and reinforcing them, as well as removing graffiti left by previous visitors. Inscriptions and paintings were also preserved.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">The ground is now protected by wood to maintain the tomb's original rock and enable tourists to walk inside.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">New lighting and ventilation systems have also been installed. A path linking the tombs to the Great Pyramid of Khufu was carved to enable movement across the plateau.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 599px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="299"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="View of a standing statue of Iasen, wearing a stiff triangular kilt, inside The Tomb of Iasen" height="644" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/10/11/article-0-1574BB0B000005DC-532_470x644.jpg" width="470" /></font></strong></td> <td valign="top" width="299"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="A tourist uses a hand fan, inside the tomb that belongs to Queen Meresankh III" height="644" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/10/11/article-0-1575143B000005DC-970_470x644.jpg" width="470" /></font></strong></td></tr></tbody></table> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">View of a standing statue of Iasen, wearing a stiff triangular kilt, inside The Tomb of Iasen, A tourist uses a hand fan, inside the tomb that belongs to Queen Meresankh III</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="New and old explorers: A tourist takes photos of the inside of the pyramid, with clear wall markings from Giovanni Belzoni's, who explored the structure in 1818" height="580" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/10/11/article-0-1574F9D2000005DC-127_964x580.jpg" width="964" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">New and old explorers: A tourist takes photos of the inside of the pyramid, with clear wall markings from Giovanni Belzoni's, who explored the structure in 1818</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Time tunnel: The pyramid was most likely first opened - and robbed - more than 2,000 years before the birth of Christ. Yet the interiors of the giant structure remain remarkably intact and stunning" height="580" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/10/11/article-0-15751ECB000005DC-17_964x580.jpg" width="964" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Time tunnel: The pyramid was most likely first opened - and robbed - more than 2,000 years before the birth of Christ. Yet the interiors of the giant structure remain remarkably intact and stunning</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">The Pyramid of Chefren, otherwise known as the Pyramid of Khafre, is the second largest pyramid in the Giza necropolis.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">It was built as the tomb for the Pharaoh Khafre from ancient Egypt's fourth dynasty. It rises to a height of 448ft. It looks to be the tallest of the Gisa pyramids - but only because it it built at a higher elevation than the Great Pyramid (or Pyramid of Khufu), which is seven feet taller at 455ft but is 50ft wider at its base.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Originally both pyramids stood about 20 feet taller, but many casing stones toward the top of each and the caps - or pyrimidions - have been eroded or destroyed.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">In the case of the Pyramid of Chefren, stones were removed to build a temple in Heliopolis on the orders of Rameses II.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">The pyramid was most likely first opened - and robbed - more than 2,000 years before the birth of Christ. Yet the interiors of the giant structure remain remarkably intact and stunning.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Carvings, statues and dead-straight passageways inspire awe at the genius of ancient artists and stonemasons.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">The first recorded opening of the pyramid was in 1372. Fully notated explorations of the pyramid were conducted by Giovanni Belzoni in 1818, and a more complete exploration was made by John Perring in 1837.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="The pyramid of Khafre in Giza, southwest of central Cairo, after the re-opening of the site and six graves of individuals and princesses from the Old Kingdom of Egypt" height="622" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/10/11/article-2216352-157528AE000005DC-718_968x622.jpg" width="968" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">The pyramid of Khafre in Giza, southwest of central Cairo, after the re-opening of the site and six graves of individuals and princesses from the Old Kingdom of Egypt</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="An Egyptian man rides his horse and carriage past the pyramid which has been part of the landscape her for thousands of years" height="570" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/10/11/article-2216352-15751F7C000005DC-280_968x570.jpg" width="968" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">An Egyptian man rides his horse and carriage past the pyramid which has been part of the landscape her for thousands of years</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="A camel opens its mouth and looks skyward in front of the newly reopened Pyramid" height="621" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/10/11/article-2216352-1574CD97000005DC-454_968x621.jpg" width="968" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">A camel opens its mouth and looks skyward in front of the newly reopened Pyramid</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="An Egyptian archaeologist works on the restoration of a wall inside the Tomb of Seshemnefer II, near to the newly reopened Pyramid of Khafre" height="670" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/10/11/article-2216352-1574C653000005DC-256_968x670.jpg" width="968" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">An Egyptian archaeologist works on the restoration of a wall inside the Tomb of Seshemnefer II, near to the newly reopened Pyramid of Khafre</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="A tourist gestures as a friend takes a picture for her on the huge steps that make up the biggest pyramid in Giza" height="587" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/10/11/article-2216352-1574E2A3000005DC-408_968x587.jpg" width="968" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">A tourist gestures as a friend takes a picture for her on the huge steps that make up the biggest pyramid in Giza</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="The sun's rays glint over the the top of the pyramid illuminating its many steps" height="647" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/10/11/article-2216352-1575028D000005DC-408_972x647.jpg" width="972" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">The sun's rays glint over the the top of the pyramid illuminating its many steps</font></strong> </span></p><p> </p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></td> <td valign="top" width="224"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></td> <td valign="top" width="224"> <h4><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1379" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/XTCDs9f0T28" width="1658" youtube-src-id="XTCDs9f0T28"></iframe></div><br />SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS OF THE BOSNIAN VALLEY OF THE PYRAMIDS</font></h4> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The four-year comprehensive geo-archaeological research points to the existence of huge construction complex in Visoko Valley. This complex is named the Bosnian Valley of the Pyramidsand includes the following structures:- Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun (former “Visocica Hill”)- Bosnian Pyramid of the Moon (former “Pljesevica Hill”)- Pyramid of the Bosnian Dragon (former “Buci Hill”)- Temple of Earth (former “Krstac Hill”)- Bosnian Pyramid of Love (former “Cemerac Hill”)- Tumulus in Vratnica (former “Toprakalija Hill” in Vratnica)- Structure “Dolovi” (Vratnica)- Underground tunnel complex “Ravne” (entrance to the tunnel 2.5 km from the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun)- Underground tunnel network “KTK” (entrance to the tunnel 1 km from the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun)</strong></font></font></font> </span></p><h4 align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">1.1. Geometric features of the pyramids</font></h4> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Based on numerous airborne and space-borne images of the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun, it becomes evident that the geometric features present with three sides that exhibit geometrical shape of a triangle. Even though such elements occur in nature, it is rarely, if ever, a precise shape and rarely replicated on opposite sides of a mound. In this case, two sides are equilateral triangles, with well- defined sides. Satellite imaging of the local area in the central part of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Landsat, Radarsat, Hyperion, Ikonos, courtesy of Dr. Amer Smailbegovic), indicated that there are five hills which show apparent geospatial anomalies where two or more sides are triangular. All of the aforementioned hills exhibit triangular sides and some have elements of stairs and step features on the sides with flat plateaus on the top. In the case of the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun, three out of four sides exhibit evidence of geometric features. Geologic evidence is not indicative of any significant faulting or the processes of the glaciations in the area that would otherwise affect the existence, geometry and texture of these sides.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" height="249" src="http://www.gizaforhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/osmanagic21.jpg" title="osmanagic21" width="383" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun, Visoko, Bosnia and Herzegovina</strong></font> </span></p><h4 align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">1.2. Perfect orientation – Cardinal sides of the world</font></h4> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The measurements made by the Geodetic Institute of Bosnia and Herzegovina indicate that the sides of the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun (BPS) are exactly aligned with the cardinal sides of the world (North-South, East-West), which is one of the characteristics often noted with the existing pyramids in Egypt, Peru, Guatemala or China. The North side of the BPS is oriented towards stellar North (like the Great Pyramid of Egypt), in parallel with the position of the North Star.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" height="179" src="http://www.gizaforhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/osmanagic22.jpg" title="osmanagic22" width="394" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Satellite topography of Bosnian Pyramid of Sun and orientation toward cardinal points<br />(Courtesy of dr. Amer Smailbegovic)</strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" height="350" src="http://www.gizaforhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/osmanagic23.jpg" title="osmanagic23" width="384" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Location of geospatial “anomalies” or pyramids, on topographic map<br />with their exact orientation with cardinal NSWE directions.</strong></font></p> <h4 align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">1.3. Apparent thermal inertia measurements</font></h4> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The results of the thermal inertia obtained from ASTER thermal detector (resolution 60m) suggest that the observed targets may be comprised of less consolidated material and tend to “cool faster” respective to their surroundings (presumed denser). The findings would be consistent with initial field observations noted in the Geological Report, and also recent excavations on site. The results appear consistent with what would be expected from an artificial structure – lesser density materials, porosity, internal cavities/chambers, hallways etc. all contribute to an increased heat loss.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" height="408" src="http://www.gizaforhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/osmanagic24.jpg" title="osmanagic24" width="392" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Apparent Thermal Inertia</strong></font> </span></p><h4 align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">1.4. Geological-sedimentary analyses</font></h4> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The results of core drilling, test-well sinking and limited trenching in August and October 2005, with a follow-up in 2006 and 2007, have confirmed prior observations and, revealed that the surface of the pyramids is comprised of layered sandstone and breccia blocks, which have been manually processed and/or cut to fit the required dimensions. The binding agent found between the sandstone blocks suggest the presence of a “clastic breccia,” a multicolored conglomerate comprised out of gravel, sandstone and shale with a connective matrix or cement composed of sandy carbon particles of quartz, feldspar and flakes of mica. The flat sides of the blocks, the contact zone, and the binding agent are clearly visible. Further detailed cleaning of the contact line between the two sandstone blocks revealed that the blocks were manually processed beneath and that the surface was flat and smooth, with binding agent applied afterwards to the surface.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" height="287" src="http://www.gizaforhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/osmanagic25.jpg" title="osmanagic25" width="382" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Sandstone monoliths, shaped by human hands and emplaced at the monumental access plateau</strong></font> </span></p><h4 align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">1.5. Geodetic topographic countour analysis</font></h4> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The elevation that is shown on this high resolution interval contour map indicates an even overall slope and a stair-step design, observable on the sides of the Pyramid of the Sun.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" height="240" src="http://www.gizaforhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/osmanagic26.jpg" title="osmanagic26" width="392" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>3-D geodetic contour interval map of the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun (Courtesy: Geodetic Institute of Bosnia-Herzegovina)</strong></font> </span></p><h4 align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">1.6. Lineament detection</font></h4> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The automated linear-anomaly detector LINANAL (originally developed for tectonic studies of topographic lineaments) estimated the break angles of 43.822 degrees (+/- 1.6) on the exposed facets, repeated within the same error envelope on all exposed sides The observed phenomena should not be confused with triangular facets normally occurring in a tectonic setting, for those occurrences only exhibit single-sided triangulation and are uneven in the appearance with a far lesser or greater incidence angle, whereas the observed anomalies exhibit two or more even triangular sides with 4, ~~ 40-48 degrees angular breaks. Furthermore, no observed fault strikes correspond with the triangular occurrences on the mounds, thus eliminating the possibility that they were a secondary product of recent tectonic movements.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" height="409" src="http://www.gizaforhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/osmanagic28.jpg" title="osmanagic28" width="396" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Results from automated lineament detection on the available, high resolution data sets over Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun (and image base for a quick reference). Note the preferential orientation of the lineaments (Courtesy of Dr. Amer Smailbegovic)</strong></font> </span></p><h4 align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">1.7. Radar and georadar analysis</font></h4> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Combined radar analysis from RADARSAT and SPOT radar system suggest that there are apparent lineaments present on the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun and access plateau which may be indicative of buried terraces, walls and/or passageways/entrances or cavities and chambers inside of the structure. Additionally, artificial illumination of the radar-based topography suggests that the pyramids preserve their unusual shape even when illuminated from different directions. The existence of these artificial structures is also reinforced by numerous statements of the military personnel stationed on the Pyramid itself and subjected to heavy shelling. They have reported unusual ground vibrations, echoing and ground movement whenever the mound was hit by the artillery fire during the war operations in Bosnia 1992-95. This acoustic evidence suggests that cavities/chambers indeed exist within the structure. During winter 2006/2007, two independent teams of georadar experts from Germany (LGA Bautechnick GMBH with Dr. Andreas Hasenstab as a team leader) and Serbia (Institute for Geophysics from Belgrade with Dr. Dejan Vuckovic as a head of the research), concluded that a total of 44 anomalies were found in the Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids and includes terraces, steps, shaped stone structures, passageways etc.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" height="174" src="http://www.gizaforhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/osmanagic29.jpg" title="osmanagic29" width="254" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Georadar experts from German company LGA Bautechnick GMBH found 44 man-made structures within 18 meters in depth throughout Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" height="289" src="http://www.gizaforhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/osmanagic30.jpg" title="osmanagic30" width="382" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>German georadar equipment shows possible passageways within the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun</strong></font> </span></p><h4 align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">1.8. Equilateral triangle of three main pyramids</font></h4> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Three main pyramids in the Bosnian Pyramid Valley form an equilateral triangle. The Kadastral Office from the County of Visoko performed GPS measurements of the hilltops and determined that all angles are symmetric (60 degrees). Their measurements showed that the distances among all three hilltops are the same (approx. 2,2 km) with less than 2% error, verifying the artificial structures.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" height="393" src="http://www.gizaforhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/osmanagic31.jpg" title="osmanagic31" width="390" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Topographic chart (1:24,000) with all three locations (Bosnian pyramids of the Sun, Bosnian Pyramid of the Moon and Pyramid of the Bosnian Dragon), formed an equilateral triangle the valley (Courtesy of Cadastral Office, Municipality of Visoko).</strong></font> </span></p><h4 align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">1.9. Geo-archaelogical evidence – Field campaigns 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008</font></h4> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The “Archaeological Park: Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun” Foundation has spent over 300,000 working hours excavating the archaeological locations in Visoko – Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids. This fact alone made this project the largest archaeological project in the world.</strong></font> </span></p><h4 align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">1.9.1. Bosnian pyramid of the sun</font></h4> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun is completely covered by soil and vegetation. During the 1950s and 1960s, local government organized tree planting activities. Trees managed to grow only on the bottom half of the Pyramid. Thickness of the soil on Western, Northern and Eastern side of the Pyramid varies from the top (20cm) to the bottom (1.5 meter). This is due to the erosion. The Southern side, which seams to be damaged, has a soil layer of 3-6 meters. That is the reason why this side has lost its regularity. Physical material evidence of shaped and well preserved stone monoliths were unearthed during the ongoing geo-archaeological campaign in 2006-2008.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Excavation sites on the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" height="239" src="http://www.gizaforhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/osmanagic33.jpg" title="osmanagic33" width="356" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Stone monoliths on the Northern side of the Bosnian pyramid of the Sun superstructure of the pyramid-outer facing of the pyramid</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Samples of the stone blocks were analyzed in three domestic Bosnian scientific institutions (Institute for Civil Engineering in Tuzla, Institute for materials at the University of Zenica and Institute for Construction at the University of Sarajevo). Hardness of over 100 MPs and presence of the calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate point into the direction of ancient synthetic material – first concrete! According to Prof. Muhamed Pasic from University of Zenica, they are “moderately baked clay crushed with water possesses binding properties”. It has been the basis for Roman cement as well.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Concrete blocks stowed one on top of another, forming the slope of the pyramid<br />Four rows of blocks (40-45 cm thick) are followed by clay layer (45 cm) and another two rows of blocks follow.</strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Concrete blocks form the same slope in all directions.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Tree roots can not permeate the cement surface of the Pyramid.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>According to the biologist professor Sulejman Redzic of Univesity of Sarajevo, same roots break through natural conglomerate materialfor 20-25 meters (Neretva river valley, 120 km south of Visoko)</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>North-East corner of the Pyramid clearly shows construction characteristics.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Causeway that leads to the top of the Bosnian pyramid of the Sun is paved by the sandstone plates; pyramid is built from entirely different materials (concrete conglomerate blocks). Aerial photo shows corners between West and North, and North and East. Top of the Pyramid is flat like pyramids in China, Mexico or Egypt.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Fluvial geomorphology</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>– Comparison among two natural hills in US (Hazen Hill and Fowler Hill) and Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun (“Visocica”); triangular faces in a case of natural hills form the permanent water drainage unlike artificial walls of Bosnian pyramid of the Sun (Northern and Eastern sides).</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Concrete blocks are covered by thin and smooth “sandstone” layer</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Geophysicists from the Belgrade University conducting geo-radar screening (sonda # 12)</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Satellite radar has penetrated the surface of Northern side of the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun of four meters. Straight black lines show underground passageways – pyramidal substructure. Some of them intersect at 90 degrees.</strong></font> </span></p><h4 align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">1.9.2 Bosnian Pyramid of the Moon</font></h4> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>With its height of 190 meters, Bosnian Pyramid of the Moon is the world’s second largest: next to the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun (220 meters) and higher than Khufu’s Great Pyramid of Egypt (148 meters). It is a three-sided pyramid with the plateau coming from the East, leading to the top of the structure. Other sides (North, West, South) match the cardinal points. For the construction of this pyramid, sandstone plates and tiles were used together with the clay as a constructive material.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Layout of three main pyramids: Sun (top right), Moon (bottom) and Dragon (left) form the equilateral triangle with a distance of 2,2 km between the tops of the pyramids. </b></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Geometry, shape, orientation, constructive material – they all prove the perfect planning and execution of the complex. </b></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Shadow of the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun form the parallel “pyramid” next to the Bosnian pyramid of the Moon on a day of summer solstice (June 22), extremely important day for the ancient people</b></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1337" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/W_wVAAaGJRo" width="1610" youtube-src-id="W_wVAAaGJRo"></iframe></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1352" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/XU49FSIx0_g" width="1626" youtube-src-id="XU49FSIx0_g"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><br /><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /><br /> </b></span><p></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></td> <td valign="top" width="224"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="249"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">1</span></td> <td valign="top" width="249"> <p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l03_RTR322XK.jpg" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img03"><strong><font color="#ff8000">3</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">A rainbow appears as lightning strikes after a rainstorm in Haikou, Hainan province, China, on May 13, 2012. </font></strong></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1515" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Rh8wHMdKNjI" width="1823" youtube-src-id="Rh8wHMdKNjI"></iframe></font></strong></div><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><br /></font></strong><p></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img04"><font color="#ff8000"></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l04_31E10712.jpg" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img04"><strong><font color="#ff8000">4</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">An elusive "red sprite" flash, photographed by Expedition 31 astronauts aboard the International Space Station on April 30, 2012. The sprite (upper right) appears high above a lightning strike (bright spot in the clouds). Red sprites only last for a few milliseconds, sending pulses of electrical energy up toward the edge of space--the electrically charged layer known as the ionosphere--instead of down to Earth's surface. More about this image on NASA's </font></strong><a href="http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=78487"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Earth Observatory</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000">. (NASA) </font></strong><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img04"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000"> </font></strong><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/l04_31E10712.jpg"><strong><font color="#ff8000"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></font></strong></a></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img05"><font color="#ff8000"></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l05_40103709.jpg" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img05"><strong><font color="#ff8000">5</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">A lightning bolt flashes above Independence Square near the landmark Palacio Salvo, in Montevideo, Uruguay, as a storm passes over the capital early on February 28, 2012. (Mariana Suarez/AFP/Getty Images) </font></strong><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img05"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000"> </font></strong><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/l05_40103709.jpg"><strong><font color="#ff8000"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></font></strong></a></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img06"><font color="#ff8000"></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l06_35576374.jpg" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img06"><strong><font color="#ff8000">6</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Lightning over the Grand Tetons. Original </font></strong><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/29494958@N07/7635576374/"><strong><font color="#ff8000">here</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000">. (</font></strong><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/2.0/deed.en"><strong><font color="#ff8000">CC BY ND</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000"> Flickr user </font></strong><a href="http://www.flickr.com/people/29494958@N07/"><strong><font color="#ff8000">inuyashacow</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000">) </font></strong><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img06"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000"> </font></strong><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/l06_35576374.jpg"><strong><font color="#ff8000"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></font></strong></a></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img07"><font color="#ff8000"></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l07_46625836.jpg" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img07"><strong><font color="#ff8000">7</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Forks of lightning during a thunderstorm in Warsaw, Poland, on June 20, 2012. (Alex Grimm/Getty Images) </font></strong><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img07"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000"> </font></strong><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/l07_46625836.jpg"><strong><font color="#ff8000"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></font></strong></a></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img08"><font color="#ff8000"></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l08_03145333.jpg" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img08"><strong><font color="#ff8000">8</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Lightning streaks across the sky in Tyler, Texas as a powerful line of thunderstorms, several spawning tornadoes moved across Texas, on April 3, 2012. (AP Photo/Dr. Scott M. Lieberman) </font></strong><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img08"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000"> </font></strong><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/l08_03145333.jpg"><strong><font color="#ff8000"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></font></strong></a></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img09"><font color="#ff8000"></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l09_RTR33NY6.jpg" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img09"><strong><font color="#ff8000">9</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Lightning illuminates the sky above Donbass Arena during the Group D Euro 2012 soccer match Ukraine vs France in Donetsk, Ukraine, on June 15, 2012. The game was suspended due to heavy rain and thunder storm. (Reuters/Felix Ordonez) </font></strong><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img09"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000"> </font></strong><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/l09_RTR33NY6.jpg"><strong><font color="#ff8000"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></font></strong></a></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img10"><font color="#ff8000"></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l10_RTR34WVP.jpg" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img10"><strong><font color="#ff8000">10</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Lighting strikes behind a barn surrounded by a soybean crop in Donnellson, Iowa, on July 13, 2012. (Reuters/Adrees Latif) </font></strong><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img10"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000"> </font></strong><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/l10_RTR34WVP.jpg"><strong><font color="#ff8000"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></font></strong></a></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img11"><font color="#ff8000"></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l11_0E228193.jpg" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img11"><strong><font color="#ff8000">11</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Viewed from low Earth orbit, lightning illuminates a cloud from within, above Oklahoma, on April 11, 2012. Photo taken by astronauts aboard the International Space Station, some 250 miles above the clouds. (NASA) </font></strong><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img11"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000"> </font></strong><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/l11_0E228193.jpg"><strong><font color="#ff8000"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></font></strong></a></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img12"><font color="#ff8000"></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l12_RTR34DJF.jpg" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img12"><strong><font color="#ff8000">12</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Lightning strikes over buildings during a thunderstorm in Berlin, on June 29, 2012. (Reuters/Pawel Kopczynski) </font></strong><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img12"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000"> </font></strong><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/l12_RTR34DJF.jpg"><strong><font color="#ff8000"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></font></strong></a></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img13"><font color="#ff8000"></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l13_02035567.jpg" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img13"><strong><font color="#ff8000">13</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">A double rainbow appears in the sky as lightning strikes during a severe thunderstorm in Hamilton, Ohio, on May 1, 2012. (AP Photo/Steve Vaughn) </font></strong><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img13"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000"> </font></strong><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/l13_02035567.jpg"><strong><font color="#ff8000"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></font></strong></a></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img14"><font color="#ff8000"></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l14_RTR34T49.jpg" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img14"><strong><font color="#ff8000">14</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Lightning, during a storm above the Memorial Center in Potocari the night before a mass burial, near Srebrenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina, on July 10, 2012. The bodies of 520 recently identified victims of the Srebrenica massacre were buried on July 11, the anniversary of the massacre when Bosnian Serb forces commanded by Ratko Mladic slaughtered 8,000 Muslim men and boys and buried them in mass graves, in Europe's worst massacre since World War Two. (Reuters/Dado Ruvic) </font></strong><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img14"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000"> </font></strong><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/l14_RTR34T49.jpg"><strong><font color="#ff8000"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></font></strong></a></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img15"><font color="#ff8000"></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l15_03457094.jpg" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img15"><strong><font color="#ff8000">15</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Lightning strikes Lake Michigan, seen from Streeterville, north of downtown Chicago. Original </font></strong><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/smaedli/7503457094/"><strong><font color="#ff8000">here</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000">. (</font></strong><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.en"><strong><font color="#ff8000">CC BY</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000"> </font></strong><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/smaedli/"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Chad Kainz</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000">) </font></strong><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img15"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000"> </font></strong><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/l15_03457094.jpg"><strong><font color="#ff8000"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></font></strong></a></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img16"><font color="#ff8000"></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l16_RTR36ZV9.jpg" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img16"><strong><font color="#ff8000">16</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Lightning strikes over a house in the northern Swiss town of Muellheim, on August 20, 2012. (Reuters/Arnd Wiegmann) </font></strong><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img16"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000"> </font></strong><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/l16_RTR36ZV9.jpg"><strong><font color="#ff8000"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></font></strong></a></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img17"><font color="#ff8000"></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l17_RTR36ZD3.jpg" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img17"><strong><font color="#ff8000">17</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Lightning touches down during a storm in central Shanghai, on August 20, 2012. (Reuters/Aly Song) </font></strong><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img17"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000"> </font></strong><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/l17_RTR36ZD3.jpg"><strong><font color="#ff8000"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></font></strong></a></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img18"><font color="#ff8000"></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l18_43402124.jpg" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img18"><strong><font color="#ff8000">18</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">A flash of lightning illuminates the night sky during a thunderstorm in Cali, Valle del Cauca department, Colombia, on April 25, 2012. (Luis Robayo/AFP/Getty Images) </font></strong><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img18"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000"> </font></strong><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/l18_43402124.jpg"><strong><font color="#ff8000"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></font></strong></a></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img19"><font color="#ff8000"></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l19_RTR34XNM.jpg" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img19"><strong><font color="#ff8000">19</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Lighting strikes over Saint Joseph cathedral Hanoi, Vietnam, on July 14, 2012. (Reuters/Carlos Barria) </font></strong><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img19"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000"> </font></strong><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/l19_RTR34XNM.jpg"><strong><font color="#ff8000"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></font></strong></a></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img20"><font color="#ff8000"></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l20_RTR35D8X.jpg" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img20"><strong><font color="#ff8000">20</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Lightningin the sky above the Christopher Columbus monument at Madrid's Colon Square, on July 26, 2012. (Reuters/Juan Medina) </font></strong><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img20"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000"> </font></strong><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/l20_RTR35D8X.jpg"><strong><font color="#ff8000"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></font></strong></a></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img21"><font color="#ff8000"></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l21_42843255.jpg" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img21"><strong><font color="#ff8000">21</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Lightning bolts crisscross the sky above Lahore City, Pakistan, during a thunderstorm that was followed with heavy rain on April 13, 2012. (Arif Ali/AFP/Getty Images) </font></strong><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img21"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000"> </font></strong><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/l21_42843255.jpg"><strong><font color="#ff8000"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></font></strong></a></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img22"><font color="#ff8000"></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l22_RTR33BD4.jpg" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img22"><strong><font color="#ff8000">22</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">A soldier from the U.S. Army's Alpha Company, 1-12 Infantry, 4th Brigade, 4th Infantry Division, mans a weapon during a lightning storm at Combat Outpost Pirtle-King in Afghanistan's Kunar Province, on June 8, 2012. (Reuters/Tim Wimborne) </font></strong><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img22"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000"> </font></strong><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/l22_RTR33BD4.jpg"><strong><font color="#ff8000"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></font></strong></a></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img23"><font color="#ff8000"></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l23_46625838.jpg" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img23"><strong><font color="#ff8000">23</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Forks of lightning during a thunderstorm above Warsaw, Poland, on June 20, 2012. (Alex Grimm/Getty Images) </font></strong><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img23"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000"> </font></strong><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/l23_46625838.jpg"><strong><font color="#ff8000"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></font></strong></a></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img24"><font color="#ff8000"></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l24_RTR34XXA.jpg" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img24"><strong><font color="#ff8000">24</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">A double rainbow appears after a heavy monsoon storms over Nipton Road in Searchlight, Nevada, on July 13, 2012. (Reuters/Gene Blevins)</font></strong></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></td> <td valign="top" width="249">1</td> <td valign="top" width="249">1</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="blogger-post-footer">http://<script async="async" src="http://jd.revolvermaps.com/2/1.js?i=3wd8fayvo9r&s=220&m=0&v=true&r=false&b=000000&n=false&c=ff0000" type="text/javascript"></script></div> <div class="blogger-post-footer">http://<script async="async" src="http://jd.revolvermaps.com/2/1.js?i=3wd8fayvo9r&s=220&m=0&v=true&r=false&b=000000&n=false&c=ff0000" type="text/javascript"></script></div> <p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript" src="//ra.revolvermaps.com/0/0/6.js?i=00bo1v8as3p&m=0&s=341&c=ff0000&cr1=ffffff&f=arial&l=0&bv=80" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3736852641690443895.post-30684488750288834032023-07-29T01:13:00.002-07:002023-07-29T01:13:39.314-07:00<p> </p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-size: 66px; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;">Demilitarized South China Sea BY DESTROYING ALL CHINESE ISLANDS INSIDE THEIR NINE DASH LINE</span></span></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2238" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/y53xJAGkjZQ" width="2691" youtube-src-id="y53xJAGkjZQ"></iframe></div><br /><header class="ssrcss-1eqcsb1-HeadingWrapper e1nh2i2l5" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 2.5rem 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1rem; vertical-align: baseline;"><h1 class="ssrcss-15xko80-StyledHeading e1fj1fc10" id="main-heading" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 1.09091; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" tabindex="-1"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: 2.75rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">South </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: 2.75rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">China Sea dispute: China's pursuit of resources 'unlawful', says UNCLOS</span></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><img height="1528" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/16FAE/production/_113362149_gettyimages-600984998.jpg" width="2716" />IMAGE SOURCE,</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">GETTY IMAGESImage caption,</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">The US has previously accused China of militarising the South China Sea (file photo)</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">China's pursuit of offshore resources in parts of the South China Sea is "completely unlawful", US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo has said.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">He condemned Beijing's "campaign of bullying to control" disputed waters that are potentially energy-rich.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">China, which has been building military bases on artificial islands in the area for years, said the US "deliberately distorts facts and international law".</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">The US has long opposed China's actions but not called them illegal until now.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">ADVERTISEMENT</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">Mr Pompeo's comments come amid worsening relations between China and a number of other countries. It is unclear what new actions, if any, the US might take to back up its stance.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">Brunei, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan and Vietnam contest China's claim to almost all of the South China Sea. The countries have wrangled over territory for decades but tension has steadily increased in recent years.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">Beijing claims an area known as the "nine-dash line" and has backed its claim with island-building and patrols, expanding its military presence there, although it insists its intentions are peaceful.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13748349">Why is the South China Sea contentious?</a></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-53344449">What might happen next in the South China Sea?</a></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">Although largely uninhabited, two island chains in the area may have reserves of natural resources around them. The sea is also a shipping route and has major fishing grounds.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">In its annual defence review, Japan said China's naval activities were a matter of grave concern, accusing Beijing of trying to alter the status quo in the East and South China Seas.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">What did Mr Pompeo say?</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">In a statement on Monday, <a href="https://www.state.gov/u-s-position-on-maritime-claims-in-the-south-china-sea/">Mr Pompeo denounced China's claims on the disputed Spratly Islands</a> in the South China Sea, saying Beijing had "no legal grounds to unilaterally impose its will on the region".</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">He said the US, which has previously said it does not take sides in territorial disputes, rejected Beijing's claims to waters off Vietnam, Malaysia and Indonesia.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">"Any [People's Republic of China] action to harass other states' fishing or hydrocarbon development in these waters - or to carry out such activities unilaterally - is unlawful," he said.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">"The world will not allow Beijing to treat the South China Sea as its maritime empire."</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">How did China respond?</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">In a statement posted on Twitter, <a href="https://twitter.com/ChineseEmbinUS/status/1282822939000414210">the Chinese embassy in Washington DC said the US state department "deliberately distorts the facts and international law including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea".</a></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">It said America "exaggerates the situation in the region and attempts to sow discord between China and other littoral countries.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">"The accusation is completely unjustified. The Chinese side is firmly opposed to it."</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><img src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/464/cpsprodpb/9C98/production/_106288004_941672d4-0b86-4ba2-9f56-8bac4285d8f6.jpg" /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">Significant risks with seemingly insignificant islands</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">Zhaoyin Feng, BBC Chinese, Washington DC</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">Before now, the US had not taken sides on territorial disputes in the South China Sea.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">Four years after an international tribunal in The Hague ruled that China's claims in the region had no legal basis, the US has for the first time officially made its stance clear. But why now?</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">Last week, China and the US held naval exercises in the area at the same time - a rare phenomenon indicating rising tensions.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">In the bigger context, the Trump administration has pledged to overturn what it says is 40 years of policy failure with regard to China. Washington has recently criticised Beijing on issues ranging from its handling of the coronavirus pandemic, to human rights violations against Muslim minorities in Xinjiang and how it has dealt with pro-democracy protests in Hong Kong.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">But it was China's land reclamation projects in the South China Sea that prompted the rest of the world to reassess Beijing's international ambitions.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">And the stakes in the region are incredibly high. In these seemingly insignificant island chains and reefs, there are growing risks of military conflict between the world's two most powerful countries.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><img src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/464/cpsprodpb/9C98/production/_106288004_941672d4-0b86-4ba2-9f56-8bac4285d8f6.jpg" /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">Mr Pompeo said the US stood "with our South-East Asian allies and partners in protecting their sovereign rights to offshore resources," adding that this position was "consistent with their rights and obligations under international law".</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">What's behind the South China Sea dispute?</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">The sea has in recent years become a flashpoint for tensions between China and other nations which claim sovereignty over two largely uninhabited island chains, the Paracels and the Spratlys.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">China claims the largest portion of territory, saying its rights go back centuries.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span><img height="1840" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/18105/production/_90356589_south_china_sea_spratlys.png" width="1979" /><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><img src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/604B/production/_97415642_007_in_numbers_624.png" /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">The US has long been critical of what it says is China's militarisation of the region and routinely angers Beijing with "freedom of navigation" missions.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">In August 2018, a BBC team flew over the disputed South China Sea islands in a US military plane. In a radio communication, the pilots were warned to leave the area "immediately" in order to "avoid any misunderstanding".</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">Media caption,</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">A BBC team flew over the disputed South China Sea islands in a US military plane in 2018</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">Months earlier, China landed bombers in the disputed territory to take part in drills on islands and reefs.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">China has previously accused the US Navy of provocation and interference in regional matters.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></h1></header><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2236" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/uwN6kPdw3PQ" width="2690" youtube-src-id="uwN6kPdw3PQ"></iframe></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: 700;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: 700;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-large;">China’s sweeping claims of sovereignty over the sea—and the sea’s estimated 11 billion barrels of untapped <a href="http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/5-things-didnt-know-south-china-sea-conflict/">oil </a>and 190 trillion cubic feet of <a href="http://www.eia.gov/countries/analysisbriefs/South_China_Sea/south_china_sea.pdf">natural gas</a>—have antagonized competing claimants Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam. As early as the 1970s, countries began to <a href="https://www.cfr.org/interactives/chinas-maritime-disputes?cid=otr-marketing_use-china_sea_InfoGuide#!/chinas-maritime-disputes?cid=otr-marketing_use-china_sea_InfoGuide">claim </a>islands and various zones in the South China Sea, such as the Spratly Islands, which possess rich natural resources and fishing areas.</span></b></div><div style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: 700;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42784.pdf" style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;">China maintains</a><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;"> [PDF] that, under international law, foreign militaries are not able to conduct intelligence-gathering activities, such as reconnaissance flights, in its exclusive economic zone (EEZ). According to the United States, claimant countries, under UN Convention of the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), should have </span><a href="https://thediplomat.com/2018/01/south-china-sea-us-destroyer-conducts-freedom-of-navigation-operations-near-scarborough-shoal/" style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;">freedom of navigation</a><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;"> through EEZs in the sea and are not required to notify claimants of military activities. In July 2016, the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague issued its ruling on a claim brought against China by the Philippines under UNCLOS, </span><a href="http://www.pcacases.com/web/view/7" style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;">ruling </a><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;">in favor of the Philippines on almost every count. While China is a signatory to the treaty, which established the tribunal, it refuses to accept the court’s authority.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;">In recent years, satellite imagery has shown China’s increased efforts to reclaim land in the South China Sea by physically increasing the size of islands or creating new islands altogether. In addition to piling sand onto existing reefs, China has constructed ports, military installations, and airstrips—particularly in the </span><a href="https://amti.csis.org/island-tracker/china/" style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;">Paracel and Spratly Islands</a><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;">, where it has twenty and seven outposts, respectively. China has militarized </span><a href="http://www.atimes.com/article/china-nearly-done-militarizing-south-china-sea/" style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;">Woody Island</a><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;"> by deploying fighter jets, cruise missiles, and a radar system.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;">To protect its political, security, and economic </span><a href="https://warontherocks.com/2018/03/unpacking-the-free-and-open-indo-pacific/" style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;">interests </a><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;">in the region, the United States has challenged China’s assertive territorial claims and land reclamation efforts by conducting FONOPs and bolstering support for Southeast Asian partners. Also in response to China’s assertive presence in the disputed territory, Japan has </span><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2017/08/29/commentary/japan-commentary/japans-maritime-diplomacy-mission-s-e-asia/" style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;">sold </a><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;">military ships and equipment to the Philippines and Vietnam in order to improve their maritime security capacity and to deter Chinese aggression.</span><br /><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;">Concerns</span><br /><br /><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;">The United States, which maintains important interests in ensuring </span><a href="http://policy.defense.gov/Portals/11/FY17%20DOD%20FON%20Report.pdf?ver=2018-01-19-163418-053" style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;">freedom of navigation</a><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;"> and securing sea lines of communication (SLOCs), has </span><a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-asean-philippines-southchinasea-idUSKBN1AN0TU" style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;">expressed support</a><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;"> for an agreement on a binding </span><a href="http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2105190/what-south-china-sea-code-conduct-and-why-does-it" style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;">code of conduct</a><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;"> and other confidence-building measures. China’s claims threaten SLOCs, which are important maritime passages that facilitate trade and the movement of naval forces.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;">The United States has a role in preventing military escalation resulting from the territorial dispute. Washington’s defense treaty with Manila could draw the United States into a potential China-Philippines conflict over the substantial </span><a href="https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/regions-topics.cfm?RegionTopicID=SCS" style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;">natural gas deposits</a><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;"> or lucrative fishing grounds in disputed territory. The failure of Chinese and Southeast Asian leaders to resolve the disputes by diplomatic means could also undermine international laws governing maritime disputes and encourage destabilizing arms buildups.</span><br /><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;">Recent Developments</span><br /><br /><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;">Tensions between China and both the </span><a href="http://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/2141255/china-and-philippines-chart-course-towards-calmer-south" style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;">Philippines </a><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;">and </span><a href="http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2119868/china-vietnam-sign-cooperation-pacts-bid-thaw-ties" style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;">Vietnam </a><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;">have recently cooled, even as China increased its </span><a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-defence/exclusive-satellite-images-reveal-show-of-force-by-chinese-navy-in-south-china-sea-idUSKBN1H3135" style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;">military activity</a><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;"> in the South China Sea by conducting a series of naval maneuvers and exercises in March and April 2018. Meanwhile, China continues to </span><a href="http://www.inquirer.net/specials/exclusive-china-militarization-south-china-sea" style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;">construct military and industrial outposts</a><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;"> on artificial islands it has built in disputed waters.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;">The United States has also stepped up its </span><a href="https://www.navytimes.com/flashpoints/2018/04/10/us-carrier-roosevelt-displays-capabilities-in-disputed-south-china-sea/" style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;">military activity</a><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;"> and </span><a href="https://www.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/1458238/aircraft-carrier-uss-carl-vinson-makes-vietnam-port-call/" style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;">naval presence</a><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;"> in the region in recent years, including </span><a href="https://news.usni.org/2018/03/23/u-s-warship-sails-past-disputed-south-china-sea-artificial-island-freedom-navigation-mission" style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;">freedom of navigation operations</a><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;"> (FONOPs) in January and March 2018. In a speech during his November 2017 visit to Southeast Asia, President Donald J. Trump emphasized the importance of such operations, and of ensuring free and open access to the South China Sea. Since May 2017, the United States has conducted </span><a href="https://thediplomat.com/2018/03/china-condemns-us-fonop-near-mischief-reef-in-the-south-china-sea/" style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;">six FONOPs</a><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;"> in the region.</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2238" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/BHCkZbBwFyM" width="2692" youtube-src-id="BHCkZbBwFyM"></iframe></div><br /><p><br /></p><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript" src="//ra.revolvermaps.com/0/0/6.js?i=00bo1v8as3p&m=0&s=341&c=ff0000&cr1=ffffff&f=arial&l=0&bv=80" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3736852641690443895.post-9854360675101187292023-07-28T21:41:00.001-07:002023-07-28T21:41:14.113-07:00<br />
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<strong style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">JOAN OF ARC, THE PLAGUE: AND THE 100 YEARS WAR</span></span></span></strong><br />
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<strong><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">JOAN OF ARC, THE PLAGUE: AND THE 100 YEARS WAR</span></span></span></strong></div>
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<span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>The </strong></span></span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=fte#fte"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Norman conquest</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> of England introduces a new situation in northwest Europe. Lands on both sides of the English Channel are from this time under the control of a single dynasty. The kings of England are also the dukes of Normandy.</strong></span></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>The end of English rule over Calais came on January 9, 1558 when the French, under Francis, Duke of Guise, took advantage of a weakened garrison and decayed fortifications to retake it. The loss was regarded by Queen Mary I of England as a dreadful misfortune. When she heard the news, she reportedly said, "When I am dead and opened, you shall find 'Philip (her husband)' and 'Calais' lying in my heart." The region around Calais, then-known as the Calaisis, was renamed the Pays Reconquis ("Reconquered Country") in commemoration of its recovery by the French.<img alt="Engraving depicting the Battle of Agincourt of 1415 in which Henry V, with 10,000 men, defeated three times that number of French" height="771" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2009/07/22/article-0-02DFB2830000044D-102_468x363.jpg" width="995" /></strong></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>The Black Death was one of the most devastating </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>pandemics</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> in </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_world"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>human history</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, peaking in Europe between 1348 and 1350. It is widely thought to have been an outbreak of </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_(disease)"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>plague</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> caused by the bacterium <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yersinia_pestis">Yersinia pestis</a></i>, an argument supported by recent forensic research, although this view has been challenged by a number of scholars. Thought to have started in China, it travelled along the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Silk Road</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> and had reached the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Crimea</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> by 1346. From there, probably carried by </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_rat_flea"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Oriental rat fleas</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> living on the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_rat"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>black rats</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> that were regular passengers on </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_ship"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>merchant ships</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, it spread throughout the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Mediterranean</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> and Europe.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>The Black Death is estimated to have killed 30% – 60% of Europe's population, reducing the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>world's population</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> from an estimated 450 million to between 350 and 375 million in 1400. This has been seen as having created a series of religious, social and economic upheavals, which had profound effects on the course of </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_history"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>European history</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>. It took 150 years for Europe's population to recover. The plague returned at various times, killing more people, until it left Europe in the 19th century.</strong></span></span></span></span><br /><div class="wlWriterEditableSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:26ea720d-1f15-4f70-9bce-320b20ab841c" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </div><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong><img alt="File:Hundred years war.gif" height="1344" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hundred_years_war.gif/522px-Hundred_years_war.gif" width="1172" /></strong></span><br />
<span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Lands across the Channel: 11th - 15thcentury AD</strong></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000;">The </span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=fte#fte"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Norman conquest</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"> of England introduces a new situation in northwest Europe. Lands on both sides of the English Channel are from this time under the control of a single dynasty. The kings of England are also the dukes of Normandy.<br />A Norman-French royal family crowned in Westminster seeks to extend its territories on the French side of the water. At the same time a Frankish-French royal family crowned in Reims strives to assert its authority over the whole geographical region of </span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=fuk#fuk"><span style="color: #ff8000;">France</span></a>. The result is a prolonged struggle, eventually spanning some four centuries, in which the identities of medieval Europe's two strongest kingdoms are gradually shaped. </b></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000;">The struggle is not just one of warfare and battles. It is a complex game of dynastic marriages and interconnecting obligations. </span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=ftb#ftb"><span style="color: #ff8000;">William the Conqueror</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;">, king of England, is technically the king of France's vassal - in his other role as the duke of Normandy.<br />Even more dramatic is the case of William's great-grandson, </span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=fto#fto"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Henry II</span></a>. Though a vassal of the French king, his lands occupy a region of France which is larger than the royal domain. The French king rules a realm around Paris and Orleans in the north. Henry II inherits a broad swathe down the entire west of the country. </b></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>The princes of the two houses marry within the same limited circle, so western Europe becomes an interconnected web of French-speaking cousins - often with good claims to each other's territories. </strong></span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=fsw#fsw"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Louis VII and Henry II</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> set a powerful example, as kings of France and England who marry the same heiress from Aquitaine. But the point can be made almost equally well among their sucsessors.<br />The kings who follow Henry II on the throne of England marry, in this sequence, daughters of the rulers of Navarre, Angouleme, Provence, Castile, France, Hainaut, Bohemia, Navarre, France and Avignon. During the same period kings of France marry daughters of Navarre, Provence, Castile and Hainaut.</strong></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="2358"><span style="color: #ff8000;"></span></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="gnv"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="gmj"></a></b></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>The cause of a long conflict: AD 1308-1328</strong></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000;">In this web of conflicting claims, warfare between French and English is endemic on French soil during these centuries. But it flares into a long and bitter conflict in the 14th century.<br />One cause of the dispute is dynastic, resulting from one of the marriages between the French and English royal families. In 1308 Isabella, daughter of the king of France, marries </span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=fwp#fwp"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Edward II</span></a>, king of England. In 1312 their son, also Edward, is born. By that time the eldest of Isabella's three brothers is on the French throne. Ten years later her third brother, Charles IV, becomes king. The problem for France is that Isabella has plenty of brothers but no nephews. </b></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000;">When Charles IV dies, at the age of thirty-four in 1328, he has been three times married but he has no son. Since the death of </span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=ema#ema"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Hugh Capet</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"> in 996 there has always been a son (or very occasionally a brother) to inherit the French crown. In the present generation the pattern is broken. Charles IV succeeds two elder brothers (Louis X and Philip V), and he leaves two daughters - one of them born posthumously.<br />The claim of Charles's elder daughter is rejected on the grounds of her sex, even though the </span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=216"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Salic Law</span></a> is not yet officially enshrined in the French system. A great assembly of feudal magnates is charged with deciding who is the rightful heir. </b></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000;">The closest male relative of Charles IV is his nephew Edward, the son of Charles's sister </span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=fwp#fwp"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Isabella</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;">. There is a certain logical objection to Edward's inheritance; if the crown may not be inherited by a woman, it would seem inconsistent for it to be inherited through a woman.<br />There is another factor which the chronicles of the time imply to be an even more powerful obstacle. Edward is now </span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=fwq#fwq"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Edward III</span></a>, king of England. France does not want an English king. </b></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>In the circumstances it is not surprising that the French assembly awards the crown to a more distant relation of the dead king. Philip of Valois is only a cousin of Charles IV, but his descent is all-male and all-French (he is the son of a younger brother of Charles's father, Philip IV).<br />The Valois prince is crowned king at Reims in May 1328 as Philip VI, beginning a new (though closely related) line on the French throne.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="982" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Hgj12abVVtU" width="1181" youtube-src-id="Hgj12abVVtU"></iframe></div><br /></strong></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>The background to the conflict is to be found in 1066, when </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_I_of_England"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>William, Duke of Normandy</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, led an </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Conquest"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>invasion of England</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>. He defeated the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>English</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Godwinson"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>King Harold II</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> at the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Battle of Hastings</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, and had himself crowned King of England. As Duke of Normandy, he remained a </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassal"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>vassal</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> of the French King, and was required to swear </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fealty"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>fealty</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> to the latter for his lands in France; for a king to swear fealty to another king was considered humiliating, and the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Kings"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Norman Kings</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> of England generally attempted to avoid the service. On the French side, the Capetian monarchs resented a neighbouring king holding lands within their own realm, and sought to neutralise the threat England now posed to France.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1">[2]</a></sup></strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Following a period of </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_war"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>civil wars</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> and unrest in England known as </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Anarchy"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>The Anarchy</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> (1135–1154), the Anglo-Norman dynasty was succeeded by the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Angevin</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> Kings. At the height of their power the Angevins controlled Normandy and England, along with </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_(province_of_France)"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Maine</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjou"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Anjou</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touraine"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Touraine</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitou"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Poitou</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gascony"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Gascony</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saintonge"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Saintonge</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, and </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquitaine"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Aquitaine</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> (this assemblage of lands is sometimes known as the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angevin_Empire"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Angevin Empire</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>). The King of England directly ruled more territory on the continent than the King of France himself. This situation – in which the Angevin kings owed </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassalage"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>vassalage</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> to a ruler who was <i>de facto</i> much weaker – was a cause of continual conflict. </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_England"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>John of England</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> inherited this great estate from </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_of_England"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>King Richard I</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>. However, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_France"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Philip II of France</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> acted decisively to exploit the weaknesses of King John, both legally and militarily, and by 1204 had succeeded in wresting control of most of the ancient territorial possessions. The subsequent </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bouvines"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Battle of Bouvines</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> (1214), along with the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saintonge_War"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Saintonge War</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> (1242) and finally the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Saint-Sardos"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>War of Saint-Sardos</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> (1324), reduced Angevin hold on the continent to a few small provinces in Gascony, and the complete loss of the crown jewel of Normandy.</strong></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>By the early 14th century, many people in the English aristocracy could still remember a time when their grandparents and great-grandparents had control over wealthy continental regions, such as Normandy, which they also considered their ancestral homeland. They were motivated to regain possession of these territories.</strong></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Dynastic turmoil: 1314–1328</span></h4>
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>The specific events leading up to the war took place in France, where the unbroken line of the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Capet"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Direct Capetian</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> firstborn sons had succeeded each other for centuries. It was the longest continuous dynasty in medieval Europe. In 1314, the Direct Capetian, King </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Philip IV</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, died, leaving three male heirs: </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_X_of_France"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Louis X</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_V_of_France"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Philip V</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, and </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_IV_of_France"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Charles IV</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>. A fourth child of Phillip IV, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_France"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Isabella</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, was married to </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_II_of_England"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Edward II of England</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, and in 1312 had produced a son, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Edward of Windsor</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, who was a potential heir to the thrones of both England (through his father) and France (through his grandfather).</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Philip IV's eldest son and heir, Louis X, died in 1316, leaving only his posthumous son </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I_of_France"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>John I</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, who was born and died that same year, and a daughter </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_II_of_Navarre"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Joan</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, whose paternity was suspect.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Upon the deaths of Louis X and John I, Philip IV's second-eldest son, Philip V, sought the throne for himself, using rumours that his niece Joan was a result of her mother's adultery (and thus barred from the succession). A by-product of this was the invocation in the 1350s of </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salic_law"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Salic law</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> to assert that women could not inherit the French throne.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4">[5]</a></sup> When Philip V himself died in 1322, his daughters, too, were put aside in favour of an uncle: Charles IV, the third son of Philip IV.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>In 1324, Charles IV of France and his brother-in-law, Edward II of England fought the short </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Saint-Sardos"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>War of Saint-Sardos</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> in </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gascony"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Gascony</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>. The major event of the war was the brief siege of the English fortress of </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_R%C3%A9ole"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>La Réole</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, on the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garonne"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Garonne</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>. The English forces, led by </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_of_Woodstock,_1st_Earl_of_Kent"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Edmund of Woodstock, Earl of Kent</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, were forced to surrender after a month of bombardment from the French cannon, after promised reinforcements never arrived. The war was a complete failure for England, and only </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Bordeaux</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> and a narrow coastal strip of the once great </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Aquitaine"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Duchy of Aquitaine</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> remained outside French control.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>The recovery of these lost lands became a major focus of English diplomacy. The war also galvanised opposition to Edward II among the English nobility and led to his being </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposition_(politics)"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>deposed</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> from the throne in 1327, in favour of his young son, Edward of Windsor, who thus became </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Edward III</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>. Charles IV died in 1328, leaving only a daughter, and an unborn infant who would prove to be a girl. The senior line of the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capetian_dynasty"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Capetian dynasty</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> thus ended, creating a crisis over the French succession.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Meanwhile in England, the young Edward of Windsor had become King Edward III of England in 1327. Being also the nephew of Charles IV of France, Edward was Charles' closest living male relative, and the only surviving male descendent of Philip IV. By the English interpretation of feudal law, this made Edward III the legitimate </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_to_the_throne"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>heir to the throne</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> of France.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000;"><b> Family tree relating the French and English royal houses at the beginning of the war</b></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>The French nobility, however, balked at the prospect of a foreign king, particularly one who was also king of England. They asserted, based on their interpretation of the ancient </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salic_Law"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Salic Law</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, that the royal inheritance could not pass to a woman or through her to her offspring. Therefore, the most senior man of the Capetian dynasty after Charles IV, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Philip of Valois</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, grandson of Philip III of France, was the legitimate heir in the eyes of the French. He had taken regency after Charles IV's death and was allowed to take the throne after Charles' widow gave birth to a daughter. Philip of Valois was crowned as Philip VI, the first of the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Valois"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>House of Valois</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_II_of_Navarre"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Joan II of Navarre</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, the daughter of Louis X, also had a good legal claim to the French throne, but lacked the power to back it up. The </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Kingdom of Navarre</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> had no precedent against female rulers (the House of Capet having inherited it through Joan's grandmother, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_I_of_Navarre"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Joan I of Navarre</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>), and so by treaty she and her husband, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_III_of_Navarre"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Philip of Évreux</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, were permitted to inherit that Kingdom; however, the same treaty forced Joan and her husband to accept the accession of Philip VI in France, and to surrender her hereditary French domains of Champagne and Brie to the French crown in exchange for inferior estates. Joan and Philip of Évreux then produced a son, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_Navarre"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Charles II of Navarre</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>. Born in 1332, Charles replaced Edward III as Philip IV's male heir in </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primogeniture"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>primogeniture</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, and in proximity to Louis X; although Edward remained the male heir in proximity to Saint Louis, Philip IV, and Charles IV (6th).</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
</span><h4>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">On the eve of war: 1328–1337</span></h4>
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>After Philip's accession, the English still controlled </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gascony"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Gascony</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>. Gascony produced vital shipments of </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>salt</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> and </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>wine</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, and was very profitable. It was a separate </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fief"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>fief</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, held of the French crown, rather than a territory of England. The </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homage_(medieval)"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Homage</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> done for its possession was a bone of contention between the two kings. Philip VI demanded Edward's recognition as sovereign; Edward wanted the return of further lands lost by his father. A compromise "homage" in 1329 pleased neither side; but in 1331, facing serious problems at home, Edward accepted Philip as King of France and gave up his claims to the French throne. In effect, England kept Gascony, in return for Edward giving up his claims to be the rightful heir to the French throne.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>In 1333, Edward III went to war against </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>David II of Scotland</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, a French ally under the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auld_Alliance"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Auld Alliance</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, and began the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_War_of_Scottish_Independence"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Second War of Scottish Independence</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>. Philip saw the opportunity to reclaim Gascony while England's attention was concentrated northwards. However, the war was, initially at least, a quick success for England, and David was forced to flee to France after being defeated by King Edward and </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Balliol"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Edward Balliol</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> at the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Halidon_Hill"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Battle of Halidon Hill</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> in July. In 1336, Philip made plans for an expedition to restore David to the Scottish throne, and to also seize Gascony.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
</span><h4>
<span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Beginning of the war: 1337–1360 </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War_(1337%E2%80%931360)"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Hundred Years' War</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War_(1337%E2%80%931360)"><span style="color: #ff8000;">(1337–1360)</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"></span></span></span></h4>
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="color: orange;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cadsand"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Cadsand</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"> – </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arnemuiden"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Arnemuiden</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"> – </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel_naval_campaign,_1338-1339"><span style="color: #ff8000;">English Channel</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"> – </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sluys"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Sluys</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"> – </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Omer"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Saint-Omer</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"> – </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Auberoche"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Auberoche</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"> – </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Caen_(1346)"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Caen</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"> – </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Blanchetaque"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Blanchetaque</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"> – </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Crécy</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"> – </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1346)"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Calais</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"> – </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Neville%27s_Cross"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Neville's Cross</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"> – </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Les_Espagnols_sur_Mer"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Les Espagnols sur Mer</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"> – </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Poitiers_(1356)"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Poitiers</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"></span></b></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000;">Main article: </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War_(1337%E2%80%931360)"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Hundred Years' War (1337–1360)</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"></span></b></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Open hostilities broke out as French ships began scouting coastal settlements on the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>English Channel</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> and in 1337 Philip reclaimed the Gascon fief, citing feudal law and saying that Edward had broken his oath (a </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felony"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>felony</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>) by not attending to the needs and demands of his lord. Edward III responded by saying he was in fact the rightful heir to the French throne, and on </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>All Saints' Day</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Burghersh"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Henry Burghersh</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Lincoln"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Bishop of Lincoln</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, arrived in </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Paris</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> with the defiance of the king of England. War had been declared.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="color: orange;"><b><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"> Battle of Sluys from a </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Froissart_of_Louis_of_Gruuthuse_(BnF_Fr_2643-6)"><span style="color: #ff8000;">manuscript</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"> of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Froissart%27s_Chronicles"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Froissart's Chronicles</span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;">, Bruge, c.1470</span></span></b></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>In the early years of the war, Edward III allied with the nobles of the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Countries"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Low Countries</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> and the burghers of </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Flanders</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, but after two campaigns where nothing was achieved, the alliance fell apart in 1340. The payments of subsidies to the German princes and the costs of maintaining an army abroad dragged the English government into bankruptcy, heavily damaging Edward’s prestige. At sea, France enjoyed supremacy for some time, through the use of Genoese ships and crews. Several towns on the English coast were sacked, some repeatedly. This caused fear and disruption along the English coast. There was a constant fear during this part of the war that the French would invade. France's sea power led to economic disruptions in England as it cut down on the wool trade to Flanders and the wine trade from Gascony. However, in 1340, while attempting to hinder the English army from landing, the French fleet was almost completely destroyed in the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sluys"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Battle of Sluys</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>. After this, England was able to dominate the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>English Channel</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> for the rest of the war, preventing French </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasions"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>invasions</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>In 1341, conflict over the succession to the Duchy of </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Brittany</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> began the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_War_of_Succession"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Breton War of Succession</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, in which Edward backed </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_IV,_Duke_of_Brittany"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>John of Montfort</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> and Philip backed </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Brittany"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Charles of Blois</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>. Action for the next few years focused around a back and forth struggle in Brittany, with the city of </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vannes"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Vannes</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> changing hands several times, as well as further campaigns in Gascony with mixed success for both sides.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>In July 1346, Edward mounted a major invasion across the Channel, landing in the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotentin"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Cotentin</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>. The English army captured </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caen"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Caen</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> in just one day, surprising the French who had expected the city to hold out much longer. Philip gathered a large army to oppose Edward, who chose to march northward toward the Low Countries, pillaging as he went, rather than attempting to take and hold territory. Finding himself unable to outmanoeuvre Philip, Edward positioned his forces for battle, and Philip's army attacked. The famous </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Battle of Crécy</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> was a complete disaster for the French, largely credited to the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_longbow"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>English longbowmen</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> and the French king, who allowed his army to attack before they were ready. Edward proceeded north unopposed and besieged the city of </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calais"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Calais</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> on the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>English Channel</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, capturing it in 1347.</strong></span></span></span><br />
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<span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>This became an important strategic asset for the English. It allowed them to keep troops in France safely. In the same year, an English victory against Scotland in the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Neville%27s_Cross"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Battle of Neville's Cross</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> led to the capture of David II and greatly reduced the threat from Scotland.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>In 1348, the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Black Death</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> began to ravage Europe. In 1356, after it had passed and England was able to recover financially, Edward's son and namesake, the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Prince of Wales</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, known as the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward,_the_Black_Prince"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Black Prince</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, invaded France from Gascony, winning a great victory in the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Poitiers_(1356)"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Battle of Poitiers</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, where the English archers repeated the tactics used at Crécy. The new French king, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_France"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>John II</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, was captured (<i>See: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ransom_of_King_John_II_of_France">Ransom of King John II of France</a></i>). John signed a truce with Edward, and in his absence, much of the government began to collapse. Later that year, the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Treaty_of_London"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Second Treaty of London</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> was signed, by which England gained possession of </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquitaine"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Aquitaine</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> and John was freed.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>The French countryside at this point began to fall into complete chaos. </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigandage"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Brigandage</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, the actions of the professional soldiery when fighting was at low ebb, was rampant. In 1358, the peasants rose in rebellion in what was called the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacquerie"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Jacquerie</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>. Edward invaded France, for the third and last time, hoping to capitalize on the discontent and seize the throne, but although no French army stood against him in the field, he was unable to take </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Paris</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> or </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheims"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Rheims</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> from the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dauphin_of_France"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Dauphin</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, later </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V_of_France"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>King Charles V</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>. He negotiated the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Br%C3%A9tigny"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Treaty of Brétigny</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> which was signed in 1360. The English came out of this phase of the war with half of Brittany, Aquitaine (about a quarter of France), Calais, Ponthieu, and about half of France's vassal states as their allies, representing the clear advantage of a united England against a generally disunified France.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
</span><h4>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">First peace: 1360–1369</span></h4>
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>hen John's son </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I_of_Anjou"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Louis I, Duc d'Anjou</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, sent to the English as a hostage on John's behalf, escaped in 1362, John II chivalrously gave himself up and returned to captivity in England. He died in honourable captivity in 1364 and </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V_of_France"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Charles V</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> succeeded him as king of France.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>The Treaty of Brétigny had made Edward renounce his claim to the French crown. At the same time it greatly expanded his territory in Aquitaine and confirmed his conquest of Calais. In reality, Edward never renounced his claim to the French crown, and Charles made a point of retaking Edward's new territory as soon as he ascended to the throne. In 1369, on the pretext that Edward III had failed to observe the terms of the treaty of Brétigny, Charles declared war once again.</strong></span></span><br />
</span><h4>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">French ascendancy under Charles V: 1369–1389</span></h4>
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="color: orange;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War_(1369%E2%80%931389)"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Hundred Years' War</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War_(1369%E2%80%931389)"><span style="color: #ff8000;">(1369–1389)</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"></span></b></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%A1jera"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Nájera (Navarrete)</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"> – </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Montiel"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Montiel</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"> – </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Limoges"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Limoges</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"> – </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_La_Rochelle"><span style="color: #ff8000;">La Rochelle</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"></span></b></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>The reign of Charles V saw the English steadily pushed back. Although the Breton war ended in favour of the English at the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Auray"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Battle of Auray</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, the dukes of Brittany eventually reconciled with the French throne. The Breton soldier </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_du_Guesclin"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Bertrand du Guesclin</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> became one of the most successful French generals of the Hundred Years' War.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
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<tr><td valign="top" width="349"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="color: orange;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Du_Guesclin_Dinan.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><img alt="" height="1172" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Du_Guesclin_Dinan.jpg/220px-Du_Guesclin_Dinan.jpg" width="777" /></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"></span></b></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000;">Statue of Du Guesclin in </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinan"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Dinan</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"></span></b></span></span></span></td><td valign="top" width="349"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:715dce08-d55f-4852-b9e2-4266175ee8c3" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
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<span style="color: orange;"><b><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/1qfns_aLrNY&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Simultaneously, the Black Prince was occupied with war in the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_peninsula"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Iberian peninsula</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> from 1366 and due to illness was relieved of command in 1371, whilst Edward III was too elderly to fight; providing France with even more advantages. </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_of_Castile"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Pedro of Castile</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, whose daughters Constance and Isabella were married to the Black Prince's brothers </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Gaunt"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>John of Gaunt</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> and </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_of_Langley"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Edmund of Langley</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, was deposed by </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_Castile"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Henry of Trastámara</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> in 1370 with the support of Du Guesclin and the French. War erupted between Castile and France on one side and Portugal and England on the other.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>With the death of </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Chandos"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>John Chandos</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneschal"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>seneschal</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> of </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitou"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Poitou</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, in the field and the capture of the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captal_de_Buch"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Captal de Buch</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, the English were deprived of some of their best generals in France. Du Guesclin, in a series of careful </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Strategy"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Fabian</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> campaigns, avoiding major English field armies, captured many towns, including </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitiers"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Poitiers</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> in 1372 and </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergerac,_Dordogne"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Bergerac</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> in 1377. The English response to Du Guesclin was to launch a series of destructive <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevauch%C3%A9e">chevauchées</a></i>. But Du Guesclin refused to be drawn in by them.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>With the death of the Black Prince in 1376 and Edward III in 1377, the prince's underaged son </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_of_England"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Richard of Bordeaux</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> succeeded to the English throne. Then, with Du Guesclin's death in 1380, and the continued threat to England's northern borders from Scotland represented by the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Otterburn"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Battle of Otterburn</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, the war inevitably wound down with the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truce_of_Leulingham"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Truce of Leulingham</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> in 1389. The peace was extended many times before open war flared up again.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
</span><h4>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Second peace: 1389–1415</span></h4>
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>England too was plagued with internal strife during this period, as </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_revolutions_and_rebellions"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>uprisings</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> in </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Ireland</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> and </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Wales</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> were accompanied by renewed border war with Scotland and two separate civil wars. The Irish troubles embroiled much of the reign of </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_of_England"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Richard II</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, who had not resolved them by the time he lost his throne and life to his cousin Henry, who took power for himself in 1399.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Although </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Henry IV of England</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> planned campaigns in France, he was unable to put them into effect during his short reign. In the meantime, though, the French King </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Charles VI</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> was descending into madness, and an open conflict for power began between his cousin, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Fearless"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>John the Fearless</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, and his brother, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_of_Valois,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Louis of Orléans</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>. After Louis's assassination, the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armagnac_(party)"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Armagnac</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> family took political power in opposition to John. By 1410, both sides were bidding for the help of English forces in a civil war.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>This was followed by the rebellion of </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owain_Glynd%C5%B5r"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Owain Glyndŵr</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> in Wales which was not finally put down until 1415 and actually resulted in Welsh semi-independence for a number of years. In Scotland, the change in regime in England prompted a fresh series of border raids which were countered by an invasion in 1402 and the defeat of a Scottish army at the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Homildon_Hill"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Battle of Homildon Hill</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>. A dispute over the spoils of this action between Henry and the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Percy,_1st_Earl_of_Northumberland"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Earl of Northumberland</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> resulted in a long and bloody struggle between the two for control of northern England, which was only resolved with the almost complete destruction of the Percy family by 1408. Throughout this period, England was also faced with repeated raids by French and Scandinavian </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirates"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>pirates</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, which heavily damaged trade and the navy. These problems accordingly delayed any resurgence of the dispute with France until 1415.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
</span><h4>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Resumption of the war under Henry V: 1415–1429</span></h4>
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="color: orange;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War_(1415%E2%80%931429)"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Hundred Years' War (1415–1453)</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"></span></b></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Harfleur"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Harfleur</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"> – </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Agincourt</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"> – </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Rouen"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Rouen</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"> – </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_La_Rochelle_(1419)"><span style="color: #ff8000;">2nd La Rochelle</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"> – </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Baug%C3%A9"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Baugé</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"> – </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Meaux"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Meaux</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"> – </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cravant"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Cravant</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"> – </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_La_Brossini%C3%A8re"><span style="color: #ff8000;">La Brossinière</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"> – </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Verneuil"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Verneuil</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"> – </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Orléans</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"> – </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Herrings"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Herrings</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"> –</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loire_Campaign"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Loire</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"> – </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jargeau"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Jargeau</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"> – </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Meung-sur-Loire"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Meung-sur-Loire</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"> – </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Beaugency_(1429)"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Beaugency</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"> – </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Patay"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Patay</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"> – </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Compi%C3%A8gne"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Compiègne</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"> –</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_La_Charit%C3%A9"><span style="color: #ff8000;">La Charite</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;">– </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gerbevoy"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Gerbevoy</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"> – </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Formigny"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Formigny</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"> – </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Castillon"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Castillon</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"></span></b></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>The final phase of warmaking that engulfed France between 1415 and 1435 is the most famous phase of the Hundred Years' War. Plans had been laid for the declaration of war since the rise to the throne of Henry IV, in 1399. However, it was his son, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_V_of_England"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Henry V</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, who was finally given the opportunity. In 1414, Henry turned down an Armagnac offer to restore the Brétigny frontiers in return for his support. Instead, he demanded a return to the territorial status during the reign of </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Henry II</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>. In August 1415, he landed with an army at </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harfleur"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Harfleur</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> and took it, although the city resisted for longer than expected. This meant that by the time he came to marching further, most of the campaign season was gone. Although tempted to march on Paris directly, he elected to make a raiding expedition across France toward English-occupied Calais. In a campaign reminiscent of </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9cy"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Crécy</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, he found himself outmanoeuvred and low on supplies, and had to make a stand against a much larger French army at the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Battle of Agincourt</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, north of the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somme"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Somme</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>. In spite of his disadvantages, his victory was near-total; the French defeat was catastrophic, with the loss of many of the Armagnac leaders. About 40% of the French nobility was lost at Agincourt.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
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<tr><td valign="top" width="349"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br />
<span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Fifteenth-century</strong></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>miniature depicting</strong></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>the Battle of Agincourt</strong></span></span></span></td><td valign="top" width="349"><br /></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="color: orange;"><b><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"> Henry took much of Normandy, including </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caen"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Caen</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"> in 1417 and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouen"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Rouen</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"> on January 19, 1419, making Normandy English for the first time in two centuries. He made formal alliance with the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Duchy of Burgundy</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;">, who had taken Paris, after the assassination of Duke </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Fearless"><span style="color: #ff8000;">John the Fearless</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"> in 1419. In 1420, Henry met with the mad king </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Charles VI</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;">, who signed the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Troyes"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Treaty of Troyes</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;">, by which Henry would marry Charles' daughter </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Valois"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Catherine</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"> and Henry's heirs would inherit the throne of France. The Dauphin, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Charles VII</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;">, was declared illegitimate. Henry formally entered Paris later that year and the agreement was ratified by the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_States-General"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Estates-General</span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;">.</span></span></b></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Henry's progress was now stopped by the arrival in France of a Scottish army of around 6,000 men. In 1421, a combined Franco-Scottish force led by </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stewart,_Earl_of_Buchan"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>John Stewart, Earl of Buchan</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> crushed a larger English army at the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bauge"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Battle of Bauge</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, killing the English commander, Thomas, 1st Duke of Clarence, and killing or capturing most of the English leaders. The French were so grateful that Buchan was immediately promoted to the office of High Constable of France. Soon after the Battle of Bauge Henry V died at </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaux"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Meaux</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> in 1422. Soon after that, Charles too had died. Henry's infant son, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Henry VI</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, was immediately crowned king of England and France, but the Armagnacs remained loyal to Charles' son and the war continued in central France.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>The English continued to attack France and in 1429 were besieging the important French city of Orleans. An attack on an English supply convoy led to the skirmish that is now known as </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Herrings"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Battle of the Herrings</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> when </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fastolf"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>John Fastolf</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> circled his supply wagons (largely filled with herring) around his archers and repelled a few hundred attackers. Later that year, a French saviour appeared in the form of a peasant girl from </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domr%C3%A9my-la-Pucelle"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Domremy</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> named </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_Arc"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Joan of Arc</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
</span><h4>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Valoisian victory: 1429–1453</span></h4>
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="color: orange;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hundred_years_war.gif"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><img alt="" height="1310" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hundred_years_war.gif/300px-Hundred_years_war.gif" width="1143" /></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"></span></b></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Hundred Years' War evolution. French territory: yellow; English: grey; Burgundian: dark grey.</strong></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>By 1424, the uncles of Henry VI had begun to quarrel over the infant's regency, and one, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey,_Duke_of_Gloucester"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, married </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline,_Countess_of_Hainaut"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Jacqueline</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Hainaut"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Countess of Hainaut</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, and invaded </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Holland</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> to regain her former dominions, bringing him into direct conflict with </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_III,_Duke_of_Burgundy"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Philip III</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Burgundy"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Duke of Burgundy</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>By 1428, the English were ready to pursue the war again, laying </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>siege</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> to </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Orléans</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>. Their force was insufficient to fully </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_(military)"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>invest</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> the city, but larger French forces remained passive. In 1429, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_Arc"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Joan of Arc</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> convinced the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dauphin_of_France"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Dauphin</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> to send her to the siege, saying she had received visions from </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>God</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> telling her to drive out the English. She raised the morale of the local troops and they attacked the English </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redoubt"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Redoubts</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, forcing the English to lift the siege. Inspired by Joan, the French took several English strong points on the Loire. Shortly afterwards, a French army, some 8000 strong, broke through English archers at Patay with 1500 heavy cavalry, defeating a 3000 strong army commanded by </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fastolf"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>John Fastolf</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> and </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Talbot,_1st_Earl_of_Shrewsbury"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>. This victory opened the way for the Dauphin to march to </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reims"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Reims</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> for his coronation as Charles VII.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>After Joan was captured by the Burgundians in 1430 and later sold to the English, tried by an ecclesiastic court, and executed, the French advance stalled in negotiations. But, in 1435, the Burgundians under Philip III switched sides, signing the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Arras_(1435)"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Treaty of Arras</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> and returning Paris to the King of France. Burgundy's allegiance remained fickle, but their focus on expanding their domains into the Low Countries left them little energy to intervene in France. The long truces that marked the war also gave Charles time to reorganise his army and government, replacing his feudal levies with a more modern professional army that could put its superior numbers to good use, and centralising the French state.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vigiles_du_roi_Charles_VII_32.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><img alt="" height="939" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Vigiles_du_roi_Charles_VII_32.jpg/220px-Vigiles_du_roi_Charles_VII_32.jpg" width="1166" /></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"></span></b></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>The </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Formigny"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Battle of Formigny</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> (1450)</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>A repetition of Du Guesclin's battle avoidance strategy paid dividends and the French were able to recover town after town.</strong></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>By 1449, the French had retaken </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouen"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Rouen</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, and in 1450 the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Clermont"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Count of Clermont</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> and Arthur de Richemont, Earl of Richmond, of the Montfort family (the future </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_III,_Duke_of_Brittany"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Arthur III, Duke of Brittany</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>) caught an English army attempting to relieve Caen at the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Formigny"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Battle of Formigny</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> and defeated it, the English army having been attacked from the flank and rear by Richemont's force just as they were on the verge of beating Clermont's army. The French proceeded to capture </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caen"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Caen</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> on July 6 and </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Bordeaux</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> and </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayonne"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Bayonne</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> in 1451. The attempt by Talbot to retake Gascony, though initially welcomed by the locals, was crushed by </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bureau"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Jean Bureau</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> and his cannon at the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Castillon"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Battle of Castillon</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> in 1453 where Talbot had led a small Anglo-Gascon force in a frontal attack on an entrenched camp.</strong></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>This is considered the last battle of the Hundred Years' War.</strong></span></span><br />
</span><h4>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Significance</span></h4>
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>The Hundred Years' War was a time of military evolution. Weapons, tactics, army structure, and the societal meaning of war all changed, partly in response to the demands of the war, partly through advancement in technology, and partly through lessons that </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warfare"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>warfare</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> taught.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>England was what might be considered a more modern state than France. It had a centralised authority—Parliament—with the authority to tax. As the military writer Colonel </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Burne"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Alfred Burne</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> notes, England had revolutionised its recruitment system, substituting a paid army for one drawn from feudal obligation. Professional captains were appointed who recruited troops for a specified (theoretically short) period. To some extent, this was a necessity; many barons refused to go on a foreign campaign, as feudal service was supposed to be for protection of the realm.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Before the Hundred Years' War, heavy cavalry was considered the most powerful unit in an army. But by the war's end, this belief had shifted. The heavy horse was increasingly negated by the use of the longbow (and, later, another long-distance weapon: firearms) and fixed defensive positions of men-at-arms—tactics which helped lead to English victories at Crécy and Agincourt. Learning from the Scots, the English began using lightly armoured mounted troops—later called </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragoons"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>dragoons</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>—who would dismount in order to fight battles. By the end of the Hundred Years' War, this meant a fading of the expensively outfitted, highly trained heavy cavalry, and the eventual end of the amoured </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>knight</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> as a military force and the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobility"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>nobility</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> as a political one.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Although they had a tactical advantage, "nevertheless the size of France prohibited lengthy, let alone permanent, occupation," as the military writer General Fuller noted. Covering a much larger area than England, and containing four times its population, France proved difficult for the English to occupy.</strong></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000;">An insoluble problem for English commanders was that, in an age of siege warfare, the more territory that was occupied, the greater the requirements for garrisons. This lessened the striking power of English armies as time went on. Salisbury's army at Orleans consisted of only 5,000 men, insufficient not only to invest the city but also numerically inferior to French forces within and without the city. The French only needed to recover some part of their shattered confidence for the outcome to become inevitable. At Orleans they were assisted by the death of Salisbury through a fluke cannon shot and by the inspiration provided by </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_Arc"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Joan of Arc</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;">.</span></b></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Furthermore, the ending of the Burgundian alliance spelled the end of English efforts in France, despite the campaigns of the aggressive John, Lord Talbot, and his forces to delay the inevitable.</strong></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>The war also stimulated nationalistic sentiment. It devastated France as a land, but it also awakened French nationalism. The Hundred Years' War accelerated the process of transforming France from a feudal monarchy to a centralised state. The conflict became one of not just English and French kings but one between the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_people"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>English</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> and </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_people"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>French</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> peoples. There were constant rumours in England that the French meant to invade and destroy the English language. National feeling emerged out of such rumours that unified both France and England further. The Hundred Years War basically confirmed the fall of the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>French language</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> in </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>England</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, which had served as the language of the ruling classes and commerce there from the time of the Norman conquest until 1362.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>The latter stages of the war saw the emergence of the dukes of Burgundy as important players on the political field, and it encouraged the English, in response to the seesawing alliance of the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Netherlands"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>southern Netherlands</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> (now </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Belgium</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, a rich centre of woollen production at the time) throughout the conflict, to develop their own woollen industry and foreign markets.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="976" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/7_DkCsEvHJA" width="1174" youtube-src-id="7_DkCsEvHJA"></iframe></div><br /></strong></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Weapons</span></h5>
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<tr><td valign="top" width="349"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="color: orange;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Englishlongbow.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><img alt="" height="57" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Englishlongbow.jpg/220px-Englishlongbow.jpg" width="220" /></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"></span></b></span></span><br />
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<span><span style="color: orange;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self_bow"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Self-yew</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> English longbow, 2 m (6 ft 6 in) long, 470 </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_(unit)"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>N</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> (105 </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound-force"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>lbf</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>) draw force.</strong></span></span></span></span></span></td><td valign="top" width="349"></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>The most lauded weapon was the English </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_longbow"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>longbow</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> of the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeoman"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>yeoman</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> archer: while not a new weapon at the time, it played a specialised role throughout the war, giving the English tactical advantage in several key battles - though the reliance on this specialised weapon and the lighter English armies would prove to be a decisive factor in the end-result of the war. The French mainly relied on crossbows, often employed by Genoese </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercenary"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>mercenaries</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, highly skilled and well-trained men who made up for the weaknesses of the weapon with specialised equipment. The </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossbow"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>crossbow</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> was used because it required little training, and so made it possible to quickly levy novice crossbowmen, and it had a tremendous firing power—at short range—against both plate armor and chain mail. However, it was slow to reload, heavy, and vulnerable to rain-damage. The longbow was a very difficult weapon to employ, and English archers had to have practiced from an early age to become proficient. It also required tremendous strength to use, with a draw force typically around 620–670 </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_(unit)"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>newtons</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> (140–150 </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound-force"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>lbf</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>) and possibly as high as 800 N (180 lbf). The longbow was fired in relatively inaccurate volleys, though this was typical of any bow. It was its widespread use in the British Isles that gave the English the ability to use it as a weapon. It was the strategic developments that brought it to prominence. The English, in their battles with the Welsh and Scots, had learned through defeat what dismounted bowmen in fixed positions could do to heavy cavalry from a distance. Since the arrows shot from a longbow could kill or incapacitate the un-armored horses, a charge could be dissipated before it ever reached an army's lines (an effect comparable to that of latter-day </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>artillery</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>). The longbow enabled the lighter and more mobile English army to pick battle locations, fortify them, and force the opposing side into a siege-style battle. As the Hundred Years' War came to a close, the number of capable longbowmen began to drop off. Given the training required to use such powerful bows, the casualties taken by the longbowmen at </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Verneuil"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Verneuil</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> (1424) and </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Patay"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Patay</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> (1429) were significant. The longbow became increasingly difficult to use without the men specialised in wielding them. In addition, improvements in armor-plating from the 15th century meant that while armor was practically arrow-proof, the longbow had remained a static and ineffective weapon. Only the most powerful longbows at close-range could stand a chance of penetrating.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>A number of new </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>weapons</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> were introduced during the Hundred Years' War as well. </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Gunpowder</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> for </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_cannon"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>gonnes</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> (an early firearm) and </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>cannon</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> played significant roles as early as 1375. The last battle of the war, the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Castillon"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Battle of Castillon</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, was the first battle in European history in which artillery was the deciding factor.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
</span><h5>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">War and society</span></h5>
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>The consequences of these new weapons meant that the nobility was no longer the deciding factor in battle; peasants armed with longbows or firearms could gain access to the power, rewards, and prestige once reserved only for knights who bore arms. The composition of armies changed, from feudal lords who might or might not show up when called by their lord, to paid mercenaries. By the end of the war, both France and England were able to raise enough money through taxation to create standing armies, the first time since the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>fall of the Western Roman Empire</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> that there were standing armies in Western or Central Europe (excluding the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Eastern Roman Empire</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>). Standing armies represented an entirely new form of power for kings. Not only could they defend their kingdoms from invaders, but standing armies could also protect the king from internal threats and also keep the population in check. It was a major step in the early developments towards centralised nation-states that eroded the medieval order.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>It is a commonly believed myth that at the first major </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hundred_Years%27_War_battles"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>battle</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> of the war, the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Battle of Crécy</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, the "Age of </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chivalry"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Chivalry</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>" came to an end in that heavy-cavalry charges no longer decided battles. At the same time, there was a revival of the mores of chivalry, and it was deemed to be of the highest importance to fight, and to die, in the most chivalrous way possible. The notion of chivalry was strongly influenced by the Romantic epics of the 12th century, and knights imagined themselves re-enacting those stories on the field of battle. Someone like </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Du_Guesclin"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Bertrand Du Guesclin</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> was said to have gone into battle with one eye closed, declaring "I will not open my eye for the honour of my lady until I have killed three Englishmen." Knights often carried the colours of their ladies into battle.</strong></span></span></span><br />
<strong><span style="color: orange;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Du_Guesclin_Dinan.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong><img alt="File:Du Guesclin Dinan.jpg" height="599" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Du_Guesclin_Dinan.jpg/397px-Du_Guesclin_Dinan.jpg" width="397" /></strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"></span></span></strong><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>In France, during the captivity of </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_France"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>King John II</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_States-General"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Estates General</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> attempted to arrogate power from the king. The Estates General was a body of representatives from the three groups who traditionally had consultative rights in France: the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>clergy</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobles"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>nobles</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, and the townspeople. First called together under </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Philip IV</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> “the Fair”, the Estates had the right to confirm or disagree with the “levée”, the principal tax by which the kings of France raised money. Under the leadership of a merchant named </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etienne_Marcel"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Etienne Marcel</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, the Estates General attempted to force the monarchy to accept a sort of agreement called the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Ordinance"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Great Ordinance</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>. Like the English </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Carta"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Magna Carta</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Ordinance"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Great Ordinance</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> held that the Estates should supervise the collection and spending of the levy, meet at regular intervals independent of the king’s call, exercise certain judicial powers, and generally play a greater role in government. The nobles took this power to excess, however, causing in 1358 a peasant rebellion known as the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacquerie"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Jacquerie</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>. Swarms of peasants furious over the nobles’ high taxes and forced-labour policies killed and burned in the north of France. One of their victims proved to be Etienne Marcel, and without his leadership the Estates General divided.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
</span><h5>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">England and the Hundred Years' War</span></h5>
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>The effects of the Hundred Years’ War in England also raised some questions about the extent of royal authority. The </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Peasants' Revolt</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, led by </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Tyler"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Wat Tyler</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> in 1381, saw some 100,000 peasants march on London to protest the payment of a </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poll_tax"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>poll tax</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, which was the first tax not to take into account household income. It had been levied in 1379 and 1380 and the result was mass-avoidance, and attacks on tax collectors. Whether this revolt was a direct challenge to royal authority, however, is questionable as Tyler and others often phrased their demands as petitions to the king to free himself from his "wicked councillors" rather than attacking the royal person or institution.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Initially the success of the campaigns brought much wealth to English monarchy and its nobility, and also to the ordinary soldiers who were paid 6d a day in Edward III's first campaign, which was at least a third more than a labourer's wages. As the war continued, the upkeep and maintenance of the region proved too burdensome and the English crown was essentially bankrupted, despite the wealth of France continuously being brought back by the nobles and their armies. As the English monarchy started a more reconciliatory approach toward France, many English subjects with claims and holdings in the continental territories that were being abandoned in the process were greatly disillusioned with the crowns. The conflict became one of the major contributing factors to the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Wars of the Roses</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>At the end of the war, England was left an island nation, except for Calais. Already on the fringe of Europe, it appeared destined for obscurity. However, the European discovery of the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>New World</strong></span></a><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> beyond the western boundary of the Atlantic Ocean in 1492 meant that seafaring nations like England were well-suited to take advantage of the new opportunities for trade, commerce and conquest it soon afforded.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
</span><ul></ul>
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><b><img alt="photo" height="1082" src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3621/3644162634_d2fbcaf5c7_z.jpg?zz=1" width="1082" /></b></span><br />
</span><h3>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Let the boy earn his spurs!</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>"They with the prince sent a messenger to the king, who was on a little windmill hill.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Then the knight said to the king: 'Sir, the earl of Warwick and the earl of Oxford, Sir Raynold Cobham and other, such as be about the prince, your son, are fiercely fought withal and are sore handled; wherefore they desire you that you and your battle will come and aid them; for if the Frenchmen increase, as they doubt they will, your son and they shall have much ado.'</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Then the king said: 'Is my son dead or hurt or on the earth felled?'</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>'No, sir,' quoth the knight, 'but he is hardly matched; wherefore he hath need of your aid.'</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>'Well" said the king, 'return to him and to them that sent you hither, and say to them that they send no more to me for any adventure that falleth, as long as my son is alive: and also say to them that they suffer him this day to win his spurs; for if God be pleased, I will this journey be his and the honour thereof, and to them that be about him.'</strong></span><br />
<span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Then the knight returned again to them and shewed the king's words, the which greatly encouraged them."</strong></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>-Quoted from Froissart's chronicle of the legendary episode during the Battle of Crecy in 1346. Such was the response of King Edward III to his son Prince Edward's (the Black Prince)</strong></span><br />
</span><h4>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Major battles</span></h4>
<ul>
<li><span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>1337, November—</strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cadsand"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Battle of Cadsand</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>: initiates hostilities. The Flemish defenders of the island were thrown into disorder by the first use of the English longbow on Continental soil.</strong></span></span></span></li>
<li><span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>1340, June 24—</strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sluys"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Battle of Sluys</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>: Edward III destroys the Franco-</strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Genoese</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> fleet of </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Philip VI of France</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> off the coast of </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Flanders</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> ensuring England will not be invaded and that the majority of the war will be fought in France.</strong></span></span></span></li>
<li><span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>1345, October 21—</strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Auberoche"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Battle of Auberoche</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>: a longbow victory by Henry, Earl of Derby against a French army at Auberoche in Gascony.</strong></span></span></span></li>
<li><span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>1346, August 26—</strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Battle of Crécy</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>: English longbowmen soundly defeat French cavalry near the river Somme in </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picardy"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Picardy</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>. The dead included </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>King</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Bohemia"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>John of Bohemia</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph,_Duke_of_Lorraine"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Duke of Lorraine</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, the Count of Flanders, the Count of Alençon, the Count of Blois, the Viscount Rohan, the Lord of Laval, the Lord of Chateaubriant, the Lord of Dinan, the Lord of Redon, 1,542 knights, 2,300 Genoese and 10,000 infantry.</strong></span></span></span></li>
<li><span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>1346, September 4–1347, August 3—</strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Calais"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Siege of Calais</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>: Calais falls under English control.</strong></span></span></span></li>
<li><span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>1350, August 29—</strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Espagnols_sur_Mer"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Les Espagnols sur Mer</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>: English fleet defeats Castilian fleet in a close fight.</strong></span></span></span></li>
<li><span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>1351, March 26—</strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_of_the_Thirty"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Combat of the Thirty</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>: Thirty Breton knights from </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josselin"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Chateau Josselin</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> under </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaumanoir"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Beaumanoir</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> call out and defeat thirty English and pro-English Breton knights under </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earls_of_Pembroke"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Pembroke</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> and </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_of_the_Thirty"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Sir Robert Bramborough</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, Bramborough was killed.</strong></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">French army under De Nesle defeated by English under Bentley at Mauron in Brittany, De Nesle killed.</strong></span></li>
<li><span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>1356, September 19—</strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Poitiers_(1356)"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Battle of Poitiers</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>: </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_the_Black_Prince"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Edward the Black Prince</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> captures King </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_France"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>John II of France</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, France plunged into chaos. Casualties on the French side were 2,500 killed or wounded,<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbook237-9">[10]</a></sup> 2,000 captured, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_France"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>John II</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, 17 lords, 13 counts, 5 viscounts and over 100 knights.</strong></span></span></span></li>
<li><span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>1364, September 29—</strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Auray"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Battle of Auray</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>: End of </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_War_of_Succession"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Breton War of Succession</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>. </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Brittany"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Charles of Blois, Duke of Brittany</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> was killed; the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Auxerre"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Count of Auxerre</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> and </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Du_Guesclin"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Bertrand Du Guesclin</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> were captured.</strong></span></span></span></li>
<li><span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>1367, April 3—</strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%A1jera"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Battle of Nájera</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>: the Black Prince defeats a Castilian/French army at </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1jera"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Nájera</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> in Castile.</strong></span></span></span></li>
<li><span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>1370, December 3—</strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pontvallain"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Battle of Pontvallain</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>: Bertrand du Guesclin routs an English raiding army, ending the English reputation for invincibility in open battle.</strong></span></span></span></li>
<li><span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>1372, June 22—</strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_La_Rochelle"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Battle of La Rochelle</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>: Castilian-French fleet defeats the English fleet, leading to loss of dominance at sea and French piracy and coastal raids. </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hastings,_2nd_Earl_of_Pembroke"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>John of Hastings, Earl of Pembroke</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, was captured along with 400 knights and 8,000 soldiers.</strong></span></span></span></li>
<li><span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>1374-1380—Castilian fleet commanded by </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_S%C3%A1nchez_de_Tovar"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Fernando Sánchez de Tovar</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> sacks and burns English Channel ports, and Gravesend on the Thames.</strong></span></span></span></li>
<li><span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>1385—</strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aljubarrota"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Battle of Aljubarrota</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>: </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuno_%C3%81lvares_Pereira"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Nuno Álvares Pereira</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, commanding a small Portuguese-English army, defeats the Castilian-French forces in Portugal.</strong></span></span></span></li>
<li><span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>1385—</strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Vienne"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Jean de Vienne</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, having successfully strengthened the French naval situation, lands an army in Scotland, but is forced to retreat.</strong></span></span></span></li>
<li><span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>1415, October 25—</strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Battle of Agincourt</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>: English longbowmen under </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_V_of_England"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Henry V</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> defeat the French under </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_d%27Albret"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Charles d'Albret</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>. Captured French nobles included </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_of_France"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Marshal of France</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Le_Maingre"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Jean Le Maingre</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Charles, Duke of Orléans</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I,_Duke_of_Bourbon"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>John I, Duke of Bourbon</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> and </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis,_Count_of_Vend%C3%B4me"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Louis, Count of Vendôme</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>. Killed on the French side were </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine,_Duke_of_Brabant"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Antoine of Burgundy</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Brabant"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Duke of Brabant and Limburg</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II,_Count_of_Nevers"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Philip of Burgundy</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Nevers"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Count of Nevers</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> and </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counts_and_dukes_of_Rethel"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Rethel</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_d%27Albret"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Charles I d'Albret</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Dreux"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Count of Dreux</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constable_of_France"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Constable of France</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>; </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_II,_Count_of_Bethune&action=edit&redlink=1"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>John II, Count of Bethune</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I_of_Alen%C3%A7on"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>John I, Duke of Alençon</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_of_Lorraine"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Frederick of Lorraine, Count of Vaudemont</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert,_Count_of_Marles_and_Soissons&action=edit&redlink=1"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Robert, Count of Marles and Soissons</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_Bar"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Edward III of Bar</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> (the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Bar"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Duchy of Bar</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> lost its independence as a consequence of his death) and </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_VI,_Count_of_Roucy&action=edit&redlink=1"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>John VI, Count of Roucy</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_I_de_Cro%C3%BF"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Jean I de Croÿ</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> and two of his sons, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleran_III_of_Luxembourg,_Count_of_Ligny"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Waleran III of Luxembourg, Count of Ligny</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_I_van_Brederode"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Jan I van Brederode</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Edward_Stewart_III&action=edit&redlink=1"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>George Edward Stewart III</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, and the (Scottish) Lord of Shetland. Other noble prisoners totalling about 1,500 were taken. Overall, between 7,000 and 10,000 French were killed. On the English side, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_of_Norwich,_2nd_Duke_of_York"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> and </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_de_la_Pole,_3rd_Earl_of_Suffolk"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Michael de la Pole, 3rd Earl of Suffolk</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> were killed, among at least 112 dead and an unknown number of wounded.</strong></span></span></span></li>
<li><span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>1416—English defeat numerically greater French army at </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valmont"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Valmont</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> near </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harfleur"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Harfleur</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>.</strong></span></span></span></li>
<li><span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>1417—English naval victory in the River </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Seine</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> under Bedford.</strong></span></span></span></li>
<li><span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>1418, July 31–1419, January 19—</strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Rouen"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Siege of Rouen</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>: Henry V of England gains a foothold in Normandy.</strong></span></span></span></li>
<li><span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>1419—</strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_La_Rochelle"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Battle of La Rochelle</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>: Franco-Castilian fleet defeats Anglo-Hanseatic fleet.</strong></span></span></span></li>
<li><span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>1421, March 22—</strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bauge"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Battle of Bauge</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>: The French and Scottish forces of Charles VII, commanded by the Earl of Buchan, defeat an outmanoeuvred English force commanded by the Duke of Clarence. English nobles captured included </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Beaufort,_1st_Duke_of_Somerset"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>John Beaufort, 3rd Earl of Somerset</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Beaufort,_Count_of_Perche"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Thomas Beaufort, Count of Perche</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Holland,_2nd_Duke_of_Exeter"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> and </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_Fitz_Walter&action=edit&redlink=1"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Lord Fitz Walter</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>. Killed were </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_of_Lancaster,_1st_Duke_of_Clarence"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Grey,_1st_Earl_of_Tankerville"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>John Grey, 1st Earl of Tankerville</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_de_Ros,_8th_Baron_de_Ros"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>John de Ros, 8th Baron de Ros</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> and </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Gilbert_de_Umfraville&action=edit&redlink=1"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Sir Gilbert de Umfraville</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>.</strong></span></span></span></li>
<li><span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>1423, July 31—</strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cravant"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Battle of Cravant</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>: The Franco-Scottish army is defeated at Cravant on the banks of the river Yonne. On the French/Scottish side, 6,000 were killed and 2,000 captured, including </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stewart,_2nd_Earl_of_Buchan"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>John Stewart, 2nd Earl of Buchan</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> and </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis,_Count_of_Vend%C3%B4me"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Louis, Count of Vendôme</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>.</strong></span></span></span></li>
<li><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #ff8000;">1424, August 17—</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vernuil"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Battle of Vernuil</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;">: The Franco-Scottish forces are decisively defeated, losing 4,000 dead, including </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stewart,_2nd_Earl_of_Buchan"><span style="color: #ff8000;">John Stewart, 2nd Earl of Buchan</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Douglas,_4th_Earl_of_Douglas"><span style="color: #ff8000;">Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"></span></b></span></span></li>
<li><span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>1426, March 6—French besieging army under </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_de_Richemont"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Arthur de Richemont</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> dispersed by a small force under Sir Thomas Rempstone in "The Rout of St James" in Brittany.</strong></span></span></span></li>
<li><span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>1428, October 12–1429, May 8—</strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Siege of Orléans</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>: English forces commanded by the Earl of Salisbury, the Earl of Suffolk, and Talbot (Earl of Shrewsbury) lay siege to Orleans, and are forced to withdraw after a relief army accompanied by Joan of Arc arrives at the city.</strong></span></span></span></li>
<li><span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>1429, February 12—</strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Herrings"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Battle of the Herrings</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>: English force under Sir </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fastolf"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>John Fastolf</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> defeats French and Scottish armies.</strong></span></span></span></li>
<li><span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>1429, July 17—</strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Patay"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Battle of Patay</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>: In a reverse of Agincourt/Crécy, a French army under </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Hire"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>La Hire</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, Richemont, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_Arc"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Joan of Arc</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, and other commanders break through English archers under Lord Talbot and then pursue and mop up the other sections of the English army, killing or capturing about half (2,200) of their troops. </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Talbot,_1st_Earl_of_Shrewsbury"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> and </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Hungerford,_1st_Baron_Hungerford"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Walter, Lord Hungerford</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> are captured.</strong></span></span></span></li>
<li><span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>1435—</strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gerbevoy"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Battle of Gerbevoy</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>: La Hire defeats an English force under Arundel.</strong></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">1435 : French forces take Paris.</strong></span></li>
<li><span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>1450, April 15—</strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Formigny"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Battle of Formigny</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>: A French force under the Comte de Clermont defeats an English force under </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kyriell"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Thomas Kyriell</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>.</strong></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">1451: French forces conquer Gascony.</strong></span></li>
<li><span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>1453, July 17—</strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Castillon"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Battle of Castillon</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>: </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bureau"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Jean Bureau</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> defeats Talbot to end the Hundred Years' War. This was also the first battle in European history where the use of cannon was a major factor in determining the outcome. </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Talbot,_1st_Earl_of_Shrewsbury"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> was killed in battle.</strong></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Edward III's costly adventure: AD 1337-1340</strong></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>The English king reluctantly accepts the decision of the French magnates. He even answers a summons from Philip VI to do homage for his fiefs in France. In 1329 the 17-year-old Edward III attends a magnificent ceremony in Amiens cathedral, but he does homage as a fellow monarch - in a crimson velvet robe, with the leopards of England embroidered in gold, wearing his crown and with a sword at his belt. This is in deliberate contrast to the bareheaded and unarmed approach expected by the French king.<br />The next eight years see a gradual change from this symbolic act of defiance to open warfare. Many elements contribute to this change.</strong></span><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="gmo"><span style="color: orange;"><b><br /><span style="color: #ff8000;"></span></b></span></a><span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>One such element is the presence in England of disaffected French nobles urging </strong></span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=gmk#gmk"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Edward</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> to press his claim to the throne of France. Another is French support for the boy king of Scotland, </strong></span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=fvb#fvb"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>David II</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, in his struggle against rivals sponsored by the English.<br />But the most serious bone of contention remains the English territories in southwest France. They are somewhat reduced now from the original extent of </strong></span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=fsw#fsw"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Aquitaine</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, and in this lesser form they are usually referred to as Guienne. Over the years the French have made many attempts to seize and confiscate Guienne, usually citing some failure or other in England's feudal obligations.</strong></span></span></span><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="gmp"><span style="color: orange;"><b><br /><span style="color: #ff8000;"></span></b></span></a><span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>In 1337 Philip VI once again declares that he is confiscating Guienne. This time the English response is dramatic. Edward III replies that the kingdom of France is his by right of inheritance. He sends a formal challenge to Philip for his throne - a declaration of war.<br />The first stage of the war takes place at sea and in Flanders. The count of Flanders, an ally and vassal of the king of France, is under great pressure from an alliance led by </strong></span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=206"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Jacob van Artevelde</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>. Edward III, profiting from this unrest on France's northern border, spends much of 1339 and 1340 in Flanders.</strong></span></span></span><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><span style="color: orange;"><b><br /><span style="color: #ff8000;"></span></b></span></a><span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>The Flemish cities, though in rebellious mood, are reluctant to affront their highest feudal lord - the king of France. They neatly solve the problem by persuading Edward to declare himself in that role. In Ghent, in January 1340, he formally assumes the royal title, quartering the fleur-de-lis of France with the leopards of England on his shield.<br />The English army engages in various ineffectual sieges in northern France, and the fleet wins one convincing victory over the French off Sluis in June 1340. But in general this first campaign achieves little at great cost (sufficient to bankrupt Edward's </strong></span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=giw#giw"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Florentine bankers</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> when he defaults on his debts).</strong></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="2360"><span style="color: #ff8000;"></span></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="gnw"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="gle"></a></b></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Crécy and Calais: AD 1346-1347</strong></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Edward's next foray on to French soil is a raid of plunder which takes him on a curving path from the Cotentin peninsula in Normandy (in July 1346) up past Paris and on northwards.<br />He has reached the region of Ponthieu by late August, when an army led by </strong></span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=gmlb#gmlb"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Philip VI</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> of France catches up with him near Crécy. The resulting battle is something of a swansong for medieval chivalry.</strong></span></span></span><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="glhb"><span style="color: orange;"><b><br /><span style="color: #ff8000;"></span></b></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>The fighting begins at Crécy with a direct confrontation between English longbowmen and Genoese crossbowmen, employed as mercenaries by the French king. The English, outnumbered by the French, occupy a defensive position on a slope overlooking a small valley. The battle begins when the French king orders a line of crossbowmen to advance on the English position, with mounted knights following behind them.<br />The English outshoot the Genoese, who need to pause to crank their crossbow after each shot. When the Genoese retreat in panic, they become entangled with the advancing French cavalry. The resulting chaos offers an easy target to the bowmen on the hill.</strong></span><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="gny"><span style="color: orange;"><b><br /><span style="color: #ff8000;"></span></b></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Subsequent charges by the French cavalry meet a similar fate in a battle which continues until nightfall. The next morning some 1500 French knights and esquires are dead on the battlefield together with large numbers of more humble soldiers.<br />This great victory does not divert Edward III from his relatively unambitious plans. He makes no attempt to turn on Paris. Instead he continues on his course northwards. At Calais the citizens, famously, resist him. For almost a year he besieges them until finally, in early August 1347, the town capitulates.</strong></span><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><span style="color: orange;"><b><br /><span style="color: #ff8000;"></span></b></span></a><span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>The chronicles mention the English using </strong></span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=fkc#fkc"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>artillery</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> against the town, firing small stones a few ounces in weight. But it is famine which brings the inhabitants to the point of surrender. The traditional story, probably correct, describes six burghers of Calais coming out of the town with ropes round their necks. They offer their lives to save those of their fellow citizens. Edward is said to have been in vindictive mood, owing to the activities of pirates based in </strong></span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=huc#huc"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Calais</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>. In one version of the story he executes the six; in another he heeds a plea for mercy from his queen.<br />Calais is not recovered by the French until 1558.</strong></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="2361"><span style="color: #ff8000;"></span></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="gnx"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="gmx"></a></b></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Edward the Black Prince and Poitiers: AD 1355-1360</strong></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>A truce signed after the fall of Calais, in 1347, holds for several years - partly because the whole of Europe is distracted at this time by a far more serious threat, the </strong></span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=fsk#fsk"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Black Death</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>. But in September 1355 the son of Edward III, known as </strong></span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=fwt#fwt"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Edward the Black Prince</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, lands with an army at Bordeaux and sets about plundering southern France with the help of allies from the English fief of </strong></span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=fsw#fsw"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Gascony</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>.<br />The following summer the English and the Gascons press northwards until at last they are confronted, near Poitiers in September 1356, by a much larger army commanded by the king of France, John II.</strong></span></span></span><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="gmy"><span style="color: orange;"><b><br /><span style="color: #ff8000;"></span></b></span></a><span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>The battle of Poitiers takes place over three days - a long weekend in modern terms, from Saturday to Monday in September 1356. Sunday is a truce, brokered between the two sides by the papal legate. The day of rest reveals, once again, the contrast between the romantically amateur French view of warfare and the new professionalism of the English.<br />The French knights treat their day off as a holiday, eating, drinking, socializing, relaxing. Meanwhile the English and their Gascon allies are busy digging trenches and making fences. The intention, as at </strong></span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=gle#gle"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>Crécy</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, is to fight from a defensive position.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<ul><span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"></span></b></span></ul>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><b><img alt="photo" height="880" src="http://farm6.static.flickr.com/5083/5264968749_c9026ae7a6_z.jpg" width="1173" /></b></span><br />
<h3>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;">Sir John Beauchamp</span></h3>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The effigies of Sir John Beauchamp, and his wife Joan, atop their tomb in Worcester Cathedral. Sir John was a medieval knight, who served kings Edward III and Richard II, but was later executed in 1388.<br />Many of king Richard's supporters were executed at this time, under what was later termed 'The Merciless Parliament'. All of Sir John's lands were appropriated by the new king and his appointed parliament, but were later fully restored to his son, also called John Beauchamp. King Richard himself was later overthrown by Henry Bolingbrooke, who then took the throne of England as king Henry IV, ending Plantagenet rule, and establishing the rule of the House of Lancaster.<br />Sir John Beauchamp, was a loyal supporter of Edward III and Richard II, and served in various battles of the '100 Years War' with France , including Crecy, Sluys, and Poitiers. He was also Captain of Calais, and Admiral of the Fleet.</strong></span></span><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="gnz" style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></b></span></a><span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>The final battle begins early on the Monday morning. By a combination of ambushes, hails of arrows and sudden cavalry charges downhill, the English and the Gascons throw the vanguard of the French army into disarray. The rearguard, commanded by the king himself, fights with great resolve. John II wins renown for his personal courage. But by mid-afternoon his army is overwhelmed, and he is a prisoner in English hands.<br />It is the beginning of four years of royal captivity, first in Bordeaux and then in the Savoy palace in London. After much negotiation a vast ransom of three million gold crowns is agreed in 1360. The taxation required to raise this sum is yet another burden in France so soon after the </strong></span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=fsm#fsm"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Black Death</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>.</strong></span></span></span><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></b></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">In addition to the ransom of three million crowns, the terms agreed at Brétigny in 1360 (ratified later in the same year at Calais) attempt to resolve the ancient territorial disputes. France relinquishes to England the whole of Aquitaine in the south of France, and a few regions on the coast opposite England, including Calais. England in return gives up Normandy and Touraine and certain feudal rights held in Brittany and Flanders.<br />The terms of the treaty are never acted upon. Instead, over the next few decades, there are periodic and desultory raids from England. But the situation changes dramatically early in the next century, on both sides of the Channel.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">As snowflakes swirled around the peasants' houses in the depths of January 1414, a travel-weary horseman galloped up the muddy lanes of the Leicestershire village of Kibworth Harcourt. After a frantic two-day ride from London, the messenger was cold and exhausted.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">But he lost no time in leaping from his horse and rushing straight across the cattle yard and into one of the timber-framed farms on Main Street. For he had terrible news to impart to the woman of the house.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Emma Gilbert, a widowed merchant's wife, hailed from one of the oldest and most respected families in Kibworth. She had a daughter, Alice, and a number of grandchildren. Perhaps they were at Emma's side when the messenger delivered his blow: her sons, Walter and Nicholas, had been executed in London.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Their deaths would have been an appalling shock for the family, residents of Kibworth for more than a century and pillars of the community.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Earlier that year, the two brothers had left the village to take part in an extraordinarily dangerous rebellion against the new English King, Henry V, and against the whole edifice of the Catholic Church. But it had failed disastrously.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Soon to be hailed as the victor of Agincourt, young Henry was far too skilled a soldier to be caught unawares by such a poorly hatched plan. The rebels had raised nowhere near the hoped-for 20,000 men and had been easily crushed.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The King was merciful to most of the defeated — after a few months in Newgate Prison, many were pardoned and sent home — but a terrible fate awaited Walter and Nicholas.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">For Walter was an itinerant heretic preacher who had been spreading the virulently anti-clerical teachings of the so-called Lollard movement — who believed the Pope was an anti-Christ — in the villages of Leicestershire and Derbyshire.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Both brothers were condemned as heretics. Taken to St Giles Fields in London, they were first hanged and then burned while still alive.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Not for the first time (and certainly not for the last) in its already long history, tragedy had come to the very ordinary village of Kibworth.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Rather than giving another broad-brush history lesson — reciting a familiar succession of kings and queens, prime ministers and generals, battles and rebellions — I wanted to show how history not only leaves its mark on one particular place, but is also shaped by the people who lived there. History happens because they were busy living it, or, in the case of poor Walter and Nicholas, dying it.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">That's one of the reasons I chose the old parish of Kibworth in Leicestershire, which today comprises the three closely linked villages of Kibworth Harcourt, Kibworth Beauchamp and Smeeton Westerby. You see, Kibworth is an utterly ordinary place. It could be any village, in any part of the English Midlands, indeed in almost any part of England.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Parts of it are pretty, parts of it are not. It has 20th-century housing estates, Chinese and Indian takeaways, a busy A-road and a mainline railway running straight through it. But it also has some gorgeous 16th-century cottages, a 14th-century church and a Roman burial mound that became the motte for a Norman castle. All these things make Kibworth interesting but also totally ordinary.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Having travelled the globe as a historian for the past 25 years — to tell the stories of Troy, Alexander the Great and the Conquistadors among many others — I wanted to tell another great tale: the story of England.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Tranquil: St Wilfrid's church in Kibworth, Leicestershire in the late 18th century around 300 hundred years after the Gilberts were executed</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">It's a story that sometimes feels as if it's in danger of being lost, hijacked by the jingoists. But it provides not only one of the cornerstones of British history but — for a century or three — of world history, too.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">How is it that such a small nation could have such a vast influence on the world in literature, language, politics, law and ideas of freedom? Kibworth, which lies slap bang in the middle of England, is the perfect place to start finding out.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Villages like Kibworth (and there are thousands) have seen and participated in all the great events in English history: from the Norman Conquest to the Barons Revolt, from the Black Death to the Civil War, from the Enclosure Movement to the Industrial Revolution. Their individual histories are a mirror of the entire nation's.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">At a time when our politicians talk of the 'Big Society', it's more vital than ever to have some sort of historical framework. Some idea of how our freedoms, rights and duties — our ideas about society and identity — evolved over the centuries.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Ten miles down the road from Kibworth lies the city of Leicester, which after decades of 20th-century immigration has one of the most vibrant and cosmopolitan populations in England.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Unprecedented, you might think. But if you'd come to Kibworth in the 10th century, you'd have found something remarkably similar. The Vikings and Anglo-Saxons had finally made friends, swapping fighting for farming, and the village had a multi-cultural population that spoke Danish alongside Old English.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">But the course of integration did not always run smoothly. When Norman invaders arrived in 1066, they held the indigenous English — with their hard-drinking habits and guttural language — in such contempt, there was virtually no inter-marriage for 100 years.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">They were eventually anglicised and one of the great English rebellions, the Barons' Revolt of 1263 (which aimed to limit the powers of King Henry III and create our first elected parliament), was led by a French-born aristocrat, Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Men from Kibworth fought alongside de Montfort at the Battle of Lewes. And some of them may have died alongside him, too, at the bloody Battle of Evesham in 1265, when the King's army routed the rebels and de Montfort's body was hacked to pieces. Two hundred years after the Battle of Hastings, English and French men were now fighting and dying together for a common cause.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Henry would not be the only King to discover that the quiet-looking English shires concealed a strong rebellious, even radical, streak. The slowly emerging concept of what it meant to be English was beginning to acquire a guiding set of principles.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Right from the start, I realised that if I wanted to tell the history of Kibworth properly, and support my contention that it is ordinary people who shape history, I knew I needed the support of the people who live in the villages now.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">We announced our intentions — to delve into the archives of Kibworth and tell the story of England through its history — on local radio. Two hundred and fifty villagers turned up for the subsequent public meeting. Our plans for The Big Dig were on.And without these villagers, we simply couldn't have dug the 55 archeological pits over three villages from which our amazing finds emerged.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The discoveries were remarkable: prehistoric flints, Roman and Anglo-Saxon pottery, debris from Georgian coaching inns, frame knitters' workshops and, in one pit, household items from the 1960s.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">We'd not only unearthed more than 2,000 years of history, but established a direct connection between the people of the past and the inhabitants of Kibworth today.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Suddenly, local people realised that the Italian restaurant on the High Street might not have been the first in the village's history. It's just that the previous one closed about 16 centuries ago, when the imperial legions were recalled to Rome in the final days of the Empire.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Catastrophes such as the Black Death were also put into perspective. The plague arrived in Kibworth early in 1349, despite the road blocks that had been set up to prevent its spread. It must have been a nightmare: sick villagers in agony with swellings and pustules, spewing blood everywhere, and the desperate vicar John Sybil struggling to comfort his flock while knowing he was dying himself.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">In total, about 500 people died in Kibworth, proportionally the highest loss known in any English village. By comparison, when Kibworth men marched off to the Great War in 1914, just 40 of them did not come back — a tragedy of course, but on a very different scale from that of the Black Death.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The village population would not recover fully from the plague until after 1700. It meant that the workforce was at a premium, leading to the introduction of England's first employment laws. The peasants who survived the Black Death still had obligations and responsibilities, but now they had some rights, too. That was at the heart of the emerging English ethos.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">So how else did the village find itself intertwined with the great stories of English history?</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">In the Reformation, the vicar was jailed for opposition to Henry VIII; during the Civil War, the Royal army camped around the village before the Battle of Naseby (to much complaint from the locals). Afterwards, the village was swept by radical movements — Independents, dissenters, Quakers. This current of non-conformity led to the founding in the village of a famous Non-conformist Academy, under whose roof the feminist and anti-slavery writer Anna Laetitia Barbauld grew up.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">And while those radical movements were touching the lives of some villagers, others were simply going about their lives as we do now, safe in the knowledge that they were part of a community whose roots ran deep.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">A gazetteer has been compiled of 23 Kibworth inns since the 18th century; a history of local cricket — strongly established by the 1840s — has been drawn up.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">From the village 'Penny Concerts' in the 1880s, to the reminiscences of local Land Girls and even to memories of moving into the first post-war housing estate, what I think emerges in the series is that sense of the growth of a community over time, the development of our rights and duties and sense of identity, with fascinating insights into work, religion, education and culture.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">All of it is driven by the primary sources: and my favourite has to be the 1940s village Forces Journal, edited by Leslie Clarke, a veteran of World War I, which was sent to all serving villagers. A mix of letters, poems, memoirs and stories, plus all the births, deaths and marriages, it powerfully sums up the individualistic yet co-operative spirit which has been the glue that's kept English society together for so long.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">'To me Kibworth has always been friendly,' Clarke wrote in 1944, 'but that friendly spirit has never been more generously displayed than it is today. I walked through the three Parishes of Beauchamp, Harcourt and Smeeton the other evening. I looked upon them and thought of them. Yes, “Our Village”, with its houses tucked edgeways and sideways, looked to me very homelike and very beautiful.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">'For our village — which fought in Flanders, in Greece and Crete, at El Alamein . . . fought on the sea and under the sea, in the Battle of Britain, in North Africa and Italy, in Normandy and France . . .</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">'Our grumbling, friendly, warm-hearted, gossip-loving village truly represents, with ten thousand others of her kind, that free spirit — true and precious — which is, and will be, forever England.'</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Remarkably, we discovered modern Kibworth families whose ancestors would have experienced all this first-hand. The Colman and Iliffe families can trace their presence in the village back to the 15th century. And local caretaker Wayne Colman was delighted to discover, through DNA testing, that he could have Viking or Norse blood.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">'I'm Wayne the Dane now; I'll never live it down,' he told me. Other families, such as the Polles, Gilberts and Browns, survived in the village for centuries but are now gone.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">But what the families who remain or who have departed leave is a legacy of Englishness that began with the Normans, resurfaced with de Montfort, continued with the Lollards and endured with the radical and non-conformist movements of the 17th and 18th centuries before it emerged as the national working-class culture in the 19th century.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">It is an ethos founded on fairness, self-improvement and education. We've been amazed, for example, to discover how many of the supposedly illiterate peasant class were actually, to some extent, literate.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Englishness is based on the idea of mutual respect; that while we may not like every one of our neighbours, we should be able to respect them, work with them and live next to them. It's based on the idea that allegiance to the law of the land is important, as is loyalty to the local community. It's also based on a deep-seated mistrust of the excesses of power — once religious or royal, now political and economic — being wielded by too few.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">And how will this play out in the future? Don't ask me, I'm a historian, not a politician or a fortune-teller. But what I do know is that the lessons of the past — drawn from places just like Kibworth — shouldn't be ignored as we confront the realities of England today.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">For centuries rats have been blamed for spreading the Black Death, helping to consign millions of people to an agonising death.<br />But, according to one archaeologist, the rodents are innocent. Instead, the blame for passing on the disease that wiped out a third of the population of Europe could lie with the victims themselves.<br />The Black Death is widely thought to have been an outbreak of bubonic plague caused by bacteria carried by fleas that lived on black rats. The rodents spread the plague from China to Europe and it hit Britain in 1348. <img alt="A man carries a child suffering from the plague in 1349" height="865" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2011/08/18/article-2027347-0687D2D3000005DC-620_634x865.jpg" width="634" /><br /><br /> Destroyer: A man carries a child suffering from the plague in 1349 .However, according to historian Barney Sloane, the disease spread so quickly that the rats could not be to blame.</strong></span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Dr Sloane said the increased spread of Black Death over the winter of 1348 coincided with a seasonal decrease in the number of both rats and fleas, which are susceptible to cold.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">He also pointed out that rats are also killed by bubonic plague, but said there were no large deposits of rat bones from the 14th century.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The epidemic, which is reckoned to have claimed 75million lives worldwide, spread from person to person in crowded medieval cities, Dr Sloane said.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">His findings even cast doubt on whether the Black Death was actually bubonic plague, and not something with similar symptoms.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="gods punishment" height="1101" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2011/08/18/article-2027347-0D7B866400000578-760_306x305.jpg" width="1105" /></strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">gods punishment</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Dr Sloane, formerly a field archaeologist at the Museum of London, said: ‘We ought to be finding great heaps of dead rats in all the waterfront sites but they aren’t there.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">'Rats were carriers but they also died from bubonic plague. If it had been this disease you would expect to find large deposits of 14th century rat bones. These would have survived the centuries in the timber waterfronts in the city, but we found very few bones.'</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">‘And all the evidence suggests the plague spread too fast for the traditional explanation.’ Dr Sloane, the author of The Black Death in London, added: ‘It was originally thought the plague arrived in England in the spring of 1348 and had spread to London by late summer.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">‘My research suggests it arrived in England in autumn and had reached the capital by November.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">‘Its spread accelerated over the winter. If it had been bubonic plague – which is spread by rats – we would expect the spread to slow down over winter because rats are susceptible to the cold.’</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Dr Sloane said as many as two thirds of the capital’s 60,000 population died. Their symptoms included lumps under the skin, fever, coughing and vomiting of blood.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">His work adds to previous research that questions whether the Black Death really was bubonic plague.</strong></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="Not guilty:The Black Death was thought to be caused by fleas on black rats" height="985" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2011/08/18/article-2027347-0D79AFAF00000578-940_306x279.jpg" width="1080" /></span></h6>
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Not guilty:The Black Death was thought to be caused by fleas on black rats</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The historian said chronicles from the time pointed to a different method of transmission - person to person.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">'All the evidence I've looked at suggests it had to be person to person due to the speed by which it spread,' he said.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">As panic gripped the capital, the numbers of wills soared among the wealthy citizens who realised they could be next.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">'We still have many of the wills of citizens who had property in London,' Dr Sloane said.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">On 5 February, 1349, Johanna Elys left her property to her children Richard and Johanna. She spelled out even what pots and pans they would receive. Her husband was already dead and she died just 72 hours after making the will.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Dr Sloane said pneumonic plague could be spread from person to person, but this would first need to mutate from bubonic plague.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">This suggests the Black Death was another, as yet unknown disease, that had the symptoms of swollen lumps alongside a high fever, fetid breath, coughing, vomiting of blood and foul body odour.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Dr Sloane estimates nearly half the nation's population died during the outbreaks in Edward III's reign (1312-1377), and documents some fascinating social changes.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">'All of a sudden people become concerned about where they will be buried and start specifying where in the church yard they will be placed,' he said.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">'This may be after witnessing relatives flung in plague pits.'</strong></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><img alt="A 15th century image showing the disease that affected all Europe: Accounts describe skin swellings, but this doesn't automatically mean it was bubonic plague" height="781" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2011/08/18/article-2027347-0D79801700000578-184_634x455.jpg" width="1089" /> </span> </b></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">A 15th century image showing the disease that affected all Europe: Accounts describe skin swellings, but this doesn't automatically mean it was bubonic plague</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">He went on: 'The people left also provide more charity and at a local level. They start giving it to their parishes rather than far away monasteries. Lepers, hermits and prisoners all receive more in bequests - perhaps in a bid to appease God.'</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Dr Sloane's research builds on findings by a team led by Dr James Wood at Penn State University.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">They also questioned the assumption that the Black Death was bubonic plague, as other diseases could cause swellings under the skin.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">They studied bishops’ records of the replacement of priests in several English dioceses.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">'These records indicate that the spread of the Black Death was more rapid than we formerly believed,' Dr Wood told the American Association of Physical Anthropologists in 2002.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">'This disease appears to spread too rapidly among humans to be something that must first be established in wild rodent populations, like bubonic plague.'</strong></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><img alt="Plague: Accounts suggest the Black Death in 1348-1349 was viewed as God's punishment on the people" height="766" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2011/08/18/article-2027347-0D79802300000578-564_634x441.jpg" width="1100" /> </span> </b></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Plague: Accounts suggest the Black Death in 1348-1349 was viewed as God's punishment on the people</strong></span><br />
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<br /></td><td valign="top" width="475"><br /><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Lenepveu%2C_Jeanne_d%27Arc_au_si%C3%A8ge_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans.jpg" style="font-family: times; font-size: xx-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong><img alt="File:Lenepveu, Jeanne d'Arc au siège d'Orléans.jpg" height="2088" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Lenepveu%2C_Jeanne_d%27Arc_au_si%C3%A8ge_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans.jpg/432px-Lenepveu%2C_Jeanne_d%27Arc_au_si%C3%A8ge_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans.jpg" style="display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;" width="1504" /></strong></span></a>
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<br /></td><td valign="top" width="199"></td><td valign="top" width="199"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/BattleofSluys.jpeg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><img alt="File:BattleofSluys.jpeg" height="1200" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/BattleofSluys.jpeg" width="1541" /></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"> </span></b></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Lancastrians, Armagnacs and Burgundians: AD 1407-15</strong></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Joan of Arc is one of the most remarkable people to ever live and her name is easily recognized by virtually everyone in the world today. Joan's life and history are also the best documented of anyone that has ever lived outside of modern times however most people are not aware of all that this simple young woman from a small town in eastern France accomplished in her life and death. Joan saved her people and united all of France by winning several important battles at Orleans and Patay in what is now known as the Hundred Years War. Joan completely reversed the course of this war and kept France from becoming a colony of the English. Greatly celebrated by her own people she was hated by the English who ultimately captured her and rigged a trial under the auspices of the Church to justify burning her at the stake. Twenty-five years later the illegality of her trial was revealed in another trial held by the Church that completely exonerated her and declared her a martyr. In 1920 Joan became an official Saint of the same Church that had once called her a heretic and executed her by burning her at the stake. She remains one of the most beloved figures in all of history.</strong></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><br /><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">In the early 15th century the political context in both England and France is radically different from the circumstances fifty years earlier at the time of the treaty of </span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=gnz#gnz"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">Brétigny</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">. In England the new </span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=fww#fww"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">Lancastrian</span></a> dynasty is more vigorous and belligerent than its predecessors. This is particularly <span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">the case after a young king, Henry V, inherits the throne in 1413.<br />In France civil war breaks out in 1407 between two lines within the royal family - the </span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=gnf#gnf"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">Armagnacs</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"> (supporting the legitimate line of the mad king Charles VI and his son the dauphin) and their rivals, the </span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=gne#gne"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">Burgundians</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">. Henry V, availing himself of the disarray in France, brings a fleet into the estuary of the Seine in August 1415.</span></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Twenty-five years after her execution, an inquisitorial court authorized by </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Pope Callixtus III</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> examined the trial, pronounced her innocent, and declared her a </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyr"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>martyr</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ward-4">[5]</a></sup> Joan of Arc was </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatification"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>beatified</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> in 1909 and </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonization"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>canonized</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> in 1920. She is – along with </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Denis"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>St. Denis</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Martin_of_Tours"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>St. Martin of Tours</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_IX"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>St. Louis IX</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>, and </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Theresa_of_Lisieux"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>St. Theresa of Lisieux</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> – one of the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_saint"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>patron saints</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> of France. Joan said that she had visions from God that instructed her to recover her homeland from </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>English</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> domination late in the Hundred Years' War. The uncrowned King Charles VII sent her to the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>siege of Orléans</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> as part of a relief mission. She gained prominence when she overcame the dismissive attitude of veteran commanders and lifted the siege in only nine days. Several additional swift victories led to Charles VII's coronation at </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reims"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Reims</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>.</strong></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">The historian </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_DeVries"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">Kelly DeVries</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"> describes the period preceding her appearance in the following terms: "If anything could have discouraged her, the state of France in 1429 should have." The </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">Hundred Years' War</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"> had begun in 1337 as a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_claims_to_the_French_throne"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">succession dispute over the French throne</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"> with intermittent periods of relative peace. Nearly all the fighting had taken place in France, and the English army's use of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevauch%C3%A9e">chevauchée</a></i> tactics (similar to </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorched_earth"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">scorched earth</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"> strategies) had devastated the economy.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5">[6]</a></sup> The </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_demography"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">French population</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"> had not recovered from the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">Black Death</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000;"> of the previous century and its merchants were isolated from foreign markets. At the outset of Jeanne d'Arc's appearance, the English had nearly achieved their goal of a dual monarchy under English control and the French army had not achieved any major victories for a generation. In DeVries's words, "The kingdom of France was not even a shadow of its thirteenth-century prototype."<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6">[7]</a></sup></span></span></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>The French king at the time of Joan's birth, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Charles VI</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>, suffered bouts of insanity<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7">[8]</a></sup> and was often unable to rule. The king's brother Duke </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_of_Valois,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Louis of Orléans</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> and the king's cousin </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Fearless"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>John the Fearless</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Burgundy"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Duke of Burgundy</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>, quarreled over the regency of France and the guardianship of the royal children. This dispute escalated to accusations of an extramarital affair with Queen </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabeau_of_Bavaria"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Isabeau of Bavaria</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> and the kidnappings of the royal children.<sup>[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup>. The matter climaxed with the assassination of the Duke of Orléans in 1407 on the orders of the Duke of Burgundy.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8">[9]</a></sup></strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>The factions loyal to these two men became known as the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armagnac_(party)"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Armagnacs</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> and the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundian_(party)"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Burgundians</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>. </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_V_of_England"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Henry V of England</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> took advantage of this turmoil to invade France, winning a dramatic </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>victory at Agincourt</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> in 1415 and capturing many northern French towns.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9">[10]</a></sup> The future French king, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Charles VII</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>, assumed the title of </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dauphin_of_France"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Dauphin</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> – the heir to the throne – at the age of fourteen, after all four of his older brothers died in succession.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10">[11]</a></sup> His first significant official act was to conclude a peace treaty with Burgundy in 1419. This ended in disaster when Armagnac partisans assassinated </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Fearless"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>John the Fearless</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> during a meeting under Charles's guarantee of protection. The new duke of Burgundy, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_III,_Duke_of_Burgundy"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Philip the Good</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, blamed Charles for the murder and entered into an alliance with the English. The allied forces conquered large sections of France.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11">[12]</a></sup></strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">In 1420, Queen Isabeau of Bavaria concluded the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Troyes"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">Treaty of Troyes</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">, which granted the succession of the French throne to Henry V and his heirs instead of her son Charles. This agreement revived rumors about her alleged affair with the late duke of Orléans and raised fresh suspicions that the Dauphin was illegitimate rather than the son of the king.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12">[13]</a></sup> Henry V and Charles VI died within two months of each other in 1422, leaving an infant, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">Henry VI of England</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">, the nominal monarch of both kingdoms. Henry V's brother, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Lancaster,_1st_Duke_of_Bedford"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">, acted as </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">regent</span></a>.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13">[14]</a></sup> </b></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>By the beginning of 1429, nearly all of northern France and some parts of the southwest were under foreign control. The English controlled Paris and </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouen"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Rouen</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> while the Burgundians controlled </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reims"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Reims</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>, the latter city being the traditional site of French coronations. This was an important consideration since neither claimant to the throne of France had yet been officially crowned. The English had laid siege to Orléans, one of the few remaining loyal French cities and a strategic position along the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loire"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Loire</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> River, which made it the last obstacle to an assault on the remainder of the French heartland. In the words of one modern historian, "On the fate of Orléans hung that of the entire kingdom."<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14">[15]</a></sup> No one was optimistic that the city could long withstand the siege.</strong></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<h4>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;">Life</span></h4>
<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">Further information: </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_of_Joan_of_Arc"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">Name of Joan of Arc</span></a></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></span></b></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Jeannedarcbirthplace.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><img alt="File:Jeannedarcbirthplace.jpg" height="1023" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jeannedarcbirthplace.jpg/800px-Jeannedarcbirthplace.jpg" width="1532" /></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></b></span></span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Joan's birthplace is now a museum. The village church where she attended Mass is on the right behind the trees.</strong></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Joan was born the daughter of </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_d%27Arc"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Jacques d'Arc</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> and </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabelle_Rom%C3%A9e"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Isabelle Romée</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16">[17]</a></sup> in </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domr%C3%A9my-la-Pucelle"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Domrémy</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>, a village which was then in the French part of the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Bar"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>duchy of Bar</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>, or <i>Barrois mouvant</i>, situated West of the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meuse_River"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Meuse River</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>, while the rest of the duchy (East of the Meuse) was a part of the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Holy Roman Empire</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>. The duchy of Bar was later incorporated to the province of </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine_(duchy)"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Lorraine</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> and the village of Domrémy renamed Domrémy-la-Pucelle, in honor of Joan of Arc.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17">[18]</a></sup> Joan's parents owned about 50 acres (20 hectares) of land and her father supplemented his farming work with a minor position as a village official, collecting taxes and heading the local watch.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18">[19]</a></sup> They lived in an isolated patch of eastern France that remained loyal to the French crown despite being surrounded by Burgundian lands. Several local raids occurred during her childhood and on one occasion her village was burned.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Joan said she was about 19 at her trial, so she must have been born around the year 1412. She later testified that she experienced her first vision around 1424 at the age of 12 years, when she was out alone in a field and saw visions of figures she identified as </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_(archangel)"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Saint Michael</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Alexandria"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Saint Catherine</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>, and </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Margaret_the_Virgin"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Saint Margaret</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, who told her to drive out the English and bring the Dauphin to Reims for his coronation. She said she cried when they left, as they were so beautiful.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19">[20]</a></sup></strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>At the age of 16, she asked a kinsman, Durand Lassois, to bring her to nearby </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaucouleurs"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Vaucouleurs</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>, where she petitioned the garrison commander, Count </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_de_Baudricourt"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Robert de Baudricourt</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>, for permission to visit the royal French court at </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinon"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Chinon</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>. Baudricourt's sarcastic response did not deter her.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20">[21]</a></sup> She returned the following January and gained support from two men of standing: </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Metz"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Jean de Metz</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> and </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bertrand_de_Poulengy&action=edit&redlink=1"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Bertrand de Poulengy</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nullification-21">[22]</a></sup> Under their auspices, she gained a second meeting, where she made a remarkable prediction about a </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Herrings"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>military reversal</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> near Orléans.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
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<tr><td valign="top" width="199"><br /></td><td valign="top" width="199"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Trait%C3%A9_de_Troyes.svg&page=1"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><img alt="" height="1783" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Trait%C3%A9_de_Troyes.svg/300px-Trait%C3%A9_de_Troyes.svg.png" width="1461" /></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"> </span></b></span></span></td><td valign="top" width="199"></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><strong style="background-color: black;">1415-1429</strong></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">Territories controlled by </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">Henry VI of England</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></b></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">Territories controlled by </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_the_Good"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">Philip III of Burgundy</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></b></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">Territories controlled by </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">Charles VII of France</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Main battles</strong></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>English raid of 1415 Joan's journey from Domrémy to </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chinon"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Chinon</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> Raid of Jeanne d'Arc to </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reims"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Reims</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> in 1429</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Robert de Baudricourt granted her an escort to visit Chinon after news from the front confirmed her prediction. She made the journey through hostile Burgundian territory in male disguise.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Richey-23">[24]</a></sup> Upon arriving at the Royal Court she impressed Charles VII during a private conference. During this time Charles's mother-in-law </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolande_of_Aragon"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Yolande of Aragon</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> was financing a relief expedition to </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Orléans</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>. Joan asked for permission to travel with the army and wear the equipment of a knight. She depended on donated items for her armor, horse, sword, banner, and other items utilized by her entourage. Historian Stephen W. Richey explains her attraction to the Royal Court by pointing out that they may have viewed her as the only source of hope for a regime that was near collapse:</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><strong style="background-color: black;">After years of one humiliating defeat after another, both the military and civil leadership of France were demoralized and discredited. When the Dauphin Charles granted Joan’s urgent request to be equipped for war and placed at the head of his army, his decision must have been based in large part on the knowledge that every orthodox, every rational option had been tried and had failed. Only a regime in the final straits of desperation would pay any heed to an illiterate farm girl who claimed that the voice of God was instructing her to take charge of her country’s army and lead it to victory.</strong></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Upon her arrival, Joan effectively turned the longstanding Anglo-French conflict into a religious war.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vale.2C_M.G.A._1974.2C_p._55-24">[25]</a></sup> But this course of action was not without its risks. Charles' advisers were worried that unless Joan's orthodoxy could be established beyond doubt – that she was not a heretic or a sorceress – Charles' enemies could easily make the claim that his kingdom was a gift from the Devil. To circumvent this possibility, the Dauphin ordered background inquiries and a theological examination at </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitiers"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Poitiers</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> to verify her morality. In April 1429, the commission of inquiry "declared her to be of irreproachable life, a good Christian, possessed of the virtues of humility, honesty and simplicity."<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vale.2C_M.G.A._1974.2C_p._55-24">[25]</a></sup> The theologians at Poitiers did not pass judgment on her divine inspiration; rather, they informed the Dauphin that there was a 'favorable presumption' to be made on the divine nature of her mission. This was enough for Charles, but they put the ball back in his court by stating that he had an obligation to put Joan to the test. 'To doubt or abandon her without suspicion of evil would be to repudiate the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Spirit"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Holy Spirit</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> and to become unworthy of God's aid', they declared.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25">[26]</a></sup> The test for the truth of her claims would be the raising of the siege of </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Orléans</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>She arrived at the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>siege of Orléans</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> on 29 April 1429, but </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Dunois"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Jean d'Orléans</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>, the acting head of the Orléans ducal family, initially excluded her from </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_council"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>war councils</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> and failed to inform her when the army engaged the enemy.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26">[27]</a></sup> However, his exclusions did not prevent her presence at most councils and battles.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>The extent of her actual military leadership is a subject of historical debate. Traditional historians, such as Édouard Perroy, conclude that she was a standard bearer whose primary effect was on morale.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27">[28]</a></sup> This type of analysis usually relies on the condemnation trial testimony, where she stated that she preferred her standard to her sword. Recent scholarship that focuses on the nullification trial testimony asserts that the army's commanders esteemed her as a skilled tactician and a successful strategist. Stephen W. Richey's opinion is one example: "She proceeded to lead the army in an astounding series of victories that reversed the tide of the war."<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Richey-23">[24]</a></sup> In either case, historians agree that the army enjoyed remarkable success during her brief career.</b></span></span></span><br />
<h5>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;">Leadership</span></h5>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">"... the Maiden lets you know that here, in eight days, she has chased the English out of all the places they held on the river Loire by attack or other means: they are dead or prisoners or discouraged in battle. Believe what you have heard about the earl of Suffolk, the lord la Pole and his brother, the lord Talbot, the lord Scales, and Sir Fastolf; many more knights and captains than these are defeated."</strong></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Joan of Arc rejected the cautious strategy that characterized French leadership during previous campaigns. During the five months of siege before her arrival, the defenders of Orléans attempted only one aggressive move and that ended in disaster. On 4 May the French attacked and captured the outlying fortress of Saint Loup, which she followed on 5 May with a march to a second fortress called Saint Jean le Blanc, which was found deserted. The next day she opposed Jean d'Orleans at a war council where she demanded another assault on the enemy. D'Orleans ordered the city gates locked to prevent another battle, but she summoned the townsmen and common soldiers and forced the mayor to unlock a gate. With the aid of only one captain she rode out and captured the fortress of Saint Augustins. That evening she learned she had been excluded from a war council where the leaders had decided to wait for reinforcements before acting again. Disregarding this decision, she insisted on attacking the main English stronghold called <i>"les Tourelles"</i> on 7 May.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29">[30]</a></sup> Contemporaries acknowledged her as the heroine of the engagement after she was wounded in the neck by an arrow but returned to lead the final charge.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30">[31]</a></sup></strong></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>The sudden victory at Orléans led to many proposals for further offensive action. The English expected an attempt to recapture Paris or an attack on Normandy. In the aftermath of the unexpected victory, Joan persuaded Charles VII to grant her co-command of the army with Duke </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_Alen%C3%A7on"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>John II of Alençon</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> and gained royal permission for her plan to recapture nearby bridges along the Loire as a prelude to an advance on Reims and the coronation of Charles VII. This was a bold proposal because Reims was roughly twice as far away as Paris and deep within enemy territory.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>The army recovered </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jargeau"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Jargeau</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> on 12 June, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Meung-sur-Loire"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Meung-sur-Loire</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> on 15 June, and </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Beaugency_(1429)"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Beaugency</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> on 17 June. The Duke of Alençon agreed to all of Joan's decisions. Other commanders including Jean d'Orléans had been impressed with her performance at Orléans and became her supporters. Alençon credited her with saving his life at Jargeau, where she warned him of an imminent artillery attack.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32">[33]</a></sup> During the same battle she withstood a blow from a stone cannonball to her helmet as she climbed a scaling ladder. An expected English relief force arrived in the area on 18 June under the command of Sir </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fastolf"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>John Fastolf</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>. The </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Patay"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>battle at Patay</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> might be compared to </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Agincourt</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> in reverse. The French vanguard attacked before the English </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_longbow"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>archers</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> could finish defensive preparations. A rout ensued that decimated the main body of the English army and killed or captured most of its commanders. Fastolf escaped with a small band of soldiers and became the scapegoat for the humiliating English defeat. The French suffered minimal losses.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><strong style="background-color: black;">"Prince of Burgundy, I pray of you — I beg and humbly supplicate — that you make no more war with the holy kingdom of France. Withdraw your people swiftly from certain places and fortresses of this holy kingdom, and on behalf of the gentle king of France I say he is ready to make peace with you, by his honor."</strong></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>"Her Letter to </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_the_Good"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Philip the Good</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, Duke of Burgundy, 17 July 1429; Quicherat V, pp. 126–127, trans. Wikipedia.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>The French army set out for Reims from Gien-sur-Loire on 29 June and accepted the conditional surrender of the Burgundian-held city of </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxerre"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Auxerre</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> on 3 July. The other towns in their path returned to French allegiance without resistance. </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troyes"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Troyes</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, the site of the treaty that tried to disinherit Charles VII, capitulated after a bloodless four-day siege.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34">[35]</a></sup> The army was in short supply of food by the time it reached Troyes. But the army was in luck: a wandering friar named Brother Richard had been preaching about the end of the world at Troyes and convinced local residents to plant beans, a crop with an early harvest. The hungry army arrived as the beans ripened.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35">[36]</a></sup></strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Reims opened its gates to the army on 16 July. The coronation took place the following morning. Although Joan and the duke of Alençon urged a prompt march on Paris, the royal court preferred a negotiated truce with the duke of Burgundy. Duke Philip the Good broke the agreement, using it as a stalling tactic to reinforce the defense of Paris. The French army marched through towns near Paris during the interim and accepted more peaceful surrenders. The Duke of Bedford headed an English force and confronted the French army in a standoff on 15 August. The French assault at Paris ensued on 8 September. Despite a wound to the leg from a </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarrel"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>crossbow bolt</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>, Joan continued directing the troops until the day's fighting ended. The following morning she received a royal order to withdraw. Most historians blame French </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Chamberlain_of_France"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Grand Chamberlain</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_de_la_Tr%C3%A9moille"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Georges de la Trémoille</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> for the political blunders that followed the coronation.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37">[38]</a></sup> In October, Joan was with the Royal army when it </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Saint-Pierre-le-Mo%C3%BBtier"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>took Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>, followed by an unsuccessful attempt to take </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_La_Charit%C3%A9"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>La-Charité-sur-Loire</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> in November and December. On 29 December, Joan and her family were granted nobility.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
</span><ul>
<li><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grande_salle_ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chinon.JPG"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><img alt="" height="1988" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Grande_salle_ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chinon.JPG/112px-Grande_salle_ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chinon.JPG" width="1485" /></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></b></span></span><br /><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Ruin of the great hall at </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chinon"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Château de Chinon</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> where she met the future King Charles VII. The castle's only remaining intact tower has also become a museum dedicated to her.</strong></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Maid_of_Orl%C3%A9ans.PNG"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><img alt="" height="775" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/The_Maid_of_Orl%C3%A9ans.PNG/150px-The_Maid_of_Orl%C3%A9ans.PNG" width="1509" /></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></b></span></span><br /><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Entrance of Joan of Arc into Reims in 1429, painting by </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Matejko"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Jan Matejko</strong></span></a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chateau_Beaugency_ballon.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><img alt="" height="1127" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Chateau_Beaugency_ballon.jpg/150px-Chateau_Beaugency_ballon.jpg" width="1495" /></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></b></span></span><br /><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>The inner keep at </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaugency"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Beaugency</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> is one of the few surviving fortifications from Joan's battles. English defenders retreated to the tower at upper right after the French breached the town wall.</strong></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Notre_Dame_de_Reims_-_d%C3%A9tail_haut.JPG"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><img alt="" height="1085" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Notre_Dame_de_Reims_-_d%C3%A9tail_haut.JPG/112px-Notre_Dame_de_Reims_-_d%C3%A9tail_haut.JPG" width="810" /></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></b></span></span><br /><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Reims"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Notre-Dame de Reims</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>, traditional site of French coronations. The structure had additional spires prior to a 1481 fire.</strong></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ingres_coronation_charles_vii.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><img alt="" height="1031" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ingres_coronation_charles_vii.jpg/112px-Ingres_coronation_charles_vii.jpg" width="770" /></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></b></span></span><br /><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><strong><i>Joan at the coronation of Charles VII</i>, by </strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Auguste_Dominique_Ingres"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> in 1854, is a notable example of attempts to add more feminine characteristics to her appearance. Note the long hair and the skirt around the armor.</strong></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<h5>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;">Capture</span></h5>
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Capture_de_Jeanne.JPG"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><img alt="File:Capture de Jeanne.JPG" height="953" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Capture_de_Jeanne.JPG/800px-Capture_de_Jeanne.JPG" width="1515" /></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></b></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Joan captured by the Burgundians at Compiègne. </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mural"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Mural</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> in the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on,_Paris"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Panthéon</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, Paris.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>A truce with England during the following few months left Joan with little to do. On 23 March 1430, she dictated a threatening letter to the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussites"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Hussites</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>, a dissident group which had broken with the Catholic Church on a number of doctrinal points and had defeated several previous crusades sent against them. Joan's letter promises to "remove your madness and foul superstition, taking away either your heresy or your lives."<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38">[39]</a></sup> However, the truce with England quickly came to an end. Joan traveled to </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compi%C3%A8gne"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Compiègne</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> the following May to help defend the city against an </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Compi%C3%A8gne"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>English and Burgundian siege</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>. A skirmish on 23 May 1430 led to her capture, when her force attempted to attack the Burgundian's camp at Margny.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barbara_geiger1-39">[40]</a></sup> When she ordered a retreat into the nearby fortifications of Compiègne after the advance of an additional force of 6,000 Burgundians,<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barbara_geiger1-39">[40]</a></sup> she assumed the place of honor as the last to leave the field. Burgundians surrounded the rear guard, and she was unhorsed by an </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archery"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>archer</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> and initially refused to surrender.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40">[41]</a></sup></strong></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">"It is true that the king has made a truce with the duke of Burgundy for fifteen days and that the duke is to turn over the city of Paris at the end of fifteen days. Yet you should not marvel if I do not enter that city so quickly. I am not content with these truces and do not know if I will keep them, but if I hold them it will only be to guard the king's honor: no matter how much they abuse the royal blood, I will keep and maintain the royal army in case they make no peace at the end of those fifteen days."</strong></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Her Letter to the citizens of Reims, 5 August 1429; Quicherat I, p. 246, trans. Wikipedia.</strong></span></span><br />
<span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>It was customary for a captive's family to ransom a </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>prisoner of war</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>. Joan was in an unusual circumstance. Many historians condemn King </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Charles VII</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> for failing to intervene. She attempted several escapes, on one occasion jumping from her 70 foot (21 m) tower in </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermandois"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Vermandois</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> to the soft earth of a dry moat, after which she was moved to the Burgundian town of </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arras,_France"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Arras</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>. The English government eventually purchased her from Duke Philip of Burgundy. Bishop </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Cauchon"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Pierre Cauchon</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> of </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauvais"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Beauvais</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, an English partisan, assumed a prominent role in these negotiations and her later trial.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<h5>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;">Trial</span></h5>
<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: #660000;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_of_Joan_of_Arc"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">Trial of Joan of Arc</span></a><br /></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></span></b></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Tour_Jeanne_D%27Arc10.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><img alt="File:Tour Jeanne D'Arc10.jpg" height="2000" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Tour_Jeanne_D%27Arc10.jpg/450px-Tour_Jeanne_D%27Arc10.jpg" width="1500" /></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></b></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>The keep of the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouen_Castle"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>castle of Rouen</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, surviving remnant of the fortress where Joan was imprisoned during her trial. It has since become known as the Joan of Arc tower.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsvQvn_PNYJIJRk2UCwabxuIOGdrzRVOcPja1apaYhu8ajqQD2nkC-xYbO8gKoSKtSs35Q-Usa2S0hQm40mW7bKEvecTjDWI0-27Sp4egx8SbKAINIiWy7nL9d2T4Gir7YAVeAK3JZK7Jk/s1600/IMG_1149-ANIMATION.gif" style="background-color: #539bcd; clear: left; color: #b87209; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="528" data-original-width="1024" height="791" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsvQvn_PNYJIJRk2UCwabxuIOGdrzRVOcPja1apaYhu8ajqQD2nkC-xYbO8gKoSKtSs35Q-Usa2S0hQm40mW7bKEvecTjDWI0-27Sp4egx8SbKAINIiWy7nL9d2T4Gir7YAVeAK3JZK7Jk/w1534-h791/IMG_1149-ANIMATION.gif" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="1534" /></a><br style="background-color: #539bcd; color: #bbbbbb; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: start;" /><span style="background-color: black;"><br style="color: #bbbbbb; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; text-align: start;" /><span style="color: #bbbbbb; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="color: orange;"><b>ROUEN TODAY WHERE JEAN D'ARC WAS BURNED AT THE STAKES</b></span></span><strong><br />THE STAKE </strong><strong>STILL EXISTS<br /></strong><strong>SHOWN ABOVE LIKE A TALL FLAGPOLE, BESIDE THE CHURCH DEDICATED TO HER. </strong><strong><br /><br />The trial for </strong></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_heresy"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>heresy</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> was politically motivated. The Duke of Bedford claimed the throne of France on behalf of his nephew Henry VI. Joan had been responsible for the rival coronation, hence condemning her was an attempt to undermine her king's legitimacy. Legal proceedings commenced on 9 January 1431 at </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouen"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Rouen</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, the seat of the English occupation government.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42">[43]</a></sup> The procedure was irregular on a number of points.</strong></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Joan_of_arc_interrogation.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><img alt="File:Joan of arc interrogation.jpg" height="2019" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Joan_of_arc_interrogation.jpg/444px-Joan_of_arc_interrogation.jpg" width="1496" /></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></b></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000;"> Joan interrogated in her prison cell by Cardinal Winchester. By </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Delaroche"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">Hippolyte Delaroche</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">, 1824, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Rouen"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">Musée des Beaux-Arts</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000;">, Rouen, France.</span></span></b></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>To summarize some major problems: Under ecclesiastical law, Bishop Cauchon lacked </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiction"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>jurisdiction</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> over the case.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43">[44]</a></sup> He owed his appointment to his partisan support of the English government which financed the trial. Clerical notary Nicolas Bailly, commissioned to collect testimony against Joan, could find no adverse evidence.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44">[45]</a></sup> Without such evidence the court lacked grounds to initiate a trial. Opening a trial anyway, the court also violated ecclesiastical law in denying her right to a legal adviser. Upon the opening of the first public examination Joan complained that those present were all partisans against her and asked for "ecclesiastics of the French side" to be invited.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>The trial record demonstrates her remarkable intellect. The transcript's most famous exchange is an exercise in subtlety. "Asked if she knew she was in God's grace, she answered: 'If I am not, may God put me there; and if I am, may God so keep me.'" The question is a scholarly trap. Church doctrine held that no one could be certain of being in God's grace. If she had answered yes, then she would have convicted herself of heresy. If she had answered no, then she would have confessed her own guilt. Notary Boisguillaume later testified that at the moment the court heard this reply, "Those who were interrogating her were stupefied."<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pernoud-47">[48]</a></sup> In the twentieth century </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>George Bernard Shaw</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> found this dialogue so compelling that sections of his play <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Joan_(play)">Saint Joan</a></i> are literal translations of the trial record.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48">[49]</a></sup></strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Several court functionaries later testified that significant portions of the transcript were altered in her disfavor. Many clerics served under compulsion, including the inquisitor, Jean LeMaitre, and a few even received death threats from the English. Under </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisition"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Inquisitorial</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> guidelines, Joan should have been confined to an </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiology"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>ecclesiastical</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> prison under the supervision of female guards (i.e., nuns). Instead, the English kept her in a </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularity_(non-religiosity)"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>secular</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> prison guarded by their own soldiers. Bishop Cauchon denied Joan's appeals to the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Basel"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Council of Basel</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> and the pope, which should have stopped his proceeding.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49">[50]</a></sup></strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>The twelve articles of accusation that summarize the court's finding contradict the already doctored court record.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50">[51]</a></sup> The illiterate defendant signed an </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjuration"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>abjuration</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> document she did not understand under threat of immediate execution. The court substituted a different abjuration in the official record.</strong></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><br /><br /><br />Execution</b></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Stilke_Hermann_Anton_-_Joan_of_Arc%27s_Death_at_the_Stake.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><img alt="File:Stilke Hermann Anton - Joan of Arc's Death at the Stake.jpg" height="1964" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Stilke_Hermann_Anton_-_Joan_of_Arc%27s_Death_at_the_Stake.jpg/419px-Stilke_Hermann_Anton_-_Joan_of_Arc%27s_Death_at_the_Stake.jpg" width="1374" /></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></b></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><strong><i>Joan of Arc's Death at the Stake</i>, by </strong><a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Stilke"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Hermann Stilke</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> (1843)<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52">[53]</a></sup></strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joan_of_Arc_Roen_Burning_place_IMG_1602.JPG"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><img alt="" height="1905" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Joan_of_Arc_Roen_Burning_place_IMG_1602.JPG/150px-Joan_of_Arc_Roen_Burning_place_IMG_1602.JPG" width="1429" /></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></b></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Statue of Joan of Arc a few inches in front of the execution place, by </strong></span><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxime_Real_del_Sarte"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Maxime Real del Sarte</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, 1928<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53">[54]</a></sup></strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Heresy</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> was a </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_crime"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>capital crime</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> only for a repeat offense. Joan agreed to wear feminine clothing when she abjured. A few days later she told a tribunal member that "a great English lord had entered her prison and tried to take her by force."<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54">[55]</a></sup> She resumed male attire either as a defense against molestation or, in the testimony of Jean Massieu, because her dress had been stolen and she was left with nothing else to wear.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55">[56]</a></sup> In terms of doctrine, she had been safe to disguise herself as a page during her journey through enemy territory and she was safe to wear armor during battle. The <i>Chronique de la Pucelle</i> states that it deterred molestation while she was camped in the field. Clergy who later testified at the posthumous rehabilitation trial affirmed that she continued to wear male clothing in prison to deter molestation and rape.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56">[57]</a></sup> Preservation of </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chastity"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>chastity</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> was another justifiable reason for cross-dressing: her apparel would have slowed an assailant, and men would be less likely to think of her as a sex object in any case.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57">[58]</a></sup></strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>She referred the court to the Poitiers inquiry when questioned on the matter. The Poitiers record no longer survives but circumstances indicate the Poitiers clerics had approved her practice. In other words, she had a mission to do a man's work so it was fitting that she dress the part.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58">[59]</a></sup> She also kept her hair cut short through her military campaigns and while in prison. Her supporters, such as the theologian </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Gerson"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Jean Gerson</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong>, defended her hairstyle, as did Inquisitor Brehal later during the Rehabilitation trial.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59">[60]</a></sup> Nonetheless, at the trial in 1431 she was condemned and sentenced to die.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Eyewitnesses described the scene of the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_by_burning"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>execution by burning</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> on 30 May 1431. Tied to a tall pillar at the Vieux-Marché in Rouen, she asked two of the clergy, Fr Martin Ladvenu and Fr Isambart de la Pierre, to hold a </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifix"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>crucifix</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> before her. A peasant also constructed a small cross which she put in the front of her dress. After she died, the English raked back the coals to expose her charred body so that no one could claim she had escaped alive, then burned the body twice more to reduce it to ashes and prevent any collection of relics. They cast her remains into the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Seine</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> from the only bridge called Mathilda.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60">[61]</a></sup> The executioner, Geoffroy Therage, later stated that he "...greatly feared to be damned."<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61">[62]</a></sup></strong></span></span></span></span><br />
</span><h4>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;">Posthumous events</span></h4>
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Joan_of_Arc-Notre_Dame.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><img alt="File:Joan of Arc-Notre Dame.jpg" height="2004" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Joan_of_Arc-Notre_Dame.jpg/450px-Joan_of_Arc-Notre_Dame.jpg" width="1503" /></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></b></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Modern statue of Joan of Arc in </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Notre-Dame de Paris cathedral</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> interior, Paris</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>The Hundred Years' War continued for twenty-two years after her death. Charles VII succeeded in retaining legitimacy as the king of France in spite of a rival coronation held for Henry VI in December 1431 on the boy's tenth birthday. Before England could rebuild its military leadership and force of longbowmen, lost in 1429, the country lost its alliance with Burgundy at the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Arras_(1435)"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Treaty of Arras</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> in 1435. The Duke of Bedford died the same year and Henry VI became the youngest king of England to rule without a regent; his weak leadership was probably the most important factor in ending the conflict. Kelly DeVries argues that Joan of Arc's aggressive use of artillery and frontal assaults influenced French tactics for the rest of the war.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62">[63]</a></sup></strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>In 1452, during the posthumous investigation into her execution, the Church declared that a religious play in her honor at Orléans would allow attendees to gain an </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indulgence"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>indulgence</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> (remission of temporal punishment for sin) by making a </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrimage"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>pilgrimage</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><strong> to the event.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
</span><h5>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;">Retrial</span></h5>
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">Main article: </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrial_of_Joan_of_Arc"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">Retrial of Joan of Arc</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></b></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">A posthumous retrial opened after the war ended. </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">Pope Callixtus III</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"> authorized this proceeding, also known as the "nullification trial", at the request of Inquisitor-General </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Brehal"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">Jean Brehal</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"> and Joan's mother Isabelle Romée. The aim of the trial was to investigate whether the trial of condemnation and its verdict had been handled justly and according to canon law. Investigations started with an inquest by a priest, Guillaume Bouille. Brehal conducted an investigation in 1452. A formal appeal followed in November 1455. The appellate process involved clergy from throughout Europe and observed standard court procedure. A panel of theologians analyzed testimony from 115 witnesses. Brehal drew up his final summary in June 1456, which describes Joan as a martyr and implicated the late Pierre Cauchon with heresy for having convicted an innocent woman in pursuit of a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularism"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">secular</span></a> vendetta. The technical reason for her execution had been a Biblical clothing law.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63">[64]</a></sup> The nullification trial reversed the conviction in part because the condemnation proceeding had failed to consider the doctrinal exceptions to that stricture. The appellate court declared her innocent on 7 July 1456<br /> </b></span></span></span><br />
<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Schlacht_von_Azincourt.jpg"><span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><b><img alt="File:Schlacht von Azincourt.jpg" height="1007" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Schlacht_von_Azincourt.jpg/800px-Schlacht_von_Azincourt.jpg" width="1512" /></b></span></a><br />
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</tbody></table><strong style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: xx-large; text-align: justify;">Over the weekend, during a conference at the Medieval History Museum in Agincourt, French academics met to declare that English soldiers acted like 'war criminals' during the battle, setting fire to prisoners and killing French noblemen who had surrendered. The French 'were met with barbarism by the English', said the museum's director Christophe Gilliot.</strong><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1245" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Hgj12abVVtU" width="1499" youtube-src-id="Hgj12abVVtU"></iframe></strong></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The French pronouncement smacks of bias, but what is certain is that Agincourt was filthy, horrible and merciless. Yet it is still celebrated as a golden moment in England's history.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Why do we remember it? Why has this battle galvanised English hearts over the centuries? These are questions I came to ask as I researched my new novel Azincourt - spelled as it is in France - and discovered just what an extraordinary event it was.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Part of the legend about the archers is certainly true. Most of the English army were archers and their arrows caused huge damage, although they never delivered the knock-out blow it is claimed.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Henry V was also an inspirational leader. He fought in the front rank and part of his crown was knocked off. Eighteen Frenchmen had taken an oath to kill him and all of them died at Henry's feet, slaughtered by the King or by his bodyguard. And, despite recent claims to the contrary, it seems the English were horribly outnumbered.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">In the cold, wet dawn of October 25, 1415, no one could have expected Henry's army to survive the day. He had about 6,000 men, more than 5,000 of them archers, while the French numbered at least 30,000 and were so confident that, before the battle was joined, they sent away some newly arrived reinforcements. By dusk on that Saint Crispin's Day, Henry's small army had entered legend.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">But the English should never have been at Agincourt, which lies 25 miles south of Calais. England was in the thick of the 100 Years' War with France, and Henry had invaded Normandy in the hope of making a quick conquest of Harfleur, a strategic port. Yet the town's stubborn defence delayed him and by the siege's end his army had been struck by dysentery.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Sick men were dying and the campaign season was ending as winter drew in. Sensible advice suggested that Henry cut his losses and sail back to England. But he had borrowed huge amounts of money to invade France and all he had to show for it was one gun-battered port. Going home looked suspiciously like defeat.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">He instead marched north to Calais with probably nothing more in mind than cocking a snook at the French who, though they had gathered an army, had done nothing to relieve the brave defenders of Harfleur.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b> Yet they did survive, and most of them reached the English line and started fighting with shortened lances, poleaxes and war-hammers.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The fight became a struggle of hacking and thrusting, slaughter in the mud.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">But if so many arrows had been shot, how did the French survive to reach the English and start that murderous brawl? The answer probably lies in the eternal arms race.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Armour technology had advanced and the French plate armour was mostly good enough to resist the English arrow-heads. And how good were those heads?</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Arrow-making was an industrial-scale activity in England, yet few men understood what happened when iron was hardened into steel and many of the English arrows crumpled on contact with the enemy's armour. So the many reached the few, but the many were exhausted by mud, some were wounded and the English, enjoying the luxury of raised visors, cut them down.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">What seems to have happened was that the front rank of the French, exhausted by slogging through the mud, battered and wounded by arrows, disorganised by panicked horses and by stumbling over wounded men, became easy victims for the English men-at-arms.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">There would have been the ghastly sound of hammers crushing helmets, the screams of men falling, and suddenly the leading French rank being chopped down and its fallen men becoming an obstacle to those behind who, being thrust forward by the rearmost ranks, tripped on the newly fallen bodies and so became victims themselves. One witness claimed that the pile of dead and dying was as tall as a man, an obvious exaggeration, but undoubtedly the first French casualties made a rampart to protect the English men-at-arms.</strong></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Morning_of_the_Battle_of_Agincourt%2C_25th_October_1415.PNG"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><img alt="File:Morning of the Battle of Agincourt, 25th October 1415.PNG" height="582" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Morning_of_the_Battle_of_Agincourt%2C_25th_October_1415.PNG" width="800" /></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"> </span> </b></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The French had attacked the centre of the English line where the King, the nobles and the gentry stood. Their aim had been to take prisoners and so become rich from ransoms, but now that centre was a killing ground and, to escape it, the French widened their attack to assault the archers who had probably exhausted their arrows.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Yet the archers had been equipped with poleaxes and other handweapons, and they fought back.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Pour Jeanne d'Arc<br />Quand le Seigneur Dieu des armées vous a donné la victoire, Vous chassa l'étranger et avait le roi couronné.<br />Jeanne, votre nom est devenu célèbre dans l'histoire.<br />Nos plus grands conquérants pâlit devant vous.<br />Mais ce n'était qu'une gloire éphémère.<br />Votre nom nécessaire auréole d'un saint.<br />Ainsi le Bien-Aimé vous a offert sa coupe amère,<br />Et, comme lui, vous avez été méprisé par les hommes.<br />Au fond d'un cachot noir, chargé de lourdes chaînes,<br />L'étranger cruelle que vous avez rempli de chagrin.<br />Pas un seul de vos amis ont pris part à votre douleur.<br />Pas un seul s'avança pour essuyer vos larmes.<br />Jeanne, dans votre prison sombre vous me paraissez<br />Plus radieuse, plus belle que lors du couronnement de votre roi.<br />Cette réflexion céleste de gloire éternelle,<br />Qui donc fait venir sur vous? Il a été trahi.<br />Ah! Si le Dieu de l'amour dans cette vallée de larmes<br />N'avait-il pas venu chercher la trahison et la mort,<br />Souffrant tiendrait aucun attrait pour nous.<br />Maintenant que nous l'aimons, elle est notre trésor.<br />Sainte Thérèse a écrit le poème suivant à l'appui de la canonisation de sainte Jeanne d'Arc.</strong></span></div>
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<blockquote>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;">Why the French lost the Battle of Agincourt: Heavy armour made troops too exhausted to fight</span></h3>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">It was a large scale medieval-day equivalent of David and Goliath. On the battlefields of Agincourt, the French outnumbered the English by up to six to one with a massive army of 36,000 soldiers.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Yet despite their numeric superiority, being better equipped and fighting on home turf the French could not triumph over Henry V and his 6,000 longbow archers, dismounted knights and men-at-arms.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">They hit problems with their armour which, historians now believe, was their Achilles' heel, making them so exhausted that they were unable to fight.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Scroll down to see a video of the armour in action</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Old meets new: A volunteer in French Medieval armour walks on a running machine. Historians now believe the French lost the Battle Of Agincourt because their heavy armour left them too exhausted to fight" height="1927" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2011/07/20/article-2016732-0D1263D900000578-460_634x891.jpg" width="1371" /></strong></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">Old meets new: A volunteer in French Medieval armour walks on a running machine. Historians now believe the French lost the Battle Of Agincourt because their heavy armour left them too exhausted to fight </span> </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">As they advanced across the fields of sticky mud, trampled down by the sheer volume of numbers, their breathing was restricted and tiredness kicked in quickly.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Their burden was much greater than the modern soldiers' backpack leading experts to believe that the armour played a decisive role in the 1415 battle.</strong></span></div>
<h6 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;">The findings come after scientists from the Royal Armouries, Leeds, monitored four men, aged around 36, who carry out re-enactments using 15th century armour from different countries in Europe.</span></h6>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Their oxygen consumption and energy expenditure were measured as they did a range of walking and running exercises in suits weighing between 30 and 50kg.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The findings, published today in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B, showed that the net energy cost of walking was 2.1 to 2.3 times higher when wearing armour than when not wearing armour while running incurred a 1.9 times higher energy cost.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Post-Second World War soldiers can carry a similar weight but, unlike a backpack, armour with interlocking steel plates may have played a part.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Researchers from the University of Leeds found that 15th Century knights used twice as much energy as modern soldiers - solely because of the weight of their armour" height="1798" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2011/07/20/article-2016732-0D1264A100000578-761_634x876.jpg" width="1302" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Researchers from the University of Leeds found that 15th Century knights used twice as much energy as modern soldiers - solely because of the weight of their armour</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Dr Graham Askew, lead researcher from the University of Leeds, said: 'We found that carrying this kind of load spread across the body requires a lot more energy than carrying the same weight in a backpack.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">'This is because, in a suit of armour, the limbs are loaded with weight, which means it takes more effort to swing them with each stride.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">'If you're wearing a backpack, the weight is all in one place and swinging the limbs is easier.'</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The energy costs associated with wearing armour were higher than those predicted by experiments in which loads are added to different parts of the body.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The reason may be due to the impact of armour on breathing, the study suggests. </b></span></div>
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<tr><td valign="top" width="800"><span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><b><img src="http://www.movie-page.com/1999/joanofarc/joan04.jpg" /></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Insistent voices: AD 1428-1429</strong></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">A sixteen-year-old peasant girl, growing up and tending the cattle at Domrémy, has for some years been hearing voices. She sometimes sees the speakers, and recognizes them as St Michael, St Catherine and St Margaret. But in this winter of 1428-9 they have been giving her a very specific instruction. She must raise the siege of Orléans so that the king of France, Charles VII, can go to Reims to be anointed in the cathedral.<br />The girl is Jeanne Darc, known in English as Joan of Arc. Her voices reflect a shrewd political perception which no one but she, it seems, has appreciated.</strong></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="goj"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><br /><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></b></span></a><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>This perception relates to the common people's idea of their king. Thanks to a long tradition, much fostered in the previous century by </strong></span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=gna#gna"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Charles V</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>, it is believed that each French king acquires a divine quality once he is anointed with the sacred oil from the </strong></span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=gnb#gnb"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Sainte Ampoule</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> at Reims.<br />At present, in the middle of the </strong></span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=god#god"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Hundred Years' War</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>, there are two rival claimants to the French crown. One is Henry VI, the young king of England, whose forces - in alliance with the Burgundians - control the entire north of France, including Reims itself. The other is Charles VII, king by rightful descent but a weak figure, confined to the region round Bourges.</strong></span></span></span><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="gok"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><br /><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></b></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Neither of these claimants has been anointed - Henry VI because he is a child of seven in England, Charles VII because he cannot get to Reims.<br />Joan sees with the clarity of passionate faith that if Charles can fight his way to Reims to be consecrated, France will have a king again. This becomes her mission. But first she must reach Charles himself. Dressed in a man's clothes, with six male companions, she travels for eleven days to Chinon. It is two more days before her request to see Charles VII is granted. (He is often still referred to as the dauphin at this stage; he has been crowned at Poitiers in 1422, but Joan does not yet consider him a proper king).</strong></span><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><br /><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></b></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Joan's reputation as a woman possessed must have preceded her. Charles conceals himself among his courtiers, as if to test her powers. She immediately identifies him, telling him that she wants to make war against the English so as to open his way to Reims.<br />For three weeks Joan is examined by leading churchmen. They recommend to Charles that he use her services. He provides her with the household of a knight. She has her own squire and pages, her own painted standard and banner. She has armour and a sword, miraculously found - it is said - behind the altar in a church where she sends men to seek it.</strong></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="395"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="gol"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="gom"></a></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><strong>From Orléans to Reims: AD 1429</strong></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Joan and her soldiers reach Orléans on 29 April 1429. The city has been besieged for seven months by the English, holding various fortified positions around the town. Joan's presence among the French troops - armed like a man, fighting at least as bravely as a man, famous already as possessing special powers - proves as demoralizing to the English as it is exhilarating for the French.<br />One by one the English positions fall. By May 8 their army is in full retreat from Orléans. They withdraw to three other towns on the Loire, where they await reinforcements.</strong></span><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="gon"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><br /><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></b></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>The French have driven the English from one of the three towns when reinforcements arrive in mid-June - 5000 men under the command of Sir John Fastolf. With Joan's encouragement (and the advantage of a larger army) the French overwhelm this English force at Patay on June 18.<br />Joan now persuades Charles VII to move northeast towards Reims, about 150 miles away. Summons to the forthcoming coronation are sent out on June 25, even though the entire country as far as Reims is still ostensibly in English or Burgundian hands. The attitude of the fortified towns on the route is uncertain.</strong></span><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><br /><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></b></span></a><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>But Joan's magic continues to work. The gates of almost every town are freely opened to the coronation party. One notable exception is </strong></span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=fwy#fwy"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Troyes</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>, where the treaty was signed in 1420 diverting the French crown into English hands; but when Joan in person leads an attack on the city, the inhabitants rapidly change their minds.<br />Reims is reached on July 16. The city opens its gates to Charles. Preparations are made for an immediate consecration in the cathedral the following day. As Charles is anointed with the holy oil, Joan stands nearby with her banner. Then she kneels before him, and for the first time calls him her king.</strong></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="396"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="goo"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="gop"></a></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><strong>Capture and trial: AD 1430-1431</strong></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>For the next ten months Joan continues to campaign against the English and the Burgundians - usually with considerable success, for her reputation is now itself a powerful weapon. Paris is her one failure, in September 1429. The capital city resists both her assaults on its walls and her passionate pleas to the defenders to surrender to their rightful king.<br />Joan's misfortunes begin in May 1430. In a skirmish against the Burgundians at Compiègne she falls from her horse and is captured. Over the next few months her fate as a captive is hotly contested. The university of Paris, shamelessly partisan for the English cause, demands that she be handed over to the </strong></span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=gfp#gfp"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Inquisition</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> for trial as a heretic.</strong></span></span></span><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="goq"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><br /><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></b></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>By January 1431 Joan is in English hands at Rouen, where she is questioned by France's deputy inquisitor. In March she is placed on trial. The most serious charge is one of presumption in claiming divine revelation and in placing more reliance on such supposed revelation than on the authority of the church; at a more frivolous level Joan is charged with immodesty in wearing male clothes and inaccuracy in suggesting that saints speak French rather than English. The charges, if proved, amount to heresy.<br />It is important to the English that Joan is shown to be a heretic, so that doubt is cast on the consecration of Charles VII at Reims. But it is not essential that she dies.</strong></span><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="gor"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><br /><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></b></span></a><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Several attempts are made to persuade her to recant. The records of her trial and interrogations survive, revealing the sturdy commonsense with which she maintains her position. In the face of this obstinacy, she is handed over for punishment by the </strong></span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=gfo#gfo"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>civil powers</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> - a sentence of death. Hearing this, she finally yields. She is then told that she can live, but in 'perpetual imprisonment'.<br />Three days later she retracts, maintaining once again everything that she stands for. On 30 May 1431 she is burnt at the stake as a relapsed heretic.</strong></span></span></span><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><br /><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></b></span></a><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>The death of the saint in Rouen (Joan is finally canonized in 1920) comes less than thirty months after the departure of the 16-year-old girl from her village home in Domrémy. During that short spell the political face of France has been transformed. The </strong></span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=goe#goe"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>English in northern France</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>, dominant during Joan's childhood, are cleared out of the country during the next few decades. And the French king, </strong></span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=gnm#gnm"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Charles VII</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>, whom Joan coaxes and chivies to seize his destiny, reigns with great success for thirty years after her death.<br />No other story in history, so reliably recorded, can match Joan of Arc's as an example of the power of inspiration.</strong></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong></strong></span><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/King_Henry_V_at_the_Battle_of_Agincourt%2C_1415.png"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong><img alt="File:King Henry V at the Battle of Agincourt, 1415.png" height="902" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/King_Henry_V_at_the_Battle_of_Agincourt%2C_1415.png" width="1569" /></strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> </strong></span></span></span><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-large;"><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><strong>Rouen and Troyes: AD 1417-1420</strong></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Henry V returns to France in 1417 and begins a systematic campaign to capture one by one the towns and castles of </strong></span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=eib#eib"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Normandy</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>. His eventual target is Rouen, the capital city of the duchy. The siege begins in July 1418. By January 1419 Rouen has been starved into submission and Henry makes a triumphal entry into the city of his Norman ancestors.<br />This notable success prompts immediate offers of negotiation. But with whom? At Agincourt Henry has defeated a French army led by the dauphin, representing his mad father Charles VI and the Armagnac cause. When Rouen falls, the French civil war between </strong></span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=gng#gng"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Armagnacs and Burgundians</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> has become more complex.</strong></span></span></span><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fwy"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><br /><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></b></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>By this time the mad king and his heir are on opposite sides of the struggle. Charles VI's queen, Isabella of Bavaria, has brought her incapacitated husband into the camp of the Burgundians. From 1418 they control Paris, after an uprising in the city ejects the Armagnacs. The dauphin, son of Charles VI and Isabella, escapes with the Armagnacs to Bourges where he declares himself to be regent of France.<br />This hollow boast is mocked by the treaty of Troyes, agreed in 1420 between Isabella and her Burgundian ally (the new duke, Philip the Good) on one side and Henry V of England on the other.</strong></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>The treaty of Troyes, extraordinarily advantageous to the English cause, is agreed with only one of the two sides in </strong></span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=gng#gng"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>France's civil war</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>. Under its terms Henry V is to be the acknowledged heir of the French king, Charles VI, to the exclusion of the dauphin. Within two weeks of the treaty Henry marries Catherine, daughter of the king of France.<br />In 1421 the couple have a son, also christened Henry. Before the infant is a year old, both his father and his maternal grandfather have died. For the second time in the Hundred Years' War a king of England has a valid claim to the </strong></span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=gmk#gmk"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>crown of France</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>. The boy is crowned Henry VI of England at Westminster in 1429, and Henry II of France in Paris in 1431.</strong></span></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="1076"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="gnk"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="gnl"></a></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><strong>The king of Bourges: AD 1422-1437</strong></span></span><br />
<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Meanwhile the dauphin, the rightful king by descent, proclaims himself Charles VII of France. But he is confined south of the Loire, with Paris in the hands of his enemies (the English and Burgundians in alliance). Charles is known mockingly as the king of Bourges, where he maintains his court.<br />There is political impasse and desultory warfare until a dramatic development in 1429. For six months the English have been besieging Orléans, an important town on the Loire commanding the route south towards Bourges. In April a French force arrives to raise the siege. It is unusual in that it is led by a young peasant girl, </strong></span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=goh#goh"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Joan of Arc</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="goe" style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></b></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Inspired by </strong></span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=gol#gol"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Joan</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>, the French drive the English north from Orléans. The raising of the siege proves the turning point in the long war. Joan leads Charles VII to </strong></span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=gon#gon"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Reims</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>, where his consecration in 1429 brings him for the first time the undivided allegiance of the French people. Even the death of Joan at English hands, in 1431, does nothing to stem the new surge of national enthusiasm and success.<br />The duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good, acknowledges the trend when he makes peace with Charles VII in 1435 at Arras. This treaty ends the civil war. In 1437 the king enters Paris, now once again the capital. The French kingdom is almost back to normal.</strong></span></span></span><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><br /><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></b></span></a><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>After this satisfactory resolution of the civil war against the Burgundians, Charles VII's reign sees an almost equally complete resolution of the much longer conflict with England.<br />The two large areas of France still in English hands are </strong></span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=gmn#gmn"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Aquitaine</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> (reduced to Guienne but never entirely recovered for the French king) and </strong></span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=fyi#fyi"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Normandy</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> (recovered in 1204, lost again to Henry V in 1419). Charles brings them both securely into the kingdom, and does so very largely thanks to his </strong></span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=gno#gno"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>reforms</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> of France's antiquated approach to warfare. His professional army and his artillery win him Normandy after a victory at Formigny in 1450, and Aquitaine after an engagement at Castillon three years later.</strong></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="315"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="glj"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="glk"></a></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The guns of Formigny and Castillon: AD 1450-1453</strong></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Inconclusive references in contemporary documents suggest that guns of some kind may have featured on Europe's battlefields as early as </strong></span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=gle#gle"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Crécy</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> in 1346. But the first engagement in which they play a decisive role is at Formigny in 1450.<br />The English enter the field with a slightly larger force than the French, perhaps 3500 men against 3000. For much of the battle the English bowmen achieve their now customary success. But considerable damage is done to the English force by two small cannons, or culverins, in the French position.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<ul><span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"></span></b></span></ul>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><b><img alt="photo" height="1168" src="http://farm6.static.flickr.com/5025/5558980326_4ab714c619_z.jpg" width="1591" /></b></span><br />
<h3>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;">Jacob van Artevelde - Vrijdagmarkt, Gent</span></h3>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Jacob van Artevelde (c. 1290 – 24 July 1345), also known as the Wise Man and the Brewer of Ghent, was a Flemish statesman and political leader.</strong></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Artevelde was born in Ghent of a wealthy commercial family. He married twice and amassed a fortune in the weaving industry. He rose to prominence during the early stages of the Hundred Years' War. Fearful that hostilities between France and England would hurt the prosperity of Ghent, he entered political life in 1337. He set up the Four Members, an alliance with Bruges and Ypres in order to show neutrality. Artevelde gained control of the insurrection against Louis I, the Count of Flanders who had abandoned his father's anti-French policies. Louis I was forced to flee to France, while Artevelde served as captain general of Ghent from that time until his death.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Flemish relations with England had traditionally been good, due to wool and textile trade. Neutrality was eventually broken, and the towns took the side of the English in 1340. In that year, Artevelde persuaded the federation to recognize King Edward III of England as sovereign of France and overlord of Flanders.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Flemish trade and industry flourished under Artevelde's semi-dictatorial rule. In 1345, however, rumours that he planned to recognise the son of Edward III, the Black Prince, as count of Flanders, suspicion of embezzlement, and the excommunication by the Pope caused a popular uprising in Ghent and Artevelde was killed by an angry mob.</strong></span><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></b></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Recognizing the importance of these guns, the English make an effort to capture them. They succeed briefly in doing so. But the French win back their cannons, and with them win the day.<br />The same pattern is repeated three years later at Castillon. On this occasion the French have several cannons in a defensive position. The English make a frontal assault, suffering considerable losses in men and even more in confidence. It is the last battle of the Hundred Years War, which in itself is the last great medieval conflict. The centuries of the archer give way to those of the gunner.</strong></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="2365"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="gof"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="gog"></a></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The final pay-off: AD 1475</strong></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>An English attempt to revive the agonisingly long Hundred Years' War is bought off with a bribe. </strong></span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=fxb#fxb"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Edward IV</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> makes one last attempt to claim rather more of France than the tiny pale of Calais, all that now remains in English hands. He lands at Calais in 1475 with a large army. The French king, </strong></span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=gnu#gnu"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Louis XI</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>, marches north with an equally large force. They confront each other across the Somme. But neither has much stomach for a fight.<br />The two kings meet at Picquigny and agree a seven-year truce. Edward IV will withdraw from France in return for an immediate payment of 75,000 gold crowns and a further annual sweetener of 50,000 gold crowns for as long as both kings live.</strong></span></span></span><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><br /><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></b></span></a><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>The sums are small (by comparison with the ransom paid for </strong></span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=gmy#gmy"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>John II</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> a century earlier) and the arrangement holds until both kings die in 1483.<br />No more is heard of this long dispute, apart from an obsessive English affection for tiny </strong></span><a href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=gny#gny"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Calais</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong> and a strange custom of the English royal family to include 'king of France' among their titles (until as late as 1801). No final treaty is ever signed, nor needs to be. The war lingered on past its time, a late example of the patchwork quilt of medieval disputes deriving from dowries and feudal grants. The great conflicts of the future will be between clearly defined nation states, of which France and England are two early examples.</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<ul><span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"></span></b></span></ul>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><b><img alt="photo" height="1019" src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2261/1528092495_4882cdfe19_z.jpg" width="1532" /></b></span><br />
<h3>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;">Versailles: Château de Versailles - Galeries de L'Histoire de France - La galerie des Batailles - Levée du Siège d'Orléans</span></h3>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The Siege of Orléans (1428 – 1429) marked a turning point in the Hundred Years' War between France and England. This was Joan of Arc's first major military victory and the first major French success to follow the crushing defeat at Agincourt in 1415. The outset of this siege marked the pinnacle of English power during the latter stages of the war. The city held strategic and symbolic significance to both sides of the conflict. The consensus among contemporaries was that the English regent John Plantagenet would succeed in realizing Henry V's dream of uniting all of England and France under English rule if Orléans fell. For half a year the English appeared to be winning. The siege collapsed nine days after Joan of Arc's arrival.</strong></span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Pot of gold 'Dinals' were buried by Crusaders as enemy forces closed in</strong></span></div>
</li>
<li><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">100 coins worth up to $5000 each</strong></span></div>
</li>
<li><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Remained hidden in fortress since 1265</strong></span></div>
</li>
<li><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Hidden inside broken jug to prevent conquerors taking treasure</strong></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Last stand: The coins were buried by Christian soldiers of the order of the Knights Hospitalier as the Crusaders faced an unstoppable attack by a huge Muslim army" height="1933" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/07/11/article-2171883-1403E4D4000005DC-870_306x369.jpg" width="1603" /></strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Last stand: The coins were buried by Christian soldiers of the order of the Knights Hospitalier as the Crusaders faced an unstoppable attack by a huge Muslim army</strong></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">A pot of gold from the Crusades worth up to $500,000 has been found buried in an ancient Roman fortress in Israel.</strong></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The coins were buried by Christian soldiers of the order of the Knights Hospitalier as the Crusaders faced an unstoppable attack by a huge Muslim army.</strong></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The knights were annihilated in April 1265.</strong></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The coins - worth a fortune even in 1265 when they were thought to have been buried - were deliberately hidden inside a broken jug to prevent them being discovered.</strong></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The fortress was destroyed in April 1265 by forces of Mamluks who overwhelmed the Crusaders - and the treasure only survived due to the quick thinking of one of the defenders.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong><span style="background-color: black;">'</span><span style="background-color: black;">It was in a small juglet, and it was partly broken,' Oren Tal of the University of Tel Aviv told </span></strong></span><span style="background-color: black;"><a href="http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2012/07/10/gold-coins-from-time-crusades-found-in-israeli-ruins/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>Fox News</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong>.</strong></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">'The idea was to put something broken in the ground and fill it with sand, in order to hide the gold coins within. If by chance somebody were to find the juglet, he won’t excavate it, he won’t look inside it to find the gold coins. Once we started to sift it, the gold came out.'</strong></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The Roman fortress in Apollonia National Park has yielded a huge number of archaeological treasures - but scientists excavating layer from the thirteenth century were stunned to unearth a literal pot of gold.</strong></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The clay container had more than 100 gold dinals from the time when the Crusaders occupied the fortress, originally built by the Romans.</strong></span></span></div>
<h6 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;">The coins discovered in the fort date to the Fatimid empire in northern Africa, and are 200-300 years older than the ruined fortress they found in.</span></h6>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The coins were minted in Tripoli and Alexandria - and are extremely valuable.</strong></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Scroll down for video</strong></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="The coins - worth a fortune even in 1265 when they were thought to have been buried - were deliberately hidden inside a broken jug to prevent them being discovered" height="899" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/07/11/article-2171883-1403D649000005DC-255_634x357.jpg" width="1595" /></strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Buried treasure: The coins - worth a fortune even in 1265 when they were thought to have been buried - were deliberately hidden inside a broken jug to prevent them being discovered</strong></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="The ruined Crusader fortress offers a unique insight into the lives - and deaths - of the Knights Hospitalier" height="1070" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/07/11/article-2171883-14040601000005DC-472_634x424.jpg" width="1599" /></strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The ruined Crusader fortress offers a unique insight into the lives - and deaths - of the Knights Hospitalier</strong></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Orlando Bloom portrays a Crusader in Ridley Scott's Kingdom of Heaven" height="940" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/07/11/article-2171883-14040C87000005DC-10_634x376.jpg" width="1586" /></strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Orlando Bloom portrays a Crusader in Ridley Scott's Kingdom of Heaven</strong></span></div>
<h5 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;">AN ORDER THAT HELPED THE POOR</span></h5>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The Knights Hospitaller - also known as the Knights of St John - arose as a group of individuals associated with the work of an Amalfitan hospital in the Muristan district of Jerusalem</strong></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The hospital was founded around 1023 by Blessed Gerard to provide care pilgrims to the Holy Land. However the order was soon extended into providing an armed escort to pilgrims.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">After the Western Christian conquest of Jerusalem in 1099 during the First Crusade, the organisation became a religious and military order under its own charter, and was charged with the care and defence of the Holy Land.</strong></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">By the mid-12th century, the order was divided into military brothers and those who worked with the sick.</strong></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">'Fatimid coins are very difficult to study,' says Oren Tal, 'The letters are sometimes very difficult to decipher.'</strong></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The coins can sell for up to $5,000 apiece, according to Israel's Haaretz newspaper.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The excavations are offering a unique insight into Crusader fortifications in the Middle East.</strong></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The layer of Crusader artifacts has lain nearly undisturbed since 1265. Muslim Arsuf was conquered by the Crusaders in 1101 and re-conquered by the Mamluks in 1265.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The presence of the Crusaders left its mark on the town.</strong></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Large parts of it were re-planned, while extensive fortifications, private and public buildings, as well as a castle were erected.</strong></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The town’s abandonment after its Mamluk destruction led to a unique archaeological setting in which the Crusader layers were left largely undisturbed by later settlement activities.</strong></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">CENTURIES OF BLOODY WAR IN THE HOLY LANDS<strong><img alt="Holy Lands after the First Crusade" height="888" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/07/11/article-2171883-14048240000005DC-383_306x424.jpg" width="641" /></strong></span></span></h5>
</td><td valign="top" width="686"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="The remains of the old crusader fort of Apolonia. New investigations of the 13th century layers have thrown up hidden treasures" height="704" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/07/11/article-2171883-140405A9000005DC-504_634x468.jpg" width="954" /></strong></span></td></tr>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The remains of the old crusader fort of Apolonia. New investigations of the 13th century layers have thrown up hidden treasures.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The Crusades were a series of religious wars with the stated goal of restoring Christian access to the holy places in and near Jerusalem - a sacred city for Jews, Christians and Muslims. Events leading up to the Crusades began in 1071 when the Seljuk Turks defeated the Byzantine army.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The Byzantine emperor then called on fellow Christian leaders and the Pope to come to the aid of Constantinople and free Jerusalem from 372 years of Muslim rule.</strong></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Many answered the call, angered by the destruction of many Christian sacred sites and the persecution of Christians under the Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim.</strong></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Under Al-Hakim in the early 11th century, thousands of churches were destroyed throughout the ancient Christian heartland of the Middle East, and when the Seljuk Turks captured Jerusalem in 1077, just 22 years before it fell to the Crusaders, they too massacred some three thousand inhabitants.</strong></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">All these Islamic attacks on the West occurred before the First Crusade. Some scholars even argue that the very idea of 'holy war' was learned from the example of Islam on the march.</strong></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">All these events led to the main series of Crusades, primarily against Muslims in the Levant, occurred between 1095 and 1291, producing some of the bloodiest conflicts in history.</strong></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Raymond of Agiles described the capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders in 1099 thus:</strong></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">'Some of our men cut off the heads of their enemies; others shot them with arrows, so that they fell from the towers; others tortured them longer by casting them into the flames.</strong></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Piles of heads, hands and feet were to be seen in the streets of the city. It was necessary to pick one's way over the bodies of men and horses. But these were small matters compared to what happened at the temple of Solomon, a place where religious services ware ordinarily chanted.</strong></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">What happened there? If I tell the truth, it will exceed your powers of belief. So let it suffice to say this much at least, that in the temple and portico of Solomon, men rode in blood up to their knees and bridle reins.'</strong></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The First Crusade (1095-1101)<br />Crusader armies defeated two substantial Turkish forces at Dorylaeum and at Antioch, reaching Jerusalem with only a fraction of their original forces. In 1099, they took Jerusalem by assault and created small crusader states, which became the ‘Kingdom of Jerusalem’.<br />The Second Crusade (1147-49)<br />After a period of relative peace in which Christians and Muslims co-existed in the Holy Land, Muslims conquered the town of Edessa. A new crusade was called for by various preachers. French and German armies marched to Jerusalem in 1147 but failed to accomplish any major successes.<br />The Third Crusade (1187-92)<br />in 1187, Saladin, the Sultan of Egypt captured Jerusalem. Pope Gregory VIII called for a crusade which was undertaken by King Richard I of England (Richard the Lionheart), Holy Roman Emporer Frederick I, and King Philip II of France. They defeated the Muslims near Arsuf but failed to take of Jerusalem. Richard left the following year after establishing a truce with Saladin.<br />The Fourth Crusade (1202-04)<br />The Fourth Crusade was initiated in 1202 by Pope Innocent III, with the intention of invading the Holy Land through Egypt. Because they subsequently lacked provisions and time on their vessel lease the leaders decided to go to Constantinople, where they attempted to place a Byzantine exile on the throne, before sacking the city .<br />The Fifth Crusade (1217-21)<br />The Fourth Council of the Lateran (1215) formulated a plan for the recovery of the Holy Land. A crusading force from Hungary and Austria took back. In the second phase, crusader forces attacked Cairo. Flooding in the Nile forced them to choose between surrender and defeat.<br />The Sixth Crusade (1228-29, 1239)<br />Through diplomacy by Emperor Frederick II Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem were delivered to the Crusaders for a period of ten years. This was the first Crusade that had no Papal involvement.<br />The Seventh Crusade (1249-52)<br />Fought in Egypt, the crusaders lost a decisive battle at La Forbie in Gaza. This battle is considered by many historians to have been the death knell to the Christian States.<br />The Eighth Crusade (1270)<br />Organised by Louis IX in 1270 to come to the aid of the remnants of the Crusader states in Syria. However, the Crusade was diverted to Tunis, where Louis spent only two months before dying. The crusade achieved a partial success in that Christian religious were allowed to live peacefully in the region.</strong></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript" src="//ra.revolvermaps.com/0/0/6.js?i=00bo1v8as3p&m=0&s=341&c=ff0000&cr1=ffffff&f=arial&l=0&bv=80" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3736852641690443895.post-69962837145806085202023-07-28T13:17:00.002-07:002023-07-28T13:17:42.712-07:00<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2570" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/DFgw4tjyews" width="3092" youtube-src-id="DFgw4tjyews"></iframe></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><br />
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<tr> <td valign="top" width="199"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: large;"><strong><img alt="Liza Minnelli and Joel Grey starred in the film version of Carbaret in 1972" height="921" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/11/24/2379114D00000578-2847643-image-39_1416867204565.jpg" width="1149" /><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: large;"><strong><img alt="Transvestite prostitutes sitting on the laps of gay men in the popular Berlin gay bar Marienkasin" height="841" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/11/24/23628AD400000578-2847643-Transvestite_prostitutes_sitting_on_the_laps_of_gay_men_in_the_p-33_1416864798661.jpg" width="1118" /></strong></span></strong></span></td> <td valign="top" width="199"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: large;"><strong><img alt="Hansi Sturm, was the winner of the Miss Eldorado transvestite pageant in 1926" height="1642" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/11/24/23628AC800000578-2847643-Hansi_Sturm_was_the_winner_of_the_Miss_Eldorado_transvestite_pag-35_1416864872552.jpg" width="1100" /></strong></span></td> <td valign="top" width="199"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: large;"><strong><img alt="Picture postcard of the gay club Silhouette, popular in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Always under a blue haze of cigarette and cigar smoke, film stars, cabaret artists and wealthy nobility were regulars including a young Marlene Dietrich alongside princes, counts and barons." height="1265" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/11/24/23628AB800000578-2847643-Picture_postcard_of_the_gay_club_Silhouette_popular_in_the_late_-37_1416864985031.jpg" width="863" /></strong></span></td> <td valign="top" width="199"></td> <td valign="top" width="199"></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">The Sexual Decadence of Weimar Germany</span> </span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Berlin was a liberal hotbed of homosexuality and a mecca for cross dressers and transsexuals where the first male-to-female surgery was performed - until the Nazis came to power, new book reveals</span></h3>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">An uninhibited urban gay sexual scene flourished in Berlin, Germany in the wake of World War One</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The science of ‘transsexuality’ was founded at the Institute of Sexual Science where the first male-to-female surgery was performed</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">German scientists concluded that same-sex love was a natural, inborn characteristic and not merely the perversion of a ‘normal’ sexual tendency</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">There were 30 separate homosexual periodicals</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Cross-dressers found dressmakers who tailored for large sizes and singles searching for gay love could place ads</strong></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2847643/Berlin-liberal-hotbed-homosexuality-mecca-cross-dressers-transsexuals-male-female-surgery-performed-Nazis-came-power-new-book-reveals.html#comments"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> </b></span></a><br />
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<a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2847643/Berlin-liberal-hotbed-homosexuality-mecca-cross-dressers-transsexuals-male-female-surgery-performed-Nazis-came-power-new-book-reveals.html#comments"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong></strong></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /><br />Think Liza Minnelli and Joel Gray in Carberet. Think West Hollywood, Greenwich Village and Provincetown and the Castro, known as hotbeds of homosexuality. <br /><br /><br />But they are nothing like the uninhibited urban gay sexual scene and vast homosexual subculture that flourished in Berliin under Germany's Weimar Republic. <br /><br /><br />Sexual experimentation between the same sexes and medical advances of helping genders ‘trapped within the wrong body’ in Germany more than one hundred years ago shaped our understanding of gay identity today. <br /><br /><br />The city's liberal years - before the rise of Hitler - are detailed in a new book, Gay Berlin. <br /><br /><br />The science of ‘transsexuality’ was founded in Berlin at the Institute of Sexual Science where the first male-to-female surgery was performed. The words ‘homosexual’ or ‘transvestite’ were German innovations.</b></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Police mugshots of Berlin prostitute Johann Scheff, arrested in July 1932. Youths dressed in women's clothing who successfully passed for women, descended on department stores en masse stealing large quantities of merchandise." height="284" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/11/24/23628AE000000578-2847643-Police_mugshots_of_Berlin_prostitute_Johann_Scheff_arrested_in_J-32_1416864295416.jpg" width="634" /></strong></span></div>
<span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Police mugshots of Berlin prostitute Johann Scheff, arrested in July 1932. Youths dressed in women's clothing who successfully passed for women, descended on department stores en masse stealing large quantities of merchandise.</b></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="The cover of Die Intel, December 1930, advertising a serialized installment of Men for Sale (Manner zu verkaufen). German gay magazines also offered gay and lesbian friendly services to the gay subculture including medical doctors specializing in 'sexual disturbances', detective agencies offering to investigate blackmail threats, as well as dressmakers and restaurants" height="619" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/11/24/23628AC000000578-2847643-The_cover_of_Die_Intel_December_1930_advertising_a_serialized_in-34_1416864828828.jpg" width="634" /></strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"></div></td><td valign="top" width="299"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="668" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/PEnTgpk1gDc" width="803" youtube-src-id="PEnTgpk1gDc"></iframe></div><br /><b><br /><span style="background-color: black;">Wiehe provides the following useful facts and statistics: </span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">In 1931, over 60 percent of German films were produced by Jews and 82 percent of the film scripts were written by Jewish writers, though Jews made up less than 1 percent of the German population (0.90%). A quick look at the names of directors, producers, stage managers, actors, script writers and critics, “revealed everywhere an overwhelming preponderance of Jews.” </span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">Alexander Szekely, German brothel in Ghent </span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">A cursory survey of the film titles, Wiehe tells us, shows us that the Jews had only one thing on the brain: sex. Here are some typical titles: “Moral und Sinnlichkeit” (Morals and Sensuality); “Was kostet Liebe?” (What is the Price of Love); “Wenn ein Weib den Weg verliert” (When a Woman loses her Way);“Prostitution” (Prostitution); “Sündige Mutter” (Sinful Mama); “Das Buch des Lasters” (The Book of Vices). </span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">“The sensational titles correspond to the sleazy contents,” Wiehe complains. “All wallow in filth and display with cynical frankness the vilest scenes of sexual perversion.” [3] </span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">Light entertainment (revue/burlesque) was a Jewish innovation. The revue theaters, all concentrated within great cities such as Berlin, were owned and run almost exclusively by Jews. Shows consisted of little more than excuses for sexual titillation involving the display of the female form in lascivious dances that were to degenerate later into striptease and scenes of public masturbation. “In these revues,” Wiehe notes indignantly, “the uninhibited sex drive surrendered itself to disgusting orgies. All life was reduced to a common denominator of lust and its satisfaction. Chastity and self-discipline were mocked as old-fashioned prejudices.” </span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">The Jews had managed, in the space of a mere fourteen years, to bring about a major “transvaluation of values” [4] in Weimar Germany. The vices of the past were now its virtues. The only vice that remained was chastity. </span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">A glance at the revue titles is again sufficient: “Zieh dich aus” (Get Undressed); “Tausend nackte Frauen” (One Thousand Naked Women); “Die Sünden der Welt” (The Sins of the World); “Häuser der Liebe” (The Houses of Love); “Streng Verboten!” (Strictly Forbidden!); “Sündig und Süss” (Sweet and Sinful). [5] </span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">Finally, there was the rich field of sexology: a new science consisting largely of dubious “case histories” purporting to reveal the depraved sexual habits of various anonymous patients. In order to give an air of academic respectability and erudition to these masturbatory fantasies—thrilling adventure stories involving necrophilia, bestiality and handkerchief fetishism—the more exciting details were often given in vulgar Latin “in order to exclude the lay reader.” [6] </span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">Otto Dix, The Salon, 1921</span><br /><span style="background-color: black;">Berlin prostitutes awaiting the pleasures of the evening </span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">However, it was not long before the Latin was diligently translated into the vernacular for the benefit of the unlatined lay reader, thus defeating the purpose of the prim “schoolmaster’s Latin”. </span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">Wiehe reels off a long list of Jewish sexologistswho he claims were in the forefront of writing such salacious treatises that were no more than pornography masquerading as science. Drs Magnus Hirschfeld [7] and Ivan Bloch [8] were the star writers in this field, their books still read avidly today by a gullible public hungry for details of the bizarre, the kinky and the perverse. Drs Ludwig Lewy-Lenz, Leo Schidrowitz, Franz Rabinowitsch, Georg Cohen, and Albert Eulenburg are some of the names Wiehe mentions. </span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">Here are some of their depressing titles: “Sittengeschichte des Lasters” (The History of Perversions); “Sittengeschichte des Schamlosigkeit” (The History of Shamelessness); “Bilderlexikon der Erotic” (Picture Lexicon of Eroticism); “Sittengischichte des Geheime und Verbotene” (The History of the Secret and the Forbidden). And here are some of the titles published by Dr Magnus Hirschfeld’s Institute of Sexual Science in Berlin [9]: Aphrodisiacs, Prostitution, Sexual Catastrophes, Sexual Pathology, The Perverted. Wiehe describes all these books as “the filthy publications of these pseudo-scientists”, all of them written by Jewish authors and published by Jewish publishers. He continues in the same acerbic vein: </span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">These books were allegedly supposed to be scientific treatises, their ostensible purpose being to “educate” the broad masses about the dangers of sexual excesses. Under the guise of science, however, they speculated in the lust and lower instincts of their audience. Criminals, prostitutes and homosexuals took center stage in their repertoire. One looks in vain for any known non-Jewish “sexual scientist”! [10]</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">It was in Weimar Germany, long before Hannibal Lecter, that the serial killer was to become an iconic figure — a source of secret fantasies and frissons. </span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">Wiehe points out that masturbation, hitherto a hole-in-corner vice, began to be shamelessly promoted for the first time in Weimar Germany by Jewish-run organizations. He mentions Dr Max Hodan, Jewish medical officer for Berlin, and ticks him off for circulating a booklet recommending regular masturbation for the working classes. </span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">It is worth noting that one of the world’s worst serial killers, Peter Kürten, committed all his crimes in Germany during the 1925-1930 period. </span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">This was of course the heyday of the Weimar Republic when the German people lay completely under Jewish domination and when the first dress rehearsal for the later Sexual Revolution of the 1960s was arguably being run. </span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">Significantly, when asked what his primary motive for murder was, Kürten replied: “to strike back at an oppressive society.” [11] </span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">This was a society in which the serial killer was to become a popular icon, enough to create a whole genre of sensational sex crime literature. (See book title on left). [12] </span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">2. THE DESCENT INTO SEXUAL DEPRAVITY </span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">British historian Sir Arthur Bryant describes throngs of child prostitutesoutside the doors of the great Berlin hotels and restaurants. He adds: “Most of them—the night clubs and vice resorts—were owned and managed by Jews. And it was the Jews among the promoters of this trade who were remembered in after years.” [13] </span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">Arriving in Berlin during the hyperinflation crisis (1923), Klaus Mann—son the great German novelist Thomas Mann—remembered walking past a group of dominatrices: </span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">Some of them looked like fierce Amazons, strutting in high boots made of green, glossy leather. One of them brandished a supple cane and leered at me as I passed by. ‘Good evening, madam,’ I said. She whispered in my ear, ‘Want to be my slave? Costs only six billions and a cigarette.’ [14]</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">Georg Grosz, Before Sunrise. Prostitutes and their clients in the red-light district… this is how they actually dressed and paraded themselves in the garish, lamp-lit streets. </span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">10-year-old children turned tricks in the railway stations. A group of 14-year-old Russian girls, refugees from the Red Terror in Stalin’s Communist slaughter house, managed to make a lucrative living in Berlin as dominatrices. Little girls were freely available for sex not only in child brothels and pharmacies but could be ordered by telephone and delivered to clients by taxi, like takeaway meals. </span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">Particularly bizarre were mother-and-daughter teams offering their services to the same client simultaneously. Mel Gordon writes: “One French journalist, Jean Galtier-Boissière, described, in sickly pornographic detail, the creeping horror of feeling a nine-year-old girl’s tiny, but proficient, fingers stroking his upper thigh while the broken-toothed mother covered his face with hot sucking kisses.” [15] </span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">In Mel Gordon’s </span><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Voluptuous-Panic-Erotic-Weimar-Berlin/dp/092291558X" style="background-color: black;">Voluptuous Panic: The Erotic World of Weimar Berlin</a><span style="background-color: black;">, we enter a depressingly sordid milieu akin to the subterranean world of the sewer rat: a world which owed its existence in large part to German Jewry. Without Jewish money and influence, such a world would never have come into being. Nor was there anything the Germans could do to extricate themselves from this artificially created hothouse of erotomania and sexual deviance in which they now found themselves ensnared. </span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">There were no fewer than 17 different prostitute types in this Jew-created brothel city: eight outdoor types and nine indoor ones, each with their specialities and slang terminology. </span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">Outdoor prostitutes: (1) Kontroll Girls: legal prostitutes checked for venereal disease. (2) Half-Silks: part-time amateurs with day jobs as office workers, secretaries and shopgirls; evening and weekend workers. (3)Grasshoppers: lowly streetwalkers who gave handjobs and standup sex in dark alleys. (4) Nuttes: Boyish teenage girls who worked for “pocket money” after school without their parents’ knowledge. (5) Boot-girls: dominas (or dominatrices) in shiny patent leather boots who offered to stamp all over their clients. (6)Tauentzien girls: Chic mother-and-daughter teams, fashionably dressed, who offered their services to men who wanted threesomes. (7) Münzis: Heavily pregnant women who waited under lampposts (very expensive, since they offered an erotic speciality). (8) Gravelstones: hideous hags with missing limbs, hunchbacks, midgets, and women with various deformities. “The most common German word for them was Kies. In other accounts, they were referred to as Steinhuren.” [16] </span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">Otto Dix, Three Wenches.These prostitutes were willing to work individually or in a team. </span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">Indoor prostitutes: (1) Chontes: Low-grade Jewish prostitutes, mostly Polish, who picked up their clients in railway stations. (2) Fohses (French argot for “vaginas”): Elegant females who discreetly advertised in magazines and newspapers as private masseuses and manicurists. (3) Demi-castors(or “half-beavers”): Young women from good families who worked in high-class houses in the late afternoons and early evenings. (4) Table-ladies: Ravishingly beautiful escorts of exotic appearance who came with the reserved table in an exclusive nightclub. Clients had to be fabulously rich in order to afford the cultured conversation of these high-class call girls who accompanied the caviar and champagne and who later unveiled their charms in a sumptuously furnished chamber of delights. </span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">(5) Dominas: Leather-clad women, athletic and Amazonian, who specialized in whipping and erotic humiliation. They were often found in lesbian nightclubs which also catered for kinky males. (6) Minettes (French for “female cats”): Exclusive call girls who offered S&M fantasy scenes, foot worship, bondage, and enforced transvestism. They worked in top class hotels. (7) Race-horses: Masochistic prostitutes who let themselves be whipped in “schoolrooms” or “dungeons” liberally supplied with instruments of torture. Clients were carefully screened to make sure they didn’t go too far. (8) ‘Medicine’: Child prostitutes (age 12-16), so called because they were prescribed as “medicine” in pharmacies. All the client needed to do was tell the pharmacist how many years he had suffered from his ailment (e.g., 12), without mentioning what ailment it was, and request the color of the pill he preferred (e.g., red). He was then escorted to a cubicle where his “medicine” awaited him: a 12-year-old redhead. (9) Telephone-girls (often billed as “virgins”): expensive child prostitutes (ages 12-17) ordered by telephone like a takeaway meal; the nymphettes were delivered by limousine or taxi. [17] </span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">Luigi Barzini, in his social memoir The Europeans, describes the saturnalian scene in the Tingel-Tangels or sleazy bordellos of sex-crazed Berlin in the 1920s, the Golden Age of the Jews: </span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">I saw pimps offering anything to anybody: little boys, little girls, robust young men, libidinous women, animals. The story went the rounds that a male goose whose neck you cut at just the right ecstatic moment would give you the most delicious frisson of all—as it allowed you to enjoy sodomy, bestiality, homosexuality, necrophilia and sadism at one stroke. Gastronomy too, as one could eat the goose afterwards. [18]</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">In October 1923, when one US dollar could buy 4.2 billion marks and six wheelbarrows of banknotes could barely buy a loaf of bread, it was said that “the most exquisite blow job to be had in Berlin never cost an American tourist more than 30 cents.” </span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></b></span></span></td></tr>
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</td> <td valign="top" width="249"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;">“The numerous copies in multiple editions of [Psychopathia Sexualisand Sexual Aberrations] revealed an unintended secondary readership: other perverts. The salacious case histories of sadists, fetishists, Algolagnists, flagellants, and the like, formed a novel province in Weimar pornography.</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1542" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/5QS1l1mSDSo" width="1854" youtube-src-id="5QS1l1mSDSo"></iframe></div><br /><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;">“Under the guise of psychological research, graphic photographs and illustrations were added to still other strange biographical confessions and fantasies. Berliners seeking stronger erotic sensations and instruction for weird sex scenarios merely had to peruse Galante journals for the current ‘scientific’ offerings. Virtually every deviant practice had a layman’s society and private publishing arm.</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;">“One ‘physician,’ Ernst Schertel, headed a hypnotic ‘Dream theater’ and several book clubs devoted to whipping and buttock fetishism.</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;">“Schertel’s serialized periodicals explored the dark fantasy games and dramatics of animal lovers, worshippers of obese Dominas, sadistic teachers, bare-hand flagellants, incestuous necklas fetishists, urine drinkers, bondage freaks, high-heel stompers…</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;">“German authorities attempted to shut down his Parthenon-Verlag in 1931 and Wilhelm Reich publicly opposed the perverse Dream Theater. But Schertel, working under foreign pseudonyms like Dr. F. Grandpierre, outwitted them all.”</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;">Of course Gordon plays down the participation of Jews in the business, saying that while the Jews</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;">“dominated certain cultural fields in pre-Nazi Berlin, especially publishing, law, medicine, theatre, graphic art, cinema, music, architecture, and popular entertainment, relatively few Jews were still involved in common prostitution with the exception of two picturesque types: Kupplerinnen (procuresses) and Chontes—zaftig whores from southern Poland.”</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;">It is understandable that Gordon is trying to dismiss a body of scholarship, since that would eventually lead to a reevaluation of at least one reason why Nazi Germany was completely against Jewish revolutionary activity.</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;">Gordon tells us that Wilhelm Reich, another Jewish sexual revolutionary whose work we have repeatedly examined in the past, believed that Hirschfeld’s work would advance the cause of fascism.<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2014/04/02/hitler-and-germanys-sexual-question-part-ii/#_ftn59">[59]</a> Gordon also tells us that as soon as Hitler came to power in 1933, “the Institute of Sexology was one of his first targets.”</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Nazi Germany quickly placed the graphic paintings of George Grosz, Jankel Adler, Rudolf Bauer, Cesar Klein, Max Pechstein, Ludwig Meidner, Otto Dix, Rudolf Schlichter, among dozens of others, under the heading of “degenerate art” because of their pornographic imageries.</span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1437" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/dI7CyEqiJRs" width="1731" youtube-src-id="dI7CyEqiJRs"></iframe></div><br /></strong></div></b></span>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Candid photos of 1930s burlesque dancers included in exhibition of pioneering female photographer</span></h3>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Margaret Bourke-White, known for her work during conflict, photographed scantily-clad dancers <br />Photographer was the first American female war photojournalist and first female photographer for Life magazine</b></span>
<li><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Lesser-known photographs feature in vast retrospective show at the Daniel Blau gallery in London till 20 December</strong></span></li><li><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1475" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/oPOiaAU_vJg" width="1775" youtube-src-id="oPOiaAU_vJg"></iframe></div><br /><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></li>
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<a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2843764/Behind-scenes-cabaret-Candid-photos-1930s-burlesque-dancers-included-exhibition-pioneering-female-photographer.html#comments"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> </b></span></a><br /><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> A selection of candid images reveals what went on backstage at the original burlesque shows of the 1930s. </span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Shot by renowned photographer Margaret Bourke-White, who is better known for her work during conflict, the photos show scantily-clad dancers waiting to go on stage. </span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> The late Bourke-White went behind the scenes with chorus girls in 1936 and pictured them setting their hair in neat waves and perfecting their pout in rustic Hollywood mirrors. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> +12 </span><br /> <span style="font-weight: bold;"><img height="2619" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/11/21/1416570282980_Image_galleryImage__Backstage_Burlesque_Stri.JPG" width="1736" /></span> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> +12 </span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Behind the scenes: So-called Burlesque Strip-Steppers wear ladylike hats and fur shawls with string knickers and little else, left, and draped in Grecian robes, right </span><br /> <span style="font-weight: bold;"><img height="2368" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/11/21/2355219900000578-2843764-This_warm_toned_silver_gelatin_contact_print_on_semi_matte_doubl-40_1416570177101.jpg" width="1722" /></span> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> +12 </span><br /> <span style="font-weight: bold;"><img height="2387" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/11/21/1416570175961_Image_galleryImage__Backstage_Burlesque_Chor.JPG" width="1737" /></span> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> +12 </span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Their public awaits: Burlesque chorus girls wait their turn to get on stage, left, as one dancer sits patiently in an elaborate costume </span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Pioneering Bourke-White from The Bronx, New York, was the first female photographer for Life magazine. She once said: 'The camera is a remarkable instrument. Saturate yourself with your subject and the camera will all but take you by the hand.' </span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> These previously unseen and lesser known photographs of burlesque and ballet dancers backstage are just some of her work on show at a new exhibition in her honour. </span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Held in the </span><a href="http://www.danielblau.com/london/" style="font-weight: bold;">Daniel Blau gallery in London</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> until 20 December, the presentation features contrasting facets of the photographer's work. </span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> A selection of more than 60 vintage photographs includes incredible images of the Second World War in North Africa and Italy, which embody Bourke-White's courage and determination. </span><br /> <span style="font-weight: bold;"><img height="1458" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/11/21/235DEBF200000578-2843764-A_surreal_scene_unfolds_at_the_French_Casino-1_1416588986646.jpg" width="1828" /></span> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> +12 </span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Works of art: A star of the show called Miss Minsky bares all, left, and a scene is set at a French Casino, right </span><br /> <span style="font-weight: bold;"><img height="2051" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/11/21/1416570296281_Image_galleryImage_Margaret_Bourke_White_190.JPG" width="1813" /></span> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> +12 </span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> The show must go on: Chorus girls are pictured setting their hair in neat waves in rustic Hollywood mirrors </span><br /> <span style="font-weight: bold;"><img height="1199" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/11/21/2355218A00000578-2843764-The_original_burlesque_girls_adjust_their_costumes_and_put_the_f-31_1416570158631.jpg" width="1686" /></span> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> +12 </span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Finishing touches: The burlesque girls adjust their costumes and ensure their hair is in place </span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> She became the first woman photographer to accompany the U.S. armed forces. </span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> While crossing the Atlantic to North Africa, her transport ship was torpedoed and destroyed. Bourke-White survived the attack and continued on her travels to Europe to cover the bitter daily struggle of the Allied infantrymen in the Italian campaign. </span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> In the male-dominated world of early twentieth century photojournalism, Bourke-White was a pioneer. </span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> In her extensive and diverse career, she photographed many historic moments. </span><br /> <span style="font-weight: bold;"><img height="1180" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/11/21/235521C800000578-2843764-This_1936_picture_is_entitled_Backstage_In_a_Degas_Setting_the_B-32_1416570158642.jpg" width="1672" /></span> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> +12 </span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> This 1936 picture is entitled: Backstage In a Degas Setting the Ballerinas of the Ballet Russe Pause </span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Bourke-White's intuition and dedication gave her the knack of being at the right place at the right time. </span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> She was the first Western photographer permitted to document Soviet Industry after the revolution, the first female war correspondent, the first woman permitted to work in combat zones and the first woman to fly on a bombing mission during the Second World War. </span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Bourke-White shot the first cover of what was to become the iconic LIFE magazine in 1936, the publication that would later send her to cover the Second World War. </span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> The exhibition will be on at gallery Daniel Blau, London from October 31 - December 20, Tuesday - Friday, 11am - 6pm. Also Monday and Saturday by appointment. </span><br /> <span style="font-weight: bold;"><img height="1224" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/11/21/235521AA00000578-2843764-This_1934_sailboat_picture_is_called_America_s_Cup_Putting_Away_-33_1416570158654.jpg" width="1560" /></span> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> +12 </span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Action on the water: This 1934 sailboat picture is called America's Cup, Putting Away Topsail at End of Cruise of Rainbow </span><br /> <span style="font-weight: bold;"><img height="1398" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/11/21/1416571096037_Image_galleryImage_Margaret_Bourke_White_190.JPG" width="1729" /></span> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> +12 </span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Sail away: A peaceful scene shows boat with an elegant long sail making its way </span><br /> <span style="font-weight: bold;"><img height="1261" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/11/21/235521D100000578-2843764-Another_picture_from_the_1934_series_America_s_Cup_Rainbow_shows-35_1416570158677.jpg" width="1596" /></span> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> +12 </span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Water world: Another picture from the 1934 series America's Cup, Rainbow shows a glossy sea and stormy sky </span><br /> <span style="font-weight: bold;"><img height="1262" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/11/21/235521C000000578-2843764-Various_ornaments_on_President_Franklin_D_Roosevelt_s_Desk_in_th-36_1416570158688.jpg" width="1788" /></span> <br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Historic desk: Various ornaments on President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Desk in the White House, Christmas Eve, 1934 <br /></span><a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/flappers.gif" style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></a> <a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/flappers.gif" style="font-weight: bold;"><img src="http://www.veteranstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/flappers-320x273.gif" /></a> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Throughout his own work, Gordon tells us how the Weimar Republic sought to refashion Germany through sexual revolution. He argues, </span><br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> “Prostitution lost its exact meaning when tens of thousands were involved in complex sex attachments, all of a commercial nature. The vaguely Wilhelmian underpinning of middle-class Berlin slowly cracked and, over time, collapsed. </span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> “Venereal disease, not flesh-peddling, threatened the immediate well-being of the capital. Syphilis and gonorrhea spread at an alarming rate. The city fathers, once proud watchdogs of the moral code, turned to Berlin’s public officials and social workers for help… </span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> “Public and habitual masturbation, manifestations of shell-shock, grew to epic proportions, shaking morals as well as becoming an embarrassing disciplinary problem. In the countryside, the brutal corralling and rape of foreign women, usually peasant girls, by German recruits was reported with some frequency in the early dispatches… </span><br /> <br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> “Roman-style orgies became synonymous with Etappe life…Sex, the historical lubricant for rallying a nation to armed conflict, was destroying the Kaiser’s war. “A dizzying panic overtook Berlin in October 1919. Not since Paris in the 1860s had a European city experienced the Edenic flush of total erotic freedom. </span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;">“With prostitution and all-night dancing already accepted features of contemporary Berlin life, what else could be added. Drugs and over-the-counter pornography appeared first…</span></div></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1536" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/s0JIqBeTcJw" width="1848" youtube-src-id="s0JIqBeTcJw"></iframe></div><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td valign="top" width="299"></td></tr></tbody></table><blockquote>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">“The most sought-after pornographic postcards and films had been imported from Paris and Budapest before the war. Now Berlin was patriotically producing its own brands in oversized graphic portfolios, ‘bachelor’ <i>Galante </i>magazines, photo-sheets, and smokers…</strong></span></div>
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /> <img src="http://api.ning.com/files/6QDRrW7dgC69EyfQZj1a2X7HdI9S7SGC78JD52eKjvMx850kvRdluYM91D0zzTwjg0sAoIF90N5cpI6*aBPApdT9MpqdQ9M4/carlosnunez4.jpg" /> <br /> “The sweet qualities of Gallic porno were supplanted in Berlin studios by the psychopathic scenarios from Krafft-Ebing. Forced, intergenerational, scatological, and obsessive fetish sex prevailed…The distinct erotica of Berlin was sold in specialized bookstores and here and there on the street…<img src="http://api.ning.com/files/3F*MKYQtXb3uAOXmhcLUHIqiBKoBxccdpr9CW4QsUAkiqKUoEYWTAzRalHPpdaZfmEXikE3QxDoyuEbpY4WJQSy**kJK*iwl/carlosnunez6.jpg" /> <br /> “Wild sex and all-night antics could be made anywhere. In private flats, hotel rooms, and rented halls, drug parties and nude ‘Beauty Evenings’ were constantly announced and held. <br /> “A gala atmosphere enveloped 1919 and 1920…In postwar Paris, a traveler could engage the services of a streetwalker for five or six dollars; but during the inflation in Berlin, five dollars could buy a month’s worth of carnal delights…Sex was everywhere and obtainable on the cheap… <br /> “Child prostitution was a searing social issue long before and after the inflation era. It involved both female and male children, sex-workers’ progeny, runaways, and troublesome adolescents. There seemed to be almost no bottom age for those seeking physical companionship with children. And virtually no end to willing girls and boys.” What was even more troublesome during the Weimar era was that sexual magic was used as a form of revival; it was viewed as a form of religion and prayer.<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2014/04/02/hitler-and-germanys-sexual-question-part-ii/#_ftn62">[62]</a> Gordon states that sex magic was used as a <br /> “bodily manifestation of lost esoteric wisdom, techniques of Gnostic faith, flipped transmogrifications of flesh, even divine rungs for ultimate human salvation…Sexuality was the fuse and hidden spring of Weimar Germany’s newest dogmas.”<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2014/04/02/hitler-and-germanys-sexual-question-part-ii/#_ftn63">[63]</a> <br /> The early part of Europe in the twentieth century was affected by the revival of occultism, with many occult groups and fringe movements springing up in order to revive old sexual practices and rituals. Occult groups seeking sexual magic were ubiquitous.<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2014/04/02/hitler-and-germanys-sexual-question-part-ii/#_ftn64">[64]</a> A year before Hitler came to power, <br /> “Berlin alone supported the flashy productions, seances, and publications of 20,000 itinerant telepathists, wonder-working healers, palm readers, storefront clairvoyants, Hollow-Earth adherents, alchemists, stage mesmerists, doomsday prophets, Gypsy-clad fortunetellers, and trans-performers.”<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2014/04/02/hitler-and-germanys-sexual-question-part-ii/#_ftn65">[65]</a> <br /> It must also remembered that it was a time where black magicians such as Aleister Crowley roamed Europe with their sexual rituals in order to gain entrance into what Crowley would later refer to as the New Aeon.<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2014/04/02/hitler-and-germanys-sexual-question-part-ii/#_ftn66">[66]</a> It has been argued by some that Crowley was widely involved in the sex industry in the Weimar Republic.<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2014/04/02/hitler-and-germanys-sexual-question-part-ii/#_ftn67">[67]</a> <br /> All of these satanic sex ceremonies were done as a form of blasphemy in Berlin, where some of the participants also took drugs in order to enhance their sexual magic.<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2014/04/02/hitler-and-germanys-sexual-question-part-ii/#_ftn68">[68]</a> In Gordon’s words, there were “dionysian-like festivities,” where hymns to Pan were chanted and a goat was sacrificed to begin the sexual ceremony.<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2014/04/02/hitler-and-germanys-sexual-question-part-ii/#_ftn69">[69]</a> Scholar John Alexander Williams tells us that <br /> <img src="http://api.ning.com/files/oyI7N*6llQR3h5q-KOAAJAOqMyi49cQOjihhlWHEVAgzWCZ5iW2hLpCJMbFj-Aq4bMyA6EGtEIZ2evtzdjmQ3DFDn1C5UI9a/carlosnunez7.jpg" /> <br /> “By 1930 an estimated one hundred thousand people took part in organizations that were either dedicated wholeheartedly to nudism or practiced it regularly. The movement of some eighty thousand hard-core nudists also became more ideologically diverse, splitting into bourgeois and socialist sectors. An umbrella organization for bourgeois nudists, the Reich Federation for Free Body Culture, was founded in Leipzig in 1924.”<a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2014/04/02/hitler-and-germanys-sexual-question-part-ii/#_ftn70">[70]</a> <br /> Yet by 1932, the power of sexual eroticism began to decline during the rise of Nazi Germany—most pornographic publications were banned and nudist clinics such as Koch’s were shut down. By 1933, Hirschfeld’s Institute of Sexology was ransacked and vandalized by SA-men and students. Archival files were destroyed, and thousands of books and manuscripts were burned. In Gordon’s own words: “Berlin’s sex industry contracted and nearly disappeared throughout the summer months of 1933.” <br /> <img src="http://api.ning.com/files/88i40Uz2wThc5x*lYulihWroYpA4u2GFoxKqE4c5Q-RIaWYgmqSOXM6TvP6JsY7PZ3qXRDY1o8RzQ4SEQqEscaCW3x6qDpm3/carlosnunez5.jpg" /> <br /><br /> Kate Beckinsale is a timeless beauty. She was born in on July 26, 1973 in Finsbury Park, London. The English actress is known best for her roles in Pearl Harbor, Underworld, Van Helsing, and The Aviator. Here is a collection of her most stunning shots. <br /> <img src="http://api.ning.com/files/fWRvRJn3uACoKi2BfR8ly8-Pd8kmeRueS7vXmENmRUG*3sY7i2vqcy37Uqo8KnbQ9mH8gCYQrFkeqiZ5htI7pR-zcplRr6na/Kate_Beckinsale_12.jpg" /><br /> <img src="http://api.ning.com/files/TC5zg8xqcgH0kUojvxnZ4C6dKPjp-Mh98j37u3PTF*Dq8xfDWyG9diG3h*XAiu0jMGUG3bpEvWvPrvL7crFo5Ri0BPGQeejD/katebeckinsale1.jpg" /> <br /> <img src="http://api.ning.com/files/TC5zg8xqcgEtJgpzZHAGkFcpJUPbRMrxXj3CK3t8L4arlq1GbMoTKV0ca1E4TU-9kAt5eleD8BThTXE1Pz1jg1Rv7s-286qv/Kate_Beckinsale_19.jpg" /> <br /> <img src="http://api.ning.com/files/ocWXSCc5iz-mnoh3q9YqXdVkZyTDXk45bXbzekPibZ5cG7JWr0f6QTGjw1LMBChO6bIpDAEOqmlaoe*pwwxHQAlAJmtctZ79/katebeckinsale24.jpg" /> <br /> <img src="http://api.ning.com/files/fWRvRJn3uAALYN71n*kzyb0FKBVph8CJvQixIFfQM-*2I3OwUJviSdXn6N6hQPthUYy3R9tzfUIVAvIdp-y*XzUOtBHqmxXT/Kate_Beckinsale_2.jpg" /> <br /> <img src="http://api.ning.com/files/ocWXSCc5iz9I0wtP6*H9gdZ4H4jaGvkPIRmIlOxeir2myThUI1u2mk6Dlm5wsQRQ1w*HZl4kMRt5ZR0pCn8hvmZgEZR5XvOh/katebeckinsale7.jpg" /> <br /><br /> <a href="http://media.salon.com/2000/11/paradise_regained.jpg"><img height="862" src="http://media.salon.com/2000/11/paradise_regained-293x307.jpg" width="823" /></a> <br /> <br /> <br /> A snapshot of Berlin between the world wars includes nudist magazines devoted entirely to children; glittering cabaret shows parading acres of sweaty, perfumed female flesh; and an endless supply of cafes, bars and private clubs catering to gay men, transvestites, lesbians and sadomasochists. <br /> Inflation is so rampant that the local paper currency is good only for toilet paper. Cocaine, morphine and opium are peddled on every street corner. And more than 120,000 desperate women and girls of every age and stripe sell their bodies for a pittance, including mother-daughter prostitution teams and brazen streetwalkers well into the third trimester of pregnancy. <br /> <img src="http://api.ning.com/files/fWRvRJn3uAA1*hp0RRVGIxosi8gxj7xN8C6x*HcvbuPgnxFGjYNkVENjiOxJnmsyE0xhyZnZt3AVBDDBcdoVmOh9EFGE4QeR/Kate_Beckinsale_7.jpg" /> <br /> Such was the glory that was Weimar Berlin, a burg American writer Ben Hecht called the “prime breeding ground of evil.” Most are familiar with its reputation as a crime-ridden sewer of frenetic debauchery through period classics such as Fritz Lang’s “M” and Josef von Sternberg’s “The Blue Angel,” stage productions of Brecht’s “The Three penny Opera” or screenings of Bob Fosse’s lurid, leggy movie musical, “Cabaret.” However, very few of our assumptions about that decadent interwar wonderland are based on actual documentation of Berlin’s whorish past. And most of it has been filtered through the arid prose of academia. <br /> Now with Mel Gordon’s new tome, “Voluptuous Panic: The Erotic World of Weimar Berlin,” connoisseurs of carnal excess have the next best thing to a time machine with which to visit that era of blissfully morbid hedonism. <br /> Drawing from his vast collection of pre-Nazi Berlin memorabilia, Gordon, a professor of theater at UC-Berkeley, has assembled an Encyclopedia Britannica of Weimar smut. This 267-page omnibus of Babylon-on-the-Spree’s demimonde is full of antique pornography, guidebooks, magazine illustrations, board games, photos of Rube Goldberg-like masturbation devices and priceless ephemera from bygone restaurants and pubs. <br /> <img src="http://api.ning.com/files/fWRvRJn3uADdt0eoLfP1vzfblobGuziPwMle1VaWryXfHImZ--Yuv9EuImiLHDhETmvnczg6f3TU9HXriVnPjR5TycIrdwKi/Kate_Beckinsale_4.jpg" /> <br /> Gordon says his massive, wallet-busting collection began as part of a job assignment from the Goethe Institute, a program supported by the German government to promote German language and culture. <br /> “Back in 1994, I got a grant from them to do a cabaret extravaganza in San Francisco starring Nina Hagen,” recalls Gordon. “I decided to do a real, three-ring Weimar production based on the life of Anita Berber, the great sex goddess/flapper of the age. We had a lot to go on, research-wise, except the visuals. I went to the library, and I was amazed to find nothing except old George Grosz and Otto Dix paintings and some rather tame photos which had been reprinted endlessly.”</b></span></blockquote><b style="color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; text-align: justify;"><br /><span style="background-color: black;">“Berlin nightlife, my word, the world hasn’t seen anything like it!” Klaus Mann, son of the great German author Thomas Mann, enthused sardonically. “We used to have a first-class army. Now we have first class perversions.” [20]</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">German author Erich Kästner, writing of Weimar Berlin, was to reflect on the topography of the soul sickness that had now taken possession of the once proud city: “In the east there is crime; in the center the con men hold sway; in the north resides misery, in the west lechery; and everywhere—the decline.” [21]</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">German Jewish author Stephan Zweig has much to say about homosexuality, pointing out that even in Ancient Rome—where fourteen of the first fifteen Roman emperors were gay—the degree of drunken depravity and public shamelessness (“pervert balls”) was far less shocking than in Weimar Berlin:</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">Bars, amusement parks, honky-tonks sprang up like mushrooms. Along the entire Kurfürstendamm powdered and rouged men sauntered and they were not all professionals; every high school boy wanted to earn some money and in the dimly lit bars one might see government officials and men of the world of finance tenderly courting drunken sailors without any shame. Even the Rome of Suetonius had never known such orgies as the pervert balls of Berlin, where hundreds of men costumed as women and hundreds of women as men danced under the benevolent eyes of the police. In the collapse of all values a kind of madness gained hold. Young girls bragged proudly of their perversion; to be sixteen and still under suspicion of virginity would have been a disgrace.” [22]</span><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/8588970067_8b02ab8497_z.jpg" style="background-color: black;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEilpp7k3jADCTLyEw5p6FL8ZqvsKF6HepDGt3ukssklQ2NhM9LAGjj9tFBrJAlJlVWyAUJPCfRPP-AtsDt1qslvSYFhptGe2H1WVIyCzU4iEwIKTWc0xf2szNSCB1ith6E5pabAk7c85xAz_UWqnao6cjDsKp4a3zsOk8E0h9oykITdAxXz3IO-lBCEeoaUp3-DPoE=" /></a><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">THE CITY OF DREADFUL JOY</span><br /><span style="background-color: black;">Weimar Berlin, 1928</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">3. CONCLUSION: WEIMAR GERMANY AS A DRESS REHEARSAL FOR THE SUBSEQUENT SEXUAL REVOLUTION OF THE 1960s</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">My own impression, though I could well be mistaken here, is that Weimar Germany can be seen as a trial run or dress rehearsal for the Sexual Revolution of the 1960s, a revolution in attitudes and behavior that was to convulse America and then spread like a moral virus to Europe and the rest of the world.</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">Recollect that it was in Germany during the Weimar period—in 1923 to be exact—that the Institut für Sozialforschung was set up at the University of Frankfurt. Financed by the Argentian Jew Felix Weil, this was later to become the infamous Frankfurt School. [23]</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">It is my own hypothesis that the Germans were to be the initial guinea pigs of these Cultural Marxists [24], all of them initially Jewish apart from Habermas. These were revolutionaries intent on complete social control by the imposition of their Marxist worldview on the rest of society. It is self-evident that there is no other way to get control of a society with strong moral values than to weaken those values. The formula is simple: destroy the belief system on which that society is founded, especially its religion and its traditional codes of honor and decency. Promote godlessness and a philosophy of despair. To put it in even plainer language: reduce men to beasts if you wish to control them.</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">It was George Lukács [25], one of the founding fathers of the Frankfurt School, who had called for “a culture of pessimism and a world abandoned by God.” [26] And it was one of their most fanatical ideologues, Willi Munzenberg [27], who had said he wanted to turn the world upside down and make life a hell on earth. His exact words:</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">We must organize the intellectuals and use them TO MAKE WESTERN CIVILIZATION STINK! Only then, after they have CORRUPTED ALL ITS VALUES AND MADE LIFE IMPOSSIBLE, can we impose the dictatorship of the proletariat. [28, emphasis added]</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">With Jewish intellectuals like this at the helm, doing their utmost to promote moral anarchy and create an Orwellian dystopia, is it any wonder that the Germans went helter-skelter down the slippery slope and ended up where they did?</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">In America the Cultural Marxists were to apply a variation of their Weimar techniques, but refined and honed to a high degree. This time, they would use multiculturalism as a weapon of mass destruction in addition to moral corruption. They would flood the country with immigrants, legal as well as illegal. They would turn race against race (engineered ethnic conflict), parent against child (attack on authority), and man against woman (radical feminism). Above all, they would teach the non-White races to regard the White race as the ultimate evil: “the cancer of human history”, to quote Jewish feminist Susan Sontag. [29]</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">The above comments are admittedly controversial and will elicit anger in many quarters. For this I apologize. My purpose is simply to give voice to an urgent and widespread perception. Not to be able to say what many people increasingly believe is clearly undesirable.</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">What did the cultural Marxists learn from Weimar Germany?</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">They learned that the Sexual Revolution, in order to succeed, had to be a slow and gradual process. “Modern forms of subjection,” the Frankfurt School had learned, “are marked by mildness.” [30] Weimar had failed because the pace had been too frenetic. People were aware they were being corrupted. That was fatal.</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">To corrupt a nation effectively one must make sure that the descent into degradation is an infinitely slow and imperceptible process, one miniscule step at a time—just as those who wish to cook frogs alive in a saucepan, reducing them to a state of comatose stupor, are advised to place them in cold water and boil them to death as slowly as possible. [31]</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">Lest I be accused of antisemitism by this portrayal of the systematic sexual corruption of the German people at the hands of their Jewish masters—a classic instance of social engineering practiced on an entire population—let me allow a well-known and respected Jewish authority on the Weimar era to have the final word. He is Dr Manfred Reifer, and he is writing in a prestigious Jewish publication:</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">Whilst large sections of the German nation were struggling for the preservation of their race, we Jews filled the streets of Germany with our vociferations. We supplied the press with articles on the subject of its Christmas and Easter and administered to its religious beliefs in the manner we considered suitable. We ridiculed the highest ideals of the German nation and profaned the matters which it holds sacred.” — Dr Manfred Reifer, in the German Jewish magazine Czernowitzer Allegemeine Zeitung,September 1933</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">In the same month those words were written, September 1933, Adolf Hitler removed every single Jew from positions of influence in the mass media: from the fields of literature, art, music, journalism, the cinema, and popular entertainment in general [32]. The influence that the Jews had exerted on the German psyche was to be regarded henceforth, rightly or wrongly, as pernicious. And Kulturbolschewismus, or “Bolshevik culture”, a derogatory term for Jewish culture itself, became synonymous with moral anarchy and sexual decadence.</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">* * *</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">ENDNOTES</span><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://knud.eriksen.adr.dk/germany_jewish_question.htm" style="background-color: black;">Dr Friedrich Karl Wiehe, Germany and the Jewish Question</a><span style="background-color: black;">. Published in 1938 in Berlin by the Institute for Studies of the Jewish Question, this eight-part booklet runs to approximately 23,500 words in the English translation. As I have quoted this important work extensively both here and in my forthcoming 4-part essay How the Jews Rose to World Power, I felt it would be advisable to paraphrase/translate the defective Germanic English of the English version completely, quoting the original translation only when the English was free from grammatical and orthographical errors. Readers who know German are invited to consult the original German essay here: </span><a href="http://knud.eriksen.adr.dk/deutschland_und_die_judenfrage.htm" style="background-color: black;">Deutschland und die Judenfrage</a><span style="background-color: black;">.</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">[2] </span><a href="http://knud.eriksen.adr.dk/germany_jewish_question.htmhttp:/knud.eriksen.adr.dk/germany_jewish_question.htm" style="background-color: black;">Wiehe, Ibid.</a><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">[3] </span><a href="http://knud.eriksen.adr.dk/germany_jewish_question.htmhttp:/knud.eriksen.adr.dk/germany_jewish_question.htm" style="background-color: black;">Wiehe, Ibid.</a><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">[4] </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transvaluation_of_values" style="background-color: black;">“transvaluation of values”</a><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">[5] </span><a href="http://knud.eriksen.adr.dk/germany_jewish_question.htmhttp:/knud.eriksen.adr.dk/germany_jewish_question.htm" style="background-color: black;">Wiehe, Ibid.</a><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">[6] </span><a href="http://www.kinolorber.com/psychopathia/history.html" style="background-color: black;">Krafft-Ebing’s Psychopathia Sexualis</a><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">[7] </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Hirschfeld" style="background-color: black;">Magnus Hirschfeld</a><span style="background-color: black;"> (1868-1935). The first advocate for homosexual and transgender rights and himself a homosexual, Hirschfeld figured out that there were 64 different types of male, ranging from the extremely masculine heterosexual male to the extremely feminine homosexual male. Whether there are also 64 different types of females, ranging from the extremely feminine heterosexual female to the extremely masculine butch lesbian, is not clear. Described as the “the Einstein of Sex”, Hirschfeld thought abortion was a good thing and approved of miscegenation and the mongrelization of the White race.</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">[8] </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwan_Bloch" style="background-color: black;">Ivan Bloch</a><span style="background-color: black;"> (1872-1922). Like Hirschfeld, Bloch was a Jewish homosexual whose main interest in life was sexual perversion. Author of the 3-volume Handbuch der gesamten Sexualwissenschaft in Einzeldarstellungen (“Handbook of Sexology in its Entirety Presented in Separate Studies”), Bloch was an expert on sadism and helped to popularize the work of the Marquis de Sade. He apparently discovered the manuscript of de Sade’s </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/120_Days_of_Sodom" style="background-color: black;">The 120 Days of Sodom</a><span style="background-color: black;"> and published it under a pseudonym in 1904, presumably pocketing the royalties.</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">[9] </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Hirschfeld#Institut_f.C3.BCr_Sexualwissenschaft" style="background-color: black;">The Institute for Sexual Science</a><span style="background-color: black;"> (Institut für Sexualwissenschaft). Founded in 1919 in Berlin, the Institute was housed in a villa purchased by Hirschfeld not far from the Reichstag building. It housed his immense library of sex books, most of them pornographic, and offered the public advice on their sex problems (“medical consultations”). People from around Europe visited the Institute, including the homosexual duo Auden and Isherwood, “to gain a clearer understanding of their sexuality.” (Wikipedia). The Institute, which encouraged “educational” visits from school children, included a Museum of Sex full of pornographic pictures, dildos, “masturbation machines”, and other curiosities of a similar nature. In May 1933, after the Nazis had come to power, the Institute was attacked and thousands of its pornographic books and erotic artifacts destroyed in a “bonfire of the vanities” — this event later being portrayed by Jewish interests as a tragic loss to civilization, comparable only to the burning of the Great Library at Alexandria in 645 AD<br /></span><br /><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1467" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/QumW5NICuL0" width="1765" youtube-src-id="QumW5NICuL0"></iframe><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">[11] </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_K%C3%BCrten#Analysis" style="background-color: black;">Peter Kurten, “to strike back at an oppressive society.”</a><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">[12] </span><a href="http://d.gr-assets.com/books/1348423067l/123003.jpg" style="background-color: black;">An example: Marina Tatar’s Lustmord: Sexual Murder in Weimar Germany.</a><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">[13] </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Bryant#1940s" style="background-color: black;">Sir Arthur Bryant, Unfinished Victory (1940), pp. 144-145</a><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">[14] </span><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Voluptuous-Panic-Erotic-Weimar-Expanded/dp/0922915962" style="background-color: black;">Mel Gordon, Voluptuous Panic: The Erotic World of Weimar Berlin, p.39</a><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">[15] </span><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Voluptuous-Panic-Erotic-Weimar-Expanded/dp/0922915962" style="background-color: black;">Mel Gordon, Ibid., p.43</a><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">[16] Mel Gordon, in an email to this author (1 March 2013).</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">[17] </span><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Voluptuous-Panic-Erotic-Weimar-Expanded/dp/0922915962" style="background-color: black;">Mel Gordon, Ibid., pp.28</a><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">[18] Quoted in </span><a href="http://www.salon.com/2000/11/22/weimar/" style="background-color: black;">Stephen Lemons, Paradise regained: Weimar Berlin’s depraved, sin-filled nights tantalize the imagination anew in Mel Gordon’s “Voluptuous Panic”.</a><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">[19] </span><a href="http://www.salon.com/2000/11/22/weimar/" style="background-color: black;">Stephen Lemons, Ibid.</a><span style="background-color: black;"> If 30 cents for a blowjob was considered a bargain for the American tourist in Weimar Germany, it is of interest to note that the blowjob rate for sex tourists in Moldova today is considerably lower—only 20 cents a pop. We learn this from a book originally published in Hebrew in Israel (In Foreign Parts: Trafficking in Women in Israel, by Ilana Hammerman. Am Oved. 199pp). “The local rate for sex services at the Chisinau train station,” we are told, “is about NIS 0.70 for a blowjob.” (Quoted in “</span><a href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-102458003.html" style="background-color: black;">Land of Filth and Honey</a><span style="background-color: black;">”, by Eli Shai, Jerusalem Post, November 5, 2004). 0.70 New Israeli shekels works out to 20 cents. Moldova, the poorest country in Europe, where the average income is US $300 per month and 20 percent of the population live in abject poverty on $3 per day, is a favorite destination for European and Israeli sex tourists, especially for pedophiles. Chisinau is the capital of Moldova, and it is at its railway station that gaunt, hollow-eyed children—some of them as young as 7—line up to offer their services to the incoming sex tourists. (See</span><a href="http://photos.state.gov/libraries/moldova/106281/reports/TIP-Moldova-2013.pdf" style="background-color: black;">here</a><span style="background-color: black;">).</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">[20] </span><a href="http://boomswing.com/2013/02/" style="background-color: black;">Klaus Mann, The Turning Point (1942), quote.</a><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">[21] </span><a href="http://www.westernciv.com/syllabi/notes/TC-9-WeimarInst.pdf" style="background-color: black;">Erich Kästner, quoted in “Institute for the study of western civilization: the twentieth century. Lecture 9: Weimar Culture.”</a><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">[22] Quoted in Columbia University Press review of </span><a href="http://cup.columbia.edu/book/978-0-231-13054-7/weimar-cinema/excerpt" style="background-color: black;">Weimar Cinema: An Essential Guide to Classic Films of the Era, edited by Noah Isenberg</a><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">[23] </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_School" style="background-color: black;">The Frankfurt School: Wikipedia</a><span style="background-color: black;">. For an alternative and more dissident viewpoint, see </span><a href="http://en.metapedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_School" style="background-color: black;">The Frankfurt School: Metapedia</a><span style="background-color: black;"> and its numerous links.</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">[24] Readers who wish to know more about the philosophical milieu of modernity—i.e., the cultural swamp of sexual bolshevism in which the benighted masses are forced to flounder today—are advised to make a careful study of the following eight core articles:</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">(1) </span><a href="http://www.angelusonline.org/index.php?section=articles&subsection=print_article&article_id=2514" style="background-color: black;">Arnaud de Lassus’s The Frankfurt School: Cultural Revolution</a><span style="background-color: black;">(2) </span><a href="http://www.kevinmacdonald.net/chap5.pdf" style="background-color: black;">Kevin MacDonald, The Culture of Critique, Chapter 5</a><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">(3) </span><a href="http://www.marylandthursdaymeeting.com/Archives/SpecialWebDocuments/Cultural.Marxism.htm" style="background-color: black;">William S. Lind, What is Cultural Marxism?</a><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">(4) </span><a href="http://www.wnd.com/2007/05/41737/" style="background-color: black;">William S. Lind, Who Stole our Culture?</a><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">(5) </span><a href="http://snippits-and-slappits.blogspot.co.uk/2009/05/frankfurt-school-conspiracy-to-corrupt_23.html" style="background-color: black;">Timothy Matthews, The Frankfurt School: Conspiracy to Corrupt.</a><span style="background-color: black;"> (Or my own shorter adaption of this with extended commentary, </span><a href="http://www.darkmoon.me/2013/satants-secret-agents-the-frankfurt-school-and-their-evil-agenda/" style="background-color: black;">Satan’s Secret Agents: The Frankfurt School and its Evil Agenda</a><span style="background-color: black;">.)</span><br /><span style="background-color: black;">(6) Michael Minnicino, </span><a href="http://www.schillerinstitute.org/fid_91-96/921_frankfurt.html" style="background-color: black;">The Frankfurt School and ‘Political Correctness’</a><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">(7) </span><a href="http://en.metapedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Marxism" style="background-color: black;">Cultural Marxism: (Metapedia).</a><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">(8) </span><a href="http://en.metapedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Bolshevism" style="background-color: black;">Sexual Bolshevism: (Metapedia).</a><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">[25] </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" style="background-color: black;">Georges Lukács, Wikipedia.</a><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">[26] </span><a href="http://snippits-and-slappits.blogspot.co.uk/2009/05/frankfurt-school-conspiracy-to-corrupt_23.html" style="background-color: black;">Timothy Matthews, The Frankfurt School: Conspiracy to Corrupt.</a><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">[27] </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willi_M%C3%BCnzenberg" style="background-color: black;">Willi Munzenberg, Wikipedia.</a><span style="background-color: black;"> See also Sean McMeekin’s The Red Millionaire: A political biography of Willi Münzenberg, where Münzenberg is described as “the perpetrator of some of the most colossal lies of the modern age…. He helped to unleash a </span><a href="http://www.courtauld.ac.uk/people/wilson-sarah/MUNZENBERGtext.pdf" style="background-color: black;">plague of moral blindness upon the world</a><span style="background-color: black;"> from which we have still not recovered.”</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">[28] </span><a href="http://www.theoccidentalobserver.net/2009/09/the-plot-against-art-part-1/" style="background-color: black;">Lasha Darkmoon, The Plot Against Art (Part 1).</a><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">[29] “The truth is that Mozart, Pascal, Boolean Algebra, Shakespeare, parliamentary government, baroque churches, Newton, the emancipation of women, Kant, Marx, and Ballanchine ballets don’t redeem what this particular civilization has wrought upon the world. The white race is the cancer of human history.” — Susan Sontag, Partisan Review, Winter 1967, p. 57. This infamous quote, once cited in the Wikipedia article on Sontag, has recently been removed.<br /></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">[30] </span><a href="http://www.darkmoon.me/THE%20FRANKFURT%20SCHOOL:%20CULTURAL%20REVOLUTION" style="background-color: black;">Arnaud de Lassus, The Frankfurt School: Cultural Revolution.</a><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">[31] </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_frog" style="background-color: black;">Boiling Frog (Wikipedia)</a><br /><br /><br /></b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><p><b style="color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">[32] </span><a href="http://http/history1900s.about.com/library/holocaust/bltimeline3.htm" style="background-color: black;">The Holocaust Timeline</a></b> </p><p> </p></td> <td valign="top" width="249"><div align="justify">
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with "https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEiizcb2TujJCwYD1MCeGzKUOzMxHDcLbITHSW5R7iAyPfsGs93CCmauziIomlp7dzC7_DlK_fu8r34xtKcE4sVKg34h4_0D_SRph6tAwJK4hl5JEUC1dQsbhSWefjzvqWrLRG9U7rUql59v_quUxpdYCMseJIkgQgBDt9Jj8cl2KiTEN79Wnpq0-ecl1NPLP53d57HX4xyEuTOYkfAwHxW3_5E-B82cSBkzplYUWU5S6W1CmeKIL9QDGF9bPU9fyWQRRu28RkplXJPcTAWICiCgmAEXkJvqepVJpQ="--><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript" src="//ra.revolvermaps.com/0/0/6.js?i=00bo1v8as3p&m=0&s=341&c=ff0000&cr1=ffffff&f=arial&l=0&bv=80" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3736852641690443895.post-15538394361108858772023-07-20T08:45:00.003-07:002023-08-02T08:57:46.099-07:00<p> </p><p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">A CHEAPER AND SAFER SUBSTITUTE FOR SUBMARINES FOR THE PHILIPPINE NAVY ?</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2062" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/v8ZAo321qgo" width="2479" youtube-src-id="v8ZAo321qgo"></iframe></b></span></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div></b></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: 700;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: times;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2063" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/5GB99xCWZSk" width="2479" youtube-src-id="5GB99xCWZSk"></iframe></div><br />P-8: A Proven Multi-Mission Maritime Patrol Aircraft</span></b></div><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: 700;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1584" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/_Abbt4-NPYQ" width="1906" youtube-src-id="_Abbt4-NPYQ"></iframe></div><br />The Boeing P-8 is truly a multi-mission maritime patrol aircraft, excelling at anti-submarine warfare; anti-surface warfare; intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance and search and rescue. The P-8 can fly higher (up to 41,000 ft) and get to the fight faster (490 knots). Shorter transit times reduce the size of the Area of Probability when searching for submarines, surface vessels or search and rescue survivors. P-8 is also designed for low altitude missions and has already proven its abilities supporting humanitarian and search and rescue missions.</span></span></span></span><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1690" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Uh_EbevLHGs" width="2034" youtube-src-id="Uh_EbevLHGs"></iframe></div><br /></span></span></span></span><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></div><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><br /></b><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1692" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Y5xsNmOeleo" width="2035" youtube-src-id="Y5xsNmOeleo"></iframe></div><br /><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1699" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/EHEx8Ak2m0A" width="2045" youtube-src-id="EHEx8Ak2m0A"></iframe></div><br />CONCLUSION</span></span></span></span></div><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Buy four Block I Virginia class submarine at $1B each since their original cost was $1.8B each. The submarines have a long shelf life compared to aircrafts, and they are more feared than any surface ship. The Poseidon P8 patrols only temporarily while the sub is forever. </span></span></span></span></div><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1994" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ccxui-oSJo8" width="2399" youtube-src-id="ccxui-oSJo8"></iframe></div><br />The Poseidon P-8 will be usefull in patrolling and protecting the Philippine Rise, also it is a proven system with more than 155 aircraft in service the P-8 has executed more than 500,000 mishap free flight-hours around the globe. </span><span style="font-weight: bold;">The P-8 has two variants: The P-8I, flown by the Indian Navy, and the P-8A Poseidon flown by the U.S. Navy, the United Kingdom’s Royal Air Force, Royal Australian Air Force, Royal Norwegian Air Force and Royal New Zealand Air Force.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Militaries that have selected the P-8 include the Republic of Korea Navy and German Navy. The P-8’s performance and reliability delivers confidence in an uncertain world — in any condition, anywhere, anytime.</span><br /><br /></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: times;">The P-8 combines the most advanced weapon system in the world with the cost advantages of the most operated commercial airliner on the planet. The P-8 shares 86% commonality with the commercial 737NG, providing enormous supply chain economies of scale in production and support. Boeing’s expertise in commercial fleet management and derivative aircraft sustainment provides customers with greater availability at a lower operational cost. The P-8 is engineered for 25 years/25,000 hours in the harshest maritime flight regimes, including extended operations in icing environments.</span></span></div></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;">The P-8A Poseidon maritime surveillance aircraft that continues to make sorties over the Indo-Pacific irking China is now set to become more lethal, with the aircraft acquiring the capability to drop winged torpedoes from a long range.</b></div></b><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></div></span><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large;">The P-8 Poseidon is truly a multi-mission maritime patrol aircraft, excelling at anti-submarine warfare; anti-surface warfare; intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance and search and rescue. The P-8 Poseidon can fly higher and get to the fight faster. Shorter transit times reduce the size of the Area of Probability when searching for submarines, surface vessels or search and rescue survivors. P-8 Poseidon is also designed for low altitude missions and has already proven its abilities supporting humanitarian and search and rescue missions. Globally proven, the P-8 Poseidon has two variants: The P-8 Poseidon, flown by the Indian Navy, and the P-8A Poseidon, flown by the U.S. Navy and the Royal Australian Air Force.</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large;"><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large;">FUTURE DESIGN FOR POSEIDON P-8</b></div><div style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1693" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/LSsxb_R1ZdA" width="2036" youtube-src-id="LSsxb_R1ZdA"></iframe></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large;">The drive to increase fuel efficiency and improve the aerodynamic performance of new aircraft is leading designers to move away from using aluminium in airframes.</b></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;">Instead today's latest planes like Boeing's 787 Dreamliner and Airbus's A350 rely on lightweight carbon fibre composites - woven mats of carbon which are embedded in plastic.</b></div><b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;">The key to a composite material like carbon fibre is that it is incredibly strong for its weight.</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;">"You have carbon fibres mixed into a matrix," says Manchester University lecturer Aravind Vijayaraghavan.</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;">"Normally the matrix is a type of super wood, which is very strong, then if you mix in carbon fibre then it takes on the strength of carbon fibre and becomes very very strong. the design folows the NGAD FIGHTER but in a larger version like that of a fighter bomber.</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;">In the UK, European aircraft manufacturer Airbus has been working with Britain's National Composites Centre into research and modelling of new industrial designs and materials. It will be designed to carry more weapons, fuel, missiles and torpedos.</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><b style="background-color: black;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1957" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/hvXNtla1am0" width="2353" youtube-src-id="hvXNtla1am0"></iframe></div><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1961" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/fuqbC76bqSk" width="2359" youtube-src-id="fuqbC76bqSk"></iframe></div><br /><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div></b></span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: 700;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: 700;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1709" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/MKu3fSnYuBQ" width="2057" youtube-src-id="MKu3fSnYuBQ"></iframe></div><br />The lift to drag ratio can be increased from something like the B-1to the a range in the mid 20’s for the BWB. This savings in drag translates into substantial economic and environmental benefits. This particular model would be expected to use 20-25% less fuel, require 10-15% less weight (or conversely allow for more paying payload) and result in 10-15% lower direct operating costs. </span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> This was all started by a design study in 1989 by Dr. Dennis Bushnell, Chief Scientist at NASA Langley. He foresaw the need for a commercial aircraft that could carry 800 passengers over 7000nm and a speed of .85 Mach. This was the result of that design study which was originally McDonnell Douglas’. </span><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: #e69138;">One of the more interesting facets of this design was the position of the engine inlets. Since they are right down on the wing surface, they are ingesting the boundary layer so any airflow sucked into the engines can be ignored as drag. This gives a huge increase in the L/D due to the decrease in drag. There are also a lot of control surfaces on this version, however, the larger inner surface has been eliminated in follow-on designs. As part of what Al was talking about earlier, notice the 290’ span that won’t fit into the current passenger terminal infrastructure. This makes this configuration non-viable as a solution to the high density passenger carrying BWB.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1823" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/G3KgwM0pv0M" width="2194" youtube-src-id="G3KgwM0pv0M"></iframe></div><br /><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span><p><br /></p></div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript" src="//ra.revolvermaps.com/0/0/6.js?i=00bo1v8as3p&m=0&s=341&c=ff0000&cr1=ffffff&f=arial&l=0&bv=80" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3736852641690443895.post-91833260408692538412023-07-18T19:20:00.002-07:002023-07-18T19:20:55.851-07:00<br />
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A FLYING AIRCRAFT CARRIER </b></span></span><b style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;">MADE OF SUPER WOOD AND CARBON FIBER POWERED BY ANTI GRAVITY PROPULSION</b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: times, times new roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: times, times new roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><b style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1988" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/59A8-rKRs-0" width="2391" youtube-src-id="59A8-rKRs-0"></iframe></div><br /></b></div>
<br /> <span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /> <br /> <br /> Depending upon mission needs, the ship can be outfitted with different modules that include: <br /> ■Manned aircraft, such as a helicopter and flight crew</b></span><div><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><div><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1310" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/p4np2YFojcs" width="1576" youtube-src-id="p4np2YFojcs"></iframe></div><br /><b><br /></b></span><div><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> ■Manned and X-45 Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle (UCAV)<br /> <br /> ■Amphivious assault ship armed with laser, SAM and anti ship missles</b></span><div><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1641" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/tfVIrJmScUw" width="1973" youtube-src-id="tfVIrJmScUw"></iframe><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span><br /> <br /><br /><br /><br /> <span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /> <br />Manned and Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle <br /> <br /> <br /></b></span> <br /> <br /> <br />
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span><div class="entry-content" style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.62em; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <img height="1171" src="https://cdn.greenoptimistic.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/11/image012.jpg?x81535" width="1393" /> <br /><br /> </b></span></div><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Maybe the title’s “antigravity spaceship” aim is too high (it’s a long way ’till there), but Tesla, followed by other scientists along the last century, discovered the principle of propulsion using strong electromagnetic fields. It’s not about traveling on the ground, but from the ground up, with extraordinary speed and ease. <br /> The entire document is posted on panaceauniversity<a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">.</a>org/D8.pdf, here is a short description of what the “spaceship” does and how it can be built, as described by Patrick J. Kelly (update: the document I mentioned in 2008 doesn’t exist anymore) : <br /> “Tesla performed an experiment in which he applied high-voltage high-frequency alternating current to a pair of parallel metal plates. He found that the ‘space’ between the plates became what he described as “solid-state” exhibiting the attributes of mass, inertia and momentum. That is, the area transformed into a state against which a mechanical push could be exerted. This implied that, using this technique, it should be possible to produce a spaceship drive anywhere in space, if the mechanism for thrusting against the ‘solid-state’ space could be determined. Further experiments convinced Tesla that powerful electromagnetic waves could be used to push against (and pull against) what appears to be ’empty space’. The drive principle is based on the Hall-effect used in semiconductor magnetic sensors, and is called the magnetohydrodynamic (“MHD”) effect. This might be illustrated like this:</b></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#" style="background-color: black;"><img height="1129" src="https://cdn.greenoptimistic.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/11/image008.jpg?x81535" width="1249" /></a> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /><span style="background-color: black;"> Here, a box is constructed with two metal plates forming opposite sides and two insulating plates holding them in position and surrounding an area of ‘space’. High-frequency, high-voltage alternating current is applied to the metal plates and this creates an electric field “E” acting between the plates as shown in black. </span><br /> <br /><span style="background-color: black;"> A magnetic field “B” is generated by the electrical field. The magnetic field acts at right-angles to the electric field, as shown in blue. These two fields produce a propulsion thrust “F” shown in red in the diagram. This propulsion force is not produced by ejecting any matter out of the box, instead, it is produced by a reaction against the ‘solid-state’ condition of space-time caused by the high-frequency electromagnetic pulsing of that area of space. This is enormously more effective than a jet engine. The thrust increases with the fourth power of the frequency, so if you double the frequency, the effect is sixteen times greater. </span><br /> <br /><span style="background-color: black;"> To put this into perspective, consider the force being applied against gravity to lift an object into the air. The force pulling the object downwards is gravity and its strength is given by: </span><br /> <br /><span style="background-color: black;"> Gravitational force: </span><br /> <br /><span style="background-color: black;"> F = g x M x m / r2 </span><br /> <br /><span style="background-color: black;"> where </span><br /> <br /><span style="background-color: black;"> G is the gravitational constant (6.672 x 10-8 cm3 g-1 s-2) </span><br /> <br /><span style="background-color: black;"> M is the mas</span></b></span><span><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">s of the first body</span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">m is the mass of the second body and</span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">r is distance between the two centres of mass</span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">The lifting force is given by:</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Lorentz Force: Force on an object = Electric force + Magnetic force</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange; font-style: inherit;">F = q x E + q x v x B</span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">where</span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">q is the charge on the object,</span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">B is the magnetic field,</span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">v is the velocity of the object and</span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">E is the electric field</span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1025" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/_SGnOeGZUAU" width="1233" youtube-src-id="_SGnOeGZUAU"></iframe></div><br />How do these forces compare? Well, the electromagnetic force is stronger than the gravitational force by a factor of about 2,200,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 times. That number (2.2 x 1039) is too big for anybody to really visualise, so let me put it another way.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">If the amount of energy used to mechanically lift an object a distance of one hundredth of an inch (one quarter of a millimetre) off the ground, were used as an electromagnetic lifting force, then that amount of energy would lift the object more than 3,472,222,000,000,000,000,000,000 miles off the ground, or in metric units, more than 5,588,001,700,000,000,000,000,000 kilometres off the ground. This kind of drive is an entirely different kind of animal. This Hall-effect type of drive if used in a spaceship would require only a very small amount of input power to drive the ship at great speeds and over great distances.</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both; font-size: xx-large; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div style="background-color: black; font-size: xx-large; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1224" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/7mzMRVXts4U" width="1473" youtube-src-id="7mzMRVXts4U"></iframe></div><div style="background-color: black; font-size: xx-large; text-align: left;"><b style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="background-color: black; font-size: xx-large; text-align: left;"><b style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">As the device shown above operates directly on the space-time field which penetrates all matter, there would appear to be no reason why it should not be used to drive a conventional vehicle by positioning it in a horizontal position rather than the vertical position shown in the diagram. Throttle operation could be by very slight adjustment to the frequency of the AC pulses applied to the metal plates. However, Bill Lyne indicates that horizontal movement is better achieved by producing Tesla’s very short, high-voltage high-frequency DC pulses at the front of the vehicle while at the same time generating very high-voltage high-frequency AC waves at the back of the vehicle. This style of drive is said to pull the vehicle along rather than push it along.</span></b></div></span></b></span></div>
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<span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tesla’s Dynamic Theory of Gravity (1897)</span> states that all bodies emit microwaves whose voltage and frequency are determined by their electrical contents and relative motion. He measured the microwave radiation of the earth as being only a few centimetres in wavelength. He said that the frequency and voltage were influenced by the velocity and mass of the earth, and that its gravitational interaction with other bodies, such as the sun, was determined by the interaction of the microwaves between the two bodies.</span></b></span></div>
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<span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">If you find the concept of producing a driving force through pushing against the space-time continuum to be difficult to accept, then perhaps you should consider the US Patent granted to Boris Volfson on 1st November 2005. The important thing about this patent (which is crammed full of long words) is not whether or not it presents a realistic mechanism for a practical space drive, but the fact that the US Patent Office in the year 2005, granted the patent after what presumably was careful consideration. With that in view, it is hardly possible to consider Tesla to have been totally confused when he designed (and built) his “electric flying machine” which operated by pushing against the space-time field.</span></b></span></div>
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<span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Tesla used high voltage at gigahertz frequencies for his electropulsion system. The propulsion of a vehicle powered by a Tesla drive is by the use of an additional AC generator at the back (which stiffens the space-time continuum behind the vehicle) and a DC ‘brush’ generator at the front (which weakens the space-time continuum in front, causing the vehicle to be pulled forwards).</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Tesla was very astute. He deduced that ’empty space’ actually contained:</span></b></span></div>
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<span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1. Independent carriers which permeate all space and all matter and from which all matter is made.</span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">These carry momentum, magnetism, electricity or electromagnetic force, and can be manipulated artificially or by nature.</span></span></b></span></div>
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<span><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: black; border: 0px; font-size: large; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2. ‘Primary Solar Rays’ (starlight) which travel at the speed of light, </span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">having frequencies far above X-rays, gamma and UV radiation.</span></span></span></b></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black; font-size: large;"><span><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: black; font-size: large; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">3. ‘Cosmic Rays’, particles in space propelled by the Primary Solar Rays.</span></span></span></b></span></div>
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<span><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: black; font-size: large; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">4. X-rays, Gamma rays and UV electromagnetic waves, all of which travel at the speed of light.</span></span></span></b></span></div>
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<span><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: black; font-size: large; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">5. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Ordinary visible and Infra-Red electromagnetic waves which travel at the speed of light.</span></span></span></span></b></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: black; border: 0px; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">6. Rapidly varying electrostatic force of enormous potential,</span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">emanating from the earth and other gravitational bodies in space.</span></span></span></b></span></div>
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<span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">When we grasp the actual nature of the universe, it becomes clear that we have a much larger range of opportunities for producing usable energy in large quantities and at minimal cost.”</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange;">For anti gravity propulsion </span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Dielectric Materials </span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange;">or, insulating material which is a very poor conductor of electric current is needed for the body of the ship. When dielectrics are placed in an electric field, practically no current flows in them because, unlike metals, they have no loosely bound, or free, electrons that may drift through the material. Instead, electric polarization occurs.</span></span></span></h1>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Dielectric typically means materials with a high <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarizability" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Polarizability">polarizability</a>. The latter is expressed by a number called the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_permittivity" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Relative permittivity">relative permittivity</a>. The term insulator is generally used to indicate electrical obstruction while the term dielectric is used to indicate the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_storage" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Energy storage">energy</a> storing capacity of the material (by means of polarization). A common example of a dielectric is wood which is the electrically insulating material between the metallic plates of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Capacitor">capacitor</a>. The polarization of the dielectric by the applied electric field increases the capacitor's surface charge for the given electric field strength.</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1701" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/RUan3OHSNBw" width="2045" youtube-src-id="RUan3OHSNBw"></iframe></div><br /><b><br /></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<h1 style="margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Super wood that is so strong it can stop a bullet and is as robust as STEEL could be the building material of the ship. </span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: orange;">Engineers boiled blocks of regular wood in a chemical solution to soften them. </span></strong><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange;">These were then pressed between heated metal plates at extreme pressures. </span></b><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: orange;">This increasing its density threefold while reducing its thickness by 20 per cent. </span></strong><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: orange;">The resulting material was able to stop a projectile in its tracks during tests. </span></strong><b style="background-color: black; color: orange;">Super wood that is as robust as steel and six times lighter could be a renewable construction material for the future, according to scientists. </b><b style="background-color: black; color: orange;">Planks of the reinforced lumber, which researchers have compared to carbon-fibre, could be used to create anything from buildings and cars to bullet proof jackets. </b><b style="color: orange;"><span style="background-color: black;">Scientists put the material through its paces in ballistic tests and found that a laminated version could even stop a projectile in its tracks.</span> </b></span></h1>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>A new wonder material has been created from a surprisingly traditional source. Super wood is as robust as steel and six times lighter. Scientists put the material through its paces in ballistic tests and found that a specially laminated version can stop a projectile in its tracks</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Engineers at the University of Maryland created their super dense wood by boiling blocks of regular wood in a water-based solution, containing the chemicals sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfite.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>This process removed organic compounds in the wood that give its structure and rigidity, making it more pliable.shares</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>It is similar to the initial stages of treating wood to create paper. </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The team then pressed the softened wood between two metal plates, heated to 100°C (212°F), at 50 times the atmospheric pressure of the Earth. </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>By doing so, all of the gaps between cells in the wood were squeezed together.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>0:23</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The pressure creates a chemical bond between the atoms that make up the wood's cellular structure.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>It shrunk the size of the block to around one fifth of its original thickness, increasing its density by 300 per cent. </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Liangbing Hu, who led the research, said: 'This new way to treat wood makes it 12 times stronger than natural wood and ten times tougher.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>'This could be a competitor to steel or even titanium alloys, it is so strong and durable. </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>'It's also comparable to carbon fiber, but much less expensive. </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The team tested the new wood material and natural wood by shooting bullet-like projectiles at it. </b></span></div>
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<b style="color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><img alt="Engineers at the University of Maryland created their super wood by boiling blocks of regular wood in a water-based solution containing the chemicals sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfite" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="355" id="i-a49facc5c1370e0a" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2018/02/08/16/48FF4D1E00000578-5367937-Engineers_at_the_University_of_Maryland_created_their_super_wood-a-6_1518108640509.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="630" /></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Engineers at the University of Maryland created their super wood by boiling blocks of regular wood in a water-based solution containing the chemicals sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfite</b></span></div>
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<b style="color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><img alt="This process removed organic compounds in the wood that give its structure and rigidity, making it more pliable. This image shows the treatment process used" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="582" id="i-df695eec36408ece" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2018/02/08/16/48FFC53000000578-5367937-image-a-3_1518108455675.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="634" /></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>This process removed organic compounds in the wood that give its structure and rigidity, making it more pliable. This image shows the treatment process used</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The projectile blew straight through the natural wood, while a single layer of the treated wood slowed the projectile's progress.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>A third laminated version, consisting of layers of five-layers of the densified wood, was penetrated by the projectile but stopped it from exiting.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Dr Hu's research team has explored the capacities of wood's natural nanotechnology in the past.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">WHAT IS THE STRONGEST MAN-MADE MATERIAL?</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>For years, researchers have known that carbon, when arranged in a certain way, can be very strong.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Two man-made materials based on carbon, Graphene and Carbyne, are among the strongest in the world.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Carbyne is linear acetylenic carbon, or an infinitely long carbon chain.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Its existence was first proposed in 1885 by Adolf von Baeyer, who warned it would remain elusive due to extreme instability.</b></span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Carbyne is a one-dimensional form of carbon and is thought to be 40 times stiffer than diamond and twice as stiff as graphene, outperforming all other carbon materials in strength.</b></span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>After eluding scientists for more than 50 years, a team of researchers found a way to not only synthesize carbyne, but to mass produce it, in April 2016.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"></span></b></span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Graphene, a single atomic layer of carbon atoms bound in a hexagonal network, was previously thought to be the strongest man-made substance.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>It not only promises to revolutionize semiconductor, sensor, and display technology, but could also lead to breakthroughs in fundamental quantum physics research.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>It is often depicted as an atomic-scale chicken wire made of carbon atoms and their bonds.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Scientists believe it could one day be used to make transparent conducting materials, biomedical sensors and even extremely light, yet strong, aircraft of the future.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Similar to another important nanomaterial - carbon nanotubes - graphene is incredibly strong - around 200 times stronger than structural steel. </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>While notable for its thinness and unique electrical properties, it’s very difficult to create useful, three-dimensional materials out of graphene.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>In January, 2017, a team of MIT researchers discovered that taking small flakes of graphene and fusing them following a mesh-like structure not only retains the material’s strength, but the graphene also remains porous. </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Based on experiments conducted on 3D printed models, they determined that this new material can be used to make objects 10 times stronger than steel, with only five per cent of its density. They have previously made a range of technologies out of nanocellulose related materials.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>This has included super clear paper for replacing plastic, photonic paper for improving solar cell efficiency by 30 per cent and transparent wood for energy efficient buildings.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The full findings of the latest study were published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25476" rel="nofollow" style="margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Nature</a>.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The pressure creates a chemical bond between the atoms that make up the wood's cellular structure. It shrunk the size of the block to around one fifth of its original thickness, increasing its density by 300 per cent. This image shows the changes in the various wood samples</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The team tested the new wood material and natural wood by shooting bullet-like projectiles at it. This image shows the results of those tests</b></span></div>
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<section class="ember-view collapsible opened" id="ember1759" style="box-sizing: border-box; max-height: none; overflow-y: hidden;"><div class="text" style="box-sizing: border-box;">
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="716" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/dWnMe2NW2B4" width="861" youtube-src-id="dWnMe2NW2B4"></iframe></div><br /><div class="dnd-drop-wrapper" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></div>
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<div class="caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /> The first X-45A Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle (UCAV) technology demonstrator completed its sixth flight on Dec. 19, 2002, raising its landing gear in flight for the first time. The X-45A flew for 40 minutes and reached an airspeed of 195 knots and an altitude of 7,500 feet. <br /> <br /><br /><br /> <br /> Credits: NASA Photo / Jim Ross Flying ships invulnerable to super cavitating torpedos <br /> <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/research/X45A/index.html"></a> <br /> <br /> The Joint Unmanned Combat Air Systems (J-UCAS) program was a joint DARPA/Air Force/Navy effort to demonstrate the technical feasibility, utility and value for a networked system of high performance, unmanned air vehicles to effectively and affordably prosecute 21st century combat missions, including</b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/dWnMe2NW2B4" width="320" youtube-src-id="dWnMe2NW2B4"></iframe></div><br /></span><b style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; text-align: justify;"> suppression of enemy air defenses, surveillance, and precision strike within the emerging global command and control architecture. One of the aircraft systems evaluated was the Boeing X-45A, for which NASA Dryden provided technical expertise and support facilities.</b></div></div></div></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The X-45A was the first of two UCAV demonstration versions to be used in advance of fielding operational systems.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Project Goals</b></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The project's goal was to demonstrate that a highly autonomous aircraft could suppress enemy air defenses or serve in a strike role. Dryden's participation in the UCAV System Demonstration Program was to support the DARPA/Boeing team in the design, development, integration, and demonstration of the critical technologies, processes, and system attributes, leading to a UCAV Operational System. Initially, Dryden supported the program through the various stages of flight development, including autonomous flight of two aircraft on separate flight paths that later joined for formation flight.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The design of the flying aircraft carrier </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>A Blended wing body (BWB or <i>Hybrid Wing Body</i>, like a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">fixed-wing aircraft</a> having no clear dividing line between the wings and the main body of the craft. The form is composed of distinct wing and body structures, though the wings are smoothly blended into the body, unlike a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_wing" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Flying wing">flying wing</a> which has no distinct <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuselage" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Fuselage">fuselage</a></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="text-align: start;">T</span><span style="text-align: start;">he Blended Wing Body (BWB) is being considered as the next generation commercial airliner. The trend is towards larger aircraft that can carry more people, economically while reducing the number of operations from<a href="http://www.twitt.org/Slide2a.jpg"><img align="RIGHT" border="1" height="123" hspace="3" src="http://www.twitt.org/Th_Slide2a.jpg" vspace="2" width="156" /></a> airports. He noted that recent surveys have identified about 60% of the delays are due to the number of aircraft saturating the airspace, as anyone who has been delayed can attest, the ramps and runways of airports. This movement of more people on fewer aircraft has been defined by NASA as “The Lure of Large Aircraft”. There are a lot of other infrastructure problems that also need resolving like terminal congestion, parking facilities and, adequate loading gates.</span><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><span style="text-align: start;"> There is a very competitive large aircraft market as illustrated by the AirBus decision to produce the A3XX that could carry about 650 people on two decks. The intra-Asian market is another area that can utilize high density loading. They are already doing it with Boeing Super 747s rigged for full economy seating to haul 550 people over the short distances between cities. The trade off is less fuel, but it isn’t needed for the short runs. This is going to be a problem for the Chinese in about 10 years as they become more affluent and want to travel throughout their country.</span><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><span style="text-align: start;"> Another aspect of large aircraft design is the ability to adapt it to the all cargo market. Al didn’t hasn’t really seen the full logic behind the idea yet, but NASA is pursuing it. With used Boeing 747s available at relatively low prices, along with other smaller aircraft that are readily available, the market for a new large cargo hauler may not be as great as expected by NASA. </span></b></span></span><b style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><span style="text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: black;">Another aspect of large aircraft design is the ability to adapt it to the all cargo market. Al didn’t hasn’t really seen the full logic behind the idea yet, but NASA is pursuing it. With used Boeing 747s available at relatively low prices, along with other smaller aircraft that are readily available, the market for a new large cargo hauler may not be as </span><span style="background-color: black;">great as expected by NASA. However, the military gets interested it design and helps defray some of the startup costs, then the picture for the commercial markets could change.</span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="text-align: start;"> </span></span></b><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="text-align: start;"><br /></span></span></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="text-align: start;">For the cost of a LCS below the Navy can have a 400 mph aircraft carrier $ 440M</span></span></b></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>“This is the first ship of its size for the Navy to have water jets for propulsion,”. “It has some very large gas turbine engines — Rolls-Royce engines — the same as a (Boeing 777) plane.” This should be the engine for our flying ship.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black;">At full throttle, those engines can force nearly 2 million gallons of water through its four water jets in a minute — enough to fill an Olympic-size swimming pool every 20 seconds</span><span style="background-color: black;">.</span></b></span></span></div>
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</section><article class="entry post-434795 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-armed-forces tag-nato last_archivepost" style="line-height: 22px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 15px;">
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b>The flying ship is a ground effect vehicle (GEV) a vehicle that is designed to attain sustained flight over a level surface (usually over the sea), by making use of ground effect, the aerodynamic interaction between the wings and the surface. Among the best known are the Soviet ekranoplans, but names like wing-in-ground-effect (WIG), flarecraft, sea skimmer, or wing-in-surface-effect ship (WISE) are also used.</b></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Carbon fibre planes: Lighter and stronger by design</span></span></h1>
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<figure class="media-landscape has-caption full-width lead" style="border: 0px; clear: both; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px -54.2188px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="image-and-copyright-container" style="border: 0px; display: block; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="An X-ray view of the Airbus 2050 concept airliner" class="js-image-replace" data-highest-encountered-width="660" height="351" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/660/media/images/72561000/jpg/_72561734_the_future_by_airbus_-_concept_cabin_xray.jpg" style="border: 0px; display: block; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: auto; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: 645.781px;" width="624" /><span class="off-screen" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 1px; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Image copyright</b></span></span></span><span class="story-image-copyright" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; bottom: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; position: absolute; right: 0px; text-align: justify; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>AIRBUS</b></span></span></span></span><figcaption class="media-caption" style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><span class="off-screen" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 1px; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Image caption</b></span></span></span><span class="media-caption__text" style="border: 0px; display: block; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.23077; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Could this be the kind of airliner we're flying in, by 2050?</b></span></span></span></figcaption></figure><aside class="pullout mini-hyper" style="border: 0px; clear: both; float: right; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.334; margin: 18px 0px 24px 16px; padding: 0.0625rem 0px 0.1875rem; vertical-align: baseline; width: 197.172px;"><div class="pullout-inner" style="border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 8px 0px 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 0px 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">
<h2 class="heading" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 16px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Aerospace and Defence</span></span></h2>
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<div class="story-body__introduction" style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 28px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>When it comes to airliners, weight is money. The heavier a plane is, the more fuel it takes to drive it through the air. The more fuel it takes, the more it costs.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 23px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The drive to increase fuel efficiency and improve the aerodynamic performance of new aircraft is leading designers to move away from using aluminium in airframes.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Instead today's latest planes like Boeing's 787 Dreamliner and Airbus's A350 rely on lightweight carbon fibre composites - woven mats of carbon which are embedded in plastic.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The key to a composite material like carbon fibre is that it is incredibly strong for its weight.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>"You have carbon fibres mixed into a matrix," says Manchester University lecturer Aravind Vijayaraghavan.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>"Normally the matrix is a type of plastic, which is not very strong, but if you mix in carbon fibre then it takes on the strength of carbon fibre and becomes strong."</b></span></span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>In the UK, European aircraft manufacturer Airbus has been working with Britain's National Composites Centre into research and modelling of new industrial designs and materials.</b></span></span></div>
<h2 class="story-body__crosshead" style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.16667; margin: 32px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">'Mould all the parts together'</span></span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>One development of this research has been the trailing edges of the wing of Airbus's latest plane, the A350.</b></span></span></div>
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<footer style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.33; margin: 0px; padding: 0.0625rem 0px 0.1875rem; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Colin Sirett, Head of research, Airbus UK</b></span></span></footer></blockquote>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>This is the part that extends back and down from the wing as a plane comes into land.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>"This is a component that takes the full load of those forces as you're travelling through the air at about 250mph - and you can lift it yourself," says Colin Sirett, head of research for Airbus in the UK.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>"We could get a sledgehammer and take it to this panel and the sledgehammer would actually bounce off," he told BBC World Service's <a class="story-body__link" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p002vsxs" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.3); border-bottom-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Business Daily</a> programme.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Composites mean that manufacturers can get a good surface finish on components to optimise their aerodynamic performance.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Using these kinds of materials is also opening up other potential savings. An A380 super-jumbo, for instance, has about six million parts - but in future this could be cut considerably.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>"We will mould all the parts together at the same time, so our perception of what a single part is will change," says Mr Sirett.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>With fewer components, manufacturing time also will shorten, saving money.</b></span></span></div>
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<figure class="media-landscape has-caption full-width" style="border: 0px; clear: both; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 24px -24.6406px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="image-and-copyright-container" style="border: 0px; display: block; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="First Boeing 787 Dreamliner rolled out at Boeing's North Charleston factory, South Carolina, April 2012" class="responsive-image__img js-image-replace" data-highest-encountered-width="624" datasrc="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/media/images/72558000/jpg/_72558451_k65649i.jpg" height="351" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/media/images/72558000/jpg/_72558451_k65649i.jpg" style="border: 0px; display: block; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: auto; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in 0s; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: 616.203px;" width="624" /><span class="off-screen" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 1px; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Image copyright</b></span></span></span><span class="story-image-copyright" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; bottom: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; position: absolute; right: 0px; text-align: justify; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>BOEING</b></span></span></span></span><figcaption class="media-caption" style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><span class="off-screen" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 1px; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Image caption</b></span></span></span><span class="media-caption__text" style="border: 0px; display: block; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.23077; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>So far 1,030 Boeing 787 Dreamliners have already been ordered</b></span></span></span></figcaption></figure><br />
<div style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Crucially for aircraft manufacturers, carbon fibre components are lighter than similar parts made of aluminium.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>"If we can take a kilogramme of weight out, that's got a huge saving over the life of an aircraft," says Mr Sirett.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Each kilogramme cut means a saving of roughly $1m (£603,000) in costs over the lifetime of an aircraft, he calculates - and the use of such composites can reduce the weight of an aircraft by up to 20%.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Growing use of composites</span></span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Of course, since the mid-1970s civil airliners have had some carbon fibre in their airframes.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Currently, Boeing's latest plane, the 787 Dreamliner uses composites for half of its airframe including the fuselage and wing, while Airbus's A350 XWB has both its fuselage and wings made of carbon fibre.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>While the use of carbon fibre has allowed the creation of sweeping wing tips, which can cut fuel consumption by up to 5%, both aircraft are still fairly conventionally shaped.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Yet, the great advantage of using carbon fibre as opposed to traditional metal is that it gives designers much more freedom when trying to juggle the conflicting demands of aerodynamic efficiency, fuel savings and reducing engine noise.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>So, the airliners of the future are likely to be radically different.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Such shapes could include blended wing designs, where the fuselage and wings merge into each other - like some military aircraft today.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Future designs</span></span></h2>
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<figure class="media-landscape has-caption full-width" style="border: 0px; clear: both; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 24px -24.6406px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="image-and-copyright-container" style="border: 0px; display: block; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Airbus concept plane" class="responsive-image__img js-image-replace" data-highest-encountered-width="624" datasrc="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/media/images/72557000/jpg/_72557994_airbus_-_concept_plane_-_side_back_view_right.jpg" height="670" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/media/images/72557000/jpg/_72557994_airbus_-_concept_plane_-_side_back_view_right.jpg" style="border: 0px; display: block; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: auto; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in 0s; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: 616.203px;" width="1190" /><span class="off-screen" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 1px; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Image copyright</b></span></span></span><span class="story-image-copyright" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; bottom: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; position: absolute; right: 0px; text-align: justify; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>AIRBUS</b></span></span></span></span><figcaption class="media-caption" style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><span class="off-screen" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: 1px; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Image caption</b></span></span></span><span class="media-caption__text" style="border: 0px; display: block; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.23077; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Carbon fibre airframes mean that aircraft can be very different in shape</b></span></span></span></figcaption></figure><br />
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Such a design could significantly improve a plane's lift-to-drag ratio - making it much more aerodynamically efficient, and also reduce its overall weight.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Airbus recently unveiled its own proposals for an airliner of the future - and it too moves away from the traditional narrow tube-like fuselage.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Instead, its 2050 concept plane has a fatter fuselage, which is curved and shaped to improve airflow and to provide more internal space.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Its wings are longer and slimmer to reduce drag and save on fuel.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The tail section is U-shaped, which acts as a shield, cutting down on engine noise.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The engines themselves will have become more reliable, so ground crew will need to access them less frequently for maintenance.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>This means they can be partially embedded in the airframe to improve fuel consumption.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Futuristic concepts like this may never quite get off the drawing board, but elements of it are certain to be incorporated in all future aircraft designs, in large part due to the materials revolution which is rapidly changing all aspects of manufacturing</b></span></span></div>
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/UkbY8N0970k/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/UkbY8N0970k?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/NqzjMc_xBjg/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/NqzjMc_xBjg?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/i-jrqN6V1ns/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/i-jrqN6V1ns?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/mTo3m894Vds/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/mTo3m894Vds?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="text-align: left;">On using carbon fibre</span><br style="text-align: left;" /><span style="text-align: left;">One of the worst misconceptions of carbon fiber composites is the thought that a little bit of carbon will add a lot of strength. Not so.</span><br style="text-align: left;" /><br style="text-align: left;" /><span style="text-align: left;">When you engineer a laminate of any sort with materials of different strengths and stiffnesses, you need to take into account two stiffness factors: E = modulus of elasticity of the material (Young's Modulus), and I = moment of inertia of the laminate cross section. The bending and stress behavior depends on the product ExI. If two materials of vastly different stiffness are bonded together in a working structure, in this case say wood and carbon fiber, then an even match and complementary bending behavior will be when the ExI of the wood equals the ExI of the carbon. E of wood can be anywhere from 500,000 psi to 2,000,000 psi, depending on the species of wood. Carbon fiber, on the other hand, can have an E anywhere from about 7,000,000 psi to 14,000,000 psi--many times greater than wood. In a wood rudder, the I of the rudder cross-section can be relatively high because the primary determinant for I is the thickness of the section, raised to the third power. With only a strip of carbon fiber within the laminate, however, the width of the carbon tape is generally not enough and the thickness of the carbon is really, really thin; and while the tape's distance away from the center of the rudder section is important and adds to its I, usually the I for just a strip of carbon is not anywhere near enough to add sufficient strength and stiffness to the section. The I is really, really small.</span><br style="text-align: left;" /><br style="text-align: left;" /><span style="text-align: left;">So what I am trying to say is that if you are going to add carbon fiber to a rudder, you had better be prepared add a lot of carbon fiber over the whole skin in order to make a significant difference. Stress in the laminate is always going to build up faster in the stiffer material (the one with the higher E) and if you don't have enough material in there to handle the stress that it is going to attract, then you have a potential for a real failure.</span><br style="text-align: left;" /><br style="text-align: left;" /><span style="text-align: left;">This is exactly what happened to the carbon fiber and aluminum rudder stocks for so many sailboats in the 1979 Fastnet Race disaster. Aluminum rudder stocks were shaved down thinner a bit (to save weight) and reinforced with just a small amount of carbon on the outside. Not enough carbon was there, yet the carbon tried to assume the lion's share of the load because it was stiffer than the aluminum. The carbon fiber failed when it got over-stressed, and once the carbon failed, there wasn't enough aluminum section left to handle the loads, and so the aluminum failed.</span><br style="text-align: left;" /><br style="text-align: left;" /><span style="text-align: left;">Finally, one of the biggest follies I have seen over the years is when boat builders use narrow strips of carbon fiber tape laid up into the hulls of boats in a cage like pattern. They think that this carbon "cage" will add a lot of strength to the hull, making it very stiff, like an internal framework. Nothing could be further from the truth. Generally, there is not enough carbon in there to do anything at all, the builders are simply throwing away money. If you want to make a really strong carbon fiber hull, then you have to have whole layers of carbon fiber spread throughout the laminate, and on both sides of the core if there is a core.</span></b></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The biggest kicker is to take the body of the</b></span></span><b style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: orange;"><span style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">airplane and morf it with the wing, then you get a body that produces lift merging with the spanloader idea. You can’t take it to the point of a true flying wing due to the added wing area at the outboard ends creating too much</span></span></span></span></b></div>
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</article><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="text-align: start;"><a href="http://www.twitt.org/Slide3a.jpg"><img border="1" height="123" hspace="5" src="http://www.twitt.org/th_Slide3a.jpg" style="text-align: left;" vspace="3" width="163" /></a>drag. So you end up with a blended wing body that looks like the one below. The lift to drag ratio can be increased from something like the 747’s 17 to the a range in the mid 20’s for the BWB. This savings in drag translates into substantial economic and environmental benefits. This particular model would be expected to use 20-25% less fuel, require 10-15% less weight (or conversely allow for more paying payload) and result in 10-15% lower direct operating costs.</span><span style="text-align: start;"> </span></b><b><span style="background-color: black;"> You can’t take it to the point of a true flying wing due to the added wing area at the outboard ends creating too much<a href="http://www.twitt.org/Slide3a.jpg"><img align="LEFT" border="1" height="123" hspace="5" src="http://www.twitt.org/th_Slide3a.jpg" vspace="3" width="163" /></a>drag. So you end up with a blended wing body that looks like the one below. The lift to drag ratio can be increased from something like the 747’s 17 to the a range in the mid 20’s for the BWB. This savings in drag translates into substantial economic and environmental benefits. This particular model would be expected to use 20-25% less fuel, require 10-15% less weight (or conversely allow for more paying payload) and result in 10-15% lower direct operating costs.</span><span style="background-color: black;"> </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><span style="background-color: black;"> This was all started by a design study in 1989 by Dr. Dennis Bushnell, Chief Scientist at NASA Langley. He foresaw the need for a commercial aircraft that could carry 800 passengers over 7000nm and a speed of .85 Mach. This was the result of that design study which was originally McDonnell Douglas’.</span><span style="background-color: black;"> </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><span style="background-color: black;"> One of the more interesting facets of this design was the position of the engine inlets. Since they are right down on the wing surface, they are ingesting the boundary layer so any airflow sucked into the engines can be ignored as drag. This gives a huge increase in the L/D due to the decrease in drag. There are also a lot of control surfaces on this version, however, the larger inner surface has been eliminated in follow-on designs. As part of what Al was talking about earlier, notice the 290’ span that won’t fit into the current passenger terminal infrastructure. This makes this configuration non-viable as a solution to the high density passenger carrying BWB.</span><span style="background-color: black;"> </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><a href="http://www.twitt.org/Slide4a.jpg" style="background-color: black;"><img align="RIGHT" border="1" height="123" hspace="3" src="http://www.twitt.org/th_Slide4a.jpg" vspace="2" width="160" /></a><span style="background-color: black;"> Al then moved from the outside features to the inside layout of the airframe. The diagram shows how thisapplies the spanloader concept by having the weight out where the lift was being produced. The passenger compartment goes out into the wing structure area which is obviously different that a conventional fuselage. Outside of the passenger area are the main fuel tanks which also run out into the wings, further moving weight out to the lifting areas. This is entirely different than the point loads of the fuselage arrangement. </span><span style="background-color: black;"> </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><a href="http://www.twitt.org/Slide5a.jpg" style="background-color: black;"><img align="LEFT" border="1" height="125" hspace="3" src="http://www.twitt.org/th_Slide5a.jpg" vspace="2" width="162" /></a><span style="background-color: black;"> In an overlay comparison of the BWB to the 747, you can graphically see why there is a problem with this particular BWB design. You can park 747s side-by-side at current passenger terminal gates, but the BWB’s 290’ span makes this impossible. Both Boeing and McDonnell Douglas looked into folding the wings like aircraft carrier jets, but determined that the public would not like to fly on an airplane that looked broke. Another idea was to caster the wheels so the aircraft could come into the gate area slightly sideways, but this means higher weight in the landing gears.</span><span style="background-color: black;"> </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><a href="http://www.twitt.org/Slide6a.jpg" style="background-color: black;"><img align="RIGHT" border="1" height="123" hspace="3" src="http://www.twitt.org/th_Slide6a.jpg" vspace="2" width="165" /></a><span style="background-color: black;"> Staying on the inside, Al put up a slide of a full scale mockup of a section of the passenger compartment. One of the first questions everyone asks is where are the windows. In this design there are no real passenger windows, but each seat will have a multi-functional LCD screen on the seat in front of them. A selector will allow the passenger to select from a number of views, including looking to the rear and straight down.</span><span style="background-color: black;"> </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><span style="background-color: black;"> The other obvious thing in the pictures are the really heavy structural walls between the compartments. Al now went on to answer Ralph Wilcox’s question about how hard is it to pressurize a square box versus a cylinder. The heavy walls are one of the ways and due this extra weight they also cut into the ultimate potential gains Al talked about in the first part of his presentation. However, he also commented that it is expected enough gains will be made on the aerodynamic side to offset the extra structural weight. Gavin asked about putting a series of round section within the wing to carry the pressurization loads. Al commented that this was looked at, but in the final analysis it was determined that weight wise it is better with the current design parameters. He did note there are some fatigue questions that still need to be worked out before there is any commitment to building something like the BWB.</span><span style="background-color: black;"> </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><a href="http://www.twitt.org/Slide7a.jpg" style="background-color: black;"><img align="LEFT" border="1" height="123" hspace="3" src="http://www.twitt.org/th_Slide7a.jpg" vspace="2" width="160" /></a><span style="text-align: start;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: black;"> Al moved along to the direct operating cost analysis between a 747, a new conventional design like theAirbus 3XX, and the BWB at the year 2015. </span><span style="background-color: black;"> </span></span></b></span><span style="background-color: black;">As the condition of conducting amphibious operations is the conquest of the air and sea superiority in the landing area, assault ekranoplans do not require heavy armament. The need to lay down suppressive fire on the beaches can be satisfied by Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS). Given the likely volume of fire missions it is best to have on board 12 220mm rockets or 40 122mm rockets. With this equipment, the possible number of troops on board the ekranoplan of two to three hundred tonnes of displacement can be estimated at one company of infantry with standard weapons and equipment. </span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="text-align: start;">The numbers all show the BWB makes gains in the areas of operating costs, fuel efficiency, gross weight and nitrous oxide emissions. This last item is of great concern to NASA since they have been linked to the green house gases. Here there was a 17% expected gain for the BWB predicated on the fact there are no major breakthroughs in engine design during this period. Some of the gains will come from a combination of many little improvements over the entire airframe versus one or two major improvements.</span><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><span style="text-align: start;"> Gavin ask Al whether or not the airlines would be behind these types of changes in aircraft design. Al commented that in his opinion changes in the environmental laws will probably create the need for such aircraft to meet things like emission standards. If airport and airspace congestion rules are changed, the aircraft will have to change and the airlines will go along because they will have too.</span><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><a href="http://www.twitt.org/Slide8a.jpg" style="text-align: start;"><img align="RIGHT" border="1" height="123" hspace="3" src="http://www.twitt.org/th_Slide8a.jpg" vspace="2" width="163" /></a><span style="text-align: start;"> The next slide was a comparison of the benefits and challenges. The benefits include: lower operating costs; lower production costs; reduced airport/airspace congestion; lower fares; reduced environmental impact and; improved safety. Operating costs he had already covered. Lower production costs come from not have as many tight bends so the manufacturing costs go down. Although the number of aircraft at terminals won’t go down, they will be moving more passengers with each departure which will impact congestion by preventing its escalation. It is felt this design concept is at least as safe, and possibly saver, than a convention design.</span><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><span style="text-align: start;"> The challenges included: structures and materials; aero-structural integration; aerodynamics; controls; propulsion-airframe integration; systems integration and; infrastructure. Structures is back to the pressurization issues and the integration issue revolves around making the structure clean enough to work aerodynamically and achieve the savings potential.</span><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><span style="text-align: start;"> Aerodynamics is a separate issue from the aerostructures. Imagine that this design has an elliptical span load associated with it, so that is the minimum induced drag for this vehicle. Then think about the lift coefficient that needs to be produced for this type of wing. Since the span load is chord dependent the center body section with its wide chord had no problem meeting the requirements. But as you move out towards the tips you reach a pinch point where the chord narrows sharply. The problem is going to tip stalling due to the high taper ratio and the loading out there. This is a problem for the aerodynamicist since the aircraft must takeoff and land. This means you need to generate high lift coefficients, which puts you close to the stall, which is also close to the departure. Of course the last thing you want is a passenger aircraft with bad departure characteristics, so how do you get the lift coefficients at the pinch point to avoid these problems or at least degrade elegantly so you don’t lose control of the airplane.</span><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><span style="text-align: start;"> Ralph asked the question about boundary layer control at that point on the wing. Al commented that it had been looked at and there was still a problem even using vortex generators. Boeing went to slats on the outboard section since this would generate a lot of lift on this portion of the wing. The disadvantage of this system is that slots and slats have really bad hysterisous effects, so once stalled it might be hard to get back. NASA is still looking into this area.</span><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><span style="text-align: start;"> On systems integration, Al noted that this area is becoming more and more complicated. This is the digital fly-by-wire systems so you can control the way in which the aircraft reacts to the control inputs. This particular design has a nose slice just before reaching the stall, so some method is needed prevent in inadvertent departure. The digital controls with its accelerometers and other sensors feeding back information, the control surfaces in the affected area can be deployed upward to decrease the span loading and move it inboard. This will prevent the airplane from departing, but it is so sensitive that any external changes can have major effects on the departure characteristics.</span><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><span style="text-align: start;"> Gavin asked a question about what types of construction techniques would be used for this aircraft. Al said it was planned to be built by bending tin and used the 747 as an example. If you look at the outer wing panels on the 747 and compare them to the same panels on the BWB you find they are very similar. Since the BWB was originally a McDonnell Douglas design, the outer wing sections were based on the DC-12 which was never produced because of the buyout by Boeing. This then became a good starting point so the center body construction problems became the focal point of further development.</span><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><a href="http://www.twitt.org/Slide9a.jpg" style="text-align: start;"><img align="LEFT" border="1" height="123" hspace="3" src="http://www.twitt.org/th_Slide9a.jpg" vspace="2" width="165" /></a><span style="text-align: start;"> Al moved on to the really big issues of structure and aero-structural integration; non-cylindrical pressure vessel. How do you pressurize something that doesn’t look like a tube or a sphere. Initial thoughts were to use conventional metallic structures, but more recently thoughts have been turning towards composites like graphite stitched epoxy resins. They are questioning whether this would help with the pressure structure problems and perhaps also save some weight. </span><span style="text-align: start;"> For protection:</span></span></b></span><br />
<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">For Flying Aircraft Carriers, the best defensive weapon is a 150kw laser</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange;">US military will use SUPER LASERS with 150kW of power to knock out enemy missiles by 2020</span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></span></span><ul class="mol-bullets-with-font" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 8px; min-height: 1px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 16px;">
<li style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; list-style: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; text-align: justify;"><strong style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;">A 60 kW laser weapon will soon be installed o<span face=""graphik" , "arial" , sans-serif">n a US Army truck</span></span></span></strong></li>
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<ul class="mol-bullets-with-font" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 8px; min-height: 1px; padding: 4px 0px 4px 16px;">
<li style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; list-style: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; text-align: justify;"><strong style="background-color: black; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">But experts believe that weapons with 150 kW power could be used by 2020</span></strong></li>
<li style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; list-style: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; text-align: justify;"><strong style="background-color: black; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Such a laser could knock out a missile sideways on, where it is most vulnerable </span></strong></li>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>While laser weapons have been a staple in science fiction films for decades, the US military is inching closer to making these a reality. </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Lockheed Martin has announced a 60 kW laser weapon that soon will be installed on an Army truck for testing against mortars and small drones. </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>And experts believe that lasers even more powerful than this could be widely used as soon as 2020. </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img alt="While laser weapons have been a staple in science fiction films for decades, the US military is inching closer to making these a reality" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="421" id="i-8e137f6947c94220" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/1/2017/04/08/08/wire-362041-1491634830-191_634x421.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="634" /></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>While laser weapons have been a staple in science fiction films for decades, the US military is inching closer to making these a reality </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">LOCKHEED'S LASER </span></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Lockheed Martin's laser is 60-kilowatt, and invisible to the naked eye. </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>By focusing the beam onto a target, the technology rapidly heats the inside of an incoming mortar round, causing it to explode mid-air. </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>This allows it to take out a drone from a distance of about 500 metres.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The laser weapon can also pierce the outer skin of a drone, taking out key circuits and making it crash. <span style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;">Lockheed Martin's 60-kilowatt laser weapon can take out a drone from a distance of about 500 metres, by keeping its beam locked onto the target for a few seconds, according to Jim Murdoch, an international business development director at Lockheed.</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>But unlike in the movies, the laser beam is invisible to the naked eye.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>By focusing the beam onto a target, the technology rapidly heats the inside of an incoming mortar round, causing it to explode mid-air. </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>This is an impressive feat, considering the round is moving at hundreds of miles per hour.</b></span></span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The laser weapon can also pierce the outer skin of a drone, taking out key circuits and making it crash.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>For the moment, the lasers being tested are all of about this same power.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>But Mark Gunzinger, a senior fellow at the Centre for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, sees that relatively small output increasing rapidly.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img alt="The US Navy has since 2014 been testing a 30-kilowatt laser on one of its warships, the USS Ponce (pictured)" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="416" id="i-81125411cf464c4d" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/1/2017/04/08/08/wire-362039-1491634829-838_634x416.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="634" /></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="display: table-cell; letter-spacing: -0.01em; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 2px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>+5</b></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The US Navy has since 2014 been testing a 30-kilowatt laser on one of its warships, the USS Ponce (pictured)</b></span></span></div>
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<h3 class="mol-factbox-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(255, 102, 0); letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px 0px 12px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">WHAT COULD A LASER BE USED FOR?</span></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b>While the US Navy has not specificed whether the laser could be used for any specific threats, director energy weapons could have a range of used.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b>This includes:</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b>- Destroying threatening drones</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b>- Shooting down incoming air-to-air missiles</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;">- Hitting targets on the ground much like regular aircraft gun </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;">Within just a few years, he expects far more powerful prototypes of more than 150 kilowatts.</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Such a laser could knock out a missile sideways on, where it is most vulnerable.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>He said special operations forces want to test such a system by 2020 on an AC-130 gunship that specializes in ground support for troops.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>And within six to eight years, US forces could begin using laser systems of more than 300 kilowatts, he added.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>That degree of power could knock out an incoming missile head-on.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The US military is also weighing the possibility of mounting lasers on drones flying at very high altitudes, making them capable of shooting down ballistic missiles shortly after launch.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img alt="Within just a few years, experts believe that far more powerful prototypes of more than 150 kilowatts will be used. Such a laser could knock out a missile sideways on, where it is most vulnerable (artist's impression)" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="335" id="i-32042ed7c6da9eb8" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2017/01/26/09/3C876D9A00000578-4159350-image-m-21_1485424306135.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="634" /></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="display: table-cell; letter-spacing: -0.01em; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 2px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>+5</b></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Within just a few years, experts believe that far more powerful prototypes of more than 150 kilowatts will be used. Such a laser could knock out a missile sideways on, where it is most vulnerable (artist's impression)</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Another bonus for the military from lasers is the promise of seemingly unending and cheap firepower.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Unlike conventional canons that need shells, laser canons are limited only by the amount of electricity that can be generated.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Mr Gunzinger deems lasers as especially promising on warplanes, which could potentially get an unlimited reservoir of firepower to defend against adversaries' missiles.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>'An aircraft doesn't have to return to base to upload more weapons. It could refuel and continue to operate with its nearly unlimited magazine,' he said.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img alt="Unlike conventional canons that need shells, laser canons are limited only by the amount of electricity that can be generated" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="422" id="i-f690b9f256f1c468" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2017/01/26/09/3C87524F00000578-0-image-a-2_1485423954612.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="634" /></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="display: table-cell; letter-spacing: -0.01em; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 2px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>+5</b></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Unlike conventional canons that need shells, laser canons are limited only by the amount of electricity that can be generated </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>But before laser technology can be integrated into combat planes, it must first be shrunk in size.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Currently engineers are running into physical limitations on how much portable power can be produced, and ways of cooling the technology.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Lockheed Martin wants to increase the power of its truck-mounted laser.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Mr Murdoch said: 'For a vehicle like this, there will be some engineering limits. We will run out of space...that's the kind of challenge we are working.'</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img alt="By focusing the beam onto a target, the technology rapidly heats the inside of an incoming mortar round, causing it to explode mid-air (artist's impression)" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="415" id="i-1b5aadb5da93194e" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2017/04/10/13/3F21508400000578-4392698-image-a-48_1491827519310.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="634" /></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>By focusing the beam onto a target, the technology rapidly heats the inside of an incoming mortar round, causing it to explode mid-air (artist's impression)</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>But industry reps and military officials say there's only one thing stopping lasers from garnering widespread operational use: government funding.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Lawmakers recalled a lengthy program that cost more than $5 billion (£4 billion) in which a Boeing 747 was retrofitted to carry a laser gun supposedly capable of shooting down enemy missiles.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The programme was scrapped in 2012 over concerns it could never be operationally viable.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The laser beam used in that technology was generated by chemicals so was not strong enough to take out a mis</b></span></span><span face=""graphik" , "arial" , sans-serif"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>sile</b></span><span face=""graphik" , "arial" , sans-serif">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="text-align: start;"> There is another issue with joints between the various panels. One of the things NASA does with their test aircraft is go through a ground vibration test. Hopefully this predicts what the structural modes are in the wing. The is a mass suspended by a fairly rigid beam structure which will vibrate at a particular frequency and a guess is made as to what it will be based on the existing structure.</span><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><span style="text-align: start;"> With metal airframes there is an I-beam with a plate on the top, the skin, that is riveted in. It turns out that due to the factors of give, flex and friction the actual frequency actually, when tested, comes out lower than the prediction. This goes back to the fly-by-wire system where the pilot can make a jerk input to the stick which would give an almost perfect square wave input to the system. The system looks at it as a change to the angle of attack. In most airplanes the change would occur gracefully with some overshoot and then stabilize out, which is the short period frequency. If this frequency is the same frequency as the structural wing bending the aircraft will catastrophically fail. The pilot can’t be told not to make these types of control inputs, especially if they are fighting an aircraft in turbulence while landing. </span><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><span style="text-align: start;"> Now we bring in the composite structure. Some composites joints are glued together and other are not, so in some cases there are butt joints where the load transfers are harder to calculate. In tension and compression there is pretty good data, but not in the bending. Apparently the joints don’t handle the stresses that same way in each direction so this makes the calculation much more difficult. At this point in time there just isn’t a lot of experience on how to handle these types of joints on airplanes. This is due to the load having to transfer from one skin, through the flange or other connecting structure, to the other skin. Since the cloth fibers are not running continuously along the known stress line, the calculations become much more complex.</span><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><span style="text-align: start;"> Another major issue that will need to be worked in the future, but is not a top priority at this point, is the outer surface “bulging” that will occur as the aircraft is pressurized. These bulges will form in-between each of the main structural bulkheads forming the passenger compartments. Obviously this will deform the elegant cruise airfoil shape that is being planned, so it has to be taken into consideration in the design. When doing this with composites it becomes even more difficult due to the lack of experience in this area.</span><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><a href="http://www.twitt.org/Slide10a.jpg" style="text-align: start;"><img align="RIGHT" border="1" height="123" hspace="3" src="http://www.twitt.org/th_Slide10a.jpg" vspace="2" width="160" /></a><span style="text-align: start;"> Another set of challenges that up early on were just the aerodynamics. This is still looking at an 800 passenger, big BWB aircraft with three engines sucking in air over the upper surfaces boundary layer. After running computation fluid dynamics to predict what the flow would be, they found two areas of reverse flow. One was where the lift coefficient was very high, right at the sharp break in the trailing edge and right over the control surfaces. The other problem is putting people inside the airfoil which now has to be thicker than people are tall. This gives you a very thick, transonic airfoil which sets up new challenges to overcome the various shock waves and resulting wave drag. All these are bad things that need to be addressed and viable solutions found before continuing.</span><span style="text-align: start;"> </span></span><span style="text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: black;"> Ride quality is another issue that needs to be looked at. When you put all the control surfaces in close together in one location fore and aft, the whole aircraft is affected by turbulence at one time. So given the same level of technology in control feedback systems as currently used on conventional aircraft with control surfaces spread out over the wing and tail surfaces, the ride quality of the BWB, or a flying wing, will be worse. New feedback technologies need to be developed for the improving ride quality without letting things get so sloppy that the pilot can’t control the airplane. </span></span><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> Along with the digital fly-by-wire comes the all electric subsystems; everything is electronic onboard the aircraft. This is a very common in the military in aircraft like the Air Force’s F-16, but is just now starting to become more prevalent in commercial aircraft. Doug Fronius asked if this meant no hydraulics and Al commented that there were still hydraulic actuators being controlled electrically at the site of the control surface. Doug noted that the next generation of military aircraft coming along will truly be all-electric with no hydraulic subsystems. Although there are some supporting subsystems on commercial aircraft at the present time, both Doug and Al indicated all-electric main systems were probably a long way off.</span><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> Dominique Viellard asked about the thickness of the boundary layer. Al said he wasn’t sure about the numbers, but did estimate it could be a couple of feet thick at the rear of the centerbody section of the wing. The chord at this point is close to 160’, so Al wouldn’t be surprised if the it reached these larger thicknesses.</span><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> Ralph Wilcox asked about what the wing loading would be for this type of wing. Al commented that when you go to a flying wing you need to bring the numbers back down from what you would have for a conventional aircraft. So instead of having the 105-120 numbers for things like the Boeing 7X7 series, you need something like 95-105. This is easier to do on the BWB since you have so much more wing area.</span><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> Gavin Slater asked about the problems associated with boundary layer ingestion (BLI) on the three engines at the back of the aircraft. Engines don’t like to see a lot of distortion at the compressor face and, this will become even worse at high angles of attack. The boundary layer will get much thicker and it presents many problems in designing ducts or making changes to the engines themselves. (ed. – This problem has led to a different engine configuration as shown below. The engines have been moved up on pylons to get them out of the boundary layer flow at all times.)</span><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><a href="http://www.twitt.org/Slide11a.jpg" style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"><img align="LEFT" border="1" height="123" hspace="3" src="http://www.twitt.org/th_Slide11a.jpg" vspace="2" width="156" /></a><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> Al moved on to the infrastructure problems noted earlier. The ICAO wants to stay with the 80m (262 ft.) wingspan separation between terminal gates, so this becomes an intractable problem. The 800 passenger version was also a double-decker which presented another set of problems with the existing gate structures. The two decks also raised concerns over passenger safety in a crash situation where the upper deck could collapse onto the lower one. The last issue was how to you handle 800 passengers for several airplanes at a time in terminals not designed to handle that volume of humanity.</span><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><a href="http://www.twitt.org/Slide12a.jpg" style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"><img align="RIGHT" border="1" height="123" hspace="3" src="http://www.twitt.org/th_Slide12a.jpg" vspace="2" width="169" /></a><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> SO, this all had the engineers at Langley pulling their hair out. The upper left segment of the slide shows a 1% spin tunnel model at Langley. They tried a couple of different models and the one that is going to be flight tested showed high yaw rates. There also appears to be an auto-rotation tumble mode that was observed in the tunnel tests. The lower left segment shows a model in the acoustics chamber being tested of radiation’s from things like the radio antennas. The other pictures on the slide show some of the various models that were put through further tunnel testing leading up to changes in the configuration that will be flight tested.</span><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><a href="http://www.twitt.org/Slide14a.jpg" style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"><img align="LEFT" border="1" height="123" hspace="3" src="http://www.twitt.org/th_Slide14a.jpg" vspace="2" width="157" /></a><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> Al then laid some background on the changes that were being made for the upcoming flight test model. The top picture below are of the models Ilan Kroo and his graduate students at Stanford University built and flew as proof of concept vehicles. The top one is a 6’ R/C model flown with fairly stable static margins. There were two versions, one with gas power for longer flights and one with electric power (cleaner and quieter). The lower picture below is the 17’ version with a true closed loop control system using a MacIntosh laptop computer as the processor for this system. This was a twin engine, gas powered model with multiple control surfaces, each one controlled by an electric actuator designed and built by the students. Ilan also designed the internal instrumentation systems.</span><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> The large number of control surfaces presented their own unique troubles. Since any one control deflecting upward will cause the aircraft pitch up the question became one of how best to control the mixture of movements. They had to determine whether there were any pitfalls like airflow separation as the controls moved in differing amounts. Some of these questions are being answered through wind tunnel tests.</span><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> Andy asked Al what caused the phenomenon on the model where the control surfaces appeared to be flopping around during ground taxi. Al indicated the controls were responding to the inputs from onboard sensors being activated by bumps in the taxiway. Due to the low airspeed associated with taxiing, the control deflections to correct the sensed conditions were large and therefore drove the surfaces to their stops. The electric actuators are very fast, so it appears the surfaces are just really loose on the hinges. Al noted this occurs on current fly-by-wire aircraft in the military as they taxi, you just have to look closely to see it.</span><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> As Al continued, he noted one of the big questions revolves around something they call “behavior quantification”; how does the aircraft behave, what does it do. They have problems with stall, the aeroelastic properties cause dive problems during the pull out, and a mach buffet with an “ugly” tuck. Then there is the issue of engine out performance since it doesn’t have real strong directional stability. If you loose an engine, what is the Vmca really going to be? The last issue is stability margin in terms of pitch, lateral and overall directional control.</span><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> Up to this point everything that he had been talking about revolved around the 800 passenger version that was studied under a NASA contract that ended in 1996. At that time the Douglas division of <a href="http://www.twitt.org/Slide15a.jpg"><img align="RIGHT" border="1" height="123" hspace="3" src="http://www.twitt.org/th_Slide15a.jpg" vspace="2" width="155" /></a>McDonnell/Douglas picked up the study and continue it on their own money. These studies resulted in design you see below, which was frozen sometime late last year. The Douglas division of Boeing then continued the project and have further refined the design, which no longer looks like this drawing. However, this is the design version NASA is continuing with for wind tunnel testing and construction of the remotely piloted vehicle (RPV). It is 14.2% scale with a 35’ wing span. The flight control systems are being designed at the Dryden facility, but the actual construction and installation of the boxes is being done at Langley. Boeing is also providing engineering support for the vehicle. </span><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> One of the first things you notice on this design is the engines having been raised out of the boundary layer flow. This was the fastest and easiest way to solve the inlet and compressor problems trying to deal with the turbulent flow off the rear of the wing, especially in high angle of attack flight. Since this was going to be one of the hardest problems to solve and may not have been economically feasible, the simpler approach was taken. </span><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> Although hard to see in the drawing, the control surfaces are spread out differently. There are now 16 control surfaces instead of 22, but it still have the split elevons in the last four outboard elevons, with the outermost two being ganged together. It is all electric with no hydraulics on board, using control actuators taken from an air-launched munitions program. These actuators are designed to work for 90 seconds, yet the test vehicle is being designed to last for 100 hours, so there was another problem than needed to be worked out. It turned out that the actuators were way over designed for the munitions application and probably would last much longer in the less demanding environment of the BWB. The model was also being built in such a manner that the actuators could be easily removed if they showed signs of failure.</span><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> The next problem they had to overcome is which digital controller would drive which control surfaces. To maintain a minimum level of redundancy, each controller must drive actuators at different parts of the wing so the failure of one controller will not bring the aircraft down. A little later there was a discussion between Al and Doug about the software NASA is using so the controllers know which one takes the lead and how the entire system determines when the lead controller is actually have a problem and needs to be relieved by a secondary unit. This got a little deep on the technology side, so not much more will be covered here.</span><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> Power will be provided by three Williams turbojet engines from target drones that are designed to operate for about 10 hours. The same issues came up here as with the actuators, plus there was no low idle setting (below 90 lbs.) on the fuel control (the Navy didn’t need low idle for in-flight launch so it was not designed in by Williams). The spool up time was also not acceptable since the engine would take 33 seconds from idle to the full thrust of 240 lbs. After long discussion with Williams and a lot of money, NASA got their supply of engines with a 35 lb. idle setting and a much faster response time from idle to full power. Since the test vehicle only needs about 190-200 lbs. per engine, a detent was placed on the pilot’s throttle console to limit thrust at 200 lbs. This will make the engines last well beyond the 10 hours. The pilot will have the ability to remove the detent in the event of an engine failure and more power is needed from the remaining engines.</span><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> The wing does have slats on the leading edge, however, they do not have actuators so are locked in a fixed position depending on the type of test to be conducted. The original plan called for a ballistic recover chute to save the model, but that has been removed and replaced by triple redundancy in the control software (remember spreading out the control surfaces between controllers) and dual redundancy on hardware. The various antennas will be integrated into the structure to try and keep the surface as clean as possible. There will be a spin recovery chute since plans call for spin testing of this model, along with attempts to make it tumble.</span><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> Al mentioned that the weights shown in the slide were dynamically scaled to the commercial, full size version. He gave the example of scaling something down by one half, which results in a piece of hardware that has one quarter of the area, one eighth the volume and one eighth the mass (dynamic scaling). The other scaling factor is moment of inertia. NASA has a very specific set of weights, moments of inertia, area and size targets for this project. The 2,700 lbs. represents the scaled maximum takeoff weight of the full size aircraft. On the other hand, the 2,300 lbs. minimum (empty) weight is well above the truly scaled 1,300 lbs. This is due to the fact you can’t always economically scale down things like actuators and other types of hardware, computer systems and other instrumentation. They are not satisfied with the high weight and are trying to get it down below 2,000 lbs., but they are not sure this will happen. The construction is all carbon fiber and Al gave as an example of weight savings the winglet’s vertical surfaces. These have a design weight of 7 oz. including all hinges, horns, ribs, etc., and will have to withstand a max speed of 140 knots. Based on what they know now it doesn’t look like they will make that weight, but at least it will be the minimum they can make it.</span><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> One other thing he wanted to cover on this slide was the relationship between the 14.2% scaling factor and the 35’ wing span. If you do the math they don’t come out to the 289’ of the model he was talking about at the beginning the presentation. That’s because this model is for the smaller, 450 passenger, single-deck version that Boeing is working towards. This is still bigger than a current B-747, so many of the earlier noted problems regarding infrastructure still apply.</span><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><a href="http://www.twitt.org/Slide16a.jpg" style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"><img align="LEFT" border="1" height="123" hspace="3" src="http://www.twitt.org/th_Slide16a.jpg" vspace="2" width="160" /></a><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> The next slide shows the molds being built at the Langley facility. The pictures were taken in June and work has now progressed to the point of laying cloth into the molds. However, all of the structural analysis has not be completed so they are not sure how many layers of carbon fiber will be needed. So the engineers are in the catch-up mode trying to get the numbers put together so the technicians can get back to building. The 3% wind tunnel model was nearing completion and it was expected it would go to the tunnel in late September. This model is correct configuration for the skins that are waiting for the final numbers.</span><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> The lower right portion of the slide shows the general layout of the test model with fuel tanks and elevons located in and one the center section. The wings will be separate which is mainly so the model can be shipped more easily with the plan being to use a large motorhome that doesn’t have any interior (just a big box on wheels). Alternate shipping plans include using Air Force C-17 training missions and, as a last resort, paying to ship it on a Super Guppy.</span><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> What NASA is doing here is looking at the flight characteristics of the BWB class of vehicles. Although the test model doesn’t reflect the latest developments in design changes (as a result of freezing the design for the models purposes), all the test data will be extrapolated to the latest versions using data obtained over the life of the project. </span><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><a href="http://www.twitt.org/Slide17a.jpg" style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"><img align="RIGHT" border="1" height="120" hspace="3" src="http://www.twitt.org/Th_Slide17.jpg" vspace="2" width="160" /></a><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> The next slide was a listing of the goals for the ELP (Envelop Limits Program) research, which is where all this is leading too. Things like what happens when you stall it, spin it, tumble it and can it be recovered aerodynamically. Can these modes be prevented aerodynamically using the controls surfaces on the aircraft and, if you can’t what will it take in terms of the system software, etc.</span><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> At this point Al took a few minutes to explain a little more about dynamic scaling. If everything goes as planned, the model’s scaling will exactly duplicate the aerodynamic forces are work in all phases of flight. So the numbers they get from a wing tip’s helix angle as it falls off in a stall will be exactly what the full scale aircraft would see under the same angles of attack. There are a couple of gotcha’s here, one being mach number since the model will be nowhere near that of the full size aircraft. For the low speed end this shouldn’t be too much of a problem, but they can’t do anything about the differences in Reynolds numbers between the vehicles. </span><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> </span></b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>This ship will be made of </b></span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><span style="text-align: start;">titanium foam wchich has more strength for its weight than steel—Ti offers a 40% weight savings compared to steel—lightweight designs can be achieved that offer increased payload capacity, reduced fuel consumption and reduced carbon emissions. It has a low magnetic signature, which means you can reduce heavy and power-consuming degaussing coils to protect against magnetic influence mines. It has temperature resistance, so it’s safer for structures like gas turbine exhaust systems. And Ti is virtually corrosion-free in seawater, so it can be cost effective for sea water piping systems such as cooling water and firemain.</span></b></span><br />
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">However, more research is needed to develop high-productivity Ti welding processes for ship construction. Although well established, the existing titanium welding processes are too slow for ship hull construction which typically requires miles of welds, according to Dr. Pingsha Dong, a professor at University of New Orleans School of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, and director of UNO’s Welded Structures Laboratory. Through the UNO investigation, advanced metal inert gas (MIG) welding and friction stir welding showed their potential.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Chris Conrardy, chief technology officer at the Edison Welding Institute (EWI), says there are different techniques for welding titanium, including gas tungsten arc welding, electron beam welding, high-power laser welding, friction stir and hybrids of the different methods. "The optimum approach depends on the structure’s configuration, joint design, performance requirements, and economic considerations." </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">But in each case, quality control is paramount, and inert gas shielding is required to avoid contamination. "Avoidance of contamination is a primary concern with all titanium fusion welding processes," Conrardy says.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">“Titanium is highly reactive at elevated temperatures and requires shielding of the molten metal during welding and cooling,” <a href="http://www.marinelink.com/news/maritime/jennifer-wolk" style="text-decoration: none;">says Jennifer Wolk</a>, a materials engineer with Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC), Carderock Division specializing in welding and friction stir welding of non-ferrous materials.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">“Most steel ships are scrapped because of corrosion of the hull, not problems with the machinery,” says Rob Moore at Textron Marine & Land Systems (TM&LS). “TOC is reduced by using a titanium hull.”</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Aerospace grade titanium used in aircraft is about nine times more expensive than steel. But industry experts predict that “fit-for-purpose” ship hull or marine grades of titanium, as proposed by UNO, could be made less costly—perhaps only three times as expensive as steel —by changing the processing and finishing requirements. When weighed against its positive attributes, titanium may become even more cost effective.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Moore says Ti production is energy dependent and the cost of energy is not going to go down. But, he says, marine grade Ti will likely cost much less than commercially available aerospace grade Ti.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Marine specific Ti grades have been developed and used for some high strength naval applications, such as piping, but not for general structural applications. The cost of marine grade Ti would depend on the end use and properties needed for the application.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Colen Kennell of the Center for Innovation in Ship Design at NSWC Carderock says Ti offers a potentially ship-scale cost effective alternative to steel structures. “For faster ships, lightweight hulls are a critical enabling technology."</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">As a further benefit, when a vessel reaches the end of its service life, its scrap value is much higher than a steel ship.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">“Old ships are a problem,” says Kennell. “Ti scrap retains substantial value even at the end of a 30 or 40 –plus year ship life.”</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">There are other alternatives to steel, such as aluminum and composites for ship structures. “If you want an all-composite ship, then you would need an all-composite shipyard. But Ti could be introduced in a steel yard,” says Kennell.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Wolk adds that Ti fabrication currently exists in shipyards, but does require strict controls for fabrication.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">There is also the possibility that building ships from titanium would create a demand that would drive the cost up for the metal. There is precedent, when there was an unexpected demand for Ti when Callaway introduced the Big Bertha golf club at about the same time that Boeing announced the start of construction of a new airplane. A spike in the titanium market could also disrupt the aerospace sector. </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">But suppliers at the conference said that even if the Navy decided to build three or four Ti ships a year, US Titanium capacity is not a constraint. The US has sufficient projected capacity looking at current demand signals, and steps can be taken to mitigate demand spikes.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Such a fabrication facility would require a significant investment, Kennel says, and without additional demand it might be unsustainable. “But there aren’t any show-stopper industrial or management issues.”</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Raymond M. Walker of Keystone Synergistic Enterprises in Port St. Lucie, Fla., says the workshop demonstrated that there are no engineering barriers or obstacles that prevent design or construction of a titanium naval ship. “Challenges, yes; but no barriers.”</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Walker, an expert in welding and joining of titanium and vessel fabrication, says it was valuable to have representation from many of the key players in the effort to manufacture with titanium: the titanium material providers, titanium processing and joining experts, ship designers, ship fabricators, as well as commercial interests. “It was helpful to get a consensus from this group as to the realities and methods needed for fabricating a titanium vessel.”</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Vessel life, fuel efficiency, reduced maintenance, and increased range/payload will drive the argument, Walker says. “No new technologies are required, only adaptation of existing titanium practices (primarily from aerospace) to the specifics of vessel design and fabrication.”</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">“The Navy is challenging industry to produce an affordable solution and we all have to take that as an action item to deliver this package as soon as we can back up the numbers and corresponding data,” says Booty Cancienne, production superintendent for Textron Marine and Land Systems (TM&LS) in Slidell, La.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Cancienne is production supervisor for the TM&LS shipyard with four decades of experience. He’s worked at TM&LS for 35 years, and five more at other yards. He is responsible for all marine construction at TM&LS, including development of all processes, materials and metals used, training of employees and schedule and cost for all programs. He has overseen the construction—and later the refurbishment—of dozens of Navy LCACs (landing craft air cushion). In his job, he makes recommendations for engineering changes to reduce cost and to improve construction fabrication. At the workshop, when it came to welding, his was the voice of experience.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Most recently, he has been involved in the TM&LS proposal for the T-Craft innovative naval prototype being investigated by ONR. TMLS has fabricated a T-Craft side-hull section of aluminum, and will build the same structure from titanium to provide comparison data. </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Cancienne says a titanium hull is possible. “We in industry must make the fear of high cost go away. We have to develop some processes to reduce cost and turn everyone’s attention to the customers’ needs and how to meet commercial and Navy requirements.”</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The business case </b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">While a number advances have been made in processing, design, and fabrication, the hurdles that the Navy faces regarding the use of titanium are the same hurdles that we faced 10 to 20 years ago. “It all boils down to material and fabrication costs. Until the program offices can overlook the acquisition costs associated with using titanium components and see that the long term benefits outweigh the acquisition costs, there will still be hurdles to using titanium,” says Kim Tran, a materials engineer at NSWC Carderock where she is the non-ferrous welding lead.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Tran says an all titanium ship is not realistic until industry can reduce the cost of material to a more affordable price. “In the past, $4 /lb was the target price for the DARPA low cost titanium initiatives,” she says. “With regard to titanium applications, if industry can reduce the current material prices, there may be more opportunities for titanium components on <a href="http://www.marinelink.com/news/maritime/navy" style="text-decoration: none;">Navy ships</a>. Reduced fabrication costs are also important. Traditional processes for fabricating titanium components are expensive because of the cleanliness requirements for the handling of titanium and complete shielding requirements for arc welding. Technological advances to reduce fabrication costs yet still enable the fabrication (casting, welding, forging) of quality products that meet design and material properties requirements will also enable more opportunities for titanium applications on Navy ships.”</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">To reduce fabrication costs, Tran says more research is needed to reduce the current arc welding shielding requirements. “Complete inert shielding during arc welding is the biggest cost driver associated with welding titanium. In the past, NSWCCD has investigated flux cored arc welding wire and using a flux paste to eliminate the requirement for backside shielding. These were limited studies that should be revisited. Higher productivity welding techniques such as gas metal arc welding (GMAW) and hot wire gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) should also be researched. GTAW is the primary welding process for welding titanium because it is much cleaner; however it is also a low deposition process requiring more weld passes to complete a joint than GMAW. Using GTAW results in increased fabrication time and cost.” </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Walker agrees that more study is need to make the business case for a titanium ship, “A credible business case study would be a significant accomplishment to solidify the benefits of titanium vessel fabrication and drive titanium into consideration for new vessel designs.” </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">As an example, Walker points to the aerospace industry, which he says understands lifecycle ownership cost and has justified gas turbine engine investments to achieve thrust and fuel efficiency improvements. “Increased thrust relates to increased payload or passenger capacity. Fuel efficiency benefits rapidly multiply into very large life-cycle cost savings for both military and commercial aircraft. A similar case exists for a titanium vessel in terms of maintenance, corrosion management, reduced painting and coating requirements, lower vessel weight, fewer shipyard visits, longer service life, and so on.” </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Existing shipyards view titanium as a specialized process that is a cost burden over the state of fabrication for steel, Walker says. “A business case could also be supported by the fact that titanium vessel fabrication should be performed in an aggressively lean environment of a ‘small shipyard of the future,’ where material handling, welding practices and environments, material flow, and modular construction methods are optimized to titanium to drive down costs and are biased to light metal fabrication (aluminum and titanium). “ </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Cancienne says the Navy will save a tremendous amount of money with titanium ships just in upkeep of the hulls alone. It’s an issue of cost versus longevity.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">“This is the bottom line,” he says. “If a hull lasts 50% longer, say 60 years instead of 40, you get the same service life as three conventional hulls for price of two titanium ships. Upgrades in electronics, machinery and propulsion are a lot cheaper than building a new ship.”</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">“Titanium is a common metal, it is easily formable, very weldable, has excellent strength, and is corrosion resistant,” Walker says. “A titanium vessel is absolutely possible. There are plenty of pockets of titanium design and fabrication expertise in industry that are producing titanium structures every day. Very little of this expertise resides in traditional shipyards.”</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">BoldMar, Inc. plans to build mega-yachts and commercial vessels at NASA once fabricated shuttle fuel tanks, and the Aries capsule is being built today using state-of-the-art welding techniques. The Michoud facility is also home to the National Center for Advanced Manufacturing, which is leading the way in new materials and welding methods, including friction-stir welding. Friction-stir welding welds mated metal pieces without melting them, causes less damage to the materials, and can be automated with precision results.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">BoldMar has embraced friction-stir welding and is able to use one of NCAM’s three $20 million friction stir welding machines. “This process will reduce fabrication time by 40% and eliminate a majority of the harmful flash and fumes associated with fusion welding for a cleaner work environment,” Bolderson says.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">More importantly, friction stir welding could be very advantageous over fusion welding processes for joining thin titanium plates and structural forms from both weld quality and distortion control point of view.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Bold-Mar production of vessels is primarily of aluminum, but has its sights on building vessels from titanium, including offshore patrol and service vessels.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Moving forward with titanium may be what America’s shipbuilding industry needs, Bolderson says. “America today is an uncompetitive, third-rate shipbuilding nation, unlike what we were 70 years ago. Building in titanium will leap-frog us ahead of other nations in utilization of Ti as a superior material for shipbuilding; and using automated production technologies will help re-establish America as a competitive and premier shipbuilding nation.”</b></span></div>
<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> For those of you who are concerned with how your government spends its money, Al noted one of the things they are trying to do keep this program under cost control and set an example for future projects. It is a partnership venture between the design engineers at Langley, the flight research group at Dryden and Boeing to do everything right the first time around. </span><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> </span><br style="text-align: start;" /><a href="http://www.twitt.org/Slide18a.jpg" style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"><img align="LEFT" border="1" height="121" hspace="3" src="http://www.twitt.org/Th_Slide18a.jpg" vspace="2" width="154" /></a><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"> At this point Al went into his summary. The BWB offers potential for substantial economical and environmental benefits. The BWB is a high-risk, high-payoff conceptual platform and it is felt NASA’s involvement is appropriate. NASA is now committed to investigating the low-speed stability and control attributes of this confirguration.</span></b></span><br />
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</section><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/dWnMe2NW2B4" width="320" youtube-src-id="dWnMe2NW2B4"></iframe></div><br /></div></div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript" src="//ra.revolvermaps.com/0/0/6.js?i=00bo1v8as3p&m=0&s=341&c=ff0000&cr1=ffffff&f=arial&l=0&bv=80" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3736852641690443895.post-22572233734692812722023-07-18T01:48:00.002-07:002023-07-18T01:48:52.353-07:00<p> </p> <p> </p> <p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b> VENICE AT HER FINEST</b></span></p> <p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b> <iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2162" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/uChqfRSFCPI" width="2602" youtube-src-id="uChqfRSFCPI"></iframe></b></span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 599px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="299"> <p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></p></td> <td valign="top" width="299"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><b><img alt="This photo shows Palazzo Gritti-Badoer with laundry hang drying on lines outside (circa 1846-1852)" height="1637" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/03/20/17/26D761D800000578-3004505-This_photo_shows_Palazzo_Gritti_Badoer_with_laundry_hanging_outs-a-50_1426871982902.jpg" width="2181" /><span><font><br /></font></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzSoBnDR14c-pdw_YcFJdKl0SEnN-Cug2lb80TpX5AbcUsPAVmNwucaKYVa1hQKd8venmHdS3niaCkieSEBNTPWcbh9xA6JBOcrYteVe7Grc_VaNlda7GjxSfC6twlKJj6tGDe4kxmseoFoNBxFYprtP0o3mIjLJnGD43Uti6kUE_C9nUIBkz6X_ms1Fg/s1024/IMG_4969-ANIMATION.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="1612" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzSoBnDR14c-pdw_YcFJdKl0SEnN-Cug2lb80TpX5AbcUsPAVmNwucaKYVa1hQKd8venmHdS3niaCkieSEBNTPWcbh9xA6JBOcrYteVe7Grc_VaNlda7GjxSfC6twlKJj6tGDe4kxmseoFoNBxFYprtP0o3mIjLJnGD43Uti6kUE_C9nUIBkz6X_ms1Fg/w2150-h1612/IMG_4969-ANIMATION.gif" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="2150" /><br /></a></span></div></div><font><span><img alt="This photo from John Ruskin's collection shows moored boats in the harbour at Arona, Italy on a summer day in July 1858" height="1557" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/03/20/17/26D7626300000578-3004505-This_photo_shows_moored_boats_in_the_harbour_at_Arona_Italy_on_a-a-47_1426871982759.jpg" width="2182" /></span> </font> </b></font></td></tr></tbody></table> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="199"> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font>The “City of Water” is located in northeast Italy, spanning 118 islands in the Venetian Lagoon. Buildings in Venice were constructed on wood piles driven into the mud, sand and clay layers under the lagoon. Many of the buildings in Venice still sit on these piles driven more than a thousand years ago. From a recent trip I have inserted a couple of pictures of the famed city. </font> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="521" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/_iY1x0rYO7eE/TbEw7bz1YZI/AAAAAAAA_Is/mHYMY_UjGyI/w970-h521/IMG_4954.JPG" width="970" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><a name="photo1"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Captured Blog: Above Venice" height="604" src="http://denverpost.slideshowpro.com/albums/001/496/album-96840/cache/82623358_10.sjpg_950_2000_0_75_0_50_50.sjpg?1303539242" width="950" /></strong></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font>The name is derived from the ancient people of </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti"><font>Veneti</font></a><font> that inhabited the region as of 10th century B.C. The city historically was the capital of the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_Republic"><font>Venetian Republic</font></a><font>. Venice has been known as the "La Dominante", "Serenissima", "Queen of the</font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Sea"><font>Adriatic</font></a><font>", "City of Water", "City of Masks", "City of Bridges", "The Floating City", and "City of Canals". </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Barzini,_Jr."><font>Luigi Barzini</font></a><font>, writing in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times">The New York Times</a></i>, described it as "undoubtedly the most beautiful city built by man". Venice has also been described by the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times">Times Online</a></i> as being one of Europe's most romantic cities.</font> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font>The city stretches across 117 small islands in the marshy </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_Lagoon"><font>Venetian Lagoon</font></a><font> along the</font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Sea"><font>Adriatic Sea</font></a><font> in northeast Italy. The saltwater lagoon stretches along the shoreline between the mouths of the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po_River"><font>Po</font></a><font> (south) and the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piave_River"><font>Piave</font></a><font> (north) Rivers. The population estimate of 272,000 inhabitants includes the population of the whole </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"><font>Comune</font></a><font> of Venezia; around 60,000 in the historic city of Venice (<i>Centro storico</i>); 176,000 in<i>Terraferma</i> (the <i>Mainland</i>), mostly in the large <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frazione">frazioni</a></i> of </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestre"><font>Mestre</font></a><font> and </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marghera"><font>Marghera</font></a><font>; and 31,000 live on other islands in the lagoon.</font> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="728" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/_iY1x0rYO7eE/TbExiL30wcI/AAAAAAAA-do/KjZoy43IoQQ/w971-h728/IMG_4978.JPG" width="971" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="725" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/_iY1x0rYO7eE/TbExgq7EdtI/AAAAAAAA-dg/49Z7757hzmI/w966-h725/IMG_4977.JPG" width="966" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="723" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI4PvBXebwyk2ssZz09LxKHasssmpsQMMHGrFKSoJ8_kxE2edZKJoDDjzPdGBIJxpLNiPb-JYvd0ohGbGlMY5pn6sWg_NgD7-dxaBo9CM23g3m__GRFpBkuOxpUlWU8uQB6fwABnXoT4Zl/w964-h723/IMG_4979.JPG" width="964" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font>The </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"><font>Republic of Venice</font></a><font> was a major maritime power during the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"><font>Middle Ages</font></a><font> and </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"><font>Renaissance</font></a><font>, and a </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staging_area"><font>staging area</font></a><font> for the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades"><font>Crusades</font></a><font> and the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto_(1571)"><font>Battle of Lepanto</font></a><font>, as well as a very important center of commerce (especially </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk"><font>silk</font></a><font>, </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain"><font>grain</font></a><font> and</font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice_trade"><font>spice trade</font></a><font>) and </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art"><font>art</font></a><font> in the 13th century up to the end of the 17th century. This made Venice a wealthy city throughout most of its history.<sup> </sup>It is also known for its several important artistic movements, especially the</font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Renaissance"><font>Renaissance period</font></a><font>. Venice has played an important role in the history of symphonic and operatic music, and it is the birthplace of </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi"><font>Antonio Vivaldi</font></a><font>.</font> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><a name="photo2"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Captured Blog: Above Venice" height="595" src="http://denverpost.slideshowpro.com/albums/001/496/album-96840/cache/82623359_10.sjpg_950_2000_0_75_0_50_50.sjpg?1303539242" width="950" /></strong></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font>While there are no historical records that deal directly with the obscure and peripheral origins of Venice, tradition and the available evidence have led several historians to agree that the original population of Venice consisted of refugees from Roman cities near Venice such as </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padua"><font>Padua</font></a><font>, </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquileia"><font>Aquileia</font></a><font>, </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treviso"><font>Treviso</font></a><font>, </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altinum"><font>Altino</font></a><font> and Concordia (modern </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portogruaro"><font>Portogruaro</font></a><font>) and from the undefended countryside, who were fleeing successive waves of </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples"><font>Germanic invasions</font></a><font> and </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huns"><font>Huns</font></a><font>. Some late Roman sources reveal the existence of fishermen on the islands in the original marshy lagoons. They were referred to as <i>incolae lacunae</i> ("lagoon dwellers"). The traditional founding is identified with the dedication of the first church, that of </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Giacomo_di_Rialto"><font>San Giacomo</font></a><font> at the islet of</font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rialto"><font>Rialto</font></a><font> (Rivoalto, "High Shore"), which is said to have been at the stroke of noon on 25 March 421.</font> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font>The last and most enduring irruption in the north of the Italian peninsula, was that of the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombards"><font>Lombards</font></a><font> in 568, leaving the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire"><font>Eastern Roman Empire</font></a><font> a small strip of coast in the current Veneto, and the main administrative and religious entities were therefore transferred to this remaining dominion, centered upon the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna"><font>Exarchate of Ravenna</font></a><font>, the local representative of the Emperor in the East. The Venetian tradition of the islanders' aid to </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belisarius"><font>Belisarius</font></a><font> was reported in early histories to explain the largely theoretical link to Ravenna, and to the Eastern Emperor. New ports were built, including those at Malamocco and Torcello in the Venetian lagoon. The <i>tribuni maiores</i>, the earliest central standing governing committee of the islands in the Lagoon, dated from c. 568.</font> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="725" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/_beU9FMZ_jUo/RmmODxQsCgI/AAAAAAAACys/W98hClISQxk/w967-h725/PICT1276.JPG" width="967" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="727" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihKvdBgBXk9xWWaez6tiw-MjEmcPG18Yw2kaPuYXsDI4wcSBNStVaEtULNr_8u-UcqogVzGkF89gn7hKDTnE4TK39CYNYCKdRmeIOOkXpGfcY_eFT9zMQ-lw1L3JS940Pb3sTj-FQDGXxT/w969-h727/IMG_5270.JPG" width="969" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><a name="photo3"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Captured Blog: Above Venice" height="661" src="http://denverpost.slideshowpro.com/albums/001/496/album-96840/cache/82623366_10.sjpg_950_2000_0_75_0_50_50.sjpg?1303539242" width="950" /></strong></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font>The classical Venetian boat is the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondola"><font>gondola</font></a><font>, although it is now mostly used for tourists, or for weddings, funerals, or other ceremonies. Many gondolas are lushly appointed with crushed velvet seats and Persian rugs. Less well-known is the smaller </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandolo"><font>sandolo</font></a><font>. The main transportation means are motorised </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterbus"><font>waterbuses</font></a><font>(<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporetto">vaporetti</a></i>) which ply regular routes along the major canals and between the city's islands, and private boats. The only gondolas still in common use by Venetians are the <i>traghetti</i>, foot passenger </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferry"><font>ferries</font></a><font>crossing the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canal_of_Venice"><font>Grand Canal</font></a><font> at certain points without bridges.</font> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="733" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/_beU9FMZ_jUo/RmmOCBQsCfI/AAAAAAAACyk/VyRCzfVP7JE/w977-h733/PICT1275.JPG" width="977" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="730" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/_iY1x0rYO7eE/TbE5T_NJuoI/AAAAAAAA-78/deB9WYJ_k0E/w973-h730/IMG_5206.JPG" width="973" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font>St Mark's Basilica (Italian: Basilica di San Marco a Venezia), the cathedral of Venice, is the most famous of the city's churches and one of the best known examples of Byzantine architecture. It lies on St Mark's Square, adjacent and connected to the Doge's Palace and has been the seat of the Patriarch of Venice, archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Venice since 1807. For its opulent design, gilded Byzantine mosaics, and its status as a symbol of Venetian wealth and power from the 11th century on, the building was known by the nickname Chiesa d'Oro ("church of gold").</font> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font></font> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><a name="photo4"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Captured Blog: Above Venice" height="652" src="http://denverpost.slideshowpro.com/albums/001/496/album-96840/cache/82623370_10.sjpg_950_2000_0_75_0_50_50.sjpg?1303539242" width="950" /></strong></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font>Situated on the Adriatic Sea, Venice always traded with the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"><font>Byzantine Empire</font></a><font> and the</font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_world"><font>Muslim world</font></a><font> extensively. By the late thirteenth century, Venice was the most prosperous city in all of Europe. At the peak of its power and wealth, it had 36,000 sailors operating 3,300 ships, dominating Mediterranean commerce. During this time, Venice's leading families vied with each other to build the grandest palaces and support the work of the greatest and most talented artists. The city was governed by the Great Council, which was made up of members of the noble families of Venice. The Great Council appointed all public officials and elected a Senate of 200 to 300 individuals. Since this group was too large for efficient administration, a Council of Ten (also called the Ducal Council or the Signoria), controlled much of the administration of the city. One member of the great council was elected "</font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doges_of_Venice"><font>Doge</font></a><font>", or duke, the ceremonial head of the city, who normally held the title until his death.</font> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font>The Venetian governmental structure was similar in some ways to the republican system of ancient Rome, with an elected chief executive (the Doge), a senate-like assembly of nobles, and a mass of citizens with limited political power, who originally had the power to grant or withhold their approval of each newly elected Doge. Church and various private properties were tied to military service, though there was no </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knight_tenure&action=edit&redlink=1"><font>knight tenure</font></a><font> within the city itself. The <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cavalieri_di_San_Marco&action=edit&redlink=1">Cavalieri di San Marco</a></i> was the only order of </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chivalry"><font>chivalry</font></a><font>ever instituted in Venice, and no citizen could accept or join a foreign order without the government's consent. Venice remained a republic throughout its independent period and politics and the military were kept separate, except when on occasion the Doge personally headed the military. War was regarded as a continuation of commerce by other means (hence, the city's early production of large numbers of mercenaries for service elsewhere, and later its reliance on foreign mercenaries when the ruling class was preoccupied with commerce).</font> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="738" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/_iY1x0rYO7eE/TbEwBthEjrI/AAAAAAAA-Vs/hRZEcA--sy8/w984-h738/IMG_4918.JPG" width="984" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="737" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/_iY1x0rYO7eE/TbE5E0pndiI/AAAAAAAA-7A/iwn2r8zSVhY/w982-h737/IMG_5199.JPG" width="982" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font>The buildings of Venice are constructed on closely spaced </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood"><font>wood</font></a><font> </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_foundation"><font>piles</font></a><font>, which were imported from the mainland. (Under water, in the absence of oxygen, wood does not </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decomposition"><font>decay</font></a><font>. It is petrified as a result of the constant flow of mineral-rich water around and through it, so that it becomes a stone-like structure.) The piles penetrate a softer layer of </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand"><font>sand</font></a><font> and </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud"><font>mud</font></a><font> until they reach the much harder layer of compressed </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay"><font>clay</font></a><font>. Wood for piles was cut in the most western part of today's </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"><font>Slovenia</font></a><font>, resulting in the barren land in a region today called </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kras"><font>Kras</font></a><font>, in two regions of Croatia, </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lika"><font>Lika</font></a><font> and </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorski_kotar"><font>Gorski kotar</font></a><font> (resulting in the barren slopes of </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velebit"><font>Velebit</font></a><font>) and south of</font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"><font>Montenegro</font></a><font>. Most of these piles are still intact after centuries of submersion. The foundations rest on the piles, and buildings of brick or </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(geology)"><font>stone</font></a><font> sit above these footings. The buildings are often threatened by flood </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tide"><font>tides</font></a><font>pushing in from the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Sea"><font>Adriatic</font></a><font> between autumn and early spring.</font> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font>Six hundred years ago, Venetians protected themselves from land-based attacks by diverting all the major rivers flowing into the lagoon and thus preventing sediment from filling the area around the city. This created an ever-deeper lagoon environment.</font> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font>During the 20th century, when many </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artesian_aquifer"><font>artesian wells</font></a><font> were sunk into the periphery of the lagoon to draw water for local industry, Venice began to </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidence"><font>subside</font></a><font>. It was realised that extraction of water from the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquifer"><font>aquifer</font></a><font> was the cause. The sinking has slowed markedly since artesian wells were banned in the 1960s. However, the city is still threatened by more frequent low-level floods (called <i>Acqua alta</i>, "high water") that creep to a height of several centimetres over its quays, regularly following certain tides. In many old houses the former staircases used to unload goods are now flooded, rendering the former ground floor uninhabitable.</font> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font></font> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><a name="photo5"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Captured Blog: Above Venice" height="633" src="http://denverpost.slideshowpro.com/albums/001/496/album-96840/cache/82623375_10.sjpg_950_2000_0_75_0_50_50.sjpg?1303539242" width="950" /></strong></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="731" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/_beU9FMZ_jUo/RmmOVxQsCoI/AAAAAAAACzs/JoUoeW0bYeY/w975-h731/PICT1284.JPG" width="975" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="730" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/_beU9FMZ_jUo/RmmOaBQsCqI/AAAAAAAACz8/RQ70v1l7QuQ/w974-h730/PICT1286.JPG" width="974" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="732" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/_iY1x0rYO7eE/TbE11e9VI6I/AAAAAAAA-xk/-29EQp_COOI/w976-h732/IMG_5129.JPG" width="976" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><a href="http://blogs.denverpost.com/captured/2008/09/02/venice-from-above/39/#photo5"><font>5</font></a> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font></font> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><a name="photo6"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Captured Blog: Above Venice" height="563" src="http://denverpost.slideshowpro.com/albums/001/496/album-96840/cache/82624146_10.sjpg_950_2000_0_75_0_50_50.sjpg?1303539242" width="950" /></strong></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="713" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/_beU9FMZ_jUo/RmmN5hQsCaI/AAAAAAAACx8/L5iuymvbaRI/w951-h713/PICT1270.JPG" width="951" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font>St Mark Plaza and the famous campanille. To the right, a small connecting structure is the Bridge of Sighs. The view from the Bridge of Sighs was the last view of Venice that convicts saw before their imprisonment. The bridge name, given by Lord Byron in the 19th century, comes from the suggestion that prisoners would sigh at their final view of beautiful Venice out the window before being taken down to their cells. In reality, the days of inquisitions and summary executions were over by the time the bridge was built, and the cells under the palace roof were occupied mostly by small-time criminals.</font> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><a name="photo7"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Captured Blog: Above Venice" height="633" src="http://denverpost.slideshowpro.com/albums/001/496/album-96840/cache/82624148_10.sjpg_950_2000_0_75_0_50_50.sjpg?1303539242" width="950" /></strong></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><a name="photo8"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Captured Blog: Above Venice" height="633" src="http://denverpost.slideshowpro.com/albums/001/496/album-96840/cache/82624149_10.sjpg_950_2000_0_75_0_50_50.sjpg?1303539242" width="950" /></strong></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font>Our ship the Costa Atlantica coasting between the islands of Venice</font> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="736" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/_iY1x0rYO7eE/TbE9Ccf5r3I/AAAAAAAA_Lo/NMxTwpSRgCA/w982-h736/IMG_5313.JPG" width="982" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="731" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRVsHzBb5F3o3eBaockk4T2oekl0Myiv1LgJMUEwiI8tGZ162kfak2bzklH9dPNhTE_kitRKQbEZEGk1k8LdzIe5p3_jhADkBeiA76JT8vOQ05HCD2XvCb9av8kovb2BVr6BGcUnBHfB4/w974-h731/IMG_5305.JPG" width="974" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><a name="photo9"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Captured Blog: Above Venice" height="625" src="http://denverpost.slideshowpro.com/albums/001/496/album-96840/cache/82624154_10.sjpg_950_2000_0_75_0_50_50.sjpg?1303539242" width="950" /></strong></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="714" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/_beU9FMZ_jUo/RmmPoBQsDPI/AAAAAAAAC4k/j3hDVz9dUnw/w952-h714/PICT1323.JPG" width="952" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font>Train Station foreground. Public transportation is provided by the water bus and by private water taxis. Running through most of the city, it "starts" from the lagoon near the train station, makes a large S-shape through the central districts, the "sestiere" of Venice, and ends at the Basilica di Santa Maria della Salute, near Piazza San Marco (Saint Mark's Square), with an average depth of five meters.</font> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="734" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/_beU9FMZ_jUo/RmmPqRQsDQI/AAAAAAAAC4s/OFFMmRz_B40/w979-h734/PICT1324.JPG" width="979" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b> </b></span></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="731" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/_beU9FMZ_jUo/RmmOhBQsCtI/AAAAAAAAC0U/x3C9HRcOoX4/w975-h731/PICT1289.JPG" width="975" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="728" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_kT1q9LxPgreC_MCHeuXnnfSoUGY2tn7-ygoySxPswtb_cBqK1c3cJOTeLUzU26w_KHx7sP3birceJE0zhxCTVNd6ATvhbzd2RvWVdLZpwWxFD1N3Pfbpa5HTFzxzmCk0ECOfcDAiuLwv/w970-h728/IMG_5118.JPG" width="970" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><a name="photo11"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Captured Blog: Above Venice" height="616" src="http://denverpost.slideshowpro.com/albums/001/496/album-96840/cache/82624166_10.sjpg_950_2000_0_75_0_50_50.sjpg?1303539242" width="950" /></strong></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="711" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1Ko15Qpk2ryP-Jnzrujt05GmbgI1H37hrFqIPceEIpudsDuNCIz2qe3f-miQTEZLjwHBBN_Y0REW0IxbHtaMN-H_VAJ1hplOK4iJ8V2tJsIGfObTZ3uIAsliJw0Mluu2JRq6vAsbwqIfF/w948-h711/IMG_5257.JPG" width="948" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="717" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/_iY1x0rYO7eE/TbE7hMz8fzI/AAAAAAAA_EQ/WISTNUi_UJ8/w956-h717/IMG_5263.JPG" width="956" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font>More Links:<br /></font><a href="http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&q=venice&ie=UTF8&ll=45.434358,12.338762&spn=0.063181,0.113983&t=h&z=14"><font>Map of Venice – Google Maps</font></a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"><font>Venice Wikipedia Page</font></a><br /><a href="http://www.comune.venezia.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/EN/IDPagina/1"><font>Official City of Venice Site</font></a><br /><a href="http://www.italyguides.it/us/venice_italy/venice_travel.htm"><font>Virtual Travel Site for Venice</font></a><br /><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Historical_images_of_Venice"><font>Historic Images of Venice</font></a></b></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></td> <td valign="top" width="199"> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font></font> </b></span></p></td> <td valign="top" width="199"> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font><font></font></font> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font><font></font></font> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font><font></font></font> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font><font></font></font> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font><font>These 170-year-old images reveal what life was like in the world’s most famous canal city before it was mobbed by hordes of gondola-riding tourists. </font></font> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font>Some of the earliest photos of Venice – snapped in the 1840s and 1850s – show an empty piazza in front of St Mark’s Basilica, the Ca’ d’Oro palace under restoration, and a Grand Canal with very little boat traffic. </font> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font>The tranquil scenes are a far cry from modern-day Venice, which is visited by an estimated 10 million tourists a year. </font> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="This photo from the book shows Venice's tranquil Grand Canal and Ca' d'Oro palace under restoration in 1845" height="906" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/03/20/17/26D7614300000578-3004505-This_photo_from_1845_shows_Venice_s_Grand_Canal_and_Ca_d_Oro_pal-a-52_1426871982967.jpg" width="1204" /> </strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font>This photo from the book shows Venice's tranquil Grand Canal and Ca' d'Oro palace under restoration in 1845 </font> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><img height="901" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/_iY1x0rYO7eE/TbE5T_NJuoI/AAAAAAAA-78/deB9WYJ_k0E/w1201-h901/IMG_5206.JPG" width="1201" /> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="The Ducal Palace (right), Zecca di Venezia (left) and the St Mark's Campanile bell tower are pictured, circa 1851" height="902" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/03/20/17/26D761F400000578-3004505-The_Ducal_Palace_right_Zecca_di_Venezia_left_and_the_St_Mark_s_C-a-54_1426871983071.jpg" width="1214" /> </strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font>The Ducal Palace (right), Zecca di Venezia (left) and the St Mark's Campanile bell tower are pictured, circa 1851 </font> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font>The black and white photos, discovered in a UK country auction in 2006, have been confirmed as daguerreotypes – images developed on a polished metal plate – that belonged to influential Victorian art critic and writer John Ruskin. </font> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font>The ‘lost photographs’ were taken mostly by Ruskin, who died in 1900 at the age of 80, while he was working on his three-volume treatise on Venetian art and architecture. </font> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><img height="929" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/_beU9FMZ_jUo/RmmN5hQsCaI/AAAAAAAACx8/L5iuymvbaRI/w1239-h929/PICT1270.JPG" width="1239" /> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><a name="photo7"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="Captured Blog: Above Venice" height="633" src="http://denverpost.slideshowpro.com/albums/001/496/album-96840/cache/82624148_10.sjpg_950_2000_0_75_0_50_50.sjpg?1303539242" width="950" /></span></strong></a></p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b> </b></span><p align="justify"><a name="photo8"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="Captured Blog: Above Venice" height="633" src="http://denverpost.slideshowpro.com/albums/001/496/album-96840/cache/82624149_10.sjpg_950_2000_0_75_0_50_50.sjpg?1303539242" width="950" /></span></strong></a></p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b> </b></span><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>Our ship the Costa Atlantica coasting between the islands of Venice </b></span></p><p align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img height="928" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/_iY1x0rYO7eE/TbE9Ccf5r3I/AAAAAAAA_Lo/NMxTwpSRgCA/w1237-h928/IMG_5313.JPG" width="1237" /></span></strong></p> <p align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img height="931" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRVsHzBb5F3o3eBaockk4T2oekl0Myiv1LgJMUEwiI8tGZ162kfak2bzklH9dPNhTE_kitRKQbEZEGk1k8LdzIe5p3_jhADkBeiA76JT8vOQ05HCD2XvCb9av8kovb2BVr6BGcUnBHfB4/w1242-h931/IMG_5305.JPG" width="1242" /></span></strong></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="A small group of people gathers at the piazza in front of St. Mark's Basilica in Venice in 1845; today the square is teeming with tourists" height="921" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/03/20/17/26D760FF00000578-3004505-A_small_group_gathers_at_the_piazza_in_front_of_St_Mark_s_Basili-a-51_1426871982957.jpg" width="1243" /> </strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">A small group of people gathers at the piazza in front of St. Mark's Basilica in Venice in 1845; today the square is teeming with tourists </strong></font></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 599px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="299"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="John Ruskin snapped this photo at Ducal Palace in 1849 or 1850" height="657" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/03/20/17/26D7607E00000578-3004505-John_Ruskin_snapped_this_photo_at_Ducal_Palace_in_1849_or_1850-a-53_1426871983063.jpg" width="470" /> </strong></font></td> <td valign="top" width="299"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="This image of Noah's Vine at Ducal Palace was taken by John Ruskin sometime between 1849 and 1852" height="1065" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/03/20/17/26D7616700000578-3004505-This_image_of_Noah_s_Vine_at_Ducal_Palace_was_taken_by_John_Rusk-a-49_1426871982882.jpg" width="762" /> </strong></font></td></tr></tbody></table> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font>These photos show animal heads (left) and Noah's vine carved into pillars at Ducal Palace, which is now a museum </font> </b></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><img alt="Captured Blog: Above Venice" height="1362" src="http://denverpost.slideshowpro.com/albums/001/496/album-96840/cache/82624158_10.sjpg_950_2000_0_75_0_50_50.sjpg?1303539242" width="950" /> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="John Ruskin snapped or collected the images while he was working on his three-volume treatise on Venetian art and architecture" height="911" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/03/21/09/26DC28D800000578-3004505-image-m-6_1426929805453.jpg" width="1251" /> </strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font>John Ruskin snapped or collected the images while he was working on his three-volume treatise on Venetian art and architecture </font> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font>Based on their suspicion that the images belonged to Ruskin, the Essex couple acquired the lot at an auction in Cumbria, where Ruskin lived. </font> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font>A bidding war with another collector raised the price to £75,000 from an original estimate of just £80. </font> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font>Ken Jacobson, who has been collecting historic photos with his wife for almost 45 years, said: ‘The discovery of 188 previously unknown John Ruskin daguerreotypes has been the most exciting of our career. </font> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="This photo shows Palazzo Gritti-Badoer with laundry hang drying on lines outside (circa 1846-1852)" height="925" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/03/20/17/26D761D800000578-3004505-This_photo_shows_Palazzo_Gritti_Badoer_with_laundry_hanging_outs-a-50_1426871982902.jpg" width="1232" /> </strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font><span>This photo shows Palazzo Gritti-Badoer with laundry hang drying on lines outside (circa 1846-1852) </span></font> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Ducal Palace was a popular photography spot; this image shows a south-facing window looking out towards a lagoon (circa 1849-1852)" height="954" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/03/20/17/26D7618D00000578-3004505-Ducal_Palace_was_a_popular_photography_spot_this_image_shows_the-a-48_1426871982800.jpg" width="1242" /> </strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font><span>Ducal Palace was a popular photography spot; this image shows a south-facing window looking out towards a lagoon (circa 1849-1852) </span></font> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="This photo from John Ruskin's collection shows moored boats in the harbour at Arona, Italy on a summer day in July 1858" height="887" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/03/20/17/26D7626300000578-3004505-This_photo_shows_moored_boats_in_the_harbour_at_Arona_Italy_on_a-a-47_1426871982759.jpg" width="1244" /> </strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font>This photo from John Ruskin's collection shows moored boats in the harbour at Arona, Italy on a summer day in July 1858 </font> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font>‘The propitious circumstances of this find were truly magnified many times over by the fascinating discoveries we made during our research and the generosity, intelligence and friendship we shared with other scholars and our conservators. </font> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font>‘We feel that the quality and unorthodox style of many of Ruskin’s daguerreotypes will come as a major surprise to both photographic historians and those in the field of Ruskin scholarship. </font> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font><span>‘It is an astonishing accomplishment for a polymath better known for his achievements in so many other disciplines. Ruskin’s daguerreotypes would be a sensational new revelation in the history of photography even if he were completely unknown. We hope the work will be as intriguing to others as it has been to us.’ </span></font> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></font></p><p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><b><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1018" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/mQgIn4eE2Zk" width="1225" youtube-src-id="mQgIn4eE2Zk"></iframe></b></font></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><span><font></font> </span><span><img height="901" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-UvkldQk8plo/RmmOtxQsCzI/AAAAAAAAC1E/iwGN3RBzlQE/w1201-h901/PICT1295.JPG" width="1201" /></span></b></span></p><p align="justify"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></p><p align="justify"><b><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img height="950" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/_iY1x0rYO7eE/TbE1yM2NGjI/AAAAAAAA-xU/0TLJ_e7LSsg/w1267-h950/IMG_5127.JPG" width="1267" /></span></strong></b></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font></font> </b></span></p><p align="justify"><span class="wlWriterPreserve" id="preserveb17a53f5e6f04e30bf141128f6d2c58c" style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><embed allownetworking="all" allowscriptaccess="always" flashvars="i=3wd8fayvo9r&s=220&m=0&v=true&r=false&b=000000&n=false&c=ff0000" height="220" quality="high" src="http://rd.revolvermaps.com/f/g.swf" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="220" wmode="window"></embed> <script async="async" src="http://jd.revolvermaps.com/2/1.js?i=3wd8fayvo9r&s=220&m=0&v=true&r=false&b=000000&n=false&c=ff0000" type="text/javascript"></script> </b></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"> </strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font></font> </b></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font></font> </b></span></p> <div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript" src="//ra.revolvermaps.com/0/0/6.js?i=00bo1v8as3p&m=0&s=341&c=ff0000&cr1=ffffff&f=arial&l=0&bv=80" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3736852641690443895.post-74884317586798897602023-07-13T10:45:00.002-07:002023-07-13T10:45:35.682-07:00<p> </p> <p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2185" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/X5bkfxgX9Ho" width="2626" youtube-src-id="X5bkfxgX9Ho"></iframe></span></div><p><font size="7"><strong style="background-color: black;"><font color="#f1c232"></font></strong></font></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><font size="7"><strong><font><font color="#f1c232" face="Times New Roman" style="background-color: black;"><br /></font></font></strong></font><p></p><p><font size="7"><strong><font color="#f1c232" style="background-color: black;"><font face="Times New Roman">SAN FRANCISCO: THE CITY I LOVE</font> </font></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span class="gphoto-photocaption-caption"><span style="font-family: times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><font face="Times New Roman"><font color="#f1c232" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><strong><font>"If you're going to San Francisco,<wbr></wbr>be sure to wear some flowers in your hair...If you're going to San Francisco, <wbr></wbr>Summertime will be a love-in there" I remember my first walk/day here in the US. I came over to San Francisco in the late sixties, and was somewhat aware of the scenes, mostly was involved in search of a job. Funny, when we look back, we think, we squandered the times of our life when our hormones were in tune with our desires. I was single then, going to school in San Francisco and also at the California State University in Sacramento, during those days really experience<wbr></wbr>d the happening, although a little bit subdued due to work in the day time. That song forever imprinted in my mind "San Francisco" it became an instant hit and quickly transcende<wbr></wbr>d its original purpose by popularizi<wbr></wbr>ng an idealized image of San Francisco. As the memories flicker down the memory lane, I wish to live back in the sixties with the images of the hills over the bay frozen in time....ASC</font></strong> </font></font></span></span></p> <p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p> <p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p> <p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><small></small> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><small></small> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://farm6.static.flickr.com/5010/5256175843_3de76365d7_o.jpg" /> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 900px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="449"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img src="https://docs.google.com/File?id=dc78589n_425c9mvhrgr_b" /> </span><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p></td> <td valign="top" width="451"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img src="https://docs.google.com/File?id=dc78589n_320c49gqfd7_b" />1</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 900px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="450"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img height="3250" src="http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1047/1487055250_cc29033ab9_b.jpg" width="2406" /><br /></span><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 800px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="400"> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>The Grande Dame of San Francisco Union Square Hotels</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">At the turn of the century, the guardians of the Charles Crocker family announced plans to build The Westin St. Francis. Their vision was to make San Francisco the "Paris of the West," and their stunning Union Square San Francisco hotel would be their flagship. After studying all of Europe's grand hotels - from those in Berlin, Vienna, and Monaco to Claridge's in London and The Ritz in Paris - construction on the original St. Francis began. Two years and $2.5 million later, on March 21, 1904, the doors of The St. Francis opened. By seven o'clock that evening, a line of carriages and automobiles stretching three blocks waited to approach her brightly lit towers. The hotel became so popular that within six months, the owners announced plans to add a third wing, two floors of apartments, and a ballroom. The St. Francis had become the center of the city's social, literary, and artistic life.<br />After the Great Earthquake of 1906, the square was dubbed "Little St. Francis" because of the temporary shelter erected for residents of The St. Francis. Documented records of the opening were lost in the fire that destroyed the interior of the hotel's original 250 rooms following the earthquake. Within 40 days of the inferno, a temporary hotel of 110 rooms was erected in a court around the Dewey Monument in Union Square, and The St. Francis continued as a focal point of the city. </strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">The hotel refurbished its interior and re-opened late in 1907, with 450 guest rooms. <br />A third wing opened in 1908, and further additions followed on Post Street - making The St. Francis the largest hotel on the Pacific Coast. Construction of the 32-story Pacific Tower began early in 1969 - opened in 1971 - adding a vast new complex of guest rooms, suites, and venues and banquet facilities.</strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="Tony Bennett" height="719" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2010/01/03/article-0-078C74D4000005DC-296_233x423.jpg" width="396" /></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>The spirit of the 'whole generation with a new explanation', as McKenzie and Phillips put it, was centred on San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury, a low-rent district next to Golden Gate Park. It was a laboratory for alternative lifestyles, and during 1967 an estimated 100,000 young people headed there in the hopes of enlightenment, freedom and a cheap place to crash.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>Despite McKenzie's unease,'The Summer of Love' was not a journalistic invention. The phrase was coined by a local activist group, The Council for a Summer of Love. In April 1967 it announced: 'This summer, the youth of the world are making a holy pilgrimage to our city, to affirm and celebrate a new spiritual dawn --the activity of the youth of the nation which has given birth to Haight-Ashbury is a small part of a worldwide spiritual awakening.'</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>Haight-Ashbury today is more psychedelic supermarket than holy city, the hippy vibe kept alive by souvenir stores that sell postcards reading Having A Groovy Time In Haight-Ashbury and tobacconists who stock exotic glass pipes next to warning signs that say Intended For Legal Use Only. The change is hardly surprising. We are now as far away from the events of the Summer of Love as the original hippies were from the release of Al Jolson's The Jazz Singer, the first movie to use speech.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>The Grateful Dead are to Haight-Ashbury what The Beatles are to Liverpool. True to themselves, egalitarian, exploratory, they exemplified the spirit of the time and place. Jerry Garcia is still the most prevalent poster image in the stores on Haight Street. Even local fire trucks carry Grateful Dead stickers.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>Other bands lived in the area. Jefferson Airplane bought a colonial-style mansion in 1968 across the road from Golden Gate Park at 2400 Fulton Street and Big Brother and the Holding Company got together with Janis Joplin at 1090 Page Street. Izu said that Jimi Hendrix briefly lived in an apartment over 1524 Haight Street (now The Tobacco Centre) which was a haven for draft-dodgers.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>Almost all the Haight Street stores from 1967 have gone. The Psychedelic Shop, the original drug paraphernalia store, has been replaced by Fat Slice Pizza. The premises of the multicoloured underground newspaper The Oracle have become Recycled Records. The Drogstore Cafe, a favourite hippy hangout, is now the Magnolia Pub and Brewery.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>The more overtly political counterpart to Haight Street is Telegraph Avenue, over the Bay Bridge in Berkeley. The story of this strip in the Sixties is currently being told in a black-and-white photo display in the window of Rasputin Music (2403 Telegraph). It shows police firing tear gas, students putting flowers down the barrels of National Guard rifles, sit-ins and Martin Luther King preaching Civil Rights.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>Today things are tranquil. The steps of Sproul Plaza, where the Free Speech Movement started in 1964, are deserted and, judging by the nearby notice boards, today's students are more interested in clubbing than being clubbed. Telegraph Avenue, like Haight Street,has become a haven for collectors of tie-dye T-shirts and small scales for weighing smoking materials.</strong></font> </span></p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img height="954" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/tm//2007/06/HaightHouse_MS_186x250.jpg" width="710" /><br /></span><p><font color="#f1c232" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Houses in Haight-Ashbury now<br />sell for upwards of $1,500,000</strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>The hippie subculture was originally a youth movement that began in the United States during the early 1960s and spread around the world. The word hippie derives from hipster, and was initially used to describe beatniks who had moved into San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury district. These people inherited the countercultural values of the Beat Generation, created their own communities, listened to psychedelic rock, embraced the sexual revolution, and used drugs such as cannabis and LSD to explore alternative states of consciousness. In January 1967, the Human Be-In in Golden Gate Park in San Francisco popularized hippie culture, leading to the legendary Summer of Love on the West Coast of the United States, and the 1969 Woodstock Festival on the East Coast.</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></td> <td valign="top" width="400"> <h3 align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;">I left my heart in San Francisco: Touring the vibrant city that inspired a song</span></h3> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>I came to San Francisco in search of a new life. Well, not the song itself - that was already on my plans- but the cityscape that inspired me and the sweet flower people in their new awakening. </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>Released almost half a century ago by Tony Bennett, I Left My Heart In San Francisco is one of the most evocative city anthems ever recorded. </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>In 1964, it was picked up by the San Francisco Convention and Visitors Bureau to add a musical punch to its campaigns. Five years later, it became one of two official city songs (the other being San Francisco from the 1936 film of the same name). </strong></font> </span></p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1165" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2010/01/03/article-1240259-078C3583000005DC-730_468x324.jpg" width="1681" /> </span><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>Ablaze with newness and vitality: San Francisco's bright skyline framed by the Oakland Bay Bridge </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>To immerse myself in the song, there was only one place I could stay - the Fairmont Hotel, where Bennett first performed it during a concert series in December 1961. It was also conveniently 'high on a hill' and very close to the cable cars. </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>A San Francisco landmark for over a century, the five-star Fairmont has no shortage of claims to fame. It was the HQ for those reconstructing the city after the 1906 earthquake, which struck on the day the hotel was due to open, and is where the United Nations Charter was drafted in 1945. Its list of celebrity guests reads like a Who's Who of the 20th Century. </strong></font> </span></p><h6 align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" size="6" style="background-color: black;">Yet in its Heritage Hall - a long corridor decked with framed hotel memorabilia - the sheet music to I Left My Heart In San Francisco and a black-and-white photo of Tony Bennett playing in its Venetian Room hang alongside images of princesses and presidents. The Fairmont is justly proud of its unique association with the song. </font></h6> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>City song: I left my Heart in San Francisco was a huge hit for Tony Bennett and the city itself </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>Affixed to the base of the low but wide stage where Bennett once stood is a brass plaque that reads: 'Tony Bennett Time Capsule. To commemorate the restoration of The Fairmont San Francisco, Mr Bennett placed a time capsule containing personal mementos in the stage of the Venetian Room where he first sang I Left My Heart In San Francisco in 1962 [sic].' </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>It is dated October 19, 1999. One of the items in the capsule is a red Baccarat heart from Tiffany & Co given to the singer by Liza Minnelli. </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>'It was pure nostalgia. We missed the warmth and openness of the people and the beauty. We never really took to New York.' </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>'New York is a hard, ruthless city. It lives on the edge of terror and catastrophe. New York is tired. San Francisco has newness and vitality.' </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong> </strong></font> </span></p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1138" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2010/01/03/article-0-078C2217000005DC-612_468x317.jpg" width="1681" /> </span><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>High on a hill: The Fairmont Hotel where Bennett first sang his hit </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>The song was recorded at CBS Studios on 30th Street on January 23, 1962, and released as the B side of Once Upon A Time. DJs, however, preferred I Left My Heart In San Francisco and it became a hit. An album with the same title followed. 'That song helped make me a world citizen,' said Bennett. 'It allowed me to live, work and sing in any city on the globe. It changed my whole life.' </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>I had decided to explore San Francisco using the song as my guidebook. The Fairmont was a good place to start. From my 17th-floor window I could see the city laid out like a menu of tourist attractions, from Golden Gate Bridge to Alcatraz Island. </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>Yet, as everybody knows, San Francisco isn't really a city 'high on a hill' as the song suggests. It is a city on many hills, ranging from the 100ft Rincon Hill to the 925ft Mount Davidson. </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>Surprisingly the exact number of hills is still a matter of dispute - if there is a hill on top of a hill, does that make one big hill or two small ones? The official count is 43 (44 if you consult Wikipedia), but San Francisco hill-lover Tom Graham, currently attempting to walk every street in the city, claims to have found hitherto unrecognised hills that would bring the total to more than 50. </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>The most accessible hill for looking over the city is Twin Peaks (922ft), charmingly known as Los Pechos de la Choca (The Breasts of the Indian Maiden) by early Spanish settlers. </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>There is only a viewing terrace and a telecommunications mast on top but the view across the city and over the water to Oakland and Berkeley is unparalleled, as is the tranquillity. </strong></font> </span></p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1096" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2010/01/03/article-1240259-078C2D4E000005DC-455_468x305.jpg" width="1679" /> </span><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>Heady heights: A cable car scrambles up one of San Francisco's many steep streets with Alcatraz Island in the background </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>Next on the song's tick list were the little cable cars that 'climb halfway to the stars'. No matter how many times you've ridden them, these cars, with their sounds of bells and grinding Victorian machinery, always provide a kick. And the route that runs closest to The Fairmont, the Hyde Street line, happens to be the one that will get you closest to the stars. Its steepest gradient, 21 per cent, is the sharpest on the system. </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>Another first for me was visiting the Cable Car Barn Museum at 1201 Mason. This building, which houses some examples of cars from the early days, is still the powerhouse of the system. From the mezzanine you can see the engines and wheels that wind the cables through the subterranean channels and pulleys. </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>Although the song doesn't introduce the most obvious San Franciscan image - the Golden Gate Bridge - it does mention the 'morning fog', which best displays its dramatic power as it rolls under and over the familiar rust-coloured structure. Indeed, it was a photo of a fog-wreathed bridge that graced the cover of Bennett's I Left My Heart In San Francisco album in 1962. </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>The ideal place to see the bridge in all its glory is from Crissy Field, a recently restored waterfront recreation area that begins not too far from Fisherman's Wharf and ends at Fort Point. And the best way to explore Crissy Field is by bike (hire from Blazing Saddles outside Pier 41). </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>It's a beautiful ride through a peaceful area of promenade, sand dunes and reclaimed marsh. On my way out, the fog was but a wisp. By the time I was halfway back, only the tops of the bridge's towers were visible. It can happen that quickly. </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>The one remaining image from the song was the 'blue and windy sea'. To experience this, I went on an hour-long cruise of the bay that took me from Pier 39, where sea lions bask in the sun on floating platforms, down to Golden Gate Bridge and back again via Alcatraz. It was all I needed to confirm that the sea is indeed blue and the wind is windy. </strong></font> </span></p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><span><img height="1029" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2010/01/03/article-1240259-078C36F5000005DC-557_468x286.jpg" width="1687" /></span> </span><p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">In for a chill: The city's fog, seen engulfing the Golden Gate Bridge, is infamous</strong></font></p><p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></font></p><p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" size="6"></font></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><font color="#f1c232" size="6"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1049" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ryF9p-nqsWw" width="1262" youtube-src-id="ryF9p-nqsWw"></iframe></font></div><font color="#f1c232" size="6"><br /><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></font><p></p> <div align="justify"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:9161fc9b-2f86-436b-bc5b-b01da1a15548" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"> <div id="6cd50fa5-532f-4818-8431-5962e2a09afe" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/ryF9p-nqsWw&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></span></div></div><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 600px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="300"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"> </span></td> <td valign="top" width="300"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"> </span></td></tr></tbody></table> <span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1360" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/FinancialNorth.jpg/800px-FinancialNorth.jpg" width="2294" /><img height="1617" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg/800px-SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg" width="2293" /> </span><ul></ul> <span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1521" src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3511/3184228048_4b940fde1a_z.jpg" width="2291" /></span><h3><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;">Golden Gate Bridge from Marshall Beach</span></h3><p></p><p></p></td> <td valign="top" width="450"> <p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1137/1486966356_1b70753754_b.jpg" /> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="" height="0" src="http://geo.yahoo.com/f?s=792600099&t=abf1a4d09967a2e86624cb5a4134df18&r=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fmapplegate%2F1486966356%2Fin%2Fset-72157602260545637%2F&fl_ev=1&lang=en&intl=us" width="0" /> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://farm6.static.flickr.com/5206/5256176539_d14efb9766_b.jpg" /> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://farm6.static.flickr.com/5284/5287446808_31513725d0_b.jpg" /></span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 900px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="450"> <p><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/FerryBuildingEmbarcaderoBayBridge.JPG"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="File:FerryBuildingEmbarcaderoBayBridge.JPG" height="600" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/FerryBuildingEmbarcaderoBayBridge.JPG/800px-FerryBuildingEmbarcaderoBayBridge.JPG" width="800" /></span></a></p></td> <td valign="top" width="450"> <p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img height="573" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2009/04/08/article-569753-0438672A000005DC-787_634x458.jpg" width="794" /></span><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>350 miles north of Los Angeles, the iconic Golden Gate Bridge welcomes you to San Francisco. </strong></font> </span></p><h4 align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" size="6" style="background-color: black;">Introduction</font></h4> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><span><font><strong>Possibly the most mythologized part of the most mythologized country in the world, California is where Americans go to live the American dream.</strong></font> <font><strong>The third largest and most populous state in the Union lies on the sun-drenched Pacific coast, with thousands of years of history and wave after wave of arrivals shaping its present.</strong></font> <font><strong>Its size is equal to an entire nation, as is its wealth, with the entertainment, wine and tourism industries all adding to its financial muscle and all-round desirability.</strong></font></span> </span></p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEOG-yWdpHMFBqFQ6Jws7dIhshcMnjwQaRAEaMinDEWxAmrMuCgNsSTVURdn6MQbrUPymipSoeawDOiUbd_uzKJIfJIpQtnPsQdVzZs4ypOrpCXsl1x4h1WqkKqVvYEdoEBJdYUKI5W3J8/w1007-h1252/Greatfull%252520Dead%252520Haight%252520Asbury%252520SF.jpg" width="1007" /></span><p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Life might not be quite as easy as the myth for some, but its usually as sunny as you imagine, and California does try its best to live up to its own hype.</strong></font></p> <p><font color="#f1c232" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Most accounts say the "summer" actually began Jan. 14, 1967, with the "Human Be-In," billed as "a Renaissance of compassion, awareness and love" in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park, which drew up to 20,000 people. The Grateful Dead and Jefferson Airplane performed, and among the speakers were poet Allen Ginsberg and LSD guru Timothy Leary, who for the first time used the phrase he would make famous: "Turn on, tune in, drop out." The event established San Francisco as the center of the emerging counterculture of hippies and flower children, and Scott McKenzie's hit song "San Francisco (Be Sure to Wear Flowers in Your Hair)" promised that "summertime will be a love-in there." Several San Francisco activists soon formed the Council for the Summer of Love to help prepare the city for the influx of young people from across the country that was expected after schools and colleges let out for summer.</strong></font></p> <span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:d3612253-d934-402b-9de4-ebe2f2bd92dc" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="980bc6c0-f05b-4d94-8043-daca2fe889b7" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/IsjdYd174GA&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div> </span><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong></strong></font><img src="http://farm5.static.flickr.com/4082/4875431148_32582058c3_b.jpg" /> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://farm5.static.flickr.com/4149/4950670956_a2e650e3bd_b.jpg" /> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;">. </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p><p><a><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"> </span></a></p><p></p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"> </span><p><font color="#f1c232" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" height="0" src="http://geo.yahoo.com/f?s=792600099&t=51928280f39c60c8faf40311eaace0ef&r=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fypeterli%2F4950670956%2F&fl_ev=1&lang=en&intl=us" width="0" /></strong></font></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 900px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="451"> <ul> <p align="justify"><br /></p></ul> <span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1554" src="http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1218/1481155111_26de2e6673_z.jpg" width="1882" /> </span><h3 align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" size="6" style="background-color: black;">Cable Car in the Intersection, San Francisco, California</font></h3><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1562" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/LlVwcBTXwmo" width="1880" youtube-src-id="LlVwcBTXwmo"></iframe></div><br /></div> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>The San Francisco cable car system is the world's last permanently operational manually-operated cable car system, and is now an icon of the city of San Francisco in California. The cable car system forms part of the intermodal urban transport network operated by the San Francisco Municipal Railway, or Muni as it is better known. Cable cars operate on two routes from downtown near Union Square to Fisherman's Wharf, and a third route along California Street. While the cable cars are used to a certain extent by commuters, their low speed, small service area, and premium fares for single rides make them primarily a tourist attraction.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>The first successful cable-operated street railway was the Clay Street Hill Railroad, which opened on August 2, 1873. The promoter of the line was Andrew Smith Hallidie, and the engineer was William Eppelsheimer. The line involved the use of grip cars, which carried the grip that engaged with the cable, towing trailer cars. The design was the first to use grips.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>The line started regular service on September 1, 1873, and it was such a success that it became the model for other cable car transit systems in San Francisco and elsewhere. It was a financial success, and Hallidie's patents were enforced on other cable car promoters, making him a rich man.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>The current cable car network consists of three lines:</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>The Powell-Hyde line runs north and steeply uphill from a terminal at Powell and Market Streets, before crossing the California Street line at the crest of the hill. Downhill from this crest it turns left and uphill again along Jackson Street (as this is one-way, cable cars in the opposite direction use the parallel Washington Street), to a crest at Hyde Street. Here it turns right and steeply downhill along Hyde Street to the Hyde and Beach terminal, which is adjacent to the waterfront at the San Francisco Maritime Museum. </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>The Powell-Mason line shares the tracks of the Powell-Hyde line as far as Mason Street, where it crosses Washington and Jackson streets. Here the line turns right and downhill along Mason Street, briefly half left along Columbus Avenue, and then down Taylor Street to a terminal at Taylor and Bay. This terminus is near to, but several blocks back from, the waterfront at Fisherman's Wharf. </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>The California Street line runs due west from a terminal at California and Market Streets, close to the junction of Market with the waterfront Embarcadero. The whole of the line lies on California Street, running at first uphill to the summit of Nob Hill, then more gently downhill to a terminus at Van Ness Avenue. </strong></font> </span></p><h5 align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"> </span></h5> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 639px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="216"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1901" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/California_street_san_francisco.jpg/150px-California_street_san_francisco.jpg" width="1262" /></span></td> <td valign="top" width="421"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:98411794-e7ac-4096-8e55-ab7481854e40" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"> <div id="982fede3-0c4a-466a-8310-70b30c4bd61e" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/Kee9xdQbQ4s&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>California Street is one of the longest and most important streets in San Francisco.</strong></font> </span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong></strong></font> </span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>The </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_%E2%80%93_Oakland_Bay_Bridge"><font><strong>Bay Bridge</strong></font></a><font><strong> connects downtown San Francisco via </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerba_Buena_Island"><font><strong>Yerba Buena Island</strong></font></a><font><strong> with Oakland and the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bay_(San_Francisco_Bay_Area)"><font><strong>East Bay</strong></font></a><font><strong>.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>Because of its unique geography—making </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltway"><font><strong>beltways</strong></font></a><font><strong> somewhat impractical—and the results of the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeway_and_expressway_revolts"><font><strong>freeway revolts</strong></font></a><font><strong> of the late 1950s,<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-freeway-170">[171]</a></sup> San Francisco is one of the few American cities that has opted for European-style </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_thoroughfares"><font><strong>arterial thoroughfares</strong></font></a><font><strong> instead of a large network of freeways. This trend continued following the 1989 </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loma_Prieta_Earthquake"><font><strong>Loma Prieta Earthquake</strong></font></a><font><strong>, when city leaders decided to demolish the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embarcadero_Freeway"><font><strong>Embarcadero Freeway</strong></font></a><font><strong>, and voters approved demolition of a portion of the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Freeway"><font><strong>Central Freeway</strong></font></a><font><font><strong>, converting them into street-level boulevards.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-freeway-170">[171]</a></sup></strong></font></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_80_in_California"><font><strong>Interstate 80</strong></font></a><font><strong> begins at the approach to the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_%E2%80%93_Oakland_Bay_Bridge"><font><strong>Bay Bridge</strong></font></a><font><strong> and is the only direct automobile link to the East Bay. </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_101_in_California"><font><strong>US 101</strong></font></a><font><strong> extends Interstate 80 to the south along the San Francisco Bay toward </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley"><font><strong>Silicon Valley</strong></font></a><font><strong>. Northbound, 101 uses arterial streets </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Ness_Avenue_(San_Francisco)"><font><strong>Van Ness Avenue</strong></font></a><font><strong> and </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard_Street_(San_Francisco)"><font><strong>Lombard Street</strong></font></a><font><strong> to the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_Bridge"><font><strong>Golden Gate Bridge</strong></font></a><font><strong>, the only direct road access from San Francisco to </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin_County"><font><strong>Marin County</strong></font></a><font><strong> and points north. </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_1"><font><strong>Highway 1</strong></font></a><font><strong> also enters San Francisco at the Golden Gate Bridge, but diverts away from 101, bisecting the west side of the city as the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Avenue_(San_Francisco)"><font><strong>19th Avenue</strong></font></a><font><strong> arterial thoroughfare, and joining with </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_280_(California)"><font><strong>Interstate 280</strong></font></a><font><strong> at the city's southern border. Interstate 280 continues this route along the central portion of the Peninsula south to </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose,_California"><font><strong>San Jose</strong></font></a><font><strong>. Northbound, 280 turns north and east and terminates in the South of Market area. </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_35"><font><strong>State Route 35</strong></font></a><font><strong>, which traverses the majority of the Peninsula along the ridge of the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Mountains"><font><strong>Santa Cruz Mountains</strong></font></a><font><strong>, enters the city from the south as </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyline_Boulevard"><font><strong>Skyline Boulevard</strong></font></a><font><strong>, following city streets until it terminates at its intersection with Highway 1. </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_82"><font><strong>State Route 82</strong></font></a><font><strong> enters San Francisco from the south as </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Street"><font><strong>Mission Street</strong></font></a><font><strong>, following the path of the historic </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Camino_Real_(California)"><font><strong>El Camino Real</strong></font></a><font><strong> and terminating shortly thereafter at its junction with 280. The cross-country </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Highway"><font><strong>Lincoln Highway</strong></font></a><font><strong>'s western terminus is in </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Park_(San_Francisco)"><font><strong>Lincoln Park</strong></font></a><font><strong>. Major east–west thoroughfares include </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geary_Boulevard"><font><strong>Geary Boulevard</strong></font></a><font><strong>, the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_streets_in_San_Francisco"><font><strong>Lincoln Way</strong></font></a><font><strong>/</strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_streets_in_San_Francisco"><font><strong>Fell Street</strong></font></a><font><strong> corridor, and </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Street_(San_Francisco)"><font><strong>Market Street</strong></font></a><font><strong>/</strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_streets_in_San_Francisco"><font><strong>Portola Drive</strong></font></a><font><strong>.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><font><strong>Cycling is a popular mode of transportation in San Francisco, with about 40,000 residents commuting to work regularly by bicycle.</strong></font></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>Pedestrian traffic is a major mode of transport. In 2011, </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk_Score"><font><strong>Walk Score</strong></font></a><font><font><strong> ranked San Francisco the second most walkable city in the United States.<sup>[</sup></strong></font></font> </span></p><h5 align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" size="6" style="background-color: black;">Public transportation</font></h5> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><span><font><strong>Main article: </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Municipal_Railway"><font><strong>San Francisco Municipal Railway</strong></font></a></span> </span></p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img height="822" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Cable_Car.jpg/220px-Cable_Car.jpg" width="1231" /><br /></span><p align="justify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cable_Car.jpg"><font color="#f1c232" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></strong></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>A </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_cable_car_system"><font><strong>cable car</strong></font></a><font><strong> descending </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nob_Hill"><font><strong>Nob Hill</strong></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>A third of commuters in San Francisco used public transportation in 2005. Public transit solely within the city of San Francisco is provided predominantly by the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Municipal_Railway"><font><strong>San Francisco Municipal Railway</strong></font></a><font><strong> (Muni). The city-owned system operates both a combined light rail and subway system (the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muni_Metro"><font><strong>Muni Metro</strong></font></a><font><strong>) and a bus network that includes </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybus"><font><strong>trolleybuses</strong></font></a><font><strong>, standard diesel motorcoaches and diesel hybrid buses. The Metro streetcars run on surface streets in outlying neighborhoods but underground in the downtown area.<sup> </sup>Additionally, Muni runs the highly visible </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Market"><font><strong>F Market historic streetcar line</strong></font></a><font><strong>, which runs on surface streets from </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Castro"><font><strong>Castro Street</strong></font></a><font><strong> to </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisherman%27s_Wharf,_San_Francisco"><font><strong>Fisherman's Wharf</strong></font></a><font><strong> (through Market Street), and the iconic </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_cable_car_system"><font><strong>San Francisco cable car system</strong></font></a><font><strong>, which has been designated as a </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark"><font><strong>National Historic Landmark</strong></font></a><font><font><strong>.</strong></font></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>Commuter rail is provided by two complementary agencies. </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Area_Rapid_Transit"><font><strong>Bay Area Rapid Transit</strong></font></a><font><strong> (BART) is a regional rapid transit system that connects the San Francisco peninsula with the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bay_(San_Francisco_Bay_Area)"><font><strong>East Bay</strong></font></a><font><strong> through the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transbay_Tube"><font><strong>Transbay Tube</strong></font></a><font><strong>. The line runs under </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Street_(San_Francisco)"><font><strong>Market Street</strong></font></a><font><strong> to </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_Center,_San_Francisco"><font><strong>Civic Center</strong></font></a><font><strong> where it turns south to the Mission District, the southern part of the city, and through northern </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Mateo_County,_California"><font><strong>San Mateo County</strong></font></a><font><strong>, to the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_International_Airport"><font><strong>San Francisco International Airport</strong></font></a><font><strong>, and </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millbrae,_California"><font><strong>Millbrae</strong></font></a><font><strong>.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-transportation-175">[176]</a></sup> The </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caltrain"><font><strong>Caltrain</strong></font></a><font><strong> rail system runs from San Francisco along the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Peninsula"><font><strong>Peninsula</strong></font></a><font><strong> down to </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose,_California"><font><strong>San Jose</strong></font></a><font><strong>.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-transportation-175">[176]</a></sup> The line dates from 1863, and for many years was operated by Southern Pacific.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>The </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transbay_Terminal"><font><strong>Transbay Terminal</strong></font></a><font><strong> serves as the terminus for long-range bus service (such as </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyhound_Lines"><font><strong>Greyhound</strong></font></a><font><strong>) and as a hub for regional bus systems </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_Transit"><font><strong>AC Transit</strong></font></a><font><strong> (</strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alameda_County,_California"><font><strong>Alameda</strong></font></a><font><strong> & </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contra_Costa_County,_California"><font><strong>Contra Costa</strong></font></a><font><strong> counties), </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SamTrans"><font><strong>SamTrans</strong></font></a><font><strong> (</strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Mateo_County,_California"><font><strong>San Mateo County</strong></font></a><font><strong>), and </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_Transit"><font><strong>Golden Gate Transit</strong></font></a><font><strong> (Marin and </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoma_County,_California"><font><strong>Sonoma Counties</strong></font></a><font><strong>).<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177">[178]</a></sup> </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak"><font><strong>Amtrak</strong></font></a><font><strong> also runs a shuttle bus from San Francisco to its </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeryville_(Amtrak_station)"><font><strong>rail station</strong></font></a><font><strong> in </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeryville,_California"><font><strong>Emeryville</strong></font></a><font><font><strong>.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178">[179]</a></sup></strong></font></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>A small fleet of commuter and tourist </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferries"><font><strong>ferries</strong></font></a><font><strong> operate from the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferry_Building"><font><strong>Ferry Building</strong></font></a><font><strong> and </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier_39"><font><strong>Pier 39</strong></font></a><font><strong> to points in </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin_County,_California"><font><strong>Marin County</strong></font></a><font><strong>, </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland,_California"><font><strong>Oakland</strong></font></a><font><strong>, and north to </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallejo,_California"><font><strong>Vallejo</strong></font></a><font><strong> in </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solano_County,_California"><font><strong>Solano County</strong></font></a><font><font><strong>.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-transportation-175">[176]</a></sup></strong></font></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>There is also commuter bus and special train service to the 49ers and Giant's games from </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri_Delta_Transit"><font><strong>Tri Delta Transit</strong></font></a><font><strong>, </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caltrain"><font><strong>Caltrain</strong></font></a><font><strong> and other private operators as well.</strong></font></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;">Airports</span></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:International_Terminal_of_San_Francisco_International_Airport2.jpg"><font color="#f1c232" size="6"></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:International_Terminal_of_San_Francisco_International_Airport2.jpg"><font color="#f1c232" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></strong></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_International_Airport"><font><strong>San Francisco International Airport</strong></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>Main article: </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_International_Airport"><font><strong>San Francisco International Airport</strong></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_International_Airport"><font><strong>San Francisco International Airport</strong></font></a><font><strong> (SFO), though located 13 miles (21 km) south of the city in </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Mateo_County,_California"><font><strong>San Mateo County</strong></font></a><font><strong>, is under the jurisdiction of the City and County of San Francisco. SFO is primarily near the cities of </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millbrae,_California"><font><strong>Millbrae</strong></font></a><font><strong> and </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bruno,_California"><font><strong>San Bruno</strong></font></a><font><strong>, but also borders the most southern part of the city of </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_San_Francisco,_California"><font><strong>South San Francisco</strong></font></a><font><strong>. SFO is a hub for </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines"><font><strong>United Airlines</strong></font></a><font><strong>, its largest tenant,<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UAL-179">[180]</a></sup> and the decision by <strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" height="546" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/International_Terminal_of_San_Francisco_International_Airport2.jpg/220px-International_Terminal_of_San_Francisco_International_Airport2.jpg" width="1062" /></strong></strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_America"><font><strong>Virgin America</strong></font></a><font><strong> to base its operations out of SFO<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VirginAmerica-180">[181]</a></sup> reversed the trend of </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-cost_carrier"><font><strong>low-cost carriers</strong></font></a><font><strong> opting to bypass SFO for </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_International_Airport"><font><strong>Oakland</strong></font></a><font><strong> and </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_International_Airport"><font><strong>San Jose</strong></font></a><font><strong>. SFO is an international gateway, with the largest international terminal in North America.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-intlterminalfactsheet-181">[182]</a></sup> The airport is built on a </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reclamation"><font><strong>landfill</strong></font></a><font><strong> extension into the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay"><font><strong>San Francisco Bay</strong></font></a><font><font><strong>. During the economic boom of the late 1990s, when traffic saturation led to frequent delays, it became difficult to respond to calls to relieve the pressure by constructing an additional runway as that would have required additional landfill. Such calls subsided in the early 2000s as traffic declined, and, in 2006, SFO was the 14th busiest airport in the U.S. and 26th busiest in the world, handling 33.5 million passengers.</strong></font></font></span></p><h5 align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font> Seaports</font></span></h5> <span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img height="530" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/FerryBuildingEmbarcaderoBayBridge.JPG/220px-FerryBuildingEmbarcaderoBayBridge.JPG" width="706" /> </span><p align="justify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FerryBuildingEmbarcaderoBayBridge.JPG"><font color="#f1c232" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></strong></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>The </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferry_Building"><font><strong>Ferry Building</strong></font></a><font><strong> along the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Embarcadero_(San_Francisco)"><font><strong>Embarcadero</strong></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>Main article: </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_San_Francisco"><font><strong>Port of San Francisco</strong></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>The </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_San_Francisco"><font><strong>Port of San Francisco</strong></font></a><font><strong> was once the largest and busiest seaport on the West Coast. It featured rows of </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piers"><font><strong>piers</strong></font></a><font><strong> perpendicular to the shore, where cargo from the moored ships was handled by cranes and manual labor and transported to nearby warehouses. The port handled cargo to and from trans-Pacific and Atlantic destinations, and was the West Coast center of the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_coast_lumber_trade"><font><strong>lumber trade</strong></font></a><font><strong>. The </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_West_Coast_Longshore_Strike"><font><strong>1934 West Coast Longshore Strike</strong></font></a><font><strong>, an important episode in the history of the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States"><font><strong>American labor movement</strong></font></a><font><strong>, brought most ports to a standstill. The advent of </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_shipping"><font><strong>container shipping</strong></font></a><font><strong> made pier-based ports obsolete, and most commercial berths moved to the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Oakland"><font><strong>Port of Oakland</strong></font></a><font><strong> and </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Richmond_(California)"><font><strong>Port of Richmond</strong></font></a><font><strong>. A few active berths specializing in </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break_bulk_cargo"><font><strong>break bulk cargo</strong></font></a><font><strong> remain alongside the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islais_Creek"><font><strong>Islais Creek</strong></font></a><font><strong> Channel.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>Many piers remained derelict for years until the demolition of the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embarcadero_Freeway"><font><strong>Embarcadero Freeway</strong></font></a><font><strong> reopened the downtown waterfront, allowing for redevelopment. The centerpiece of the port, the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferry_Building"><font><strong>Ferry Building</strong></font></a><font><strong>, while still receiving commuter ferry traffic, has been restored and redeveloped as a gourmet marketplace. The port's other activities now focus on developing waterside assets to support recreation and tourism.</strong></font></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1570" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/8VIfsFc7CJ8" width="1889" youtube-src-id="8VIfsFc7CJ8"></iframe></font></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong><br /></strong></font></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong><br /></strong></font></span></p> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:3796248c-a8c9-47ab-84ba-cdbdc10da429" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/eKeXkhxiq6I" style="background-color: black;" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425" wmode="transparent"></embed></span></div><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></td> <td valign="top" width="449"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1056" src="http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1258/1486964182_df913ba0d9_b.jpg" width="1384" /> </span><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1037" src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3445/3204044392_aaa235c5bd_b.jpg" width="1382" /> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1034" src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2093/2433421303_9258bbf892_b.jpg" width="1378" /> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1031" src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3441/3203205605_a2c77660e0_b.jpg" width="1375" /> </span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><small></small> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img height="432" src="http://farm6.static.flickr.com/5243/5229313211_28a34e12b4_b.jpg" width="1370" /> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1025" src="http://farm6.static.flickr.com/5288/5226700279_7b22d62c4f_b.jpg" width="1367" /> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;">L </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1025" src="http://farm6.static.flickr.com/5086/5205583928_83cb2652c3_b.jpg" width="1366" /> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;">Looking for the HTML code and photo file link? Check out <a href="http://www.flickr.com/help/photos/#2265887">this FAQ</a>. </span></p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img height="983" src="http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1127/1482016042_edec6fa8c1_b.jpg" width="1362" /><br /><br /><br /></span><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 927px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="395"> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:e9244a7f-1021-49e6-8e08-9076d1885395" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"> <div id="71e0b982-30f7-44e6-848c-61407dad684e" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/w8lRWehHRgE&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></span></div></td> <td valign="top" width="530"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img height="2594" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSH4FAYZi55R73wukR8x55-kRqtblwJzAWdyI1Fi156nQVu6tNR7kiS_z7DHuaizorO7XpG1QFV4i_jfZqxADqHIs153nvraEAiJJ8gMZGoCw4yY0A06hGIlD2xAbuNNoXz3P-bgMlq87G/w2642-h2594/cable3.jpg" width="2642" /><br /></span><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 580px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="290"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img height="878" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyZLPtj_M4sxEPgtj5RMG1A9FEgyTlx7dZK10lmuZ2evxTpPqY0pxDwpB0k64xtfbPeGFXrycFA3kbR6rhse3iMdJicxan5S9UMgMb-qXWK1o4HSEPWm8ylagLSx83uCskfQqj9ZiwV6o_/w1043-h878/cable5.jpg" width="1043" /><br /> </span><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>That summer was ripe for change. It was only two years after the Watts riots in Los Angeles, 3 1/2 years after the Kennedy assassination, and more and more American troops were being sent to fight in the Vietnam War. Against the backdrop of an ever widening chasm between the nation's youth and their parents that would eventually be dubbed "the generation gap," young people all over the country headed toward San Francisco. \</strong></font><strong><span style="font-family: times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><font face="Times New Roman">Almost half a century ago. Looking up Powell St. from Market St. The canteen at Woolworth on your right, served me well at lunch. During my job search, the hills of San Francisco was a hindrance. I think my overdevelo<wbr></wbr>ped legs were the outcome of the constant walking in SF. The Filipino community has grown remarkably since World War II and has spread to all areas of the city, especially the South of Market area. The affluent Castro district (technical<wbr></wbr>ly Eureka Valley near Twin Peaks) has attracted gays and lesbians from throughout the country, becoming perhaps the most famous gay neighbourh<wbr></wbr>ood in the world. Its streets are adorned with elegantly restored Victorian homes and landmarks highlighti<wbr></wbr>ng significan<wbr></wbr>t dates in the struggle for gay rights. It is said that no local politician can win an election without the gay community'<wbr></wbr>s vote.</font></span><font face="Times New Roman"> <span class="gphoto-photocaption-caption"><strong><span style="font-family: times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="gphoto-photocaption-caption"><strong><span class="gphoto-photocaption-caption"><strong></strong></span></strong></span></span></strong></span> </font></strong></span></p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><br style="text-align: justify;" /><font face="Times New Roman" style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Dropping down California St. Fabled hills, were the scourge of the handicap, nowhere in any city but San Francisco, where wheel chairs are absent...my own observation. I remember there were so many people coming in for the Peace March, we wondered around listening to the sounds of the bands warming up at the Union Square. The guitars faded in and out like the morning fog that drifted in and out on the breeze off the bay. Again, there was the thick smell of incense and marijuana, but there was something else in the atmosphere as well: the air was glowing electric with excitement and anticipation. Everyone felt that we were about to be part of something really big.</strong></font></span></td> <td valign="top" width="290"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img height="2170" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/SF_Chinatown_CA.jpg/450px-SF_Chinatown_CA.jpg" width="1627" /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <div align="justify"> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 900px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="450"><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1533" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKA906JJPEEDuhsey6fcPRzXM7oABmOeNes3zTgh2gL6OY5QyTlezxU8ic24N89pK4kT-JB5tMO6H1u9tbUVZ0UKg5l-oQCTkumz1JqKvK2jKSrBcckxhxR90j1Ugj4ww7gLeM6SqRDv7T/w1330-h1533/%252521B8l%2525214nQB2k%25257E%252524%252528KGrHqF%25252C%252521jcEzKkLyvEEBM3bnZJS3g%25257E%25257E0_3.jpg" width="1330" /><font><strong>1966 Fox Plaza, it stands on the site of the former Fox Theatre, demolished in 1963. I remember walking thru Van Ness and Market St. the strong winds of San Francisco magnified like a wind tunnel. It Acts like a sail, that many times my hat blew away. My recollection about this building were all positive, all the five years of my stay in Highway design and Urban Planning. The first twelve floors contain office space. Unlike many buildings, Fox Plaza has a 13th floor actually labeled "13", although this floor is the service floor and is not rented out. The 14th floor contains a gymnasium and laundry facilities as well as apartments, while floors 15 through 29 are exclusively rental apartments. The main attraction during coffee break was the fashion show atmosphere of beautiful young ladies well chosen by private companies at Fox Plaza to the delight of bachelors like us.</strong></font></span></p> <p><font color="#f1c232" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">San Francisco was undeniably one of the most important epicenters of change. The city's history with the Renaissance poets, the Beats, and a vibrant folk scene left it in a good position to serve as a cultural engine, and the ignition of the San Francisco Sound came from dozens of sources, from Bob Dylan, Paul Butterfield, and the British Invasion to UC-Berkeley's 1964 Free Speech Movement, the evolution of freeform FM radio, and the proliferation of hallucinogenic drugs. By 1967, San Francisco was the most psychedelic city in America, if not the world</strong></font></p></td> <td valign="top" width="450"> <span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img height="773" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEXW_JTje9wXZOVhg4A0F5bPbohZtLKkPDUfjEEpm_LZO5Sg7Ig-veL03L7iCABSa-faw6q0k1dTA2JRohCm0i-UUEJEp70kgGgm7lsrNgpDJgJMvVJPch_r2IIbloKQdnRbhyphenhyphenDYb1q173/w1189-h773/fox2.jpg" width="1189" /></span><p><font color="#f1c232" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">A few customers stand beneath the doomed marquee on the night of February 10, 1963. The building was demolished and in its place the "Fox Plaza" was constructed a combination office and apartment building. Fox Plaza 5th floor was the site of my office in Urban Planning, Dept. of Transportation, State of California in the late 60's. The last film's were shown on February 15, 1963. The following night an event called "Farewell to the Fox" tookplace. After a week or so of selling off artifacts from the theater the wreaking ball took over</strong></font></p> <span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:2d0af7c7-ae3f-49dd-8407-43fe41bee96b" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="80b2f67f-c246-4387-8b16-1978a0a1c2bc" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/QvK_gD3ulaw&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div> </span><p><strong><font color="#f1c232" size="6" style="background-color: black;">The 1906 Great Earthquake of San Francisco in colour: never-before-seen photos uncovered a century later in the Smithsonian</font></strong></p> <p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font></font></strong> </span></p><p></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <h3><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"> </span></h3> <span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1244" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2011/03/10/article-1364812-0D8CBA28000005DC-949_964x450.jpg" width="2665" /> </span><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 900px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="450"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:be5e0af4-47ac-414c-a581-03d85ad50a2c" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"> <div id="d5527974-e010-42ce-be2a-cf6a9c164d27" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/fhwknvVmlgY&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></span></div></td> <td valign="top" width="450"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><span><font><strong>The snaps were unearthed in the Smithsonian National Museum of American History of what is considered the worst natural disaster in US history</strong></font> .<br /><br /><font><strong>Thought to be the first colour photos from the devastating earthquake were taken by pioneer photographer Frederick Eugene Ives</strong></font></span> </span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1237" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2011/03/10/article-1364812-0D8CBA24000005DC-29_964x458.jpg" width="2604" /> </span><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;">T<strong style="text-align: left;">he first colour images of what is considered the worst natural disaster in U.S. history have emerged, showing in beautiful and horrific detail the deadly force of the Great San Francisco Earthquake of 1906.</strong></span></p><p><font color="#f1c232" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">The subsequent fire that engulfed the city left more than 3,000 dead and thousands more injured. Images of the devastation left behind were captured by pioneering photographer Frederick Eugene Ives.</strong></font></p><p><font color="#f1c232" size="6"></font></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><font color="#f1c232" size="6"><br /><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></font><p></p><p><font color="#f1c232" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></font></p><p><font color="#f1c232" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></font></p><p><font color="#f1c232" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></font></p><p><font color="#f1c232" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">The never before seen snaps of the city's downtown area were taken from the roof of the Hotel Majestic, where Ives stayed on an October 1906 visit, and were unearthed by a volunteer at the Smithsonian National Museum of American History.</strong></font></p><p><font color="#f1c232" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Skyline: These images look South East from the Hotel Majestic roof, towards what appears to be the dome of City Hall on the horizon (centre right)</strong></font></p><p><font color="#f1c232" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">His shots show the devastation in the North East of the city, near San Francisco Bay. They were stowed amid other items donated by Ives' son, Herbert, and discovered in 2009 by volunteer Anthony Brooks while he was cataloguing the collection.</strong></font></p><p><font color="#f1c232" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Hand-colored photographs of the quake's destruction have surfaced before, but Ives' work is probably the only true color documentary evidence, Shannon Perich, associate curator of the Smithsonian's photography history collection believes.</strong></font></p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img height="916" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2011/03/10/article-1364812-0D8CED1B000005DC-147_964x451.jpg" width="1958" /> </span><div align="justify"> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 897px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="511"> <p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:cc188cce-e108-410b-9775-ca8b6820d287" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"> <div id="8acf82b8-0647-42a1-8d62-6b27c49dd2d7" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/j8FbkieQgFI&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></span></div><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></td> <td valign="top" width="384"> <p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><a name="photo67"><img alt="American Cities" height="718" src="http://denverpost.slideshowpro.com/albums/001/496/album-125073/cache/cities067.sJPG_950_2000_0_75_0_50_50.sJPG?1306360617" width="950" /></a></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1759" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/QvK_gD3ulaw" width="2119" youtube-src-id="QvK_gD3ulaw"></iframe></div><br /><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>Previous images: The subsequent fires tore through the city leaving nearly two-thirds of the population homeless </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>The pictures are street-level shots of San Francisco's shattered downtown and rooftop views overlooking miles of ruins. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>They depict buildings damaged by fire and broken by the shaking ground. Some of the buildings still exist. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>The process he used to produce colour images, creating separate slides for each primary colour in the light spectrum, required a long exposure and therefore was not conducive to capturing people and objects in motion. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>Ives is well-known for inventing the half-tone reproduction process still used to print photographs in newspapers. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>The Great Earthquake measured 7.9 on the Richter Scale as was felt as far away as Orgeon, Los Angeles and Nevada. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>Around 227,000 and 300,000 people were left homeless out of a population of about 410,000 and lead to refugee camps set up along the coast, which were still operational two years after the quake. </strong></font> </span></p><p><font color="#f1c232" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">The cost of the damage from the earthquake was estimated at the time to be around $400million, which is around $9.5 billion in today’s money.</strong></font></p> <p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>She said Ives was one of only a few photographers experimenting with colour photography in the early 20th century and that his San Francisco images were meant to be viewed through a 3D device he invented but which never became a commercial success. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>Perich told the San Francisco Chronicle: ‘Can you imagine how shocking these were?’ </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>The Hotel Majestic, Ives base for these photographs, was built in 1902 - four years before the earthquake struck - and still stands on Sutter Street today. It claims to be 'San Francisco's oldest continuously operating hotel'. </strong></font> </span></p><p><font color="#f1c232" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">The history section of its website, relating to the time of the disaster, states: 'The terrible fires that ravaged the city were halted at Van Ness Avenue, two blocks from The Majestic.' </strong></font></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1332" src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3139/2907855102_646d8c3c8b_o.jpg" width="2131" /> </span></p><h3><font color="#f1c232" size="6" style="background-color: black;">San Francisco hill</font></h3> <h3><font color="#f1c232" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><font><font><b>San Francisco view today from the Coit tower.</b></font></font> </font></h3> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 950px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="475"> <span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:0e40c0e7-ebb0-44a3-bdc0-919012e2dfb5" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="76fbdec9-ed33-4d93-8b0e-d5e33839b4e8" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/wzqs6DF_wGE&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:de4c21ff-6a42-46f6-9181-17a9f8df9766" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="d4262766-b04b-4e89-a482-1e69b3187747" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/-lQLF7J9lU8&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:04b0feee-539a-4e84-ac44-e54fe38a5016" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="29c9a602-193e-4970-855a-3d6ddb498768" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/dqXT2HB8PM8&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div><font><font><strong>Downtown San Francisco Bay View from Kite Hill in San Francisco</strong></font></font><font><font><br /> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:30400668-3b16-45fc-ac71-1dae7953a4e6" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="5b3eb475-d2a8-45b4-bcfa-fd415bafd641" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/V9Z9DP9Jb9U&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:093c47a4-8ae1-45a6-aaad-21f3dc3b4b80" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="fec57397-5497-4462-8f71-73b320559cb3" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/RzlBZAP0jts&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div></font></font></span></td> <td valign="top" width="475"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1318" src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2776/4088030377_8ac6bda71c_b.jpg" width="1946" /><img height="1346" src="http://farm1.static.flickr.com/122/272877878_82b625745f_b.jpg" width="2150" /><font><strong><img alt="This map of San Francisco shows the hotel where Ives stayed and from its roof he pointed his camera East to Union Square and South to City Hall to photograph the destruction in colour" height="1037" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2011/03/10/article-1364812-0D8EA96C000005DC-818_964x428.jpg" width="2335" /><font><strong>This map of San Francisco shows the hotel where Ives stayed and from its roof he pointed his camera East to Union Square and South to City Hall to photograph the destruction in color</strong></font> .</strong></font></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 900px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="450"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:6fb99069-da7f-4c31-afe8-a4ee20e43999" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"> <div id="b0d4adcc-0798-4b60-9032-95abfb723673" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/q61cFrsB9Gw&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></span></div></td> <td valign="top" width="450"> <div class="wlWriterEditableSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:87310ab8-9734-424a-85fa-27c2acf5666a" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="58d61f77-cdc3-4176-ae41-304b2dfda882" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZdvRNdGlgzY" target="_new"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="" galleryimg="no" onload="var downlevelDiv = document.getElementById('58d61f77-cdc3-4176-ae41-304b2dfda882'); downlevelDiv.innerHTML = "<div><object width=\"425\" height=\"355\"><param name=\"movie\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/ZdvRNdGlgzY&hl=en\"><\/param><embed src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/ZdvRNdGlgzY&hl=en\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" width=\"425\" height=\"355\"><\/embed><\/object><\/div>";" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-QH9akrYezDY/UzK3lAeMM0I/AAAAAAADHZI/_9G93rNBBYk/videof35ad46358dc%25255B14%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-style: none;" /></span></a></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 900px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="450"> <p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="The quake caused around $9billion-worth of damage in today's money, and the extent of it can be seen in this shot of Union Square with the Victory statue in the distance" height="1138" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2011/03/10/article-0-041A374C0000044D-418_964x396.jpg" width="2769" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>The quake caused around $9billion-worth of damage in today's money, and the extent of it can be seen in this shot of Union Square, with the Victory statue in the distance</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font></font></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2298" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/5a7OizEdAik" width="2763" youtube-src-id="5a7OizEdAik"></iframe></font></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><br /><strong><br /></strong></font></span><p></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong><br /></strong></font></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong><br /></strong></font></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong><br /></strong></font></span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Vibrant: Downtown San Francisco before the 1906 earthquake" height="1625" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2011/03/10/article-1364812-0D8DCA14000005DC-585_964x576.jpg" width="2720" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>Vibrant: Downtown San Francisco before the</strong></font> <font><strong>1906 earthquake </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p> <p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 900px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="300"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:California_street_san_francisco.jpg"><font color="#f1c232" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" height="226" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/California_street_san_francisco.jpg/150px-California_street_san_francisco.jpg" width="150" /></font></a></td> <td valign="top" width="300"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:7bb1bebf-0479-4b7a-ba5f-a551073446b0" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"> <div id="95e91c7c-f092-4ed4-b618-5491137d2709" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/5a7OizEdAik&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></span></div></td> <td valign="top" width="300"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"> </span></td></tr></tbody></table> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 950px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="475"> <span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:3f06f183-74d0-433b-919c-31ed4b8306fe" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="5f651044-ca1b-4e68-8766-5fafe9bead9f" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/QjzAgrc2scY&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:b0cc29e0-5a9c-40fe-8f83-98382a9ff31e" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="306c3499-d4b3-4fd4-94c0-6ca88b156f77" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/9wFjyu3rD-o&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div></span></td> <td valign="top" width="475"> <p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><strong><img alt="San Francisco Earthquake 1906" height="1047" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2011/03/10/article-0-058CFD980000044D-658_470x299.jpg" width="1647" /></strong> </span></p><p><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="Crumbling buildings line a street and smoke rises in the background after the San Francisco earthquake" height="1076" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2011/03/10/article-0-045B799B0000044D-427_470x299.jpg" width="1691" /></span></strong></p><p></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p><p></p><p></p></td> <td valign="top" width="450"> <span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:fac9853f-6855-4477-981e-81b4e8bcf477" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="49044109-1001-4eb0-b372-f955b4f186ea" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/6TaxcXfSwdE&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:536ddc5d-0d26-4c13-a26a-cbaa5b81a324" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="6ce678c0-69d5-4fa8-a671-a57623cc6b60" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/7Z01hhmGnIU&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:b580bae0-c1e5-484d-ae3b-0de63a767127" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="a6d8ce46-a1ca-46b1-a604-130195af8ef5" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/pnDjmNNC9So&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div><font><strong>2</strong></font></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 900px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="450"> <p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://farm6.static.flickr.com/5309/5572751438_9b5a42c809_b.jpg" /><img src="http://farm6.static.flickr.com/5011/5572752000_f83d67dc4e_b.jpg" /> </span></p> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:f8428976-84f1-4d43-b64c-aa7d5aa38588" style="display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 425px;"> <div id="0789ce30-4d3f-4abd-a333-8d3572808316" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/vvCMN2gfyzE&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></span></div></div> <p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="" height="0" src="http://geo.yahoo.com/f?s=792600099&t=930c1335b5755d790822c5dfc4c95e33&r=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fcaliforniawatch%2F5572752000%2Fin%2Fphotostream%2F&fl_ev=1&lang=en&intl=us" width="0" /> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="" height="0" src="http://geo.yahoo.com/f?s=792600099&t=559fe8d0de5ddfc1bf03e58f125d2a5a&r=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fcaliforniawatch%2F5572751438%2F&fl_ev=1&lang=en&intl=us" width="0" /></span></p><p></p></td> <td valign="top" width="450"> <p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://farm6.static.flickr.com/5018/5553722800_eb50d11278_b.jpg" /> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://farm6.static.flickr.com/5019/5572161199_5fbff7d0e1_o.jpg" /> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="" height="0" src="http://geo.yahoo.com/f?s=792600099&t=07ef1df26cb0f7677d6b3589bd4bf7d0&r=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fcaliforniawatch%2F5572161199%2Fsizes%2Fl%2Fin%2Fphotostream%2F&fl_ev=1&lang=en&intl=us" width="0" /> </span></p><h3><font color="#f1c232" size="6" style="background-color: black;">San Francisco City Hall, 1906</font></h3> <p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>The 1906 earthquake and fire in San Francisco largely gutted City Hall. Source: U.S. Geological Survey</strong></font> </span></p> <p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="" height="0" src="http://geo.yahoo.com/f?s=792600099&t=1d51da854331ceec72e5e3df157b5eae&r=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fusnationalarchives%2F5553722800%2F&fl_ev=1&lang=en&intl=us" width="0" /></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 990px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="495"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><h3><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></h3><p></p></td> <td valign="top" width="495"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img height="3187" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/03/21/article-2586044-1C776D4300000578-979_470x654.jpg" width="2290" /><br /></span><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><font face="Times New Roman"><font><strong>This area of the Golden Gate Park in San Francisco has been built up in a Holland theme, beginning with the windmill and the large patches of beautiful tulips.</strong> </font></font></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><font face="Times New Roman">This windmill was a gift to the park from Queen</font> </strong></font></p><p></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="199"></td><td valign="top" width="199"><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></td> <td valign="top" width="199"><br /></td> <td valign="top" width="199"> <p align="justify"><br /></p><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="199"><p align="justify"><br /></p></td> <td valign="top" width="199"> <p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="Times New Roman" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></font></p><br style="background-color: black; color: #0000ee; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: x-large;" /><p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="Times New Roman" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1164" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/gMo4jdMtQwQ" style="color: #0000ee; display: inline; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: x-large; text-align: left;" width="1401" youtube-src-id="gMo4jdMtQwQ"></iframe>These spectacular images of the San Francisco skyline were taken by a fearless photographer - who dangled his camera and even himself out of a helicopter to capture the perfect shots.<br /></strong></font></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><font face="Times New Roman"><font><strong>Michael Shainblum, 23, took to the aircraft in a bid to photograph a series of unique views of the Californian city - from the Golden Gate Bridge to towering, brightly-lit skyscrapers. </strong></font></font></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="Times New Roman" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">He dangled his legs and arms out of the helicopter at dizzying heights - before snapping the sights below with a camera attached to a tripod.<br /></strong></font></p><p></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="Times New Roman" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Mr Shainblum, who flew with two friends, said he had spent years practicing the daring photography technique, which has recently become popular with urban explorers.<br /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="Times New Roman" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">'The reason I went up was to capture unique images of San Francisco from a perspective most people don't get to see,' he said.<br /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font><font face="Times New Roman"><font><strong>'I wanted the pictures to make people feel like they are in there with me. I have had people tell me that some of the shots looking down have made them feel sick.' </strong></font></font></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>He added that despite suffering from a 'slight fear of heights', once he was in the helicopter he was 'too excited to be scared'. </strong></font> </span></p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1727" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/03/21/article-2586044-1C776DF300000578-501_964x629.jpg" width="2645" /> </span><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>Breathtaking: This image of San Francisco was taken by a fearless photographer - who dangled his camera and even himself out of a helicopter to capture the ideal shot </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="Times New Roman" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Beautiful: Michael Shainblum, 23, took to the aircraft in a bid to photograph a series of unique views of the Californian city, including this shot of San Francisco at night" height="2086" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/03/21/article-2586044-1C776DFB00000578-858_964x676.jpg" width="2973" /> </strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>+13 </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>Beautiful: Michael Shainblum, 23, took to the aircraft in a bid to photograph a series of unique views of the Californian city, including this shot of San Francisco at night </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="Times New Roman" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Famous landmark: He dangled his legs and arms out of the helicopter at dizzying heights - before snapping the sights below with a camera. Above, Golden Gate Bridge" height="2128" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/03/21/article-2586044-1C776E0300000578-587_964x605.jpg" width="3392" /> </strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>+13 </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>Famous landmark: He dangled his legs and arms out of the helicopter at dizzying heights - before snapping the sights below with a camera. Above, Golden Gate Bridge </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="Times New Roman" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="'I have had people tell me that some of the shots looking down have made them feel sick,' said the photographer" height="3225" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/03/21/article-2586044-1C776E0800000578-697_470x674.jpg" width="2248" /> </strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>+13 </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="Times New Roman" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="'I have had people tell me that some of the shots looking down have made them feel sick,' said the photographer" height="3342" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/03/21/article-2586044-1C776DEF00000578-197_470x674.jpg" width="2330" /> </strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>+13 </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>Different perspectives: The Golden Gate Bridge, a suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate strait, is pictured, left and right, above a sea of green-and-blue water </strong></font> </span></p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img height="2136" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/03/21/article-2586044-1C776E2B00000578-796_964x653.jpg" width="3151" /> </span><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>+13 </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>Bright lights of the city: Mr Shainblum said he had spent years practicing the daring photography technique, which has recently become popular with urban explorers </strong></font> </span></p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1930" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/03/21/article-2586044-1C776DE300000578-160_964x650.jpg" width="2861" /> </span><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>Stomach-churning: The photographer, who flew with two friends, dangles his legs out of the helicopter while capturing this incredible photo of San Francisco at night </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="Times New Roman" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="'Including my feet in the shots was my idea as I like having a human element in the shots - it was a good way of shooting a self-portrait and not being too into it,' he said" height="3189" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/03/21/article-2586044-1C776D4300000578-979_470x654.jpg" width="2293" /> </strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>+13 </strong></font> </span></p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img height="3117" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/03/21/article-2586044-1C776D4700000578-493_470x654.jpg" width="2240" /> </span><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>+13 </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>Flying high: 'Including my feet in the shots was my idea as I like having a human element in the shots,' he said. Left, Golden Gate Bridge and, right, San Francisco at night </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="Times New Roman" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="View from above: Mr Shainblum said that despite suffering from a 'slight fear of heights', once he was in the helicopter he became 'too excited to be scared'" height="1689" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/03/21/article-2586044-1C776E3B00000578-220_964x594.jpg" width="2740" /> </strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>+13 </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>View from above: Mr Shainblum said that despite suffering from a 'slight fear of heights', once he was in the helicopter he became 'too excited to be scared' </strong></font> </span></p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img height="3377" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/03/21/article-2586044-1C776E1000000578-23_470x693.jpg" width="2290" /> </span><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>+13 </strong></font> </span></p><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><img height="3685" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/03/21/article-2586044-1C776E2300000578-673_470x693.jpg" width="2500" /> </span><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>+13 </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>Busy city: 'I have had people tell me that some of the shots looking down have made them feel sick,' he added. Left, brightly-lit skyscrapers and, right, a major bypass </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="Times New Roman" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Captivating: Mr Shainblum said he had taken precautions during the photography session - but added: 'I did take risks also'. Above, the bright lights of San Francisco" height="1841" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/03/21/article-2586044-1C776D7900000578-811_964x575.jpg" width="3088" /> </strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>+13 </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#f1c232" face="Times New Roman" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Captivating: Mr Shainblum said he had taken precautions during the photography session - but added: 'I did take risks also'. Above, the bright lights of San Francisco </strong></font> </p><p align="justify"> </p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p> <a name="img02"></a> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="justify"><strong style="font-size: xxx-large; text-align: left;"><font color="#f1c232" style="background-color: black;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2182" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/dvVYksvBQZA" width="2624" youtube-src-id="dvVYksvBQZA"></iframe></font></strong></p><p align="justify"> </p> <p> </p><p><img alt="" height="0" src="http://geo.yahoo.com/f?s=792600099&t=0fa7ab1f85183f1ab54ed3394c55e9ca&r=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fmapplegate%2F1487055250%2Fin%2Fset-72157602260545637%2F&fl_ev=1&lang=en&intl=us" width="0" /> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p><img alt="" height="0" src="http://geo.yahoo.com/f?s=792600099&t=d0b09f769e51407df3184cccc142f9fb&r=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fmapplegate%2F1486964182%2Fin%2Fset-72157602260545637%2F&fl_ev=1&lang=en&intl=us" width="0" /> </p><blockquote> <p><small></small> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/mapplegate/1482016042/sizes/l/in/set-72157602260545637/"></a></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></blockquote> <div class="blogger-post-footer">http://<script async="async" src="http://jd.revolvermaps.com/2/1.js?i=3wd8fayvo9r&s=220&m=0&v=true&r=false&b=000000&n=false&c=ff0000" type="text/javascript"></script></div> <p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript" src="//ra.revolvermaps.com/0/0/6.js?i=00bo1v8as3p&m=0&s=341&c=ff0000&cr1=ffffff&f=arial&l=0&bv=80" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0